1.
Turin
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Turin is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 892,649 while the population of the area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million, in 1997 a part of the historical center of Torino was inscribed in the World Heritage List under the name Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Turin is well known for its Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neo-classical, many of Turins public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. This was after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy was moved to Turin from Chambery as part of the urban expansion, the city used to be a major European political center. Turin was Italys first capital city in 1861 and home to the House of Savoy, from 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy. Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italys best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the University of Turin, founded in the 15th century, in addition, the city is home to museums such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana. Turins attractions make it one of the worlds top 250 tourist destinations, Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Milan and Rome, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the worlds 78th richest city by purchasing power, as of 2010, the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry, the Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian Alpine people, who occupied the upper valley of the Po River, in the center of modern Piedmont. In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal as he was allied with their long-standing enemies, the Taurini chief town was captured by Hannibals forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established in 27 BC under the name of Castra Taurinorum, both Livy and Strabo mention the Taurinis country as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. In the 1st century BC, the Romans created a military camp, the typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, especially in the neighborhood known as the Quadrilatero Romano. Via Garibaldi traces the path of the Roman citys decumanus which began at the Porta Decumani. The Porta Palatina, on the side of the current city centre, is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral
2.
Fiat Automobiles
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Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S. p. A. which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, Fiats main market is Europe, mainly focused in Italy. Historically successful in citycars and supermini sector, currently Fiat has a range of models focused on two segments. Fiat does not currently offer any large family car, nor an executive car - these market segments have, to some extent been covered by the Lancia and Alfa Romeo brands, which Fiat also owns. Fiats share of the European market shrank from 9.4 per cent in 2000 to 5.8 per cent in the summer of 2004, at this point Sergio Marchionne was appointed as Fiats chief executive. By March 2009 their market share had expanded to 9.1 per cent, Fiats built their five-story Lingotto plant in 1915 through 1918, at the time it was Europes largest car manufacturing plant. Later the Mirafiori plant was built, also in Turin, to prepare for production of the all-new Fiat 128, Fiat opened their Rivalta plant in October 1968. Until the 128 entered production, the plant was used to build versions of the 850 and 124 as well as parts for the Fiat Dino. Fiats 2014 range of car engines comprised eleven units, eight petrols. The second generation Punto was a seller in the UK after its October 1999 launch. The original Fiat 500 had been one of the few competitors for the iconic Mini during its 1960s heyday. Fiat has invested for a time in South America, mainly in Brazil. They built their first Brazilian car plant in the Greater Belo Horizonte city of Betim in 1973, recently a brand new model developed in Brazil has been launched, the Fiat Uno. Other European models are imported to Brazil, Fiat 500. Some others are still in production, Punto, Idea, Bravo, Fiat has a long history in the United States. In 1908, the Fiat Automobile Co. was established in the country and a plant in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. began producing Fiats a year later, like the Fiat 60 HP and the Fiat 16-20 HP. These luxury cars were produced long before Chrysler Corp. was formed in 1925 from older manufacturers that were acquired by Walter P. Chrysler, the New Jersey factory was closed when the U. S. entered World War I in 1917. Fiat returned to North America in the 1950s, selling the original 500, Fiat 600 Multipla, Fiat 1100, Fiat 1200, for example the Fiat 124 Sport Spider and the Fiat X1/9
3.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
4.
Fiat Ducato
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The Fiat Ducato is a light commercial vehicle developed by the Sevel joint venture between Fiat and PSA Peugeot Citroën, produced since 1981. In Europe, it is produced at the Sevel Sud factory, in Val di Sangro, since 1981, more than 2.6 million Fiat Ducatos have been produced. The Ducato is the most common base used in Europe. The Ducato was first launched in 1981, and was the result of Fiats collaboration with PSA Peugeot Citroën, the vehicles were manufactured at the Sevel Val di Sangro plant in Atessa, central Italy, together with the similar Alfa Romeo AR6, Citroën C25 and Peugeot J5 versions. The Peugeot J5 was sold as the Talbot Express in the United Kingdom, the collaboration of Fiat and PSA had earlier produced the Fiat 242 and Citroën C35 from 1974. For the Fiat, engines were 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol or 1.9 diesel, trim levels were base, S and SX. Model variants were named according to carrying capacity, Ducato 10, Ducato 13, Ducato 14 and Ducato Maxi 18. The Ducato Mk1 was very popular as a basis for campervan conversions, a short-wheelbase version was sold as Fiat Talento. The Alfa Romeo AR6 was a badge engineered Ducato sold by Alfa Romeo on the Italian market only and it was available in two different wheelbase lengths, and as passenger van, commercial van or pick-up truck. It was also the commercial vehicle sold by Alfa Romeo. The Citroën C25 was a 2.5 tonne capacity van produced from October 1981 until 1993, the C25 succeeded the dated corrugated Citroën Type H post war one tonne van. The C25’s engines are mounted, the petrol one is a Peugeot 504 unit whilst the diesel one is from the Citroën CX diesel. Both units are coupled to a Citroën gearbox, in February 1982, the range was extended to include a pick up truck and a minibus. In 1991, the C25 series 2 was launched with an enlarged grille, in 1994, the C25 was replaced by the Jumper. The Peugeot J5 was a 2.5 tonne capacity van and its powertrains are as per the Citroën C25. In 1991, the J5 series 2 was launched with a new front grille and it was replaced in 1994 by the Peugeot Boxer, which was based on the second generation Fiat Ducato. The Talbot Express van, sold solely in the United Kingdom, was the last Talbot motor vehicle to be produced. Production of this version for the United Kingdom began in 1982 and continued until 1994. Its Citroën/Peugeot petrol and diesel engines are transversely mounted driving the front wheels, a 4x4 option was also available although now very rare
5.
Rebadging
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Rebadging, sometimes called badge engineering, is the application of a different brand or trademark to an existing product and subsequently marketing the variant as a distinct product. The term badge engineering is a misnomer, in that little or no actual engineering takes place. The term originated with the practice of replacing an automobiles emblems to create a new model sold by a different maker. More extreme examples involve differing engines and drivetrains, the term badge engineered does not apply to vehicles that share a common platform architecture but are uniquely designed so that they may look completely different from each other. This is achieved by not sharing visible parts, and maintaining a host of underlying parts specific to their respective applications, rebadging in the automotive industry can be compared with white-label products in other consumer goods industries, such as consumer electronics and power tools. The first case of engineering began in 1917 with the Texan automobile assembled in Fort Worth, Texas. The chairman and CEO of the company, Charles W. Nash, ordered that the Ajax models be marketed as the Nash Light Six, Nash being a known and respected automobile brand. Production was stopped for two days so Nash emblems, hubcaps and radiator shells could be exchanged on all unshipped Ajax cars. Conversion kits were distributed at no charge to Ajax owners to transform their cars. Starting with the beginning of General Motors in 1923, chassis, exterior appearances were gradually upgraded between these vehicle brands. For 1958, GM was promoting their fiftieth year of production, and introduced Anniversary models for each brand, Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, a later example was Wolseley Motors after it was bought out by William Morris. After World War I, the Wolseley started to lose its identity and this was repeated with the consolidation of Austin Motor Company and the Nuffield Organisation to form the British Motor Corporation. Badge Engineering, as it known, was symptomatic of a policy of sales competition between the constituent organizations. Badge engineering often occurs when a manufacturer, such as General Motors, owns a portfolio of different brands. It may also be done to sell the model in different regions. For example, cars built by Daewoo, now owned by GM, are no longer badged as Daewoos, instead, they are now badged as Chevrolets. Similarly, in Australia and New Zealand, where Daewoo was unsuccessful, the Australian car manufacturing industry experienced major badge reengineering during the 1980s and 1990s as part of the failed Button car plan. In Japan, Toyota, Nissan and Honda used this approach to vehicle production by offering one car at multiple Japanese dealerships
6.
Fiat Panda
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The Fiat Panda is a city car from the Italian automobile manufacturer Fiat, now in its third generation. The first generation Fiat Panda was introduced in 1980, and was produced until 1986, from 1986 until 2003, it was produced with only a few changes. The second generation, launched in 2003, was the European Car of the Year in 2004, the third generation debuted at Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011 and assembled in Italy at Pomigliano dArco. In over 31 years Fiat has sold over 6.5 million Pandas globally, introduced in 1980, the Panda was designed as a cheap, easy to use and maintain, no-frills utility vehicle, positioned in Fiats range between the 126 and 127. It can be seen as an approach to the same niche which the Citroën 2CV. The first Panda was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign, ho cercato di portare in questa auto lo spìrito delle costruzioni militari, in particolare degli elicotteri, ossia di mezzi leggeri, razionali, nati per assolvere nel modo migliore a certi scopi». The Panda is like a pair of jeans, that simple, practical, I tried to bring into this car the spirit of military machinery, especially helicopters, that means light, rational, built-for-purpose vehicles. The car was introduced to the press in December 1979, it went on sale in Italy in late February, however, it was not launched onto the right-hand drive UK market until May 1981. Mechanically the first Pandas borrowed heavily from the Fiat parts bin, engines and transmissions came from the Fiat 127 and, in certain territories, the air-cooled 652 cc two-cylinder powerplant from the Fiat 126. The plan for a simple car was also evident in the rear suspension. Later versions of the car added various improvements but this spirit of robust simplicity was adhered to throughout the life of the model. Many design features reflect the Pandas utilitarian practicality, much like its earlier French counterparts the Panda could be specified with a two piece roll forward canvas roof. As a consequence of the different drivetrain layout the 45 had the radiator grille to the right side, in September 1982 Fiat added another engine to the line-up, the Panda 34 used an 843 cc water-cooled unit, derived from that in the 850. It was originally reserved for export to France, Belgium, Germany, Fiat launched the Panda 45 Super at the Paris Motor Show later in 1982, with previous specification models continuing as the Comfort trim. The Super offered numerous improvements, most significant being the availability of a five-speed gearbox as well as improved trim, there were minor styling changes to the Super including the introduction of Fiats new black plastic corporate grille with five diagonal silver bars. The earlier grille design continued on the Comfort models until the major revision of the line-up. A30 Super was added to the range in February 1983, the Panda 4x4 was launched in June 1983, it was powered by a 965 cc engine with 48 bhp derived from that in the Autobianchi A112. Known simply as the Panda 4x4, this model was the first small, the system itself was manually selectable, with an ultra-low first gear
7.
Fiat Punto
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The Fiat Punto is a supermini car produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat since 1993, spanning over three generations. The third generation of the car was marketed as the Grande Punto, as of February 2012, nearly 8.5 million units had been produced. Internally codenamed Project 176, the Punto was announced in September 1993 as a replacement for the aging Fiat Uno, the Fiat Punto was voted European Car of the Year for 1995, defeating rival Volkswagen Polo by only 78 points. The Punto was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and was available as a three-door or five-door hatchback, as the majority of the new Fiat group models, suspension was all-independent, composed of MacPherson struts at the front and trailing arms at the rear. Entry-level in the Punto range were the 1.1 and 1.2 L petrol engines, the 1.2 engines actual capacity is 1242 cc, available in three versions. The first, was fitted in the Punto ELX75 and produced 75 hp at 6000 rpm while the second, the third was a 60 hp engine which eventually replaced the 1.154 hp engine. A Sporting model was available with an 1.6 8v updated 128 SOHC engine, producing 88 hp, later replaced in 1997 by the 1.2 16v FIRE engine used in the 85 ELX. During the years the GT was made in three different series with power 136 PS,133 PS and 130 PS. A cabriolet version was available, built by Bertone, it featured an electric powered fully retracting roof and was one of the cheapest open-top cars in the world at the time. In Europe, it was made with a manual roof. Available in both ELX and SX trim, initially powered by the 90 hp 1.6 Mpi unit, approximately 55,000 cars were built between 1994 and 1999, although the last cars were registered in 2000. The second generation Punto, codenamed Project 188, was launched in September 1999 at the Frankfurt Motor Show, the styling was all-new while retaining the original Puntos distinctive shape and design, while the chassis and interior were completely overhauled, with a new torsion beam rear suspension. The new Punto also became the first Fiat in decades to carry the original round Fiat badge, to celebrate Fiats centenary. At the launch event of the hatchback, the Fiat Wish concept car was also presented, the model was conceived by Pininfarina to celebrate the centenary of Fiat. The 1. 2-L16 valve Sporting model with a manual. The 1. 2-L 16V model also has a Speedgear CVT-equipped variant, the 1. 8-L HGT accelerates from 0-60 in 8.0 seconds. It was considered a big improvement in handling over the Punto GT, the HGT was also available as an HGT Abarth which added deeper bumpers, rear spoiler, side skirts, new alloy wheels and interior trim. The HGT Abarth had no technical improvements over the regular HGT, the second generation Punto has also adopted the Dualdrive electric power steering and came with two operation modes, using an electric motor, rather than a hydraulic pump driven by the engine
8.
Fiat Fiorino
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The Fiat Fiorino is a small commercial vehicle produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat since 1977. The current generation, the Sevel LAV, is built with a passenger body style, as the Fiat Qubo, and is marketed along its rebadged versions, the Citroën Nemo. It is positioned below the Fiat Doblò, the Citroën Berlingo, the name comes from an old Italian coin, normally translated into English as the Florin. The platform is a version of the brazilian 147 with different rear suspension. It was launched in early November 1977 in panel van and passenger version with the same 903 L OHV I4 petrol engine, at the same time Fiat dropped the name 127 in Europe and called the vehicle simple Fiorino. In 1980 Fiorino was launched in Brazil in panel van version, passenger version, another facelift was launched in 1983 with the new front grille based on the south american Fiat 127 Unificata. In Europe Fiat sold the kit Ognitempo to transform the Fiorino into a mini camper, the Fiorino was assembled from 1977 to 1981 in Mirafiori factory, Italy, alongside the Fiat 127. In 1980 Fiat start production in Minas Gerais plant, Brazil were the Fiat 147 was manufactured, after brazilian production ceased in 1988, the assembly line of Fiorino transferred in Argentina and continued to be manufactured by Sevel Argentina and sold for the local market. 25.035 units of the first generation was built in the Cordoba factory between 1989 and 1995, in Spain a commercial vehicle based on the SEAT127 was produced from 1980 by coachbuilder Emelba and called the Emelba 127 Poker. The 127 Poker have a high cube box design of the Fiorino but different rear doors, rear lights. The 127 Poker was design by Elba Design studio and was available as a van, passenger version and pick-up with the 903 L Fiat petrol engine. Production ended in the 1986 when was replaced by the SEAT Terra, the spanish 127 Poker was built in the headquarters of coachbuilder Emelba, based in Province of Girona, Catalonia. In 1988 a more modern version was released, based on the Brazilian Fiat Uno, second generation Fiorino was made also as Panorama and pick-up body styles. The Fiorino for the European market was sold in over 250.000 until 2000, in Europe, it was a great success, especially as a panel van version. The United Kingdoms last year of Fiorino importation was 2001, a year after production ceased in Europe, in 1992 a facelifted Fiorino debuted, with a new style inspired by the Fiat Tipo, and it received re-engineered platform, new interior and more ecological engine. The last facelift for the European market was introduced in 1997, in 1994 a new version based on the Fiat Mille platform deputed in South America. The Fiorino 2nd generation was assembled in Argentina earlier. Over 1.000.000 Fiorinos has been sold in the South America, in 2004 a new facelift version made debut with Fiat Doblò front-style
9.
Minivan
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A minivan is a vehicle designed primarily for passengers, with two or three rows of seating accessed via large doors. In international markets, the minivan is classified as multi-purpose vehicle or people carrier, in North America, the term minivan derives from the size comparison to traditional full-size vans. Full-size vans derived their underpinnings upon full-size pickup trucks, while the first generation of minivans sold in North America derived from either compact pickup trucks or passenger cars. Predecessors include the 1936 Stout Scarab, which featured a removable table, the DKW Schnellaster, manufactured from 1949 to 1962 was one of the first vehicles to feature the characteristics of modern minivans. In 1950, the Volkswagen Type 2 adapted a bus-shaped body to the compact Volkswagen Beetle, Fiat built a similar vehicle, the 1956 Multipla based on the Fiat 600 with the same cab over engine and door layout. In 1972, designers at Ford Motor Company developed the Ford Carousel prototype as a variant of the redesign of the 1975 Ford E-Series. The vehicle was never produced, due to the fuel crisis. Nearly a decade later, the concept was revisited by designers, in the late 1970s Chrysler began a six-year development program to design a small affordable van that looked and handled more like a car. The automaker introduced the first modern minivans in 1983, the front-wheel-drive Dodge Caravan, in Taiwan, the Taiwanese market features the Luxgen M7. BYD M6 is the choice of minivan in China. The Japanese market has had the Mazda Bongo since 1966 and more recently includes the Toyota Alphard, the Nissan Elgrand, in South Korea, minivans include the Kia Carnival and SsangYong Rodius. The Buick GL8 is produced and sold since 2000 in China under the Buick brand name by SAIC-GM, for the 1984 model year, the Chrysler minivans arrived on the market to great success. The minivan replaced the station wagon as the passenger car of choice in the US. In 1987 Chrysler introduced the extended-length minivans, the Chrysler Town & Country debuted in 1990. The term minivan came into use in North America in contrast to full-size vans, the minivans market share peaked in 2000 with sales of 1.4 million units in US. This shrank to half a million in 2013. In 2014, sales of minivans in America increased 6% over 2013, the remaining 6% of the segment is shared largely by the Ford Transit Connect, Kia Sedona, Mazda 5, and Nissan Quest. Toyota, former models included the Van/Wagon from 1984 to 1989, General Motors, former models included the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari from 1985 to 2005, a rear-wheel drive minivan based on light trucks
10.
Groupe PSA
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PSA is listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange and is again a constituent of the CAC40 index after having been removed in 2012. Beginning in 2016, PSA began to outline a strategy which entailed the expansion of the company. PSA has announced plans to enter the Indian, American, Canadian, ASEAN, headquartered in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, PSA was in 2016 the third-largest Europe-based automaker. Following the completion of the acquisition of the GM Opel and Vauxhall Motors brands. In December 1974 Peugeot S. A. acquired a 38. 2% share of Citroën, on 9 April 1976 they increased their stake of the then bankrupt company to 89. 95%, thus creating the PSA Group, becoming PSA Peugeot Citroën. Since Citroën had two new designs in the market at this time and Peugeot was typically prudent in its own finances. Further investment was required because PSA decided to create a new brand for the entity for the disparate French and British models, based on the Talbot sports car last seen in the 1950s. From then on, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the Talbot badge until production of Talbot-branded passenger cars was shelved in 1987, all of this investment caused serious financial problems for the entire PSA group, PSA lost money from 1980 to 1985. In 1987, the dropped the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-developed Horizon. What was to have been the Talbot Arizona became the Peugeot 309, with the former Rootes plant in Ryton, producing Peugeots in Ryton was significant, as it signalled the first time that PSA would build cars in the UK. The Talbot name survived for a longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely. From 1987 to 1995, the plant also produced the Peugeot 405 saloon, on 29 February 2012, PSA announced the creation of a major alliance with General Motors, as part of which GM became PSAs second-largest shareholder, after the Peugeot family, with a holding of 7%. The alliance was intended to enable $2 billion per year of cost savings through platform sharing, common purchasing and other economies of scale. In July 2012, an official said that PSA Peugeot Citroën would cut as much as 10 percent of its French workforce of 100,356 employees on permanent. The jobs cut was more than previously announced, on 24 October, PSA said it was close to an agreement with creditor banks on €11.5 billion of refinancing and had won state guarantees on €7 billion in further borrowing by its Banque PSA Finance. And in doing so, PSA ended up losing revenue rapidly, CEO Philippe Varin says that Citroën and Peugeot are too close, so he plans on positioning Citroën C-line models lower than Peugeot with DS models above Peugeot. On 12 December 2013, General Motors announced it was selling its 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroën, in early 2016, PSA unveiled a roadmap detailing its plan to re-enter the North American car market for the first time in almost forty years. Although many only expected the DS to enter the North American market, on 10 February 2017, PSA announced the purchase of Hindustan Motors and the Hindustan Ambassador brand, which will be used to sell Peugeot and Citröen vehicles in India beginning in 2018
11.
Peugeot
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For the article about the bicycle manufacturer, see Cycles Peugeot. Peugeot is a French car manufacturer, part of Groupe PSA, the family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark, due to family discord, Armand Peugeot in 1896 founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot. The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux, France, Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there. In February 2014, the agreed to a recapitalisation plan, in which Dongfeng Motors. Peugeot has received international awards for its vehicles, including five European Car of the Year awards. In 2013 and 2014, Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe, the Renault car maker group being ranked first, with 114. 9g CO2/km. Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand, citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s. Peugeot has been involved in sport for more than a century. In 2015, Peugeot returned to the Dakar Rally after its four victories in the 1980s, the Peugeot family of Valentigney, Montbéliard, Franche-Comté, France, began in the manufacturing business in the 19th century. In 1842, they added production of coffee, pepper, the companys entry into the vehicle market was by means of crinoline dresses, which used steel rods, leading to umbrella frames, saw blades, chisels, wire wheels, and bicycles. Armand Peugeot introduced his Le Grand Bi penny-farthing in 1882, along with a range of other bicycles, the car company and bike company parted ways in 1926 but Peugeot bicycles continued to be built until very recently. Armand Peugeot became interested in the early on and, after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler. The first Peugeot automobile, a three-wheeled, steam-powered car designed by Léon Serpollet, was produced in 1889, steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy warmup times. In 1890, after meeting Daimler and Émile Levassor, steam was abandoned in favour of a car with a petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine built by Panhard under Daimler licence. The car was more sophisticated than many of its contemporaries, with a three-point suspension, an example was sold to the young Alberto Santos-Dumont, who exported it to Brazil. More cars followed,29 being built in 1892,40 in 1894,72 in 1895,156 in 1898 and these early models were given type numbers. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tyres to a petrol-powered car, Peugeot was an early pioneer in motor racing, with Albert Lemaître winning the worlds first motor race, the Paris–Rouen, in a 3 hp Peugeot
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