1.
Pino Torinese
–
Pino Torinese is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 6 kilometres southeast of Turin. Pino Torinese borders the municipalities, Turin, Baldissero Torinese, Chieri, Pecetto Torinese. It is the site of the Observatory of Turin, founded in 1759, the Associazione Cultura Giapponese di Torino had its offices in Pino Torinese. It operates a Japanese weekend school
Pino Torinese
–
Pino Torinese
2.
Joint-stock company
–
A joint-stock company is a business entity in which different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares and that allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning more of a company than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a company is often synonymous with incorporation. Therefore, joint-stock companies are known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability, in the United Kingdom and other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited companies. In the United States, they are simply as joint-stock companies. Ownership of stock refers to a number of privileges. The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, the shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, the shareholders are usually liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the companys ability to pay. Meanwhile, the limit of their liability extends only to the value of their shareholding. The concept of limited liability largely accounts for the success of this form of business organization, ordinary shares entitle the owner to a share in the companys net profit. It is calculated in the way, the net profit is divided by the total number of owned shares, producing a notional value per share. An individuals share of the profit is thus the dividend multiplied by the number of shares owned, finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. The earliest records of joint stock company can be found in China during the Song Dynasty, the Swedish company Stora has documented a stock transfer for an eighth of the company as early as 1288. In more recent history, the earliest joint-stock company recognized in England was the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, muscovy Company, which had a monopoly on trade between Moscow and London, was chartered soon after in 1555. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created Honourable East India Company a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a trading venture to one that ruled India and exploited its resources, as it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions
Joint-stock company
–
The transfer letter dated 1288 through which bishop Peter of Västerås re-acquires 1/8 of Tiskasjöberg, i.e. Kopparberget. The original can be found at Riksarkivet (National Archive) in Stockholm.
Joint-stock company
3.
Food industry
–
The Food Industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, the food Industry includes, Agriculture, raising of crops and livestock, and seafood Manufacturing, agrichemicals, agricultural construction, farm machinery and supplies, seed, etc. The Food Standards Agency, a government body in India, describes it thus. the whole food industry – from farming and food production, packaging and distribution, to retail and catering. The Economic Research Service of the USDA uses the food system to describe the same thing, The U. S. food system is a complex network of farmers. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers. The term food industries covers a series of activities directed at the processing, conversion, preparation, preservation. Many food industries depend almost entirely on agriculture or fishing. Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants, the practice of agriculture is also known as farming. Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods,1 in 3 people worldwide are employed in agriculture, yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP. Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences, agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impact of agriculture, and extracting energy from plants. Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption, Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced, one off production, This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of products could take days depending on how intricate the design is. Batch production, This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, a certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of cupcakes. This method involves estimating consumer demand, mass production, This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line, just-in-time, This method of production is mainly used in restaurants
Food industry
–
Packaged food aisles at an American
grocery store
Food industry
–
Parmigiano reggiano Cheese in a modern
factory
Food industry
–
Hens in a
battery cage in Brazil, an example of
intensive animal farming
Food industry
–
A soybean field in Junin, Argentina
4.
Alba (CN)
–
Alba is a town and comune of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Cuneo. It is considered the capital of the UNESCO Human Heritage hilly area of Langhe, the confectionery group Ferrero is based there. Alba was the birthplace of Publius Helvius Pertinax, briefly Roman emperor in 193, after the fall of the Western Empire, the city was repeatedly sacked by Ostrogoths, Burgundians, Byzantines, Lombards, Franks, Hungarians and Saracens. In the 11th century it became a commune and was a member of the Lombard League. Montferrat and the Visconti fought over the town, later it became a possession of the Gonzaga, charles Emmanuel I of Savoy conquered it twice, while later France and Spain battled for its possession. The Treaty of Cherasco assigned Alba definitively to Savoy, during Napoleonic Wars, it was part of the Republic of Alba and of the Subalpine Republic, both French clients, before being annexed to the French Empire in 1802. It was an arrondissement center in firstly Tanaro department between 1802-1805, later in Stura one between 1805-1814 before liberation by Austrian troops and it was returned to Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814. Alba won a Gold Medal for Military Valour for the activity of its citizens in the Italian resistance movement during the course of World War II. On 10 October 1944, the town was liberated by partisans who established a Republic of Alba which for a few weeks was able to maintain its independence from the Fascist Republic of Salò, the republic lasted to 2 November 1944, when Republic of Salo retook it. It was finally liberated by French troops on 2 May 1945, of the Roman city, which had a polygonal form, parts of the fortified gate and remains of some edifices with marble and mosaics can still be seen. Other attractions include, The Palazzo Comunale and the Bishops Palace, some towers of the 14th and 15th centuries, Alba was once known as the City with hundred towers. The Romanesque Alba Cathedral of San Lorenzo, built in the 12th century and it was restructured in the 15th century, by bishop Andrea Novelli, and again in the following centuries. The current appearance is from the restoration of the 19th century. The church is known for its wood-carved chorus made in 1512 by Bernardino Fossati. The current belfry, from the 12th century, includes entirely the original bell tower, the Gothic church of San Domenico, the most artistically relevant church in town. It has a portal with a triple arch within a pointed arch. During the Napoleonic Wars it was used a stable, and was reconsecrated on 22 June 1827, the Baroque church of St. John the Baptist, housing a Madonna of the Graces by Barnaba da Modena and a Madonna with Saints by Macrino dAlba. The city museums include the F. Eusebio Municipal Museum of Archaeology, in addition to traditional agriculture, Alba is a very important center of wine
Alba (CN)
–
View of the city of Alba
Alba (CN)
–
The Cathedral of Alba.
5.
Piedmont
–
Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres and a population of about 4.6 million, the capital of Piedmont is Turin. The name Piedmont comes from medieval Latin Pedemontium or Pedemontis, i. e. ad pedem montium, meaning “at the foot of the mountains”. Other towns of Piedmont with more than 20,000 inhabitants sorted by population and it borders with France, Switzerland and the Italian regions of Lombardy, Liguria, Aosta Valley and for a very small fragment with Emilia Romagna. The geography of Piedmont is 43. 3% mountainous, along with areas of hills. Piedmont is the second largest of Italys 20 regions, after Sicily and it is broadly coincident with the upper part of the drainage basin of the river Po, which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy’s largest river. The Po collects all the waters provided within the semicircle of mountains which surround the region on three sides, from the highest peaks the land slopes down to hilly areas, and then to the upper, and then to the lower great Padan Plain. 7. 6% of the territory is considered protected area. There are 56 different national or regional parks, one of the most famous is the Gran Paradiso National Park located between Piedmont and the Aosta Valley, Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They were later subdued by the Romans, who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths, Byzantines, Lombards, Franks. In the 9th–10th centuries there were incursions by the Magyars. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks, in 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main territory of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry. Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful comuni of Asti and Alessandria, the County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont. A new client republic, the Piedmontese Republic, existed between 1798 and 1799 before it was reoccupied by Austrian and Russian troops, in June 1800 a third client republic, the Subalpine Republic, was established in Piedmont. It fell under full French control in 1801 and it was annexed by France in September 1802, in the congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored, and furthermore received the Republic of Genoa to strengthen it as a barrier against France. Piedmont was a springboard for Italys unification in 1859–1861, following earlier unsuccessful wars against the Austrian Empire in 1820–1821 and this process is sometimes referred to as Piedmontisation. However, the efforts were countered by the efforts of rural farmers
Piedmont
–
A
Montferrat landscape, with the distant
Alps in the background.
Piedmont
–
Piedmont Piemonte
Piedmont
–
The
Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi, in
Nichelino, is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Piedmont
–
The
Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856.
6.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
7.
Confectionery
–
Confectionery, also called sweets or candy, is sweet food. The term varies among English-speaking countries, in general, though, confectionery is divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories, bakers confections and sugar confections. Bakers confectionery, also called flour confections, includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, in the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections are more dominant. Sugar confectionery includes sweets, candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum and bubblegum, sweetmeats, pastillage, in some cases, chocolate confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. The words candy, sweets, and lollies are common words for the most common varieties of sugar confectionery, the confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records. Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times, and continued to be eaten through the Middle Ages into the modern era, generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories. They may be fat-free foods, although some confections, especially fried doughs, are high-fat foods, many confections are considered empty calories. Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in the past for use as a high-density food energy source. Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners and these are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free sweets, such as sugar-free peppermints. The most common sweetener for cooking is table sugar, which is chemically a disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar, which is sweeter and is also a commercial ingredient. Finally confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch and these sweeteners include all types of corn syrup. Bakers confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for the dessert course, bakers confections are sweet foods that feature flour as a main ingredient and are baked. Major categories include cakes, sweet pastries, doughnuts, scones, Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as snack food. This includes sugar candies, chocolates, candied fruits and nuts, chewing gum, in the European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community scheme matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC1050, NACE10.52, different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections, In Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, sweets or, more colloquially, sweeties. In Australia and New Zealand, lollies, chewy and Chuddy are Australian slang for chewing gum. In North America, candy, although this generally refers to a specific range of confectionery
Confectionery
–
This
Kransekake is a traditional Scandinavian baker's confection.
Confectionery
–
Petits fours are baker's confections.
Confectionery
–
Rock candy is simply sugar with coloring or flavor added.
Confectionery
–
Peeps are one of many types of
marshmallow -type candies.
8.
Ferrero Rocher
–
Ferrero Rocher is a spherical chocolate produced by the Italian chocolatier Ferrero SpA. The Ferrero Rocher was introduced in 1982 in Europe, shortly after release production was halted due to a problem with label printing. Michele Ferrero, the inventor, named the chocolate after a grotto in the Roman Catholic shrine of Lourdes. Rocher comes from the French and means rock or boulder, the grotto at the Lourdes shrine is in the rock of Massabielle. The chocolate consists of a whole roasted hazelnut encased in a thin wafer shell filled with chocolate and covered in milk chocolate. The production process is secretive, with no smartphones or notebooks allowed inside, as of 2015, the production in the Alba factory is 24 million Rochers a day. The sweet is produced by machinery, the process begins with flat sheets of wafer with hemispheres moving down an assembly line. The hemispheres of the wafers are then filled with Nutella and a whole hazelnut, next, two of these wafer sheets, one with a hazelnut and one with only Nutella, are clamped together. The excess wafer is cut away producing wafer balls and these balls are then coated with a layer of chocolate, a layer of chopped hazelnuts, and a final layer of chocolate before the chocolate is packaged. Roughly 3.6 billion Ferrero Rochers are sold each year in over 40 countries and these include 28 countries in Europe,9 countries in the Americas,9 countries in Asia,2 countries in the Oceania region, and 2 countries in Africa. The chocolate is available in supermarkets or department stores. Before the 1980s, China had not been exposed to chocolate because the country shut its doors to foreign business, China began letting foreign businesses in, especially the Big Five chocolate companies. Ferrero SpA was successful in China, to the Chinese, the gold wrapper may have represented opulence. Ferrero Rochers are associated with Christmas and New Year, as of 2015, 61% of Ferrero Rochers were sold during the last three months of the year. In the United Kingdom in the 1990s, an advertisement series was based upon a party in a European ambassadors official residence, Gianduja Gianduiotto Ferrero UK website Ferrero U. S. website Gianduja
Ferrero Rocher
–
Ferrero Rocher, with the central hazelnut clear in the cross-section
9.
Nutella
–
Nutella is a brand of sweetened hazelnut cocoa spread manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero that was first introduced in 1964, although its first iteration dates to 1946. Pietro Ferrero, who owned a bakery in Alba, Piedmont, at the time, there was very little chocolate because cocoa was in short supply due to World War II rationing. Ferrero instead used hazelnuts, which are plentiful in the Piedmont region of Italy and this product, called Pasta Gianduja was originally sold as a solid block, but Ferrero started to sell a creamy version in 1951 as Supercrema. In 1963, Ferreros son Michele Ferrero revamped Supercrema with the intention of marketing it throughout Europe and its composition was modified and it was renamed Nutella. The first jar of Nutella left the factory in Alba on 20 April 1964, the product was an instant success and remains widely popular. In 2012, French senator Yves Daudigny proposed a tax increase on oil from €100 to €400 per metric tonne. At 20 percent, palm oil is one of Nutellas main ingredients, World Nutella Day is February 5. On 14 May 2014, Poste italiane issued a 50th anniversary Nutella commemorative stamp, the 70 Euro cent stamp was designed by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato and features a jar of Nutella on a golden background. Ferrero held a Nutella Day on 17 and 18 May to celebrate the anniversary, the main ingredients of Nutella are sugar, palm oil, and hazelnut, followed by cocoa solids and skimmed milk. In the United States, Nutella contains soy products, Nutella is marketed as hazelnut cream in many countries. Under Italian law, it cannot be labeled as a chocolate cream, Ferrero uses 25 percent of the global supply of hazelnuts. The traditional Piedmont recipe, Gianduja, was a mixture containing approximately 71. 5% hazelnut paste and 19. 5% chocolate and it was developed in Piedmont, Italy after taxes on cocoa beans hindered the manufacture and distribution of conventional chocolate. Nutella is produced in various facilities, in the North American market, it is produced at a plant in Brantford, Ontario in Canada and more recently in San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, Mexico. For Australia and New Zealand, Nutella has been manufactured in Lithgow, two of the four Ferrero plants in Italy produce Nutella, in Alba, Piedmont, and in SantAngelo dei Lombardi in Campania. In France, a facility is located in Villers-Écalles. For Eastern Europe and South Africa, it is produced in Warsaw, for Germany and northern Europe, Nutella is produced at the Ferrero plant in Stadtallendorf, which has been in existence since 1956. Ferrero also has a plant in Brazil, which supplies the Brazilian market, global production in 2013 was about 350,000 tonnes. Nutella is a form of a chocolate spread, therefore, the production process for this food item is very similar to a generic production of chocolate spread
Nutella
–
Nutella, in a jar and spread, along with
milk,
hazelnuts, and
canola flower.
10.
Raffaello (confection)
–
Raffaello is a spherical coconut-almond confection that manufacturer Ferrero SpA brought to the market in 1990. The total almond content accounts for 8% of the weight, the praline comprises a spherical wafer which is filled with a white milk cream and white blanched almonds. It is surrounded by a coconut layer, Raffaello contains no chocolate, but does contain lactose, making Raffaello incompatible for consumers with lactose intolerance. Likewise, almonds instead of hazelnuts are included, which is relevant for hazelnut allergy, vegetable fats Desiccated coconut Sugar Skimmed milk powder Almond Wheat flour Sweet whey powder Natural flavor Emulsifiers, lecithin Raising agent sodium Salt Vanillin facebook page
Raffaello (confection)
–
Raffaello
11.
Tic Tac
–
Tic Tac is a brand of small, hard mints, consisting of 94. 5% sugar, manufactured by the Italian confectioner Ferrero, and are available in a variety of flavors in over 100 countries. Tic Tacs were first produced in 1969 and they are usually sold in small transparent plastic boxes with a flip-action living hinge lid. Originally, Tic Tacs were dyed specific colors for different flavors, although in many countries the transparent plastic boxes are colored, Tic Tacs were first introduced by Ferrero in 1969, under the name Refreshing Mints. In 1970, the name was changed to Tic Tacs, after the sound of the mints rattling in their container. The grape flavor was eliminated in 1976 because of concerns about the red dye amaranth. Orange Tic Tacs were sold without the Grape, other offerings have included holiday gift packs for Christmas, Easter, St Patricks Day, and Valentines Day. Since 1980, the Tic Tac slogan has been The 1½ Calorie Breath Mint, during the 1990s, double packs were introduced, featuring a regular Tic Tac container with two flavors inside. Available combinations included Tangerine and Lime, Orange and Grape, in the UK, France, Ireland, Italy and Australia Tic Tacs are noted as being less than two calories with the slogan Two hours of Tic Tac freshness in less than two calories. In Canada, New Zealand and Australia, and used once in the United States, in India, the Tic Tac slogan is Refreshment to be shared. In 2006, Tic Tac introduced a Bold edition with more flavors of Mint. Orange Tic Tacs featured prominently in the 2007 film Juno, in a box with white color candies as are sold in Canada. Film promoters distributed boxes of the prior to the films release. These come in three flavors, Exotic Cherry, Berry Blast, and Paradise Mint, Tic Tac Chill mints are also sugar free, the Exotic Cherry ones instead being sweetened with xylitol. Orange, Mint, Spearmint, Mintensity, Peach and Passion, Strawberry Mix, Cherry, Elaichi, Tic Tac sometimes provides limited editions to promote films. In 2015, a special Minions movie edition was produced containing banana or passion fruit flavoured Tic Tacs, there were three different covers with pictures of either Stuart, Kevin or Bob. Forty-five percent of the worlds Tic Tacs are manufactured in the Ferrero factory in Cork, Tic Tacs are also manufactured in Australia, Canada and Ecuador. For Fresh mint, Peppermint Per 100 g – Energy 1663 kJ, Protein 0.1 g, Carbohydrate 97.5 g, per Tic Tac – Energy 8 kJ, Protein 0 g, Carbohydrate 0.5 g, Fat 0 g. Sugar, maltodextrin, tartaric acid, natural and artificial flavors, rice starch, gum arabic, filling agent, artificial colors, each pack weighs 15–18 g and contains about 38 Tic Tacs
Tic Tac
–
US
Cinnamon -flavored Tic Tacs
12.
Kinder Surprise
–
Kinder Surprise, also known as a Kinder Egg or, in the original Italian, Kinder Sorpresa, is a candy manufactured by Italian company Ferrero and invented by William Salice. Originally intended for children, it is popular with adult collectors and has the form of a chocolate egg containing a small toy. Each Kinder Surprise egg consists of a shell, a plastic container, the contents of said container. The chocolate shell is shaped like a chickens egg and it is only about 2 millimeters thick, and consists of two layers, a milk chocolate layer on the outside, and a white chocolate layer on the inside. During the eggs production, before the halves are fused together and this capsule is made from thin, flexible plastic, and is often yolk-yellow. When the pieces are pushed together, the ridges interlock and do not come apart without manual manipulation, once the capsule is opened it can be re-closed effortlessly by pushing the two pieces back together. The plastic capsule contains the toy itself and at least two pieces of paper, one paper lists the choking hazard warnings in multiple languages. Many capsules also include a page of adhesive decals that may be placed on the assembled toy after construction. Once the egg is assembled in the factory, it is wrapped in a metal foil bearing the Kinder Surprise brand name. The eggs are sold, either individually or in a boxed set of 3 eggs. Assembly of the toys requires no tools, as the pieces will simply lock together. Assembly rarely takes more than a few simple steps, most toys can be disassembled and reassembled freely, while a few cannot be disassembled without causing permanent damage. During the 2000s, Ferrero redesigned the Kinder Eggs internal plastic capsule, the new design is visually and functionally similar to that of the original capsule, but it now consists only of a single piece of plastic with a hinge on one side. The size and specific design of each half of the capsule have also slightly altered accordingly. Kinder Surprise originated in 1974 in Italy as Kinder Sorpresa, Kinder Eggs are sold all over the world, including the United States, where they are sometimes sold in European markets and Russian deli stores, despite a ban on their importation. In Europe they have become a cult phenomenon among adults. There is even a thriving market for the toys. Seasonal eggs are introduced around the holidays, such as the limited-edition creche collections found around Christmas, a relatively new innovation, triggered by the advent of the Internet, is the introduction of Internet surprises
Kinder Surprise
–
Kinder Surprise is a chocolate egg that contains a toy inside a plastic shell.
13.
Kinder Chocolate
–
Kinder Chocolate is a confectionery product brand line of Italian confectionery multinational Ferrero SpA. Kinder was developed and produced at Ferrero Germany in 1967 for the German market, one year later it was sold in Italy, before reaching the countries along the Mediterranean Sea. Kinder Bueno is a duo set of chocolate wafer bars containing a hazelnut cream filling and was released in the United Kingdom in 1999 and these were marketed as the first Kinder chocolate for adults, and have gained the Kinder brand greater recognition in the UK. Kinder introduced a white version of Bueno in 2008. Kinder Surprise is a milk chocolate egg shell containing a toy. The outside surface of the egg is milk chocolate, and the inside is a milky interior, a capsule containing a toy is inside the chocolate egg. Kinder Joy is similar in shape to the Kinder Surprise, it has a plastic egg-shaped packaging that is divided into two halves. One half contains two soft creamy chocolate layers, one milk-chocolate flavoured, one white-chocolate flavoured, which are eaten with an included spoon, embedded in the ganache are two round, chocolate-covered wafers, which are filled with the same hazelnut cream found in Kinder Bueno. The other half contains a small toy, happy Hippos are a wafer coated hippo-shaped biscuit, filled with both a white filling and a hazelnut filling. Happy Hippos are also available in Chocolate flavour, Kinder Chocolate is a fine milk chocolate with a milky filling, ranging from 4 to 40 bars. Kinder Delice is a cake with a layer of milk inside. Kinder Pingui is similar to Kinder Delice with the exception of a chocolate covering. Milky Bites are small milk chocolate eggs, with a hazelnut, country Crisp, similar to the Kinder Schokolade, containing small pieces of cereal and grain within the chocolate filling, as well as a wafer casing. Kinder Maxi is a version of the Kinder Chocolate. Kinder Riegel is a milk chocolate stick with extra creamy milk filling, Kinder Maxi King is a milk cake with a layer of caramel inside and a hazelnut chocolate covering. Kinder Paradiso is a lemon flavoured sponge cake, with a creamy milk filling in between and powdered sugar on the top. Kinder Milk Slice is a sponge cake that has a creamy. Kinder ChocoFresh is a 2 layered chocolate bar, in the bottom, a layer of hazelnut cream then, a whipped cream base, then its coated with pure chocolate
Kinder Chocolate
–
One Kinder Chocolate bar = 12.5 g
14.
Kinder Bueno
–
Kinder Bueno is a chocolate bar made by Italian confectionery maker Ferrero. Kinder Bueno, part of the Kinder Chocolate brand line, is a cream filled wafer with a chocolate covering. It is sold in packs of two, three, six, and boxes of twelve, Kinder Bueno was first marketed in Italy and Germany in 1990. The Kinder Bueno bar is made in the Ferrero factories of Villers-Écalles, France and Warsaw, in 2012 they made the same bar, except with ingredients such as white nougat and white chocolate
Kinder Bueno
–
Kinder Bueno
Kinder Bueno
–
One serving of Kinder Bueno = 43 g
15.
Kinder Joy
–
Kinder Joy or Kinder Merendero is a candy made by Italian confectionery company Ferrero as part of its Kinder brand of products. It has plastic egg-shaped packaging that splits into two, one half contains layers of cocoa and milk cream and the other contains a toy. Kinder Joy was launched in Italy in 2001 and as of 2014 was sold in more than 100 countries, Kinder Joy is a brand within the Kinder line of chocolate products sold by Ferrero. It has a plastic egg-shaped package with a tab to open it into two halves, one sealed half contains layers of cocoa and milk-flavoured creams topped with two cocoa wafer spheres, to be eaten with an included spoon. The other half contains a toy, as of 2015, Kinder Joy is produced in Poland, India, South Africa, Ecuador, Cameroon, and China. Ferrero launched Kinder Joy in Italy in 2001 and it was sold in Germany from May 2006, in China from 2007, and was introduced in India in 2009. In 2011, Ferrero opened a factory in Baramati, India to make the eggs, in 2015, the company opened its first factory in China in the Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, which produced Kinder Joy as its first manufacturing line. As of September 2015 Kinder Joy was one of the highest selling candy products in the Chinese market and had received Nielsen China’s Breakthrough Innovation Award, Kinder Joy became available in Ireland in 2015. In November 2015, Ferrero announced that it would sell the eggs in the United Kingdom, starting in December 2015
Kinder Joy
–
Kinder Surprise is a chocolate egg that contains a toy inside a plastic shell.
16.
Euro
–
Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
Euro
–
The
central bank has
its seat in
Frankfurt (Germany) and is in charge of the monetary policy of the
euro area.
Euro
–
Euro banknotes as of 2015
Euro
–
Euro coins and banknotes of various denominations.
17.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
18.
Chocolate
–
Chocolate /ˈtʃɒklᵻt, -kəlᵻt/ is a typically sweet, usually brown food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground. It is made in the form of a liquid, paste, or in a block, Cacao has been cultivated by many cultures for at least three millennia in Mesoamerica. The earliest evidence of use traces to the Mokaya, with evidence of chocolate beverages dating back to 1900 BCE, the seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation, the beans are dried, cleaned, and roasted, the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to cocoa mass, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called chocolate liquor, the liquor also may be cooled and processed into its two components, cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Baking chocolate, also called chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of chocolate, a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter or added vegetable oils. Milk chocolate is chocolate that additionally contains milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, Cocoa solids are a source of flavonoids and alkaloids, such as theobromine, phenethylamine and caffeine. Many candies are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate, and bars of solid chocolate, Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes have become traditional on certain Western holidays, such as Easter and Valentines Day. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages such as milk and hot chocolate and in some alcoholic drinks. Although cocoa originated in the Americas, recent years have seen African nations assuming a role in producing cocoa. Since the 2000s, Western Africa produces almost two-thirds of the worlds cocoa, in 2009, the Salvation Army International Development Department stated that child labor and the human trafficking and slavery of child laborers are used in African cocoa cultivation. The word chocolate entered the English language from Spanish in about 1600, how the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are competing explanations. The word chocolatl does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources, another derivation comes from the Yucatec Mayan word chokol meaning hot, and the Nahuatl atl meaning water. The Nahuatl term, chicolatl, meaning beaten drink, may derive from the word for the frothing stick, the term chocolate chip was first used in 1940. The term chocolatier, for a chocolate maker, is attested from 1888. Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for all of its history
Chocolate
–
Chocolate most commonly comes in dark, milk, and white varieties, with cocoa solids contributing to the brown color.
Chocolate
–
Paul Gavarni Woman Chocolate Vendor (1855–57)
Chocolate
–
"Traités nouveaux & curieux du café du thé et du chocolate", by Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, 1685
Chocolate
–
Late Classic, Maya ('Codex' style),
The Princeton Vase, A.D. 670–750,
Princeton University Art Museum, detail of a female figure pouring chocolate
19.
Alba, Piedmont
–
Alba is a town and comune of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Cuneo. It is considered the capital of the UNESCO Human Heritage hilly area of Langhe, the confectionery group Ferrero is based there. Alba was the birthplace of Publius Helvius Pertinax, briefly Roman emperor in 193, after the fall of the Western Empire, the city was repeatedly sacked by Ostrogoths, Burgundians, Byzantines, Lombards, Franks, Hungarians and Saracens. In the 11th century it became a commune and was a member of the Lombard League. Montferrat and the Visconti fought over the town, later it became a possession of the Gonzaga, charles Emmanuel I of Savoy conquered it twice, while later France and Spain battled for its possession. The Treaty of Cherasco assigned Alba definitively to Savoy, during Napoleonic Wars, it was part of the Republic of Alba and of the Subalpine Republic, both French clients, before being annexed to the French Empire in 1802. It was an arrondissement center in firstly Tanaro department between 1802-1805, later in Stura one between 1805-1814 before liberation by Austrian troops and it was returned to Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814. Alba won a Gold Medal for Military Valour for the activity of its citizens in the Italian resistance movement during the course of World War II. On 10 October 1944, the town was liberated by partisans who established a Republic of Alba which for a few weeks was able to maintain its independence from the Fascist Republic of Salò, the republic lasted to 2 November 1944, when Republic of Salo retook it. It was finally liberated by French troops on 2 May 1945, of the Roman city, which had a polygonal form, parts of the fortified gate and remains of some edifices with marble and mosaics can still be seen. Other attractions include, The Palazzo Comunale and the Bishops Palace, some towers of the 14th and 15th centuries, Alba was once known as the City with hundred towers. The Romanesque Alba Cathedral of San Lorenzo, built in the 12th century and it was restructured in the 15th century, by bishop Andrea Novelli, and again in the following centuries. The current appearance is from the restoration of the 19th century. The church is known for its wood-carved chorus made in 1512 by Bernardino Fossati. The current belfry, from the 12th century, includes entirely the original bell tower, the Gothic church of San Domenico, the most artistically relevant church in town. It has a portal with a triple arch within a pointed arch. During the Napoleonic Wars it was used a stable, and was reconsecrated on 22 June 1827, the Baroque church of St. John the Baptist, housing a Madonna of the Graces by Barnaba da Modena and a Madonna with Saints by Macrino dAlba. The city museums include the F. Eusebio Municipal Museum of Archaeology, in addition to traditional agriculture, Alba is a very important center of wine
Alba, Piedmont
–
View of the city of Alba
Alba, Piedmont
–
The Cathedral of Alba.
20.
Confectioner
–
Confectionery, also called sweets or candy, is sweet food. The term varies among English-speaking countries, in general, though, confectionery is divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories, bakers confections and sugar confections. Bakers confectionery, also called flour confections, includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, in the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections are more dominant. Sugar confectionery includes sweets, candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum and bubblegum, sweetmeats, pastillage, in some cases, chocolate confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. The words candy, sweets, and lollies are common words for the most common varieties of sugar confectionery, the confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records. Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times, and continued to be eaten through the Middle Ages into the modern era, generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories. They may be fat-free foods, although some confections, especially fried doughs, are high-fat foods, many confections are considered empty calories. Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in the past for use as a high-density food energy source. Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners and these are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free sweets, such as sugar-free peppermints. The most common sweetener for cooking is table sugar, which is chemically a disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose. Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar, which is sweeter and is also a commercial ingredient. Finally confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch and these sweeteners include all types of corn syrup. Bakers confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for the dessert course, bakers confections are sweet foods that feature flour as a main ingredient and are baked. Major categories include cakes, sweet pastries, doughnuts, scones, Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as snack food. This includes sugar candies, chocolates, candied fruits and nuts, chewing gum, in the European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community scheme matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC1050, NACE10.52, different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections, In Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, sweets or, more colloquially, sweeties. In Australia and New Zealand, lollies, chewy and Chuddy are Australian slang for chewing gum. In North America, candy, although this generally refers to a specific range of confectionery
Confectioner
–
This
Kransekake is a traditional Scandinavian baker's confection.
Confectioner
–
Petits fours are baker's confections.
Confectioner
–
Rock candy is simply sugar with coloring or flavor added.
Confectioner
–
Peeps are one of many types of
marshmallow -type candies.
21.
South Africa
–
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
South Africa
–
Mapungubwe Hill, the site of the former capital of the
Kingdom of Mapungubwe
South Africa
–
Flag
South Africa
–
Arrival of
Jan van Riebeeck, the first European to settle in South Africa, with
Devil's Peak in the background
South Africa
–
Depiction of a
Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838
22.
Luxembourg
–
Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east and its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. It comprises two regions, the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012, ranking it the 8th least-populous country in Europe. As a representative democracy with a monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a country, with an advanced economy and the worlds highest GDP per capita. Luxembourg is a member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political. The city of Luxembourg, which is the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, around this fort, a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, in the following centuries, Luxembourgs fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons, Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the French. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands and this arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London, from which date Luxembourgs full independence is reckoned. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union, the King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III, the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina and this allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourgs neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France and this allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence, in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourgs neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, entirely without justification. A government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourgs neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, in 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held
Luxembourg
–
Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg city's fortifications
Luxembourg
–
Flag
Luxembourg
–
Photograph of the fortress of Luxembourg prior to demolition in 1867
Luxembourg
–
Luxembourg City: The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, over the
Pétrusse river valley, opened 1861
23.
Hazelnut
–
Hazelnut is the nut of the hazel and therefore, includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. It also is known as cobnut or filbert nut according to species, a cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 mm long and 10–15 mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A filbert is more elongated, being twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about 7 to 8 months after pollination, the kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark skin, which sometimes is removed before cooking. Hazelnuts are used in confectionery to make praline, and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as Nutella, hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil. Turkey is the worlds largest producer of hazelnuts, hazelnuts are rich in protein, monounsaturated fat, vitamin E, manganese, and numerous other essential nutrients. In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 9,000 years old, was found in a pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells, hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720+/-110BP, which calibrates to circa 7000 BC, similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on the Isle of Man. This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period, the nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests the hazel trees were all cut down at the same time. The pit was originally on a close to the shore. Because hazelnuts do not generally need to be toasted, indeed, traditionally, ostensibly toasting was done to make them more digestible for children. Toasting the nuts was thought to increase how long they would keep, well documented throughout history, hazel has been grown in coppices for use in wattle and daub buildings and in hedges. The Romans cultivated hazelnuts, including in Britain, although no evidence indicates they spread specific cultivars, cultivated varieties have been grown since at least the sixteenth century, with a great increase in varieties during the nineteenth century. In particular, the first widespread cultivar, the Kentish Cobnut, was introduced in 1830, the traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut, including large nut size and early– and late–fruiting cultivars, the majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert, one cultivar grown in Washington, the DuChilly, has an elongated appearance, a thinner and less bitter skin, and a distinctly sweeter flavor than other varieties
Hazelnut
–
Ripe hazelnuts
Hazelnut
–
Turkish
Corylus colurna
Hazelnut
–
A sweeper makes its first pass as it centralizes the material on the orchard floor
Hazelnut
–
Hazelnuts or filberts, raw
24.
Cocoa solids
–
Cocoa solids are a mixture of many substances remaining after cocoa butter is extracted from cacao beans. When sold as an end product, it may also be called cocoa powder or cocoa, in contrast, the fatty component of chocolate is cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is 50% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans, Cocoa liquor or cocoa mass is a paste of roasted cocoa beans with cocoa butter and solids in their natural proportions. Chocolate requires the addition of cocoa butter to cocoa liquor, leading to an excess of cocoa solids. Cocoa solids are one of the richest sources of flavanol antioxidants and they are a key ingredient of chocolate, chocolate syrup, and chocolate confections. Natural cocoa powder has a brown color and an extractable pH of 5.3 to 5.8. The processed cocoa powder is darker in color, ranging from red to nearly black. The alkalization process reduces bitterness and improves solubility, which is important for beverage product applications, all of these pH values are considered safe for food use. Cocoa powder contains several minerals including calcium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, all of these minerals are found in greater quantities in cocoa powder than either cocoa butter or cocoa liquor. Cocoa solids also contain 230 mg of caffeine and 2057 mg of theobromine per 100g, Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids, a type of phenolic acid. The amount of flavonoids depends on the amount of processing and manufacturing the cocoa powder undergoes, however, its alkalization, also known as Dutch processing, causes its content of flavonoids to be substantially reduced. Cocoa and cacao powders may contain cadmium, a heavy metal. From January 12019, the European Union will impose a limit for cadmium in cocoa powders of 0.6 µg per gram of cocoa powder, and 0.8 µg per gram for chocolate with >= 50% total dry cocoa solids. In Canada, a serving of a natural health product must contain no more than 6 µg of cadmium for an individual weighing 150 pounds and 3 µg for a 75 lb individual. Baking chocolate Chocolate Cocoa butter Hamel, PJ
Cocoa solids
–
A bowl of cocoa powder
Cocoa solids
–
Overview
25.
Industrial espionage
–
Industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate spying or corporate espionage is a form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security. The compilation of these elements is sometimes termed CIS or CRS. The difference between competitive intelligence and economic or industrial espionage is not clear, one needs to understand the basics to recognize how to draw the line between the two. Economic or industrial espionage takes place in two main forms, in short, the purpose of espionage is to gather knowledge about organization. It may include the acquisition of property, such as information on industrial manufacture, ideas, techniques and processes, recipes. It may describe activities such as theft of trade secrets, bribery, blackmail, silicon Valley is known to be one of the worlds most targeted areas for espionage, though any industry with information of use to competitors may be a target. Information can make the difference between success and failure, if a secret is stolen, the competitive playing field is leveled or even tipped in favor of a competitor. Although a lot of information-gathering is accomplished legally through competitive intelligence, economic or industrial espionage is a threat to any business whose livelihood depends on information. In recent years, economic or industrial espionage has taken on an expanded definition, for instance, attempts to sabotage a corporation may be considered industrial espionage, in this sense, the term takes on the wider connotations of its parent word. That espionage and sabotage have become more associated with each other is also demonstrated by a number of profiling studies, some government. In practice, particularly by trusted insiders, they are considered functionally identical for the purpose of informing countermeasures. Economic or industrial espionage commonly occurs in one of two ways, firstly, a dissatisfied employee appropriates information to advance interests or to damage the company. Secondly, a competitor or foreign government seeks information to advance its own technological or financial interest, moles, or trusted insiders, are generally considered the best sources for economic or industrial espionage. Historically known as a patsy, an insider can be induced, willingly or under duress, a patsy may be initially asked to hand over inconsequential information and, once compromised by committing a crime, bribed into handing over more sensitive material. Individuals may leave one company to take up employment with another, such apparent behavior has been the focus of numerous industrial espionage cases that have resulted in legal battles. Some countries hire individuals to do spying rather than use of their own intelligence agencies, academics, business delegates, and students are often thought to be used by governments in gathering information. Some countries, such as Japan, have reported to expect students be debriefed on returning home. A spy may follow a tour of a factory and then get lost
Industrial espionage
–
Teapot with Actresses, Vezzi porcelain factory, Venice, c. 1725. The Vezzi brothers were involved in a series of incidents of industrial espionage. It was these actions that led to the secret of manufacturing
Meissen porcelain becoming widely known.
Industrial espionage
–
During testing, automakers commonly disguise upcoming car models with
camouflage paint patterns designed to obfuscate the vehicle's lines. Padded covers, or deceptive decals are also often used.
Industrial espionage
–
The work of Father
Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles to reveal to Europe the manufacturing methods of
Chinese porcelain in 1712, is sometimes considered an early case of industrial espionage
26.
Press conference
–
A news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. A joint press conference instead is held two or more talking sides. In a news conference, one or more speakers may make a statement, sometimes only questioning occurs, sometimes there is a statement with no questions permitted. A media event at which no statements are made, and no questions allowed, is called a photo op, some people, including many police chiefs, hold news conferences reluctantly in order to avoid dealing with reporters individually. A news conference is announced by sending an advisory or news release to assignment editors. Sometimes they are held spontaneously when several reporters gather around a newsmaker, news conferences can be held just about anywhere, in settings as formal as the White House room set aside for the purpose to as informal as the street in front of a crime scene. Hotel conference rooms and courthouses are often used for news conferences, sometimes such gatherings are recorded for press use and later released on an interview disc. In crisis situations, this holds a special value because it offsets all burning questions at that particular moment. In athletics, teams and leagues host media days prior to the season and may host them prior to events during the season like all-star games. Media scrum Press videoconferencing Pseudo-event Message discipline Press release Press service Fact sheet Grassroots
Press conference
–
Journalism
Press conference
–
A joint press conference by
United States President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister
Tony Blair at the
White House (12 November 2004).
Press conference
–
Reporters raise their hand to signal that they wish to ask a question.
Press conference
–
The press conference of the
High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and the
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran following the multilateral
negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework in Lausanne (2 April 2015).
27.
Cherry
–
A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe. The cherry fruits of commerce usually are obtained from a number of species such as cultivars of the sweet cherry. The name cherry also refers to the tree, and is sometimes applied to almonds and visually similar flowering trees in the genus Prunus, as in ornamental cherry, cherry blossom. Wild cherry may refer to any of the species growing outside of cultivation. The subgenus is native to the regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Other cherry fruits are members of subgenus Padus, most eating cherries are derived from either Prunus avium, the sweet cherry, or from Prunus cerasus, the sour cherry. The indigenous range of the sweet cherry extends through most of Europe, western Asia, and parts of northern Africa, and the fruit has been consumed throughout its range since prehistoric times. A cultivated cherry is recorded as having brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus from northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region. Cherries were introduced into England at Teynham, near Sittingbourne in Kent, by order of Henry VIII, cherries arrived in North America early in the settlement of Brooklyn, New York when the region was under Dutch sovereignty. Trades people leased or purchased land to plant orchards and produce gardens, behind the house sold by Anthony Jansen from Salee to Barent Dirksen. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia, they do not cross-pollinate, some other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor, and their propensity to damage from rain, nonetheless, demand is high for the fruit. In commercial production, cherries are harvested by using a mechanized shaker, hand picking is also widely used to harvest the fruit to avoid damage to both fruit and trees. Common rootstocks include Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt, and Gisela Series, sour cherries require no pollenizer, while few sweet varieties are self-fertile. Like most temperate-latitude trees, cherry seeds require exposure to cold to germinate, the pits are planted in the autumn and seedlings emerge in the spring. A cherry tree will take three to four years in the field to produce its first crop of fruit, and seven years to attain full maturity, because of the cold-weather requirement, none of the Prunus genus can grow in tropical climates. Cherries have a growing season and can grow in most temperate latitudes. Cherries blossom in April and the season for the cherry harvest is in the summer
Cherry
–
Prunus avium, sweet cherry, also called wild cherry
Cherry
–
Prunus cerasus
Cherry
–
Ripe cherries of
Tehran in the middle of June.
Cherry
–
Cherries imported from USA in an Australian supermarket
28.
Cordial (candy)
–
A cordial is a type of confection in which a fruit filling is placed within a chocolate shell. A well known confectionery of this type is the cherry cordial, the liquid center found in some cordials is made using invertase to hydrolyze sucrose in the filling, a process which can take up to two weeks. This makes it a requirement to age the cordials in storage before consuming them to ensure the filling has become liquid, some fillings include cherry, strawberry, raspberry and blueberry. List of chocolate-covered foods Food portal
Cordial (candy)
–
Cherry cordial
29.
Pocket Coffee
–
Pocket Coffee is a brand name of the Ferrero company for a chocolate confectionery, sold internationally. The pralines are individually wrapped and consist of Italian liquid espresso encased in a shell of dark chocolate and they were marketed for the first time in Italy in 1968. For many years, it was difficult to obtain them outside of Europe but, while distribution is still limited, it is now available online. As is also the case for Ferrero Rocher, Mon Chéri, and Raffaello, the production restricts the sale to only the winter months
Pocket Coffee
–
One Pocket coffee praline
Pocket Coffee
–
An unwrapped Pocket Coffee
Pocket Coffee
–
Pocket Coffee has a liquid center.
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€ 10,3 billion (fiscal year 2016)
