1.
River Wear
–
The River Wear in North East England rises in the Pennines and flows eastwards, mostly through County Durham to the North Sea in the City of Sunderland. At 60 mi long, it is one of the regions longest rivers, wends in a valley through the cathedral city of Durham and gives its name to Weardale in its upper reach. The Wear rises in the east Pennines, an upland area raised up during the Caledonian orogeny, specifically, the Weardale Granite underlies the headwaters of the Wear. Devonian Old Red Sandstone in age, this Weardale Granite does not outcrop but was surmised by early geologists and it is thought that the course of the River Wear, prior to the last Ice Age, was much as it is now as far as Chester-le-Street. This can be established as a result of boreholes, of which there have been many in the Wear valley due to coal mining, however, northwards from Chester-le-Street, the Wear may have originally followed the current route of the lower River Team. At about 14,000 years ago, retreat of the ice paused for maybe 500 years at the city of Durham and this can be established by the types of glacial deposits in the vicinity of Durham City. The confluence of the River Browney was pushed from Gilesgate, several miles south to Sunderland Bridge, the gorge cut by the river through the Permian Magnesian Limestone can be seen most clearly at Ford Quarry. In the 17th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, reference is made to a pre-Ice Age course of the River Wear outfalling at Hartlepool and this may, in part, be due to the Pennine areas of Upper Weardale and Upper Teesdale being the site of the shrinking ice cap. The glaciation left behind many indications of its presence, including lateral moraines and material from the Lake District and Northumberland, after the Ice Age, the Wear valley became thickly forested, however during the Neolithic period and increasingly in the Bronze Age, were largely deforested for agriculture. Much of the River Wear is associated with the history of the Industrial Revolution and its upper end runs through lead mining country, until this gives way to coal seams of the Durham coalfield for the rest of its length. As a result of quarrying, lead mining and coal mining. The Weardale Railway continues to run services between Stanhope and Wolsingham. Mining of lead ore has been known in the area of the headwaters of the Wear since the Roman occupation, however, abandoned mines and their spoil heaps continue to contribute to heavy metal mineral pollution of the river and its tributaries. This has significance to fishing in times of low flow and infrastructure costs as the River Wear is an important source of drinking water for many of the inhabitants along its course. Fluorspar is another mineral sporadically co-present with Weardale Granite and became important in the manufacture of steel from the late 19th century into the 20th century, in many cases the steel industries were able to take fluorspar from old excavation heaps. Fluorspar explains why iron and steel manufacture flourished in the Wear valley, Consett, overlying are three Carboniferous minerals, limestone, Coal Measures as raw materials for iron and steel manufacture, and sandstone, useful as a refractory material. The last remaining flourspar mine closed in 1999 following legislation re water quality, a mine at Rogerley Quarry, Frosterley, is operated by an American consortium who occasionally work it for specimen minerals. Minco are currently exploring the North Pennines and the upper Wear catchment for potential reserves of zinc at lower levels and these sources were in due course depleted or became uneconomic
2.
Religious order
–
The order is composed of initiates and, in some traditions, ordained clergy. Religious orders exist in many of the worlds religions, in Buddhist societies, a religious order is one of the number of monastic orders of monks and nuns, many of which follow under a different school of teaching, such as Zen. A well-known Chinese Buddhist order is the ancient Shaolin order in Chan Buddhism, a Catholic religious institute is a society whose members pronounce vows that are accepted by a superior in the name of the Church and who live a life of brothers or sisters in common. Catholic religious orders and congregations are the two categories of Catholic religious institutes. Religious institutes are distinct from secular institutes, another kind of institute of consecrated life, in the Catholic Church, members of religious institutes, unless they are also deacons or priests in Holy Orders, are not clergy, but belong to the laity. Several religious orders evolved during the Crusades to incorporate a military mission thus became religious military orders, hence they cannot move – nor be moved by their abbot or abbess – to another abbey. An independent house may occasionally make a new foundation which remains a dependent house until it is granted independence by Rome, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as tonsure and is considered by monks to be a Sacred Mystery, the Rite of Tonsure is printed in the Euchologion, the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need. Religious orders in England were dissolved by King Henry VIII upon the separation of the English church from Roman primacy, with the Catholic Revival in the Church of England and worldwide Anglicanism in the middle of the nineteenth century, several orders appeared. In 1841, the first order for women was established, there are presently thirteen active religious orders for men, fifty-three for women, and eight mixed gender. The Methodist Church of Great Britain, and its ancestors, have established a number of orders of Deaconesses, the Methodist Diaconal Order currently admits both men and women to the Order. Since the functions of a deacon are primarily pastoral, the MDO may therefore be regarded as an order of Regular clerics, the Order of Saint Luke is a religious order in the United Methodist Church dedicated to sacramental and liturgical scholarship, education, and practice. While Martin Luther had concerns with the value of monastic life, there are Lutheran religious orders in the United States. This order has strong ties to Lutheran Benedictine orders in Sweden, in 2011, an Augustinian religious order, the Priestly Society of St. Augustine was established by the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church. Its headquarters is at Christ Lutheran Church ALCC, jens Bargmann, Ph. D. is the Grand Prior. Among their corporations, the Religious Order of Jehovahs Witnesses cares for matters specific to Jehovahs Witnesses special full-time servants, in a particular branch, traveling overseers, special pioneers, and branch staff are considered members of the Order of Special Full-time Servants and the Bethel Family. Globally, their order is the Worldwide Order of Special Full-Time Servants of Jehovah’s Witnesses, male and female members of such religious orders typically make a formal vow of poverty and are granted certain status and exemptions by many governments. Jehovahs Witnesses do not have a separate class, but consider an adherents qualified baptism to constitute his ordination as a minister
3.
Order of Saint Benedict
–
Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns
4.
Diocese
–
The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
5.
Diocese of Durham
–
The Diocese of Durham is a Church of England diocese, based in Durham, and covering the historic County Durham. It was created in AD635 as the Diocese of Lindisfarne, the cathedral is Durham Cathedral and the bishop is the Bishop of Durham who used to live at Auckland Castle, Bishop Auckland, and still has his office there. The dioceses administrative centre, the Diocesan Office, is located at Cuthbert House, the line of bishops of Durham stretches back to the 10th century, when Aldhun, Bishop of Lindisfarne, transferred his see to Durham around 995. The diocese was founded, with its See at Lindisfarne, in 635, until the See was removed from there around 875, the Bishop owes his unique position to the 7th and 8th century Kingdom of Northumbria, which stretched from the Humber estuary to the Firth of Forth. Subsequently the Kingdom came under Danish and English sovereignty and was transformed into an Earldom, when William the Conqueror became king of England in 1066, he soon realised the need to control Northumbria to protect his kingdom from Scottish incursions. He gained the allegiance of both the Bishop of Durham and the Earl of Northumbria by confirming their privileges and acknowledging the independence of Northumbria. To quell rebellions, William installed Robert Comine, a Norman noble, as the Earl of Northumbria, in revenge, the King raided Northumbria in the Harrying of the North. Aethelwine, the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Durham, tried to flee with Northumbrian treasures and he later died in confinement, leaving his see vacant for William to the King to appoint William Walcher as bishop of Durham in 1071. The King also appointed Waltheof, an Anglo-Saxon of the old Northumbria house, Bishop William was on friendly terms with Earl Waltheof, who built a castle at Durham for the bishop. After another rebellion, Waltheof was executed in 1075 and in his place William Walcher was appointed Earl, Walcher was well-intentioned but proved an incompetent leader. He was murdered in Gateshead in 1081, the lands ruled by the bishops became known as the County Palatine of Durham, a defensive buffer zone between England and the Northumbria-Scottish borderland. Due to its importance and its remoteness from London, the County Palatinate became a virtually autonomous entity. To ensure that episcopal functions continued to be performed while the bishop was playing his part in political affairs of state. For instance, Bishop Thomas Langley served as chancellor to the Kings Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VI and was away in London. In 1536 Henry VIII greatly diminished the Prince-Bishops secular authority, which was reduced during. From 1537 to 1572, there was one suffragan Bishop of Berwick, since 1572, the see has remained in abeyance, and Berwick-upon-Tweed is now in Newcastle diocese. After the Union of the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603, the palatinate was finally abolished on 5 July 1836. In 1844 the Islandshire exclave was transferred to the jurisdiction of Northumberland,1882 saw the Bishop lose the religious leadership for the whole of Northumbria when the part north of the River Tyne became the newly created Diocese of Newcastle
6.
Hugh de Puiset
–
Hugh de Puiset was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Chief Justiciar of England under King Richard I. He was the nephew of King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois and he held the office of treasurer of York for a number of years, which led him into conflict with Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York. In 1153, Hugh was elected bishop of Durham despite the opposition of Murdac, Hugh was not involved in the controversy between King Henry II and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. After the accession of Henrys second son Richard as king, Hugh bought the office of Sheriff of Northumberland and he also acquired the office of Justiciar, which he was supposed to share with William de Mandeville, but with Mandevilles death Hugh shared the office with William Longchamp. Longchamp had managed to secure the office for himself by the middle of 1190, as a bishop, Hugh was noted as a builder, including a stone bridge in the city of Durham and the Galilee Chapel in Durham Cathedral. His administration of the lands included an inquest into the exact holdings of the bishopric. As a patron, Hugh sponsored the career of the medieval chronicler Roger of Hoveden, Hugh had a long-term mistress, by whom he had at least two sons, and possibly two more. Hugh was the nephew of brothers King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois, born as the son of Hugh III, lord of Puiset and Agnes, sister of Stephen. Agnes parents were Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela, a daughter of King William the Conqueror and his paternal family held a lordship in Northern France. Hugh was born in approximately 1125, for in 1153 with his election as bishop he was still under the age limit for bishops of 28. Henry acquired for Hugh the office of archdeacon in the see of Winchester, Hugh afterwards became archdeacon of York and treasurer of York, sometime around 1143, probably through the patronage of William FitzHerbert while he was serving his first term as Archbishop of York. While treasurer, he was a member of the party at York that wanted to elect Hilary as archbishop after William FitzHerberts deposition in 1147. The successful candidate was Henry Murdac, the Abbot of Fountains, Murdac excommunicated Hugh, who returned the gesture. On 22 January 1153 Hugh was elected to the see of Durham by the chapter, in spite of the opposition of Henry Murdac. Because of Murdacs opposition and refusal to confirm the election, Hugh only obtained consecration by making a visit to Rome. He was consecrated on 20 December 1153, by Pope Anastasius IV, Hugh was enthroned, or ceremonially installed as bishop in his cathedral, at Durham on 2 May 1154. King Stephen granted to Puiset as bishop of Durham, the rights at Weardale. Silver was also extracted from the ore mined there
7.
Godric of Finchale
–
Saint Godric of Finchale was an English hermit, merchant and popular medieval saint, although he was never formally canonised. He was born in Walpole in Norfolk and died in Finchale in County Durham, Saint Godrics life was recorded by a contemporary of his, a monk named Reginald of Durham. Several other hagiographies are also extant and this encounter changed his life, and he devoted himself to Christianity and service to God thereafter. After many pilgrimages around the Mediterranean, Godric returned to England and he had previously served as doorkeeper, the lowest of the minor orders, at the hospital church of nearby St Giles Hospital in Durham. He is recorded to have lived at Finchale for the sixty years of his life. As the years passed, his reputation grew, and Thomas Becket, Reginald describes Godrics physical attributes, For he was vigorous and strenuous in mind, whole of limb and strong in body. St Godric is perhaps best remembered for his kindness toward animals, according to one of these, he hid a stag from pursuing hunters, according to another, he even allowed snakes to warm themselves by his fire. Reginald of Durham recorded four songs of St Godrics, they are the oldest songs in English for which the musical settings survive. Reginald describes the circumstances in which Godric learnt the first song, in a vision the Virgin Mary appeared to Godric with at her side two maidens of surpassing beauty clad in shining white raiments. They pledged to come to his aid in times of need, the novel Godric by Frederick Buechner is a fictional retelling of his life and travels. It was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, Reginald of Durham, Life of St. Godric, in G. G. Coulton, ed. Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1918, – digital copy Frederick Buechner, Godric,1981, ISBN 0-06-061162-6, a historical novel. Entry for Godric, first edition of the Dictionary of National Biography, victoria M. Tudor, Reginald of Durham and St. Godric of Finchale, a study of a twelfth-century hagiographer and his subject, Reading PhD thesis,1979. Victoria M. Tudor, Reginald of Durham and Saint Godric of Finchale, learning and religion on a personal level, Studies in Church History,17,1981. Susan J. Ridyard, Functions of a Twelfth-Century Recluse Revisited, The Case of Godric of Finchale, in Belief and Culture in the Middle Ages, Studies Presented to Henry Mayr-Harting. Henry Mayr-Harting, Henrietta Leyser and Richard Gameson, pp. Francis Rice, rector of St Godrics The Hermit of Finchdale, Life of Saint Godric Pentland Press ISBN 1-85821-151-4 Trend, J. B. Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193, Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 0-85115-654-1 Medieval SourceBook, Reginald of Durham, Life of Saint Godric, the Hermit in Lore, Frederick Buechners Godric. Santë Marië Virginë performed by the music group La Reverdie
8.
County Durham
–
County Durham is a county in North East England. The county town is Durham, a cathedral city, the largest settlement is Darlington, closely followed by Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees. It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east, Northumberland to the north, Cumbria to the west, historically, the county included southern Tyne and Wear, including Gateshead and Sunderland. The county has a mixture of mining and farming heritage, as well as a railway industry. Its economy was based on coal and iron mining. It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination, in the centre of the city of Durham, Durham Castle and Durham Cathedral are a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site. Many counties are named after their town, and the expected form here would be Durhamshire. Thus County Durham is a form of County of Durham. The situation regarding the name with regards to present-day local government is less clear. The structural change legislation which in 2009 created the present unitary council refers to the county of County Durham, the former postal county was named County Durham to distinguish it from the post town of Durham. The ceremonial county of Durham is administered by four unitary authorities, the ceremonial county has no administrative function, but remains the area to which the Lord Lieutenant of Durham and the High Sheriff of Durham are appointed. The Borough of Hartlepool, until 1 April 1996 the borough was one of four districts in the relatively short-lived county of Cleveland, the part of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees that is north of the centre of the River Tees. Stockton was also part of Cleveland until that countys abolition in 1996, the remainder of the borough is part of the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. Durham Constabulary operate in the area of the two districts of County Durham and Darlington. Ron Hogg was first elected the Durham Police and Crime Commissioner for the force on 15 November 2012, the other areas in the ceremonial county fall within the police area of the Cleveland Police. Air Ambulance services are provided by the Great North Air Ambulance, the charity operates 3 helicopters including one at Durham Tees Valley Airport covering the County Durham area. Teesdale and Weardale Search and Mountain Rescue Team, based at the Durham Constabulary base in Barnard Castle, respond to search, Cuthbert between Tyne and Tees or the Liberty of Haliwerfolc. The bishops special jurisdiction rested on claims that King Ecgfrith of Northumbria had granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert on his election to the see of Lindisfarne in 684
9.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
10.
English Heritage
–
English Heritage is a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection. This comprises over 400 of Englands historic buildings, monuments and sites spanning more than 5,000 years of history, within its portfolio are Stonehenge, Dover Castle, Tintagel Castle and the best preserved parts of Hadrians Wall. English Heritage also manages the London Blue Plaques scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings and it was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to establish it as an independent trust. Over the centuries, what is now called Heritage has been the responsibility of a series of state departments. There was the Kings Works after the Norman Conquest, the Office of Works, the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues and Works, and the Ministry of Works. Responsibility subsequently transferred to the Ministry of Public Building and Works then to the Department of the Environment and now the Department for Culture, Media, the states legal responsibility for the historic environment goes back to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882. Central government subsequently developed several systems of protection for different types of assets, introducing listing for buildings after WW2. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission was formed under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983 on 1 April 1984, soon after, the commission gained the operating name of English Heritage by its first Chairman, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. A national register of parks and gardens, was set up in 1984. Registration is a consideration in the planning process. In 2010–2011 it recorded 4.3 million unique online user sessions, in 2012 the section responsible for archive collections was renamed the English Heritage Archive. As a result of the National Heritage Act 2002, English Heritage acquired administrative responsibility for historic wrecks, the administration of the listed building system was transferred from DCMS to English Heritage in 2006. It was retained on grounds of performing a function which should remain independent from Government. However the department also suffered from budget cuts during the recession of the 2010s resulting in a deficit of £100 million. In June 2013 the British Government announced plans to provide an £80 million grant to enable English Heritage to become a self-financing charity, the national portfolio of historic properties remain in public ownership, but the new English Heritage will be licensed to manage them. The change occurred on 1 April 2015 with the planning and heritage protection functions remaining an independent, non-departmental public body. The new trust has a licence to operate the properties until 2023, English Heritage is the guardian of over 400 sites and monuments, the most famous of which include Stonehenge, Iron Bridge and Dover Castle
11.
Durham, England
–
Durham is a historic city and the county town of County Durham in North East England. The city lies on the River Wear, to the west of Sunderland, south of Newcastle upon Tyne, founded over the final resting place of St Cuthbert, its Norman cathedral became a centre of pilgrimage in medieval England. The cathedral and adjacent 11th-century castle were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, the castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832. HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre, the name Durham comes from the Celtic element dun, signifying a hill fort, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the name in his official signature. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history, the original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the citys history, archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. Local legend states that the city was founded in A. D.995 by divine intervention, Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a monk named Eadmer. After Eadmers revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, the legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about the Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeons account. According to this legend, by later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy. She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm, the monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded hill-island – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear, there they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where the Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly later was the first building in the city, Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. It no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure, during the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170, Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saints shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the worker of England
12.
Listed building
–
A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
13.
Piscina
–
A piscina is a shallow basin placed near the altar of a church, or else in the vestry or sacristy, used for washing the communion vessels. The sacrarium is the drain itself, anglicans usually refer to the basin, calling it a piscina. Roman Catholics usually refer to the drain, and by extension and they are often made of stone and fitted with a drain, and are in some cases used to dispose of materials used in the sacraments and water from liturgical ablutions. They are found in Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches, the piscina is a Latin word originally applied to a fish-pond, and later used for natural or artificial pools for bathing, and also for a water tank or reservoir. In ecclesiastical usage it was applied to the used for ablutions. They were originally named for the baptismal font and they were rare in England until the 13th century, after which there is scarcely an altar without one. They frequently take the form of a niche, with a shaft between the arched heads, which are often filled with elaborate tracery. If there is no drain, a niche for washing is a lavabo, the purpose of the piscina or sacrarium is to dispose of water used sacramentally, by returning these particles directly to the earth. For this reason, it is connected by a pipe directly to the ground, at times the piscina has been used for disposal of other items, such as old baptismal water, holy oils, and leftover ashes from Ash Wednesday. A common myth is that wine was also poured down the piscina. What caused this confusion is that in countries with plenty of wine, if there was any unconsecrated wine left in a cruet. In the Roman Catholic Church, pouring the wine, the Blood of Christ. Extremely rarely, the Eucharistic species spoils or becomes contaminated such that it cannot be consumed. The host is then dissolved in water until it disappears, then the water is poured down into the sacrarium. ”This applies to any action that is voluntarily and gravely disrespectful of the sacred species. Anyone, therefore, who contrary to these norms, for example casting the sacred species into the sacrarium or in an unworthy place or on the ground. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches the piscina is called a thalassidion, in Orthodoxy the Sacred Mysteries are never poured into the thalassidion, but must always be consumed by a deacon or priest. In some ancient churches, the thalassidion was placed under the Holy Table, when a monk or nun is tonsured, if the hair must be disposed of, it is thrown into the thalassidion. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
14.
Sedilia
–
The seat is often set back into the main wall of the church itself. Not all sedilia are stone, there is a timber one thought to be 15th century in St Nicholas Church at Rodmersham in Kent. When there is one such seat, the singular form sedile is used, as for instance at St Marys, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire or at St Agathas, Coates. The first examples in the catacombs were single inlays for the officiating priest, in time the more usual number became three, although there are examples of up to five sedilia. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
15.
Hermitage (religious retreat)
–
A hermitage is any type of domestic dwelling in which a hermit lives. While the level of isolation can vary widely, more often than not it is associated with a nearby monastery, depending on the work of the hermit, premises such as a studio, workshop or chapel may be attached or sited in proximity. Originally, the first hermitages were located in caves, temple ruins. The piety of such hermits often attracted both laity and other ascetics, forming the first cenobitic communities called sketes, such as Nitria and Kellia. Carthusian monks typically live in a cell or building, with areas for study, sleep, prayer. In the modern era, hermitages are often abutted to monasteries, or located on their grounds, being occupied by monks who receive dispensation from their abbot or prior to live a semi-solitary life. However, hermitages can be found in a variety of settings, from isolated locations, houses in large cities. Examples of hermitages in Western Christian tradition, The Grande Chartreuse in Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, France, the word poustinia has its origin in the Russian word for desert. In Hinduism, a hermitage is called an ashram, traditionally, an ashram in ancient India was a place where sages lived in peace and tranquility amidst nature. Source, The History of Religious Seclusion, A. S, brown,1963 Poustinia, Encountering God in Silence, Solitude and Prayer ISBN 0-921440-54-5
16.
John the Baptist
–
John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
17.
Asceticism
–
Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Asceticism is classified into two types, Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Judaism. Mainstream Islam has lacked asceticism, except for its minority Sufi sect whose long tradition has included strict asceticism, the practitioners of these religions eschewed worldly pleasures and led an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of redemption, salvation or spirituality. Asceticism is seen in the ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the adjective ascetic derives from the ancient Greek term askēsis, which means training or exercise. The original usage did not refer to self-denial, but to the training required for athletic events. Its usage later extended to rigorous practices that are used in all religious traditions, in varying degrees to attain redemption. Asceticism has been classified into natural and unnatural forms of asceticism, natural asceticism is defined as a lifestyle where material aspects of life are reduced to utmost simplicity and minimum. This may include minimal, simple clothing, sleeping on floor or caves, natural asceticism, state Wimbush and Valantasis, does not include maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer. Self-discipline and abstinence in some form and degree are parts of religious practice within many religious, ascetic lifestyle is associated particularly with monks, nuns, fakirs in Abrahamic religions, and bhikkhus, munis, sannyasis, yogis in Indian religions. Christian authors of antiquity such as Origen, St. Jerome, St. Ignatius, John Chrysostom. Scriptural examples of asceticism could be found in the lives of John the Baptist, Jesus, the twelve apostles, the Dead Sea Scrolls revealed ascetic practices of the ancient Jewish sect of Essenes who took vows of abstinence to prepare for a holy war. An emphasis on a religious life was evident in both early Christian writings and practices. Other Christian practitioners of asceticism include individuals such as Simeon Stylites, Saint David of Wales, according to Richard Finn, much of early Christian asceticism has been traced to Judaism, but not to traditions within Greek asceticism. Some of the thoughts in Christianity nevertheless, Finn states, have roots in Greek moral thought. Virtuous living is not possible when an individual is craving bodily pleasures with desire, the deserts of the Middle East were at one time inhabited by thousands of Christian hermits including St. Anthony the Great, St. Mary of Egypt, and St. Simeon Stylites. In 963 CE, an association of monasteries called Lavra was formed on Mount Athos and this became the most important center of orthodox Christian ascetic groups in the centuries that followed. In the modern era, Mount Athos and Meteora have remained a significant center, sexual abstinence such as those of the Encratites sect of Christians was only one aspect of ascetic renunciation, and both natural and unnatural asceticism have been part of Christian asceticism. The natural ascetic practices have included simple living, begging, fasting and ethical practices such as humility, compassion, patience, such ascetic practices were linked to the Christian concepts of sin and redemption
18.
Sacristan
–
A sacristan is an officer charged with care of the sacristy, the church, and their contents. In ancient times, many duties of the sacristan were performed by the doorkeepers, and later by the treasurers and mansionarii. The Decretals of Gregory IX speak of the sacristan as if he had an office attached to a certain benefice. Nowadays the sacristan is elected or appointed, the under-sacristan is also mentioned in the Decretals. He was the assistant of the sacristan, was subject to the archdeacon, by the early twentieth century the office was hardly ever attached to a benefice and so usually a salaried position. Altar societies were once commonly organised within most Catholic parish churches, in the Eastern Churches, the sacristan is known as the ecclesiarch, particularly in monasteries. In large monasteries he may be assigned an assistant known as the paraecclesiarch, an analogous office is that of the skeuophylax. In parishes, however, the sacristan is called church sexton, in addition to the tasks and responsibilities mentioned above, if an individual has a message for the priest while serving in the sanctuary, it is given to the sexton to give to the priest or deacon. Many Christian faith schools appoint sacristans as members of their bodies, particularly in British public schools. For instance, The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, Sacristans aid the school’s chaplain in day-to-day running of the chapel and promotion of a Christian ethos in the school. In terms of seniority, they are regarded as second only to the school captains. In the Old Testament, the office and duties of the sacristan are assigned to the Levites,1 Chronicles 23-26 describes how David assigned them duties such as temple doorkeepers, guardians, singers and musicians. Verger Goggin, John Francis, Kelly, Blanche Mary, media related to Sacristans at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of sacristan at Wiktionary
19.
Hospitium
–
Hospitium is the ancient Greco-Roman concept of hospitality as a divine right of the guest and a divine duty of the host. Similar or broadly equivalent customs were and are known in other cultures. Among the Greeks and Romans, hospitium was of a character, private. In Homeric times, all strangers, without exception, were regarded as being under the protection of Zeus Xenios, the god of strangers and suppliants, and had the right to hospitality. Immediately on his arrival, the stranger was clothed and entertained, when the guest parted from his host he was often presented with gifts, and sometimes a die was broken between them. Similar customs seem to have existed among the Italian peoples, the advantages thus obtained by the guest were, the right of hospitality when traveling and, above all, the protection of his host in a court of law. The contract was sacred and inviolable, undertaken in the name of Jupiter Hospitalis, sometimes an individual came forward voluntarily to perform these duties on behalf of another state etheloproxenos. The proxenus is generally compared to the consul or minister resident. Many cases occur where such an office was hereditary, thus the family of Callias at Athens were proxeni of the Spartans. We find the mentioned in a Corcyraean inscription dating probably from the 7th century BC. There is no proof that any direct emolument was ever attached to the office, while the expense, probably the honors which it brought with it were sufficient recompense. Public hospitium seems also to have existed among the Italian races, foreigners were frequently granted the right of public hospitality by the senate down to the end of the republic. A full bibliography of the subject will be found in the article in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités, die Gastfreundschaft im Altertum, see also Smiths Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
20.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
–
Although the policy was originally envisaged as increasing the regular income of the Crown, much former monastic property was sold off to fund Henrys military campaigns in the 1540s. Professor George W. Bernard argues, The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Very few English houses had been founded later than the end of the 13th century, there was a Medieval proverb in England that said if the Abbot of Glastonbury married the Abbess of Shaftesbury, the heir would have more land than the King of England. The 200 houses of friars in England and Wales constituted a distinct wave of foundations almost all occurring in the 13th century. Friaries, for the most part, were concentrated in urban areas, however, the religious changes in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI were of a different nature from those taking place in Germany, Bohemia, France, Scotland and Geneva. Bernard says there was concern in the later fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries about the condition of the monasteries. Pastoral care was seen as more important and vital than the monastic focus on contemplation, prayer. English monasticism in the 1530s may have faced grave and urgent problems, Henry wanted to change this, and in November 1529 Parliament passed Acts reforming apparent abuses in the English Church. These Acts sought to demonstrate that establishing royal jurisdiction over the Church would ensure progress in religious reformation where papal authority had been insufficient, the monasteries were next in line. The stories of monastic impropriety, vice and excess that were to be collected by Thomas Cromwells visitors may have been biased and exaggerated. Levels of monastic debt were increasing, and average numbers of professed religious were falling, only a minority of houses could now support the twelve or thirteen professed religious usually regarded as the minimum necessary to maintain the full canonical hours of the Divine Office. Extensive monastic complexes dominated English towns of any size, but most were less than half full, renaissance princes throughout Europe were facing severe financial difficulties due to sharply rising expenditures, especially to pay for armies, fighting ships and fortifications. Most tended, sooner or later, to resort to plundering monastic wealth, protestant princes would justify this by claiming divine authority, Catholic princes would obtain the agreement and connivance of the Papacy. Monastic wealth, regarded everywhere as excessive and idle, offered a standing temptation for cash-strapped secular, in terms of popular esteem however, the balance tilted the other way. By the time Henry VIII turned his mind to the business of monastery reform, the first case was that of the so-called Alien Priories. As a result of the Norman Conquest some French religious orders held substantial property through their daughter monasteries in England, some of these were merely granges, agricultural estates with a single foreign monk in residence to supervise things, others were rich foundations in their own right. Such estates were a source of income for the Crown in its French wars. If the property with which a house had been endowed by its founder were to be confiscated or surrendered, then the house ceased to exist, whether its members continued in the religious life or not
21.
Bishop of Durham
–
The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in the Province of York. The diocese is one of the oldest in England and its bishop is a member of the House of Lords, paul Butler has been the Bishop of Durham since his election was confirmed at York Minster on 20 January 2014. The previous bishop was Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, the bishop is one of two who escort the sovereign at the coronation. He is officially styled The Right Reverend Father in God, by Divine Providence Lord Bishop of Durham, in signatures, the bishops family name is replaced by Dunelm, from the Latin name for Durham. In the past, Bishops of Durham varied their signatures between Dunelm and the French Duresm, prior to 1836, the Bishop of Durham was a prince-bishop and had significant temporal powers over the Liberty of Durham and later the County Palatine of Durham. The bishop lived in Durham Castle from its construction in the 11th century, the bishop continues to have offices in Auckland Castle but no longer resides there. The Bishop of Lindisfarne is a title which takes its name after the tidal island of Lindisfarne. The title was first used by the Anglo-Saxons between the 7th and 10th centuries, in the reign of Æthelstan the bishop was known as the Bishop of Chester-le-Street or the Bishop of the Church of St Cuthbert. According to George Molyneaux, it was in all probability the greatest landholder between the Tees and the Tyne and it is now used by the Roman Catholic Church for a titular see. The Anglo-Saxon bishops of Lindisfarne were ordinaries of several early medieval episcopal sees in Northumbria, the first such see was founded at Lindisfarne in 635 by Saint Aidan. The bishop appointed all officials and maintained his own court. After the Norman Conquest, this power was retained by the bishop and was recognised with the designation of the region as the County Palatine of Durham. As holder of office, the bishop was both the earl of the county and bishop of the diocese. Though the term prince-bishop has become a way of describing the role of the bishop prior to 1836. Except for a period of suppression during the Glorious Revolution
22.
Bishop of Carlisle
–
The Bishop of Carlisle is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle in the Province of York. The diocese covers the County of Cumbria except for Alston Moor, the see is in the City of Carlisle where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity which was a collegiate church until elevated to cathedral status in 1133. The diocese was created in 1133 by Henry I out of part of the Diocese of Durham and it was extended in 1856 taking over part of the Diocese of Chester. The residence of the bishop was Rose Castle, near Carlisle until 2009, the current bishop is the first to reside in the new Bishops House, Keswick. The current bishop is The Right Reverend James Newcome, the 67th Bishop of Carlisle, in 1133, during the reign of his successor, Henry I, a diocese was erected in the territory of the earldom, the territory being subtracted from the Diocese of Durham. This happened despite there being locally a strong Celtic element that looked to Glasgow for episcopal administration, an efficient administrator, he ruled the diocese until his death in 1156 and succeeded in imparting a certain vigour to diocesan life. Among other initiatives, he built a moderate-sized Norman minster of which the transepts, there was only one archdeaconry, that of Carlisle. Of the next bishop, Bernard, little is known, and after his death, in or about 1186, there was a vacancy, during which the diocese was administered by another Bernard. The papal legate, Gualo, punished this action by exiling the canons and appointing Hugh, Abbot of Beaulieu, the next bishop was Walter Malclerk, formerly agent of King John, and a prominent figure in the reign of Henry III. Always a patron of the Friars Preachers, he introduced both Dominicans and Franciscans into the city and diocese and he resigned his see in 1246 in order to join the Order of St. Dominic. About this time a new choir was begun and carried to completion, a fresh beginning was made by the energetic Bishop John de Halton, a favourite of Edward I, and for nearly a hundred years the building of the present choir proceeded, though with many interruptions. Its chief glory is the great East window, remarkable both for its own beauty and as marking a transition from the style to the perfection of tracery. During this time the see was governed by a line of bishops, busy and useful diplomats in their day, but not remarkable in other respects. Bishop John Kirkby took a role in Border military actions, defeating a Scottish raid in 1345. Thomas Merke was a friend of Richard II, who was later tried for high treason under Henry IV. The subsequent bishops were scholars, frequently employed in negotiating truces and treaties with Scotland, among this generation of scholar diplomats was Cardinal Thomas Wolseys friend, John Kite, who remained faithful to his master, and who supported him in the poverty of his latter days. The last of the bishops in communion with Rome was Owen Oglethorpe and this was an act he afterwards much regretted. On Christmas Day after the Queen’s accession he disobeyed the note she sent him in the Chapel Royal forbidding him to elevate the Sacred Host in her presence
23.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Historic England
–
Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, ancient monuments. The body was created by the National Heritage Act 1983. Historic England has a remit to and complements the work of Natural England which aims to protect the natural environment. Historic England inherits English Heritages position as the UK governments statutory adviser and this includes archaeology on land and under water, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of Englands heritage and publishes the annual the Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK Governments Official statistics and it is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the man-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations. Giving grants national and local organisations for the conservation of buildings, monuments. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings, advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation. Administering and maintaining the register of Englands listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, conservation areas and protected parks and this is published as an online resource as The National Heritage List for England. Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage, providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities, consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e. g. It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, however they do not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023. Britain from Above, presents the unique Aerofilms collection of photographs from 1919-1953. Images of England website Heritage Explorer, Education site for teachers Department for Culture Media and Sport
25.
Abbey
–
An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess. It provides a place for activities, work and housing of Christian monks. The concept of the abbey has developed over centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic, an abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the religious order. Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy, some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat. There are many famous abbeys across Europe, the earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person. Disciples wished to be close to their man or woman in order to study their doctrine or imitate their way of life. In the earliest times of Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation and they would subsist whilst donating any excess produce to the poor. However, increasing religious fervor about the ways and or persecution of them would drive them further away from their community. For instance, the cells and huts of anchorites have been found in the deserts of Egypt, in 312 AD, Anthony the Great retired to the Thebaid region of Egypt to escape the persecution of the Emperor Maximian. Anthony was the best known of the anchorites of his due to his degree of austerity, sanctity. The deeper he withdrew into the wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became and they refused to be separated from him and built their cells close to him. This became a first true monastic community, Anthony, according to Johann August Wilhelm Neander, inadvertently became the founder of a new mode of living in common, Coenobitism. At Tabennae on the Nile, in Upper Egypt, Saint Pachomius laid the foundations for the life by arranging everything in an organized manner. He built several monasteries, each with about 1,600 separate cells laid out in lines and these cells formed an encampment where the monks slept and performed some of their manual tasks. There were nearby large halls such as the church, refectory, kitchen, infirmary, an enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. This layout, known as the laurae, became popular throughout Palestine, as well as the laurae, communities known as caenobia developed
26.
Priory
–
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or religious sisters, or monasteries of monks or nuns, houses of canons regular and canonesses regular also use this term, the alternative being canonry. In pre-Reformation England, if an Abbey church was raised to cathedral status, the bishop, in effect, took the place of the abbot, and the monastery itself was headed by a prior. Priories first came to existence as subsidiaries to the Abbey of Cluny, many new houses were formed that were all subservient to the abbey of Cluny and called Priories. As such, the priory came to represent the Benedictine ideals espoused by the Cluniac reforms as smaller, lesser houses of Benedictines of Cluny. There were likewise many conventual priories in Germany and Italy during the Middle Ages, the Benedictines and their offshoots, the Premonstratensians, and the military orders distinguish between conventual and simple or obedientiary priories. Conventual priories are those autonomous houses which have no abbots, either because the required number of twelve monks has not yet been reached. Simple or obedientiary priories are dependencies of abbeys and their superior, who is subject to the abbot in everything, is called a prior. These monasteries are satellites of the mother abbey, the Cluniac order is notable for being organised entirely on this obedientiary principle, with a single abbot at the Abbey of Cluny, and all other houses dependent priories. Priory may also refer to schools operated or sponsored by the Benedictines, Priory is also used to refer to the geographic headquarters of several commanderies of knights. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
27.
Priory Church of St Mary, Abergavenny
–
The Priory Church of St Mary, Abergavenny is a church in the centre of Abergavenny in Monmouthshire, Wales. St. Marys has been called the Westminster Abbey of Wales because of its size, its number of high status church monument tombs. The church was designated as a Grade I listed building on 1 July 1952 and it was originally the church of the Benedictine Priory, established under Hamelin de Balun the first Norman holder of the title Lord Abergavenny, which in the 1090s became Baron Bergavenny. At this time it was a cell of the Abbey of Saint Vincent at Le Mans in France, Henry de Abergavenny was a prior here and later at Llandaff in the late 12th century and was chosen to assist at the coronation of King John I of England in 1199. Successive Lords of Abergavenny were by necessity also benefactors, including William de Braose, in 1320 John Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, called on The Pope to set up an investigation into the Priory, in which the monks were accused of failing to maintain the Benedictine Rule. The prior, Fulk Gaston, absconded to the mother Abbey with the church silver, by the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Priory had only the prior and four monks. Due to the connections between the Lords of Abergavenny and the Tudor dynasty the priory was spared and became the parish church. The church is cruciform in layout and impressively large with a chancel, the central tower has ten bells. The oaken choir stalls with carved misericords and carved lattice work backs and they bear the name of the prior at that time Wynchestre and his own stall remains, slightly raised and surmounted by a mitre. The chief claim to fame for the church lies in its collection of effigies. The effigies are in wood, alabaster and marble and range in date from the 13th century to the 17th century. One effigy is that of John de Hastings, Lord of Abergavenny and shows him as a knight, wearing a long surcoat over a hauberk. The chapel is named after Dr David Lewis, first Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, whose tomb it contains. In the Lewis Chapel are two effigies, one holding a heart in her palm, a device used to signify a possible heart only burial. She is believed to be Eva de Braose and bears a shield bearing the Cantilupe Arms, the effigy has a light chain around her waist which was documented once as having been attached to a small squirrel which formed part of the effigy. It has since been knocked off or defaced and this act of vandalism most likely dates from the Commonwealth of England period under Oliver Cromwell. The Herbert Chapel contains recumbent monuments and effigies in both alabaster and marble associated with the ap Thomas and Herbert families, sir Richard Herbert was brought up with the young Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, at Raglan Castle. In 1485 Herbert supported Henrys claim to the throne, fighting him as he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
28.
Abbotsbury Abbey
–
Abbotsbury Abbey, dedicated to Saint Peter, was a Benedictine monastery in the village of Abbotsbury in Dorset, England. The abbey was founded in the 11th century by King Cnuts thegn Orc and his wife Tola, the abbey prospered and became a local centre of power, controlling eight manor houses and villages. During the later Middle Ages, the abbey suffered much misfortune, in the time of the dissolution of the monasteries, the last abbot surrendered the abbey and the site was given to Sir Giles Strangways. Today, the remains, and those of the nearby St Catherines Chapel, are in the guardianship of English Heritage. The first reference to the site of Abbotsbury may be in a charter of King Edmund recording a grant of five hides of land at Abbedesburi to the thegn Sigewulf, the name may suggest that the land had once belonged to an abbot. During the reign of King Cnut, the Scandinavian thegn Orc and his wife Tola took up residence in the area, having been granted land at Portesham. Edward the Confessor also granted him Wootton and it was early in his reign that the couple founded a monastery at Abbotsbury, Orc and Tola, who had no children, enriched the monastery with a substantial amount of land, some of which was bequeathed after their deaths. By the time of the Domesday survey, Abbotsbury was recorded to have more than 65 hides of land TRE. Orc also established his own guild, which according to the extant statutes, had its hall at Abbotsbury, during the 14th century the Black Death killed many villagers and the abbot, and the village was repeatedly attacked from the sea, reducing the power of the abbey. In 1538 Henry VIII undertook the major Dissolution of the Monasteries, the final prior at Abbotsbury was Roger Roddon, who accepted a pension, and the Abbey was dissolved in 1539. Abbotsbury Abbey was ruined as a condition of its sale so that its stone could be reused. The Great Barn, which at 272 ft by 31 ft is the largest thatched tithe barn in the world, and St Catherines Chapel were spared, both are Grade I listed buildings and Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The dissolution left the village impoverished, Sir Giles Strangways, the commissioner who had dissolved Abbotsbury, bought the abbey buildings, manor houses, water mills and Abbotsbury Swannery and much of the abbeys land for £1,906, 10s. Much of the land belongs to Strangways descendant, the Earl of Ilchester. Henry VIII granted the site to Sir Giles Strangways. Knowles, David, C. N. L. Brooke, Vera C. M. London, the Heads of Religious Houses, England & Wales, I. The Victoria History of the County of Dorset, online, archive. org and british-history. ac. uk Pitt-Rivers, Michael. Smith, David M. Vera C. M. London, the Heads of Religious Houses, England & Wales, II
29.
Abingdon Abbey
–
Abingdon Abbey was a Benedictine monastery also known as St Marys Abbey located in Abingdon, historically in the county of Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire, England. The abbey was founded in 675 either by Cissa, viceroy of Centwine, king of the West Saxons, or by his nephew Hean, in honour of the Virgin Mary. By the 950s the abbey was in a state, but in about 954 King Eadred appointed Æthelwold, later Bishop of Winchester. He was one of the leaders of the English Benedictine Reform, there is a collection of 136 charters granted to this abbey by various Saxon kings, and the Chronicle of the Monastery of Abingdon was written at the Abbey in the 12th century. Abbots after the Norman Conquest included Faritius, physician to Henry I of England and he was present at the Council of Lyon in 1272. The last abbot was Thomas Pentecost alias Rowland, who was among the first to acknowledge the Royal Supremacy. With the rest of his community he signed the surrender of his monastery in 1538, the revenues of the Abbey were valued at £1876, 10s, 9d. Ælfric of Abingdon was originally buried here, before being translated to Canterbury Cathedral, as was Margaret, Countess of Pembroke. There is nothing to see today of the abbey church, there are some ruinous arches in the Abbey Gardens, but this is really a folly built in the 1920s. Some of its features are dubiously said to have come from the old abbey. One of the fireplaces was removed and is now still intact in Lacies Court. The Unicorn Theatre is now located in part of the Abbey
30.
Athelney Abbey
–
Athelney Abbey, established in the county of Somerset, England, was founded by King Alfred in 888, as a religious house for monks of the Order of St. Benedict. It was dedicated to our Blessed Saviour, St. Peter, St. Paul, originally Athelney was a small island in swampland, in what is now the parish of East Lyng, covered with alders and infested by wild animals. It was inaccessible except by boat, according to William of Malmesbury, here Alfred found a refuge from the Danes, here he built the abbey. The dedication to St. Æthelwine suggests that it may have been an enlargement of a hermitage or monastery already in existence and he peopled it with foreign monks, drawn chiefly from France, with John the Old Saxon as their abbot. The original church was a structure, consisting of four piers supporting the main fabric. From the 11th century up to the time of its dissolution the monks of Glastonbury Abbey attempted to annex it or have it placed under the Glastonbury jurisdiction, the Abbey appears in the Domesday book, and the Taxatio of 1291. In 1267 Henry III granted the abbey a weekly market on Mondays, however, it was not a rich community. The last abbot was Robert Hamlyn, with eight monks of his community, he surrendered February 8,1540, receiving a pension of £50 per annum and retaining his prebend of Long Sutton. Following the dissolution it was acquired for use as a residence by Lord Audley who had the church demolished. Audleys plans never eventuated and records show that on 17 August 1544 Lord Audley sold the abbey to John Clayton, and in April 1545 Clayton obtained a licence to sell it to John Tynbere. With the church demolished and other buildings fallen into disrepair, nothing remains at the site today. Several geophysical surveys have been carried out to explore the remains still exist below ground level. Today the site of the Abbey is marked by King Alfreds Monument which is a Grade II listed building, the monument was built in 1801 by Sir John Slade of Maunsel House, who owned Athelney farm. The original charter from Alfred the great still exists, and the Abbey appears in both the Domesday book, and the Taxatio of 1291, both the 1267 charter of Henry III, and latter Henry VII also exist. List of the known Abbots of Athelney Abbey include, John, the entry cites, William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, Asser, De Rebus Gestis Alfridi, Hearne, Script
31.
Bardney Abbey
–
Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire, England, was a Benedictine monastery founded in 697 by King Æthelred of Mercia, who was to become the first abbot. The monastery is supposed to have been destroyed during a Danish raid in 869, in 1087 it was refounded as a priory, by Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln, and it regained status as an abbey in 1115. In 1537, six of the monks were executed for their role in the Lincolnshire Rising, in the following year, the property was granted to Sir Robert Tirwhit. He retained the abbots lodging as a house, and the became a garden. Excavations in 1909–14 revealed the layout and this can still be seen, though nothing remains to any height. Further excavations and conservation took place in 2009 and 2011, some grave slabs and carved stones are preserved in Bardney parish church, which is dedicated to St Lawrence. Bede relates that Bardney Abbey was greatly loved by Osthryth, queen of Mercia, and in about 679 she sought to move the bones of her uncle, the very pious St Oswald there. However, when the body was brought to the Abbey the monks refused to accept it, because the Abbey was in the Kingdom of Lindsey, and Oswald, when king of Northumbria, had once conquered them. The relics were locked outside, but during the night a beam of light appeared, the monks declared that it was a miracle and accepted the body, hanging the Kings Purple and Gold banner over the tomb. They are also said to have removed the doors to the Abbey so that such a mistake could not occur again. It meant that you had left the door open, as well as the wondrous light, other miracles were associated with the remains of King Oswald. The bones at Bardney were washed before interment and ground into which the water was poured supposedly gained great healing powers, in another tale from Bede a boy with the Ague kept vigil by the tomb and was cured. The Kings heads and hands had been interred, for he had been dismembered in battle. A fragment of the stake on which his head had been impaled was later used to cure a man in Ireland, in 909, in response to increased viking raids, Oswalds bones were translated to the new St Oswalds Priory, Gloucester. This list is taken from the Victoria County History, and Bowyers History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies
32.
Bath Abbey
–
The Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Bath, commonly known as Bath Abbey, is an Anglican parish church and a former Benedictine monastery in Bath, Somerset, England. Founded in the 7th century, Bath Abbey was reorganised in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries and it is one of the largest examples of Perpendicular Gothic architecture in the West Country. The church is cruciform in plan, and is able to seat 1200, an active place of worship, with hundreds of congregation members and hundreds of thousands of visitors each year, it is used for religious services, secular civic ceremonies, concerts and lectures. The choir performs in the abbey and elsewhere, there is a heritage museum in the vaults. The abbey is a Grade I listed building, particularly noted for its fan vaulting and it contains war memorials for the local population and monuments to several notable people, in the form of wall and floor plaques and commemorative stained glass. The church has two organs and a peal of ten bells, the west front includes sculptures of angels climbing to heaven on two stone ladders. In 675 Osric, King of the Hwicce, granted the Abbess Berta 100 hides near Bath for the establishment of a convent and this religious house became a monastery under the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester. King Offa of Mercia successfully wrested that most famous monastery at Bath from the bishop in 781, monasticism in England had declined by that time, but Eadwigs brother Edgar began its revival on his accession to the throne in 959. He encouraged monks to adopt the Rule of Saint Benedict, which was introduced at Bath under Abbot Ælfheah, Bath was ravaged in the power struggle between the sons of William the Conqueror following his death in 1087. The victor, William II Rufus, granted the city to a physician, John of Tours. Shortly after his consecration John bought Bath Abbeys grounds from the king, whether John paid Rufus for the city or whether he was given it as a gift by the king is unclear. By acquiring Bath, John also acquired the mint that was in the city, in 1090 he transferred the seat, or administration, of the bishopric to Bath Abbey, probably in an attempt to increase the revenues of his see. Bath was an abbey, and Wells had always been a poor diocese. By taking over the abbey, John increased his episcopal revenues, John rebuilt the monastic church at Bath, which had been damaged during one of Robert de Mowbrays rebellions. Permission was given to move the see of Somerset from Wells – a comparatively small settlement – to the walled city of Bath. When this was effected in 1090, John became the first Bishop of Bath, as the roles of bishop and abbot had been combined, the monastery became a priory, run by its prior. With the elevation of the abbey to cathedral status, it was felt that a larger, John of Tours planned a new cathedral on a grand scale, dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul, but only the ambulatory was complete when he died in December 1122. He was buried in the cathedral, the most renowned scholar monk based in the abbey was Adelard of Bath, after his various travels he was back in the monastery by 1106
33.
Battle Abbey
–
Battle Abbey is a partially ruined Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings, the visitor centre includes a childrens discovery room and a café, and there is an outdoor themed playground. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England and he started building it, dedicating it to St. Martin, sometimes known as the Apostle of the Gauls, though William died before it was completed. Its church was finished in about 1094 and consecrated during the reign of his son William known as Rufus, William I had ruled that the church of St Martin of Battle was to be exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction, putting it on the level of Canterbury. It was remodelled in the late 13th century but virtually destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 under King Henry VIII and it was sold in 1721 by Brownes descendant, Anthony Browne, 6th Earl of Montagu, to Sir Thomas Webster, MP and baronet. Sir Thomas had married the heiress Jane Cheek, granddaughter of a merchant, Henry Whistler. Webster was succeeded by his son, Sir Whistler Webster, 2nd Baronet, Battle Abbey remained in the Webster family until 1858, when it was sold by the sixth baronet, who died in 1853, to Lord Harry Vane, later Duke of Cleveland. On the death of the Duchess of Cleveland in 1901, the estate was bought back by Sir Augustus Webster, Sir Augustus was born in 1864 and succeeded his father as 8th baronet in 1886. In 1895, he married the daughter of Henry Crossley of Aldborough Hall. Sir Augustus was formerly a captain in the Coldstream Guards, the descendants of Sir Augustus Webster, 8th baronet who brought the extinction, finally sold Battle Abbey to the British government in 1976 and it is now in the care of English Heritage. It was a boarding school when Canadian troops were stationed there in the Second World War. All that is left of the church itself today is its outline on the ground, but parts of some of the abbeys buildings are still standing. These are still in use as the independent Battle Abbey School, visitors to the abbey usually are not allowed inside the school buildings, although during the schools summer holidays, access to the abbots hall is often allowed. The churchs high altar reputedly stood on the spot where Harold died and this is now marked by a plaque on the ground, and nearby is a monument to Harold erected by the people of Normandy in 1903. The ruins of the abbey, with the adjacent battlefield, are a popular tourist attraction, with events such as the Battle of Hastings reenactments
34.
Bedford Abbey
–
Bedford Abbey was a short-lived Benedictine monastery, recorded in 10th century England. Bedford Priory, perhaps representing the same institution two centuries later, was an Augustinian priory that within two decades of its foundation moved to nearby Newnham, bedford Abbey existed in the 10th-century, staffed with Benedictine monks when Oscytel, Archbishop of York, died in 971. The archbishop was buried in the abbey, after his body was there by its abbot. Thurcytel is the only abbot of the monastery. Its history after this is obscure, and may have evolved into St Pauls, around 1180, the priory moved to Newnham
35.
Birkenhead Priory
–
Birkenhead Priory is in Priory Street, Birkenhead, Merseyside, England. It is the oldest standing building on Merseyside, the remains of the priory are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The Priory was founded about 1150 by Hamon de Masci, 3rd Baron of Dunham Massey for the Benedictine Order and it was visited twice by Edward I due to its strategic importance, being close to the Irish Sea as well as the Welsh border. In 1318 the monks from Birkenhead Priory were granted rights by Edward II. This allowed them to build a house in what is now Water Street to store their corn, the house was also used by travellers for shelter if the weather was too bad for the ferry to cross the River Mersey. The priorys chapter house remains a consecrated Anglican church and has used for services. There is a dedicated to the training ship HMS Conway. There is also a museum detailing the history of the site, the chapter house is a Grade II* listed building, and contains items of Norman architecture. In 2005 the chapter house was restored, st Marys Tower was originally part of Birkenheads first parish church, opened in 1821 in the grounds of the priory. It is a Grade II listed building, redevelopment of the area from 1925 resulted in a large amount of residential housing within the parish being cleared to make way for the construction of the Queensway Tunnel. An expansion of the Number 5 dry dock at the adjacent Cammell Laird shipyard in the 1960s resulted in the church losing a significant portion of its graveyard. Subsequent redevelopment of the roads to the Mersey Tunnel effectively cut off the church from most of what remained of its parish. St. Marys Church closed in 1974 and was demolished a year later. Only the former tower and parts of the outer walls remain. The tower has since been refurbished and is dedicated to those who died on HMS Thetis, the churchyard contains the burial vault of the Laird family, which includes John Laird, Birkenheads first Member of Parliament and co-founder of the adjacent Cammell Laird shipbuilding company. Grade I listed buildings in Merseyside Listed buildings in Birkenhead Budden, cox, Edward W. Birkenhead Priory, a paper, read before the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1st November,1894. Birkenhead Priory, founded 1150 A. D. Birkenhead, the history and antiquities of Birkenhead Priory, illustrated by views, plans, and elevations together with views of the churches formerly connected with the Priory. Stewart-Brown, Ronald David, Brakspear, Sir Harold, Birkenhead Priory and the Mersey Ferry
36.
Bradwell Abbey
–
Bradwell Abbey or Bradwell Priory is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, urban studies site, district and civil parish in Milton Keynes, ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England. The site was once the location of a Benedictine priory, founded in 1155, the Priory was established around 1154. It grew during the Middle Ages to become an important local centre, the Priory was closed in 1524 and the site of the monastery and its scanty revenues were granted to Cardinal Wolsey for the endowment of his new college. All that remains today is a chapel and a farmhouse that has become a centre for cultural activities. The medieval trackways converging on the abbey can still be seen in the rights of way, the arrival of the West Coast Main Line railway split the Abbey lands, with Bradwell village to the east of the line and the Abbey to the west. Today, the small Bradwell Abbey district includes parkland and industry in its own right, today, Bradwell Abbey is an Urban Studies Centre, providing a base, library and guidance for visiting international town planners and students who wish to study Milton Keynes. It also hosts school visits to see its medieval buildings – the chapel is Grade I listed – and how they have changed since then, its fish ponds, finally it provides meeting space to local community groups. An annual music festival was started on the site in 1999, performers have included Vikki Clayton in 1999, Joe Driscoll in 2005. In 2009 the festival dates were 26 and 27 June and acts performing included The Swanvesta Social Club and it includes a small industrial estate and the Loughton Valley flood plain linear park. The Swans Way long distance path and the Sustrans route 51 follow the valley, formally, it is in the Bradwell grid-square, but this square is split into three parts by the railway line and the A5. Bradwell Abbey gives its name to its parish, between the railway line to the east and V4 Watling Street to the west, H3 Monks Way to the north. This had a population of 6,544 according to the 2001 census, togfest Music Festival Parishes, Bradwell – Victoria History of the Counties of England, A History of the County of Buckingham, Volume 4, pp. 283–288. A short video tour of the Abbey today and a tour of the Abbey in its heyday – Milton Keynes City Discovery Centre
37.
Black Ladies Priory
–
Black Ladies Priory was a house of Benedictine nuns, located about 4 km west of Brewood in Staffordshire, on the northern edge of the hamlet of Kiddemore Green. Founded in the century, it was a small, often struggling. It was dissolved in 1538, and a house was built on the site in Tudor. Much of this is incorporated in the present Black Ladies, a large, Grade II*-listed, the priory was dedicated to St. Mary but was often simply referred to as Black Ladies and the elided form, Blackladies, is also used. The Benedictine nuns resident in the priory wore black habits, the two priories were founded at about the same time and were of about the same size and importance. Medieval documents, particularly in the reign of Henry III frequently refer to the nuns or the priory of Brewood without indicating which community is meant and it would have made sense to distinguish the communities by the colour of their habits. The precise formula used to refer to the convent officially evidently varied through time, the 14th century seal of the priory bore the words, SIGILLUM CONVENTUS SANCTE MARIE NIGRARUM DOMINARUM - Seal of the Convent of St. Mary of the Black Ladies. Evidently the dedication to the Virgin Mary continued to the end, clinton not only had the power and resources but is known to have founded Farewell Priory - not far away in Cannock Chase and also small house dedicated to St. Mary. The secure existence of Black Ladies was confirmed in the next century, Pope Gregory IX took the priory under his protection and confirmed it in its property holdings, both present and future. He explicitly recognised the right of the sisters to elect their own prioress, the priory was never wealthy and most of its income came from small, scattered estates, close by in Staffordshire or in neighbouring counties. This shows the nuns busily trying to make the most of a small holding and it also shows that there was already some sort of special relationship between Black Ladies and Blithbury. Three years later, the prioress vindicated her claim to the advowson of the church at Broome. Alexander de Bransford, the parson of Broome who died around 1205, had been presented by the manorial lord, Richard of Ombersley. Broom had been created by partitioning Clent and granted to Maurice in 1154, the church was thus sometimes considered a chapelry of the church at Clent and Herbert, the vicar of Clent, claimed the right to present a successor. The priory seems to have retained the advowson thereafter, the priory had its demesne - its own site and small areas in the manor of Brewood. These latter were exchanged in the 13th century for a small, similarly, the nuns exchanged the Pattingham lands for an assart at Chillington, paying Ralph Bassetts widow, Isabel de Pattingham, £1 for the transaction. At some time in the late 12th century they acquired lands at Rudge, in 1204, William de Rudge charged them 4 marks and an annual rent of three pence to consolidate and extend their holding, exchanging land he had given them earlier. He also handed over lands previously held by one of his tenants for a payment of a palfrey and four marks, in every case, the nuns seem to be consolidating scattered and unremunerative holdings to try to obtain a better and more secure income
38.
Buckfast Abbey
–
Buckfast Abbey forms part of an active Benedictine monastery at Buckfast, near Buckfastleigh, Devon, England. Buckfast first became home to an abbey in 1018, the first Benedictine abbey was followed by a Savignac abbey constructed on the site of the current abbey in 1134. The monastery was surrendered for dissolution in 1539, with the monastic buildings stripped and left as ruins, the former abbey site was used as a quarry, and later became home to a Gothic mansion house. In 1882 the site was purchased by a group of French Benedictine monks, New monastic buildings and a temporary church were constructed incorporating the existing Gothic house. Work on a new church, which was constructed mostly on the footprint of the former Cistercian abbey. The church was consecrated in 1932 but not completed until 1938, Buckfast was formally reinstated as an Abbey in 1902, and the first abbot of the new institution, Boniface Natter, was blessed in 1903. The abbey continues to operate as a Benedictine foundation today, and is a charity under English law. The first abbey at Buckfast was founded as a Benedictine monastery in 1018, the abbey was believed to be founded by either Aethelweard, Earldorman of Devon, or King Cnut. This first monastery was small and unprosperous, and it is unknown where exactly it was located, in 1134 or 1136, the abbey was established in its current position, King Stephen having granted Buckfast to the French Abbot of Savigny. This second abbey was home to Savignac monks, in 1147 the Savignac congregation merged with the Cistercian, and the abbey thereby became a Cistercian monastery. Following the conversion to the Cistercian Congregation, the abbey was rebuilt in stone, limited excavation work undertaken in 1882 revealed that the monastery was built to the standard plan for Cistercian monasteries. In medieval times the abbey became rich through fishing and trading in sheep wool, by the 14th century Buckfast was one of the wealthiest abbeys in the south-west of England. By the 16th century, the abbey was in decline, only 22 new monks were ordained between 1500 and 1539, and at the time of the abbeys dissolution, there were only 10 monks in residence. On 26 April 1539 he was rewarded with an annual pension of £120 which he enjoyed until his death. The other monks, who all co-signed the deed of surrender, the site of the abbey was granted by the king to Sir Thomas Dennis of Holcombe Burnell in Devon, who had married Donnes sister Elizabeth and was Chamberlain of the Household to Cardinal Wolsey. Following dissolution, the site and its lands were granted by the crown to Sir Thomas Denys of Holcombe Burnell, near Exeter. The abbey site was used as a stone quarry. In 1800, the site was purchased by local mill owner, Berry had the ruins demolished, constructing a Gothic style castellated Tudor mansion house, and a wool mill on the site in 1806
39.
Burton Abbey
–
Burton Abbey at Burton upon Trent in Staffordshire, England, was founded in the 7th or 9th century by St Modwen or Modwenna. It was refounded in 1003 as a Benedictine abbey by Wulfric Spott and he was known to have been buried in the abbey cloister in 1010, alongside the grave of his wife. The abbey itself was neither large nor wealthy and in 1310 was claimed to be the smallest and poorest Benedictine monastery in England by the monks. It suffered frequent financial troubles throughout its existence, often due to mismanagement and outright criminal behaviour, in the 13th to 14th centuries there were around thirty monks in residence though this had fallen off to almost half the number by the 1520s. However, by contradiction, the monastery was nevertheless the most important in Staffordshire, the abbot was both a secular lord and, exercised an independent spiritual jurisdiction. He was a figure of standing, regularly serving on papal and royal commissions. At various times between 1295 and 1322, the abbot was summoned to attend the Parliament of England, and it is also known that there were frequent Royal visits to the abbey, including those by William I, Henry II and Edward I. The abbey was dissolved in 1539, to be refounded in 1541 as a college for a dean and it was again dissolved in 1545 and granted to Sir William Paget. Parts of the church were retained for parish use, however these were demolished and replaced by a new church. Some fragments remain of the house nearby but little of the rest remains either. Two buildings were converted to residential use - a part known as the Manor House, the infirmary became known as The Abbey, and is now an Inn. In around 1712 George Hayne opened the River Trent Navigation and leased the grounds of Burton Abbey to construct a wharf and this led to the development of Burton as the major town for brewing and exporting beer. Houses of Benedictine monks, The abbey of Burton, A History of the County of Staffordshire, Volume 3, a Guide to the Abbeys of England And Wales, p90-92. History of Burton from British History Online
40.
Bury St Edmunds Abbey
–
The Abbey of Bury St Edmunds was once among the richest Benedictine monasteries in England, until the Dissolution of the monasteries in 1539. It is in the town grew up around it, Bury St Edmunds in the county of Suffolk. It was a centre of pilgrimage as the place of the Anglo-Saxon martyr-king Saint Edmund. To the small household of Benedictine monks who guarded the shrine the surrounding lands were granted in 1020, monks were introduced from St Benets Abbey under the auspices of the Bishop of Elmham and Dunwich. Two of them became Burys first two abbots, Ufi, prior of Holme, who was consecrated abbot by the Bishop of London, after Leofstans death, the king appointed his physician Baldwin to the abbacy. Baldwin rebuilt the church and reinterred St Edmunds body there with great ceremony in 1095, the cult made the richly endowed abbey a popular destination for pilgrimages. The abbey church of St Edmund was built in the 11th and 12th centuries on a cruciform plan, the shrine of St Edmund stood behind the high altar. The abbey was enlarged and rebuilt during the 12th century. At some 505 feet long, and spanning 246 ft across its westerly transept and it is now ruined, with only some rubble cores remaining, but two other separate churches which were built within the abbey precinct survive, having always functioned as parish churches for the town. St Jamess Church, now St Edmundsbury Cathedral, was finished around 1135, St Marys Church was first built around 1125, and then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style between 1425-35. Abbey Gate, opening onto the Great Courtyard, was the entrance which was used by the Abbeys servants. Thomas Hoving, who managed the acquisition of the cross while he was Associate Curator at The Cloisters, concluded that it was carved by Master Hugo at the Abbey. There is no evidence to suggest that the cross was even made in England, however, although this is accepted by most scholars. In 1327, it was destroyed during the Great Riot by the people, who were angry at the power of the monastery. Norman Gate dates from 1120–48 and was designed to be the gateway for the Abbey Church and it is still the belfry for the Church of St James and this four-storey gate-hall is virtually unchanged and is entered through a single archway. Abbey Gate is an impressive 14th century stone gatehouse, designed to be the gateway for the Great Courtyard, one of the best surviving examples of its type, this two storey gate-hall is entered through a single archway which retains its portcullis. The Crankles was the name of the fishpond near the river Lark, the vineyard was first laid out in the 13th century. There were three breweries in the Abbey as each monk was entitled to eight pints a day, the Abbeys charters granted extensive lands and rights in Suffolk
41.
Canterbury Cathedral
–
Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England. It forms part of a World Heritage Site and its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury. Founded in 597, the cathedral was rebuilt from 1070 to 1077. The Norman nave and transepts survived until the fourteenth century. Christianity had started to become powerful in the Roman Empire around the third century, following the conversion of Augustine of Hippo in the 4th century, the influence of Christianity grew steadily. The cathedrals first bishop was Augustine of Canterbury, previously abbot of St. Andrews Benedictine Abbey in Rome and he was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 as a missionary to the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded the cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, Augustine also founded the Abbey of St. Peter and Paul outside the city walls. This was later rededicated to St. Augustine himself and was for centuries the burial place of the successive archbishops. The abbey is part of the World Heritage Site of Canterbury, along with the cathedral, bede recorded that Augustine reused a former Roman church. The oldest remains found during excavations beneath the present nave in 1993 were, however, parts of the foundations of an Anglo-Saxon building and they indicate that the original church consisted of a nave, possibly with a narthex, and side-chapels to the north and south. A smaller subsidiary building was found to the south-west of these foundations, during the ninth or tenth century this church was replaced by a larger structure with a squared west end. It appears to have had a central tower. During the reforms of Dunstan, archbishop from 960 until his death in 988, but the formal establishment as a monastery seems to date only to c.997 and the community only became fully monastic from Lanfrancs time onwards. Dunstan was buried on the side of the high altar. The cathedral was damaged during Danish raids on Canterbury in 1011. The Archbishop, Ælfheah, was taken hostage by the raiders and eventually killed at Greenwich on 19 April 1012, after this a western apse was added as an oratory of St. Mary, probably during the archbishopric of Lyfing or Aethelnoth. The 1993 excavations revealed that the new apse was polygonal. It housed the archbishops throne, with the altar of St Mary just to the east, at about the same time that the westwork was built, the arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners of the church
42.
St Augustine's Abbey
–
St Augustines Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Canterbury, Kent, England. The abbey was founded in 598 and functioned as a monastery until its dissolution in 1538 during the English Reformation, after the abbeys dissolution, it underwent dismantlement until 1848. Since 1848, part of the site has been used for educational purposes, in 597, Augustine arrived in Anglo-Saxon England, having been sent by the missionary-minded Pope Gregory I to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The King of Kent at this time was Æthelberht or Ethelbert, although he worshipped in a pagan temple just outside the walls of Canterbury to the east of the city, Ethelbert was married to a Christian, Bertha. One purpose of the foundation was to provide a residence for Augustine, as another, both King Ethelbert and Augustine foresaw the abbey as a burial place for abbots, archbishops, and kings of Kent. William Thorne, the 14th century chronicler of the abbey, records 598 as the year of the foundation, the monastic buildings were most likely wooden in the manner of Saxon construction, so they could be quickly built. However, building a church of masonry, like the churches Augustine had known in Rome. The church was completed and consecrated in 613, ca.624 a short distance to the east, Eadbald, son and successor of Ethelbert, founded a second church, dedicated to Saint Mary which also buried Kentish royalty. The abbey became known as St Augustines after the founders death, for two centuries after its founding, St Augustines was the only important religious house in the kingdom of Kent. The historian G. F. Maclear characterized St Augustines as being a school where classical knowledge. Over time, St Augustines Abbey acquired a library that included both religious and secular holdings. In addition, it had a scriptorium for producing manuscripts, dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury from 959 to 988, influenced a reorganisation of the abbey to conform to Benedictine rule. Buildings were enlarged and the church rebuilt, dunstan also revised the dedication of the abbey, from the original Saints Peter and Paul, by adding Saint Augustine in 978. Since then, the abbey has been known as St Augustines, the invading Danes not only spared St Augustines, but in 1027 King Cnut made over all the possessions of Minster-in-Thanet to St Augustines. These possessions included the body of Saint Mildred. Belief in the power of this relic had spread throughout Europe. Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, William the Conqueror confiscated landed estates, at St Augustines Abbey, the Anglo-Saxon buildings were completely reconstructed in the form of a typical Norman Benedictine monastery. By 1100, all the buildings had disappeared under a Romanesque edifice
43.
Cerne Abbey
–
Cerne Abbey was a Benedictine monastery founded in 987 in the town now called Cerne Abbas, Dorset, by Æthelmær the Stout. The abbey was founded in 987 by Æthelmær the Stout, Ælfric of Eynsham, the most prolific writer in Old English, was known to have spent time at the abbey as a priest and teacher. King Canute is known to have plundered this monastery during an attack upon the town, by the time of the Domesday Book, the abbey had added substantially to its endowment. Much of this wealth has been credited to the veneration of Saint Eadwold of Cerne, Eadwold lived as a hermit on a hill about four miles from Cerne. The accusations were taken seriously enough to warrant inspection by commissioners, following the dissolution, the buildings were mainly demolished. Abbey House, a Grade I listed building, occupies the site of the gatehouse, most of the house dates from after a fire in the middle of the 18th century in which the gatehouse was seriously damaged. A Grade I listed, 14th-century tithe barn, converted to a house in the late 18th century, a Guide to the Abbeys of England And Wales, p107-09. Houses of Benedictine monks, The abbey of Cerne, A History of the County of Dorset, Volume 2, pp. 53–8
44.
Chertsey Abbey
–
Chertsey Abbey, dedicated to St Peter, was a Benedictine monastery located at Chertsey in the English county of Surrey. It was founded in 666 AD by Saint Erkenwald who was the first abbot, at the same time he founded the abbey at Chertsey Erkenwald founded Barking Abbey, on the Thames east of London, where his sister Saint Ethelburga was the first abbess. Erkenwald and Ethelburga were of royal descent, born in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Lindsey, which today is roughly the county of Lincolnshire). Most of north-west Surrey was granted to the abbey by King Frithuwald of Surrey, Dark Age saints buried here include Saint Beocca, a Dark Ages Catholic Saint from Anglo-Saxon England buried here around 870 AD, and ninth century Saint Edor of Chertsey. In the 9th century it was sacked by the Danes and refounded from Abingdon Abbey by King Edgar of England in 964, in the eleventh century the monks engineered the Abbey River as an offshoot of the River Thames to supply power to the abbeys watermill. In late medieval times, the Abbey became famous as the place of King Henry VI. The abbey was dissolved by the commissioners of King Henry VIII in 1537, the site was given to Sir William Fitzwilliam and now only slight traces remain amongst later buildings, although the abbey is remembered in many local names. Some very fine medieval tiles from the abbey, some depicting the legend of Tristan and Iseult, from the ruins of the abbey, individual letter tiles dating to the second half of the 13th century were recovered. They were assembled to form religious inscription texts on the floor, some illuminated manuscripts from the abbey survive in various collections. 1300, is in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, Chertsey Abbey is mentioned in William Shakespeares Richard III, Act I, Scene 2. The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers holds the advowson of St Peters, after Sir William Fitzwilliam, Chertsey Abby was owned Dr John Hammond, physician to the royal household under James I, who purchased the site of Chertsey Abbey in Surrey in 1602. Erkenwald founder and first Abbot of Chertsey Abbey, Abbot Beocca, monastery sacked 875 by Vikings Ordbert of Chertsey 964. Wulfwold, Abbot of Chertsey, died 1084
