Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Bigollo Pisano, was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".
Statue of Fibonacci (1863) by Giovanni Paganucci in the Camposanto di Pisa
A page of Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing (in box on right) the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled with Latin numbers and Roman numerals and the value in Hindu-Arabic numerals
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals: Western Arabic numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right
The Arabic numeral system first appeared in Europe in the Spanish Codex Vigilanus, year 976.
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn, 1522
Two arithmetic books published in 1514 – Köbel (left) using a calculation table and Böschenteyn using numerals