1.
Genealogy
–
Genealogy, also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship, the results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives. Amateur genealogists typically pursue their own ancestry and that of their spouses, professional genealogists may also conduct research for others, publish books on genealogical methods, teach, or produce their own databases. They may work for companies that provide software or produce materials of use to other professionals, both try to understand not just where and when people lived, but also their lifestyles, biographies, and motivations. This often requires—or leads to—knowledge of antiquated laws, old political boundaries, migration trends, bloodlines of Salem is an example of a specialized family-history group. It welcomes members who can prove descent from a participant of the Salem Witch Trials or who choose to support the group. Genealogists and family historians often join family history societies, where novices can learn from experienced researchers. Such societies generally serve a specific geographical area and their members may also index records to make them more accessible, and engage in advocacy and other efforts to preserve public records and cemeteries. Some schools engage students in projects as a means to reinforce lessons regarding immigration. Other benefits include family medical histories with families with medical conditions that are hereditary. The terms genealogy and family history are used synonymously. The term family history may be popular in Europe, genealogy more popular in the United States. In communitarian societies, ones identity is defined as much by ones kin network as by individual achievement, would be answered by a description of father, mother, and tribe. New Zealand Māori, for example, learn whakapapa to discover who they are, Family history plays a part in the practice of some religious belief systems. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a doctrine of baptism for the dead, in societies such as Australia or the United States, there was by the 20th-century growing pride in the pioneers and nation-builders. Establishing descent from these was, and is, important to such groups as the Daughters of the American Revolution, in Nazi Germany, family histories were compiled to affirm individuals affiliation with the master race and to adhere to legal requirements for marriage. In Germany today, family history is often perceived as a threat to privacy rather than as a source of self-esteem. Most 20th-century sources remain unavailable to the public on privacy grounds, funding of support for family history at archives is limited
2.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
3.
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
–
It combines the work of expert researchers in genealogy, history, and genetics historic research to tell guests about their ancestors lives and histories. Gates was born in Keyser, West Virginia, to Henry Louis Gates, Sr. and he grew up in neighboring Piedmont. His father worked in a mill and moonlighted as a janitor, while his mother cleaned houses. He has learned through research that his family is descended in part from the Yoruba people of west Africa. He also has European ancestry, and is connected to the distinctive multiracial West Virginia community of the Chestnut Ridge people and he is also of part Irish descent. At the age of 14 Gates was injured playing football, fracturing the ball and socket joint of his hip. The injury was misdiagnosed by a physician, who told Gates mother that his problem was psychosomatic, when the physical damage finally healed, his right leg was two inches shorter than his left. Because of the injury, Gates now uses a cane to help him walk, Gates graduated from Piedmont High School in 1968 and attended Potomac State College of West Virginia University. He completed his BA degree in history at Yale University, summa cum laude and they had two daughters together before they divorced. After a month at Yale Law School, Gates withdrew from the program, in October 1975 he was hired by Charles T. Davis as a secretary in the Afro-American Studies department at Yale. In July 1976, Gates was promoted to the post of Lecturer in Afro-American Studies with the understanding that he would be promoted to assistant professor upon completion of his doctoral dissertation. Jointly appointed to assistant professorships in English and Afro-American Studies in 1979, in 1984, Gates was recruited by Cornell University with an offer of tenure, Gates asked Yale if they would match Cornells offer, but they declined. Gates moved to Cornell in 1985, where he taught until 1989, following a two-year stay at Duke University, he was recruited to Harvard University in 1991. At Harvard, Gates teaches undergraduate and graduate courses as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, a chair he was appointed to in 2006. Additionally, he is the Director of the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, as a black intellectual and public figure, Gates has been an outspoken critic of the Eurocentric literary canon. In his major work, The Signifying Monkey, a 1989 American Book Award winner. The work extended application of the concept of signifyin to analysis of African-American works, signifyin refers to the significance of words that is based on context, and is accessible only to those who share the cultural values of a given speech community. It is rooted African-American literary criticism in the African-American vernacular tradition, while Gates has stressed the need for greater recognition of black literature and black culture, he does not advocate a separatist black canon
4.
Michael Bacon (musician)
–
Michael Bacon is an American singer-songwriter, musician and film score composer. He is the brother of actor Kevin Bacon. Bacon, one of six children, was born in Philadelphia, Michael attended and graduated from prestigious Julia Masterman Laboratory and Demonstration School, Philadelphia in June 1965. He went off to New York to enter Lehman College and graduated with very high notes, Michael is an accomplished guitarist, keyboardist and cellist. In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, Bacon performed with his Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning brother, Kevin, in a duo ensemble, called The Bacon Brothers, which he formed. The duo have written and performed together for several decades, including several commercial numbers and maintain that they will continue to work together. The Bacon Brothers were featured on the July–August 2006 cover of Making Music Magazine, in 2008, Michael composed the soundtrack for the PBS mini series The Jewish Americans. Bacon has composed hundreds of songs for shows and motion pictures. In January 2006, Michael appeared on an episode of Queer Eye with his brother Kevin, the episode featured him as the episodes straight guy and makeover recipient, and ended with both Bacon Brothers performing. Bacon has been married to Betsy Maguire since 1972, they have one child and he earned a degree in music from Lehman College, he studied composition and orchestration with Pulitzer Prize-winning composer John Corigliano. By Carl Colby Boy Interrupted 2009 Sundance -dir. by Dana Perry Red Betsy -feature dir, by Kevin Bacon Brothers in Arms - The Story of the Crew of Patrol Craft 94 feature doc. with John Kerry Berga, Soldiers of Another War -Guggenheim Prods. Award Winner Short Documentary Bill Whiteford and Susan Hadary D-Day Remembered 1995 Acad, award Nominee Long Documentary Guggenheim Prods. A Time for Justice 1995 Acad, award Winner- Short Documentary- Guggenheim Prods. Losing Chase starring Helen Mirren and Kyra Sedgwick dir, a Place in the Land 1998 Acad. Award Nominee Short Documentary Guggenheim Prods, hugh Bush Shadow of Hate 1996 Acad. Award nominee- Guggenheim Productions Pen Pals dir, Mary Kotzke Who Shot Patakango, bob Brooks In a Pigs Eye starring David Canary dir. John Saffron The Johnstown Flood 1993 Acad, award winner Short Documentary- Guggenheim Prods. Robert Oppenheimer The Adirondacks George H. W
5.
Fleischer Studios
–
Fleischer Studios, Inc. was an American corporation which originated as an animation studio located at 1600 Broadway, New York City, New York. In its prime, The Fleischer Studio was a producer of animated cartoons for theaters. Fleischer Studios is notable for Koko the Clown, Betty Boop, Bimbo, Popeye the Sailor, unlike other studios, whose characters were anthropomorphic animals, the Fleischers most successful characters were humans. The cartoons of the Fleischer Studio were very different from the Disney product, as a result, the Fleischer cartoons were rough rather than refined, commercial rather than consciously artistic. But in their way, their artistry was expressed through a culmination of the arts. The approach was sophisticated, focused on surrealism, dark humor, adult psychological elements, and the environments were grittier and urban, often set in squalid surroundings—a reflection of the Depression as well as German Expressionism. Kim Deitch, Robert Crumb, Jim Woodring, and Al Columbia are among the creators who have acknowledged their inspiration. And much of Richard Elfmans 1980 cult film Forbidden Zone is an action pastiche of the early Fleischer Studios style. The Fleischer style was used in the 1995 animated series The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat. The Fleischer Studio was built on Max Fleischers novelty film series, the novelty was based largely on the results of the Rotoscope, invented by Fleischer to produce realistic animation. The first Out of the Inkwell films were produced through The Bray Studio, and featured Fleischers first character, The Clown, in 1921, The Bray Studio ran afoul with legal issues, having contracted for more films than it could deliver to its distributor, The Goldwyn Company. The Fleischer Brothers left and began their own studio with Dave as Director and Production Supervisor, in 1924, Veteran Animator, Dick Huemer came to The Inkwell Studio and redesigned The Clown for more efficient animation. Huemers new design and experience as an Animator moved them away from their dependency on The Rotoscope for fluid animation, in addition to defining the clown, Huemer established the Fleischer style with its distinctive thick and thin ink lines. In addition, Huemer created Ko-Kos companion, Fitz the Dog, other innovations included Ko-Ko Song Car-Tunes and sing-along shorts, a precursor to Karaoke. In 1924, Distributor, Edwin Miles Fadiman, and Hugo Riesenfeld formed the Red Seal Pictures Corporation, Riesenfeld was the Theatrical Manager of the Strand, Rivoli, and Rialto theaters on Broadway. Because the Out of the Inkwell films were a part of the program in Riesenfeld’s theaters. The Red Seal Company committed to a release schedule of 26 films with The Inkwell Studio as the primary supplier. The following year, Red Seal released 141 films that included documentaries, short comedy subjects, carrie of the Chorus, also known as Backstage Comedies, was one of the Red Seal series that featured Max’s daughter, Ruth in a supporting role
6.
Public Broadcasting Service
–
The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule
7.
Y chromosome
–
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in mammals, including humans, and many other animals. The other is the X chromosome, Y is the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, the DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. The Y chromosome is passed only from father to son, with a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome. To date, over 200 Y-linked genes have been identified, all Y-linked genes are expressed and hemizygous except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome. The Y chromosome was identified as a sex-determining chromosome by Nettie Stevens at Bryn Mawr College in 1905 during a study of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, edmund Beecher Wilson independently discovered the same mechanisms the same year. Stevens proposed that chromosomes always existed in pairs and that the Y chromosome was the pair of the X chromosome discovered in 1890 by Hermann Henking, Stevens named the chromosome Y simply to follow on from Henkings X alphabetically. The idea that the Y chromosome was named after its similarity in appearance to the letter Y is mistaken, all chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and only take on a well-defined shape during mitosis. This shape is vaguely X-shaped for all chromosomes and it is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. Most mammals have one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes, in mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male. The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production, for example, the platypus relies on an XY sex-determination system based on five pairs of chromosomes. Among humans, some men have two Xs and a Y, or one X and two Ys, and some women have three Xs or a single X instead of a double X, there are other exceptions in which SRY is damaged, or copied to the X. For related phenomena, see Androgen insensitivity syndrome and Intersex, many ectothermic vertebrates have no sex chromosomes. If they have different sexes, sex is determined environmentally rather than genetically, for some of them, especially reptiles, sex depends on the incubation temperature, others are hermaphroditic. The chromosome with this became the Y chromosome, while the other member of the pair became the X chromosome. Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation, until recently, the X and Y chromosomes were thought to have diverged around 300 million years ago. The older estimate was based on reports that the platypus X chromosomes contained these sequences
8.
Mitochondrial DNA
–
Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate. Mitochondrial DNA is only a portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell, most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae. In humans, the 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA encode for only 37 genes, human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. In most species, including humans, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother, since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers, it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits an examination of the relatedness of populations, and so has become important in anthropology and this theory is called the endosymbiotic theory. Each mitochondrion is estimated to contain 2–10 mtDNA copies, the reasons why mitochondria have retained some genes are debated. Recent analysis of a range of mtDNA genomes suggests that both these features may dictate mitochondrial gene retention. In most multicellular organisms, mtDNA is inherited from the mother, mechanisms for this include simple dilution, degradation of sperm mtDNA in the male genital tract, in the fertilized egg, and, at least in a few organisms, failure of sperm mtDNA to enter the egg. Whatever the mechanism, this single parent pattern of inheritance is found in most animals, most plants. In sexual reproduction, mitochondria are inherited exclusively from the mother. Also, most mitochondria are present at the base of the sperms tail, in 1999 it was reported that paternal sperm mitochondria are marked with ubiquitin to select them for later destruction inside the embryo. Some in vitro techniques, particularly injecting a sperm into an oocyte. The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time. This is usually accomplished on human mitochondrial DNA by sequencing the hypervariable control regions, hVR1, for example, consists of about 440 base pairs. These 440 base pairs are then compared to the regions of other individuals to determine maternal lineage. Most often, the comparison is made to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence, vilà et al. have published studies tracing the matrilineal descent of domestic dogs to wolves. The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the type of analysis. MtDNA is highly conserved, and its relatively slow mutation rates make it useful for studying the evolutionary relationships—phylogeny—of organisms, biologists can determine and then compare mtDNA sequences among different species and use the comparisons to build an evolutionary tree for the species examined
9.
Genealogical DNA test
–
A genealogical DNA test looks at a persons genome at specific locations for the purposes of determining ethnicity and genealogical relationships. Results give information about ethnic groups the tested may be descended from, in general, they do not give information about medical conditions or diseases. Several types of genealogical DNA tests are available, with each looking at a different part of the genome, taking a genealogical DNA test requires the submission of a DNA sample. The most common way to collect a DNA sample, which can be done by visiting a DNA test clinic or by ordering a home test through an independent DNA test supplier, is by a cheek-scraping. Other methods include spit-cups, mouthwash, and chewing gum, after collection, the sample is mailed to a testing lab. Some laboratories, such as FamilyTreeDNA, offer to store DNA samples for ease of future testing, there are three major types of genealogical DNA tests, Autosomal and X-DNA, Y-DNA and mtDNA. Autosomal tests look at Chromosomes 1-22 and X, the automsomes are inherited from both parents and all recent ancestors. The X-chromsome follows a special inheritance pattern. Ethnicity estimates are included with this sort of testing. Y-DNA looks at the Y-Chromosome, which is inherited father to son, mtDNA looks at the mitochondria, which is inherited from mother to child and so can be used to explore ones direct maternal line. Y-DNA and mtDNA cannot be used for ethnicity estimates, but can be used to find ones haplogroup, Autosomal DNA is the 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not contribute to sex. These are inherited exactly equally from both parents and roughly equally from grandparents to about 3x great-grand parents, inheritance is more random and unequal from more distant ancestors. Generally, a genealogical DNA test might test about 700,000 SNPs, like mtDNA and Y-DNA SNPs, autosomal SNPs are changes at a single point in genetic code. Therefore, the number of markers shared with a specific ancestor decreases by about half each generation, the major component of an autosomal DNA test is matching other individuals. Where two individuals share in common a number of consecutive SNPs, it can be projected that they share a segment of DNA at that part of their genomes. If the segment is longer than an amount set by the testing company. The unit for segments of DNA is the centimorgan, for comparison, a full human genome is about 6500 cMs. Most companies will show the customers how many cMs they share, some more distant cousins will not match at all Various advanced techniques and analysis can be done on this data. This includes features such as In-common/Shared Matches, Chromosome Browsers and Triangulation and this analysis is often required if DNA evidence is being used to prove or disprove a specific relationship
10.
African Americans
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
11.
Asian Americans
–
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
12.
British Americans
–
British American usually refers to Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in the United Kingdom, or, occasionally, people holding. Unlike similar terms, such as African American, or Italian American, individuals seldom self-designate as British American, using the self reported 2010 census figures British Americans are the largest European ancestry group of all. Eight out of the ten most common surnames in the United States are of British origin, Immigrants from Canada of British ancestry tend to call themselves Canadian Americans. The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin. The estimate results indicate that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the population or 74% of the European American population. Some 81% of the total United States population was of European heritage, around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves. Of the remaining population, more than 75% was of British origin, in the Twentieth 1980 United States Census,61.3 million Americans reported British ancestry. The total U. S population in 1980 was 226,545,805 and was the first census-form that asked peoples ancestry and these include, In 1980, the total census reported that British ancestry was of the total U. S population. These figures make British Americans the largest ethnic group in the U. S. and this is true when counted collectively. In 2000, Germans and Irish were the largest self-reported ethnic groups in the nation, the Twenty-first 1990 United States Census. The Twenty-Second 2000 United States Census,36.4 million Americans reported British ancestry, most of the population who stated their ancestry as American are said to be of old colonial British stock. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the United States, a 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom. As a result of the British colonization of the Americas, what became the United States was easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British, by the 1610s an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the first of many millions from the British Isles. The British policy of neglect for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests. This permitted the development of the American Dream, a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders, the 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britains formal acknowledgement of the United States sovereignty at the end of the American Revolutionary War. Yale University was founded by Englishmen who considered Harvard too liberal for the education of New England gentlemen, the Declaration of Independence is a creation of British Americans. The Constitution of the United States is a creation of British Americans, the American Bill of Rights is a creation of British Americans. The American system of government, a Constitutional Republic with a separation of executive, legislative, most American Presidents, Senators, Congressmen, Governors and Ivy League University Presidents have been British Americans
13.
Chinese Americans
–
Chinese Americans, also known as the American Chinese, are Americans who have full or partial Han Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, the Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia. It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, the Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25. 9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. Americans of Chinese descent, including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1. 2% of the total U. S. population as of 2010, according to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million. In 2010, half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U. S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush, There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of Californias population, nearly all of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in Guangdong Province. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the mines, but also to take agricultural jobs. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the American economy, the Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroads completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacifics difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains. American objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there. At the same time, they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to America and these financial pressures left them little choice but to work for whatever wages they could. Non-Chinese laborers often required much higher wages to support their wives and children in the United States, therefore, many of the non-Chinese workers in the United States came to resent the Chinese laborers, who might squeeze them out of their jobs. Some advocates of anti-Chinese legislation therefore argued that admitting Chinese into the United States lowered the cultural and moral standards of American society, others used a more overtly racist argument for limiting immigration from East Asia, and expressed concern about the integrity of American racial composition. Because anti-Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame-Seward Treaty with China, the Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861-70,64,301 were recorded as arriving, 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the West, the South, and New England. Most came from Southern China looking for a life, escaping a high rate of poverty left after the Taiping Rebellion. In 1879, advocates of immigration restriction succeeded in introducing and passing legislation in Congress to limit the number of Chinese arriving to fifteen per ship or vessel, republican President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated U. S. treaty agreements with China
14.
Dutch Americans
–
Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past. Whether intentional or not, they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage, by having, for example, a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam, the British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces, and named them New York and New Jersey. Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, according to the 2013 American Community Survey, an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan, California, Montana, Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, in 1602, the Dutch government chartered the Dutch East India Company. It sent explorers under the command of Henry Hudson who arrived in 1609 and their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore, in the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island. Block Island still bears his name, finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned. Dutch trade in the New York area lead to the establishment of trade posts as early as 1613, permanent settlers arrived in 1617 at what is now Albany, New York. New Amsterdam was settled in 1625, in 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised Liberties and Exemptions to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did this would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the Hudson from the Dutch West India Company of about twelve miles and these landowners were called patroons and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity, in this way, a form of feudalism, which had vanished in the Dutch Republic, was introduced in North America. The Patroonships were not a success, by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought four of the five patroonships originally registered in Amsterdam. The Native Americans were, at time, no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands. As the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors, the Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy citizens instead of the poor ones. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity, although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch. In 1664, the English seized the colony and renamed it New York, the Dutch briefly recaptured the colony, but during peace talks decided to trade it for Suriname in South America which was more profitable. In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, while the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices
15.
Greek Americans
–
Greek Americans are Americans of full or partial Greek ancestry. About 1.3 million American people are of Greek descent, although there are estimates that raise this number to 3 million, and 321,144 people older than five spoke Greek at home in 2010. Greek Americans have the highest concentrations in the New York City, Boston, and Chicago regions, in 2000, Tarpon Springs, Florida was home to the highest per capita representation of Greek Americans in the country. The United States is home to the largest overseas Greek community, ahead of Australia, Cyprus, Albania, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The first Greek known to have been to what is now the United States was Don Theodoro and he died during the expedition, as did most of his companions. In 1592, Greek captain Juan de Fuca sailed up the Pacific coast under the Spanish flag and he reported discovering a body of water, a strait which today bears his name, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which today forms part of the Canada–United States border. About 500 Greeks from Smyrna, Crete, and Mani settled in New Smyrna Beach, the colony was unsuccessful, and the settlers moved to St. Augustine in 1776. The St Photios Greek Chapel exists as a remnant of their presence, the first significant Greek community to develop was in New Orleans, Louisiana during the 1850s. By 1866, the community was numerous and prosperous enough to have a Greek consulate, during that period, most Greek immigrants to the New World came from Asia Minor and those Aegean Islands still under Ottoman rule. Most of these immigrants had come from southern Greece, especially from the Peloponnesian provinces of Laconia and Arcadia, each wave of immigration contributed to the growth of Hellenism in the U. S. Greek immigration at this time was over 90% male, contrasted with most other European immigration to the U. S. such as Italian and Irish immigration, many Greek immigrants expected to work and return to their homeland after earning capital and dowries for their families. The Greeks were de jure denaturalized from their homelands and lost the right to return, and their families were made refugees. Fewer than 30,000 Greek immigrants arrived in the U. S. between 1925 and 1945, most of whom were picture brides for single Greek men and family members coming over to join relatives. The events of the early 1920s also provided the stimulus for the first permanent national Greek American religious, Greeks again began to arrive in large numbers after 1945, fleeing the economic devastation caused by World War II and the Greek Civil War. From 1946 until 1982, approximately 211,000 Greeks emigrated to the United States and these later immigrants were less influenced by the powerful assimilation pressures of the 1920s and 1930s and revitalized Greek American identity, especially in areas such as Greek-language media. Greek immigrants founded more than 600 diners in the New York metropolitan area in the 1950s through the 1970s, immigration to the United States from Greece peaked between the 1950s and 1970. After the 1981 admission of Greece to the European Union, annual U. S. immigration numbers fell to less than 2,000, in recent years, Greek immigration to the United States has been minimal, in fact, net migration has been towards Greece. Over 72,000 U. S. citizens currently live in Greece, the predominant religion among Greeks and Greek Americans is Greek Orthodox Christianity
16.
Indian Americans
–
Indian Americans or Indo-Americans are Americans whose ancestry belongs to any of the many ethnic groups of the Republic of India. As the most socio-economically successful minority group in the U. S. Indian Americans comprise 4 million people. Indian Americans are the countrys third-largest Asian group alone or in combination with other races after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, the U. S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians. In the Americas, historically, the term Indian has been most commonly used to refer to the people of the continents after European colonization in the 15th century. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and are used to avoid ambiguity. Since the 1980, Indian Americans have been categorized as Asian Indian by the United States Census Bureau, while East Indian remains in use, the term South Asian is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes. Indian Americans are a subgroup of South Asian Americans, a group also includes Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, Sri Lankan Americans. The Naturalization Act of 1790 made Asians ineligible for citizenship, with limited to whites only. Indian immigration began in the century, with more than two thousand Indians living in the United States, primarily on the West Coast, by the end of the century. The presence of Indian-Americans also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the US, Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the Worlds Fair led to the establishment of the Vedanta Society. Many Punjabis migrated to the western US in the 19th and early 20th century followed by many other, prior to 1965, Indian immigration to the U. S. was small and isolated, with fewer than fifty thousand Indian immigrants in the country. The Bellingham riots in Bellingham, Washington on September 5,1907 epitomized the low tolerance in the U. S. for Indians, although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh. In the 1923 case, United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, the Court also argued that the racial difference between Indians and whites was so great that the great body of our people would reject assimilation with Indians. It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 that a quota of 100 Indians per year could immigrate to the U. S. at least twenty Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations include Atlanta, Baltimore–Washington, Boston, Chicago, worth, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland. Please note that data for multi-racial Asian Americans has not yet released by the US Census Bureau. In 2006, of the 1,266,264 legal immigrants to the United States,58,072 were from India, between 2000 and 2006,421,006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U. S. up from 352,278 during the 1990–1999 period. According to the 2000 U. S. census, the growth rate for Indians from 1990 to 2000 was 105.87 percent
17.
Irish Americans
–
Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
18.
Italian Americans
–
Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
19.
American Jews
–
American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
20.
Latin America
–
Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
21.
DNA profiling
–
DNA profiling is a forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA. A DNA profile is a set of DNA variations that is very likely to be different in all unrelated individuals. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing, DNA fingerprinting has also been widely used in the study of animal and floral populations and has revolutionized the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture. Although 99. 9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to one individual from another. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences that are variable, called variable number tandem repeats, in particular short tandem repeats, also known as microsatellites. VNTR loci are very similar between closely related individuals, but are so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The modern process of DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, developed by Professor of Genetics Sir Alec Jeffreys, the process begins with a sample of an individuals DNA. A common method of collecting a sample is the use of a buccal swab. Samples obtained from blood relatives can provide an indication of an individuals profile, a reference sample is then analyzed to create the individuals DNA profile using one of a number of techniques, discussed below. The DNA profile is then compared against another sample to determine there is a genetic match. The first methods for finding out genetics used for DNA profiling involved RFLP analysis, DNA is collected from cells, such as a blood sample, and cut into small pieces using a restriction enzyme. This generates thousands of DNA fragments of differing sizes as a consequence of variations between DNA sequences of different individuals, the fragments are then separated on the basis of size using gel electrophoresis. The separated fragments are transferred to a nitrocellulose or nylon filter. The DNA fragments within the blot are permanently fixed to the filter, radiolabeled probe molecules are then added that are complementary to sequences in the genome that contain repeat sequences. These repeat sequences tend to vary in length among different individuals and are called variable number tandem repeat sequences or VNTRs, the probe molecules hybridize to DNA fragments containing the repeat sequences and excess probe molecules are washed away. The blot is then exposed to an X-ray film, fragments of DNA that have bound to the probe molecules appear as dark bands on the film. The Southern blot technique is laborious, and requires large amounts of undegraded sample DNA, also, Karl Browns original technique looked at many minisatellite loci at the same time, increasing the observed variability, but making it hard to discern individual alleles. These early techniques have been supplanted by PCR-based assays, developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, a process was reported by which specific portions of the sample DNA can be amplified almost indefinitely
22.
Light skin
–
Light skin is a naturally occurring human skin color, which has little eumelanin pigmentation and which has been adapted to environments of low UV radiation. Light skin is most commonly found amongst the populations of Europe. It has been hypothesized that dark skin pigmentation was the condition for the genus Homo. Humans with light skin pigmentation have skin with low amounts of eumelanin, light skin provides better absorption qualities of ultraviolet radiation. This helps the body to synthesize higher amounts of vitamin D for bodily processes such as calcium development, light-skinned people who live near the equator with high sunlight are at an increased risk of folate depletion. As consequence of depletion, they are at a higher risk of DNA damage, birth defects. The distribution of indigenous light-skinned populations is highly correlated with the low radiation levels of the regions inhabited by them. Historically, light-skinned indigenous populations almost exclusively lived far from the equator, in high areas with low sunlight intensity, for example. Due to mass migration, imperialism, and increased mobility of people between geographical regions in recent centuries, light-skinned populations today are all over the world. An abundance of clinical and epidemiological evidence supports that light skin pigmentation developed for the importance of maintaining vitamin D3 production in the skin. Dark skin pigmentation was the condition for the genus Homo and has been maintained for populations in areas of high UV radiation through human evolutionary history. As a consequence, there must have been a selective pressure for the evolution of light skin in areas of low UV radiation. This accounts for the development of skin pigmentation of people living near the equator. In the 1960s, biochemist W. Farnsworth Loomis suggested that skin colour is related to the body’s need for vitamin D, the overwhelming positive effect of UV radiation in land-living vertebrates is the ability to synthesize vitamin D3 from it. A certain amount of vitamin D which penetrates the skin helps the body to absorb more calcium which is essential for building and maintaining bones, vitamin D production depends on exposure to sunlight. Humans living at latitudes far from the equator developed light skin in order to absorb more vitamin D. People with light skin can produce previtamin D3 in their skin at rates 5–10 times faster than dark-skinned people. People living far from the equator were under pressure to develop light skin
23.
Sons of the American Revolution
–
The National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Inc. is a Federally Chartered Corporation located in Louisville, Kentucky. Sons of the American Revolution is a patriotic organization and its members are male descendants of people who served in the Revolutionary War, or who contributed to establishing the independence of the United States. The society is dedicated to perpetuating American ideals and traditions, Constitution Day, Flag Day, and Bill of Rights Day were established through its efforts. The society was founded on April 30,1889 and its official name is the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. It has members in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, and its national headquarters are in Louisville, Kentucky. SAR Founder William Osborn McDowell disagreed with the Sons of the Revolution requirement at that time that all societies were to be subordinate to the New York society, the first organization of descendants of Revolutionary War patriots was established in San Francisco, California, in 1876. A group of men who were descendants of Revolutionary War veterans gathered to celebrate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence and they also wanted to honor the men and women who pledged their lives, fortunes, and livelihood to the striving for independence from Great Britain. This group formed an organization called the Sons of Revolutionary War Sires, there is, however, no direct link between the SRWS and the SAR except that members of the SRWS were permitted to join the SAR after its founding in 1889. The history of the SAR can be traced to the founding of the Sons of the Revolution, the SR was founded by John Austin Stevens who envisioned an aristocratic social and hereditary organization along the lines of the Society of the Cincinnati. Furthermore, McDowell wanted the society to more of a mass movement of descendants of Revolutionary patriots rather than an exclusive social club. As a result, McDowell organized the Sons of the American Revolution at Fraunces Tavern in New York on April 30,1889 and this was the centennial for the inauguration of George Washington as the First President of the United States of America in 1789. SAR membership number 1 was assigned to McDowell, in addition to organizing the SAR, McDowell worked with six women to organize the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution on July 29,1890. The SAR was formally granted a charter by an act of Congress under Title 36 of the United States Code on June 9,1906. The act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt, who was a member, membership in the society is open to any male of good repute who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an ancestor who actively supported the American Revolution. Soldiers and sailors from allied nations such as France and Spain who fought in support of American independence, no state society or chapter may discriminate against an applicant on the basis of race or creed. Overall, about 175,000 descendants have been admitted since the founding of the S. A. R. in 1890 and these officers meet several times over the year to discuss business pertaining to the society. The National Officers meet at least four times during their term of office, the Trustees meet twice each year at the Societys Headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky. These meetings, known as the Fall and Spring Leadership Meetings, are held in late September
24.
Ethnic groups in Europe
–
The ethnic groups in Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the nations of Europe. The total number of minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people. There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the ethnic group or nationality. There are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members residing in Europe and these eight groups between themselves account for some 465 million or about 65% of European population, Russians, Germans, French, British, Italians, Spanish, Ukrainians, Poles. About 20–25 million residents are members of diasporas of non-European origin, the population of the European Union, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population. Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million, over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large branches of Indo-European languages, viz. Slavic, Italic and Germanic, the largest groups that do not fall within these three are the Greeks and the Albanians. Beside the Indo-European languages there are two major language families on the European continent, Turkic languages and Uralic languages. The Semitic languages that dominate the coast of northern Africa as well as the Near East are preserved in Malta, abkhaz–Adyghean, Basque, Kartvelian, and Nakho-Dagestani are linguistic isolates with no known relation to each other or to any other languages inside or outside of Europe. The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly, the Indo-European groups of Europe are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age. The Finnic peoples are mostly assumed to be descended from populations that had migrated to their homelands by about 3,000 years ago. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan, a pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty. Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek, a Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic, and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages, iron Age populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus, Aegean, Greek tribes, Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians, and Anatolians. Armenian Highlands/Anatolia, Armenians Balkans, Illyrians, Dacians, and Thracians, Caucasus, Georgians Italian peninsula, Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians and Greek colonies. Western/Central Europe, Celts, Rhaetians and Swabians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii, Iberian peninsula, Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Basques and Phoenicians. Sardinia, ancient Sardinians, comprising the Corsi, Balares and Ilienses tribes, British Isles, Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts/Priteni. Northern Europe, Finnic peoples, Germanic peoples, iranian influence, Achaemenid control of Thrace and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes. The Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Jewish community in Italy dating to around AD70, the Bulgars, a semi-nomadic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs
25.
Native Americans in the United States
–
In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
26.
African American Lives
–
African American Lives is a PBS television miniseries hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. focusing on African-American genealogical research. The family histories of prominent African Americans are explored using traditional techniques as well as genetic analysis. The first installment of the aired in February 2006. The series featured research into the ancestral lineages of eight prominent African-American guests, writer, host, and executive producer of the series, Henry Louis Gates, also features his ancestral heritage on the show. The miniseries featured interviews with the parents and family members of guests including Winfreys father, geneticists Rick Kittles and Mark D. Shriver also make appearances. The miniseries four episodes were broadcast over two nights in two parts, on February 1, the first two episodes were broadcast as Listening to our Past, The Promise of Freedom. The following week, on February 8, the third and fourth episodes aired as, Searching for Our Names, re-runs of the series as individual episodes were broadcast following the joint premier both nights. The miniseries was sponsored by Coca-Cola and Procter & Gamble who both produced commercials honoring African-American heritage for use in the series, African American Lives 2 premiered in February 2008, again hosted by Gates. The show continued the research into Gatess ancestry, which was found to be more than half European. Gates gave a speech when he was inducted into the Sons of the American Revolution, the four episodes of this miniseries are The Road Home, A Way Out of No Way, We Come From People, and The Past Is Another Country. Many believe that a majority of African Americans also have Native American ancestry, critics suggest that the program failed to fully acknowledge to the audience, or inform guests, that not all ancestry may show up in the tests. The genetic tests done on direct paternal or maternal line only a few ancestors among many. Ancestral information markers must also be done to form a complete picture of a persons ancestry. For instance, MtDNA testing is only of direct maternal ancestors, unless other ancestry is evaluated, a person may miss a paternal lines connection to Europe. This gives an impression that the person has little heritage of another ethnic group. AIM markers are not as defined for all populations as suggested. Historic populations migrated, which also influences results, particularly, critics note that genetic analysis is incomplete related to Native Americans, and new genetic markers for these populations may be identified. Gates has written a book, In Search of Our Roots, How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past
27.
WNET
–
WNET, channel 13, is a non-commercial educational, public television station licensed to Newark, New Jersey, United States. With its signal covering the New York metropolitan area, WNET is a station of, and program provider to. WNETs main studios and offices are located in Midtown Manhattan with an auxiliary studio in the Lincoln Center complex on the Upper West Side. The stations transmitter is on the Empire State Building, the license-holder is WNET. org, formerly known as the Educational Broadcasting Corporation. WNET is also the parent of the Long Island-based PBS station WLIW, WNET commenced broadcasting on May 15,1948, as WATV, a commercial television station owned by Atlantic Television, a subsidiary of Bremer Broadcasting Corporation. Frank V. Bremer, the CEO, also owned two northern New Jersey radio stations, WAAT and WAAT-FM, the three stations were based in the Mosque Theatre at 1020 Broad Street in Newark. WATV was the first of three new stations in the New York City television market to sign on the air during 1948, another early series by the station was Stairway to Stardom, one of the first TV series with an African-American host. On October 6,1957, Bremer Broadcasting announced it had sold its stations for $4.5 million to National Telefilm Associates, an early distributor of motion pictures for television. On May 7,1958, channel 13s callsign was changed to WNTA-TV to reflect the new ownership, nTAs cash resources enabled WNTA-TV to produce a schedule of programming with greater emphasis on the people and events of New Jersey, in comparison to the other commercial television stations. But WNTA-TV continued to lag behind New Yorks other independent stations – WNEW-TV, WOR-TV, and WPIX – in terms of audience size, National Telefilm Associates put the WNTA stations up for sale in February 1961. At least three prospective purchasers expressed interest in WNTA-TV, even for those who could access UHF stations, reception was marginal even under the best conditions. ETMAs initial bid of $4 million was rejected by NTA, the pendulum quickly shifted in favor of channel 13 going non-commercial, and the private firms withdrew their interest. On June 29,1961, ETMA agreed to purchase WNTA-TV for $6.2 million, about $2 million of that amount came from five of the six remaining commercial VHF stations, all of whom were pleased to see a competitor eliminated. In addition, CBS later donated a facility in Manhattan to ETMA, the FCC approved the transfer in October, and converted channel 13s commercial license to non-commercial. The outgoing New Jersey governor, Robert B, the court ruled in the states favor two months later. But faced with either consummating the transaction or seeing it cancelled, after a few last-minute issues arose to cause further delays, the transfer became final on December 22. Later that evening, WNTA-TV signed off for the final time, ETMA and NET then went to work converting the station, which they said would return with its new format within three months. Ten months later, channel 13 was ready to be reborn, with legendary CBS reporter Edward R. Murrow at the helm on the maiden broadcast, ETMA – now the non-profit Educational Broadcasting Corporation – flipped the switch to WNDT on September 16,1962
28.
Ben Affleck
–
Benjamin Geza Ben Affleck-Boldt is an American actor and filmmaker. He began his career as a actor, starring in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi. He later appeared in the coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused and various Kevin Smith films including Chasing Amy, Affleck gained recognition when he and childhood friend Matt Damon won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Good Will Hunting. He then starred in films including Armageddon, Shakespeare in Love, Pearl Harbor, Changing Lanes. After a career downturn, during which he appeared in Daredevil and Gigli, Afflecks directorial debut, Gone Baby Gone, which he also co-wrote, was well received. He then directed, co-wrote, and starred in the crime drama The Town. For the political thriller Argo, which he directed and starred in, Affleck won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director, and the Golden Globe, BAFTA, in 2014, he starred in the psychological thriller Gone Girl. In 2016, Affleck began playing Batman in the DC Extended Universe, Affleck is the co-founder of the Eastern Congo Initiative, a grantmaking and advocacy-based nonprofit organization. He is also a member of the Democratic Party. His younger brother is actor Casey Affleck, with whom he has worked on films including Good Will Hunting. Following high-profile relationships with Gwyneth Paltrow and Jennifer Lopez, Affleck married Jennifer Garner in 2005, Affleck and Garner have three children together, and announced their separation in 2015. Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt was born on August 15,1972 in Berkeley and his family moved to Massachusetts when he was two, living in Falmouth, where his brother Casey was born, before settling in Cambridge. His mother, Christopher Anne Chris, was a Radcliffe College- and his father, Timothy Byers Affleck, worked sporadically as an auto mechanic, a carpenter, a bookie, an electrician, a bartender, and a janitor at Harvard University. In the mid-1960s, he had been an actor and stage manager with the Theater Company of Boston, during Afflecks childhood, his father had a self-described severe, chronic problem with alcoholism and Affleck has recalled him drinking all day, every day. His parents divorced when he was 12, and he and his brother lived with their mother. In the following years, his fathers alcoholism worsened and he spent two years homeless, when Affleck was 16, his father moved to Indio, California to enter a rehabilitation facility and, after gaining sobriety, worked as an addiction counselor at the facility for many years. Affleck was raised in an active, liberal household. He and his brother were surrounded by people who worked in the arts, were taken to the theater by their mother
29.
Finding Your Roots
–
Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. is a PBS television series hosted by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The first season aired on PBS from March 25 to May 20 of 2012 and it was broadcast in the 8–9 p. m time slot. The series returned for a season on September 23,2014. Season three began airing on January 5,2016, the series uses traditional genealogical research and genetics to discover the family history of well-known Americans. Genetic techniques include Y-chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships, each celebrity guest is given a book of life, which contains all of the information discovered about the guests genealogy by researchers. In some episodes, particularly episodes in which original DNA research must be used to establish a past ancestors parental link, however, in most episodes, each guest is predominately shown seated opposite Gates as he guides them through their book of life. To show correlations between the family stories, each episode cuts back and forth between two or three guest stories. To draw further correlations Gates uses examples from his own genealogy quite frequently, examples of this would be a grandmother of his having multiple children with a white man whose name she never revealed, as well as Gates membership into the Sons of the American Revolution. In addition to celebrity guests, everyday people are featured in an episode to create a third or fourth story line. Usually the non-celebrity guests are a group of peers, another episode uses a similar guessing game with students at a local school. Singular secondary guests include Robert Downey, Sr. and Margarett Cooper, the series has seen two past incarnations on PBS, both of which were hosted by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. In 2006 and 2008 the series African American Lives aired, both seasons of the series consisted of a season-long story line as well as an all African American cast. In 2010 Faces of America aired, though it continued to use the season-long plot from the prior installment, it was the first installment hosted by Gates to include Americans of all ethnic and racial backgrounds. Starting with Finding Your Roots in 2012, the series redirected from a season-long plot, in doing so it has allowed the series to extend its number of episodes each season to ten, opposed to the prior four episodes a season. The shows third season was postponed after it was discovered that actor Ben Affleck had persuaded Gates to omit information about his slave-owning ancestors, the series returned on January 5,2016. African American Lives Faces of America Ancestors in the Attic Who Do You Think You Are, official website Washingtonpost. com Wallstreet Journal online Finding Your Roots at the Internet Movie Database
30.
Branford Marsalis
–
Branford Marsalis is an American saxophonist, composer and bandleader. He has been cited as arguably the most respected living U. S. jazz instrumentalist, while primarily known for his work in jazz as the leader of the Branford Marsalis Quartet, he also performs frequently as a soloist with classical ensembles and has led the group Buckshot LeFonque. Marsalis was born in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana, the son of Dolores, a singer and substitute teacher. His brothers Jason Marsalis, Wynton Marsalis, Ellis Marsalis III, and Delfeayo Marsalis, in mid-1980, while still a Berklee College of Music student, Marsalis toured Europe playing alto and baritone saxophone in a large ensemble led by drummer Art Blakey. He became a regular in Stings line-up both in the studio and live up until the release of Brand New Day in 1999, in 1994, Marsalis appeared on the Red Hot Organizations compilation CD, Stolen Moments, Red Hot + Cool. The album, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic in African American society, was named Album of the Year by Time, in 1988, Marsalis co-starred in the Spike Lee film School Daze, also rendering several horn-blowing interludes for the music in the film. His witty comments have pegged him to many memorable one-liners in the film, from 1992 to 1995, Branford was the leader of the Tonight Show Band on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Initially, he turned down the offer, but later reconsidered and accepted the position and he was succeeded as bandleader by guitarist Kevin Eubanks. Between 1990 and 1994, Branford played with the Grateful Dead several times, Marsalis released a second Buckshot LeFonque recording in 1997. His primary interest since 1996 has been on his quartet, classical performance, with original member Jeff Tain Watts on drums, bassist Eric Revis replaced Hurst in 1997, while pianist Joey Calderazzo became a member after Kirklands death the following year. The Branford Marsalis Quartet has toured and recorded extensively, receiving a Grammy in 2001 for the album Contemporary Jazz, Marsalis placed greater emphasis on classical music since the 2001 release of his album Creation. Performances with symphony orchestras and chamber ensembles worldwide have become a significant part of his itinerary, in October and November 2008, Marsalis toured the U. S. with Philarmonia Brasileira, performing music by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, arranged for solo saxophone and orchestra. This project commemorated the 50th Anniversary of the composers death, in 2002, Marsalis founded his own label, Marsalis Music. Its catalogue includes Claudia Acuña, Harry Connick Jr. Doug Wamble, Miguel Zenón, Marsalis has also become involved in college education, with appointments at Michigan State, San Francisco State, and North Carolina Central University. In 2012, Marsalis and Connick received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen and this project commemorated the 50th Anniversary of the revered Brazilian composer s death. Branford Marsalis and the members of his joined the North Carolina Symphony for American Spectrum. The album showcases Marsalis and the orchestra performing a range of American music by Michael Daugherty, John Williams, Ned Rorem and Christopher Rouse, on July 14,2010, Marsalis made his debut with the New York Philharmonic on Central Parks Great Lawn. Led by conductor Andrey Boreyko, Marsalis and the New York Philharmonic performed Glazunovs Concerto for Alto Saxophone and Schuloffs Hot-Sonate for Alto Saxophone and Orchestra
31.
Harry Connick Jr.
–
Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr. is an American singer, big band leader, talk show host and actor. He has sold over 28 million albums worldwide, Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male artists in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 16 million in certified sales. He has had seven top 20 US albums, and ten number-one US jazz albums, Connicks best-selling album in the United States is his Christmas album When My Heart Finds Christmas. His highest-charting album is his release Only You, which reached No.5 in the US and he has won three Grammy Awards and two Emmy Awards. He played Graces husband, Leo Markus, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace from 2002 to 2006, Connick began his acting career as a tail gunner in the World War II film Memphis Belle. He played a killer in Copycat, before being cast as a fighter pilot in the blockbuster Independence Day. Connicks first role as a man was in Hope Floats with Sandra Bullock. His first thriller film since Copycat came in the film Basic with John Travolta, additionally, he played the violent ex-husband in Bug, before two romantic comedies, P. S. I Love You, and the man in New in Town with Renée Zellweger. In 2011, he appeared in the family film Dolphin Tale as Dr. Clay Haskett, Harry Connick Jr. was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother, Anita Frances, was a lawyer and judge in New Orleans and, later and his father, Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Sr. was the district attorney of Orleans Parish from 1973 to 2003. His parents also owned a record store, Connicks father is a Catholic of Irish, English, and German ancestry. Connicks mother, who died from cancer, was Jewish. Connick has a sister, Suzanna, the siblings were raised in the Lakeview neighborhood of New Orleans, Connick is a first cousin of both Jefferson Parish District Attorney, Paul Connick, and State Representative Patrick Connick. Connicks musical talents soon came to the fore when he started learning the keyboards at age three, playing publicly at age five, and recording with a jazz band at ten. The song was Im Just Wild About Harry and this was recorded for a Japanese documentary called Jazz Around the World. The clip was shown in a Bravo special, called Worlds of Harry Connick. His musical talents were developed at the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts and under the tutelage of Ellis Marsalis Jr. Connick attended Jesuit High School, Isidore Newman School, Lakeview School, and the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, all in New Orleans
32.
New Orleans
–
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
33.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
34.
John Lewis (civil rights leader)
–
John Robert Lewis is an American politician and civil rights leader. Representative for Georgias 5th congressional district, serving since 1987, and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation and his district includes three quarters of Atlanta. John Lewis was born in Troy, Alabama, the son of Willie Mae. Lewis grew up in Pike County, Alabama and he has several siblings, including brothers Edward, Grant, Freddie, Sammy, Adolph, and William, and sisters Ethel, Rosa, and Ora. Lewis had seen only two people in his life until age six. While a student, he was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. There he and many of his students became dedicated adherents to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the nonviolent movement to desegregate the downtown area of the city. In an interview, John Lewis said, I saw racial discrimination as a young child, I saw those signs that said White Men, Colored Men, White Women, Colored Women. Lewis listened to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks on the radio, Lewis met Parks in 1957 when he was 17, and he met King the following year. John Lewis was the youngest of the Big Six civil rights leaders as chairman of SNCC from 1963 to 1966, during his tenure, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer, and organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign. As the chairman of SNCC, Lewis had written a speech in reaction to the Civil Rights Bill of 1963 and he denounced the bill because it didnt protect African Americans against police brutality or provide African Americans with the right to vote. Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville and then received a degree in Religion. As a student, he was dedicated to the Civil Rights Movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. He was instrumental in organizing student sit-ins, bus boycotts and nonviolent protests in the fight for voter, in 1960, Lewis became one of the 13 original Freedom Riders. There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, at that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. Virginia that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional, in the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail
35.
Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
–
The Mayor of the City of Newark is the head of the executive branch of government of Newark, New Jersey, United States. Newark, New Jersey, was founded in 1666 and became a township on October 31,1693 and it was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, and reincorporated as city in 1836. The Mayor of Newark is elected for a four-year term, municipal elections in city are nonpartisan and are held on the 2nd Tuesday in May. The current mayor Ras J. Baraka was elected in the Newark mayoral election on May 13,2014, list of elected officials in Newark, New Jersey Newark mayoral election,2014 History of Newark, New Jersey
36.
Cory Booker
–
Cory Anthony Booker is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from New Jersey, in office since 2013. Previously he served as mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013, upon returning home, he received his Juris Doctor from Yale Law School. Booker began his career as a Newark city councilor from 1998 to 2002. He ran for mayor in 2002, but lost to incumbent Sharpe James, he ran again in 2006, during his tenure as mayor, Bookers priorities were reducing crime and encouraging economic development projects. He gained a reputation for his personal involvement in public service. Considered one of the most prominent Democrats in New Jersey, he became a candidate for the United States Senate in the 2013 special election to succeed Frank Lautenberg, who died in office. He won the Senate Democratic primary on August 13,2013, Booker subsequently won the next regular election for the Senate seat against Jeff Bell in 2014. Booker was born on April 27,1969, in Washington, D. C. and grew up in Harrington Park, New Jersey,20 miles north of Newark and his parents, Carolyn Rose and Cary Alfred Booker, were among the first black executives at IBM. Booker has stated that he was raised in a household. One of Bookers maternal great-grandfathers was white, and Booker also has other European, Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan, where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team. Booker went on to Stanford University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a Master of Arts in sociology the following year. While at Stanford, he played football as an end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey. In addition, Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center, a crisis hotline. After Stanford, Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at the University of Oxford and he earned his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School, where he operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven, Connecticut. At Yale, Booker was a member of the Chai Society, was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduation from law school, after graduation, he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project. In 1998, Booker won a victory for a seat on the Newark City Council. Booker proposed council initiatives that impacted housing, young people, law and order, and the efficiency and transparency of city hall, but was regularly outvoted by all of his fellow councilors
37.
Barbara Walters
–
Barbara Jill Walters is an American broadcast journalist, author, and television personality. Walters is known for having hosted a variety of programs, including Today, The View, 20/20. Since retirement as a full-time host and contributor, she has continued to report for ABC News. As a result of her outstanding interviewing ability and her popularity with viewers, even though her production duties made her a significant contributor to the program, she had no input in choosing a successor for Downs when he left in 1971, and Frank McGee was hired. In 1974, at the time of McGees death, Walters acquired the co-host position on the program, from 1979 to 2004, she worked as co-host and a producer for the ABC newsmagazine 20/20. In 1997, Walters created and debuted as a co-host on The View and she retired as a co-host of The View in 2014 after 16 seasons. Walters initially retired as a producer of the program in 2015. Since her retirement from The View, she has hosted a number of reports for 20/20. Additionally, Walters has continued to host her annual 10 Most Fascinating People special on ABC. In 1996, Walters was ranked #34 on the TV Guide 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list, Barbara Walters was born in 1929 in Boston to Dena and Louis Lou Walters. Her parents were both Jewish, and descendants of refugees from the former Russian Empire, Walters paternal grandfather, Isaac Abrahams, was born in Łódź, Poland, and emigrated to the United Kingdom, changing his name to Abraham Walters. Walters father, Lou, was born in London c.1896 and moved to New York with his father and his mother and four sisters arrived in 1910. In 1949 her father opened the New York version of the Latin Quarter and he also worked as a Broadway producer. He also was the Entertainment Director for the Tropicana Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, Walters brother, Burton, died in 1944 of pneumonia. Walters elder sister, Jacqueline, was mentally disabled and died of ovarian cancer in 1985. According to Walters, her father made and lost several fortunes throughout his life in show business and he was a booking agent, and unlike her uncles who were in the shoe and dress business, his job was not very safe. During the good times, Walters recalls her father taking her to the rehearsals of the club shows he directed and produced. The actresses and dancers would make a fuss over her
38.
Geoffrey Canada
–
Geoffrey Canada is an American educator, social activist and author. Canada serves as the chairman of Childrens Defense Funds board of directors and he was a member of the board of directors of The After-School Corporation, a nonprofit organization that aims to expand educational opportunities for all students. Canada was born in the South Bronx, the third of four born to Mary Elizabeth Canada, a substance abuse counselor. The marriage of his parents ended in 1956, thereafter, he was raised by his mother. His father played little part in the life of his children, Canada was raised among abandoned houses, crime, violence and an all-encompassing sense of chaos and disorder. At an early age, he understood his lifes calling, when Canada was in his mid-teens, his mother sent him to live with her parents in Wyandanch, New York. He attended Wyandanch Memorial High School and during his senior year, Canada is the middle of 3 brothers, one of whom is Derrick Canada, a former Harlem Globetrotters Player. Starting as president in 1990, Canada began working with the Rheedlen Centers for Children and Families, unsatisfied with the scope of Rheedlen, during the 1990s Canada transformed the organization into a center that actively would follow the academic careers of youths in a 24-block-area of Harlem. Following the success of the model, the area of focus now has grown to 97 blocks. In addition to serving as president, Canada was also CEO of the Harlem Childrens Zone until July 2014, the Harlem Childrens Zone was profiled in the New York Times Magazine during 2004 in a story by Paul Tough. The author described the organization as one of the biggest social experiments of our time, in 2008, Tough published a book entitled, Whatever It Takes, Geoffrey Canadas Quest to Change Harlem and America. Additionally, U. S. News and World Report named Canada one of Americas Best Leaders in its October 2005 issue, in 2010, Canada appeared in an American Express commercial that premiered during the Academy Awards. The commercial provided a look at his work and success at the Harlem Childrens Zone. Desiring to emulate the Harlem Childrens Zone, in 2009, American President Barack Obama announced plans to replicate the HCZ model in 20 other cities across the nation, Canada is featured prominently in Waiting for Superman, Academy Award-winner Davis Guggenheims documentary on the state of American public education. The film received the Audience Award for best documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and it was reported that Canada was offered the position of New York City Schools Chancellor by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, but that he turned it down. In 2013, Canada toured college campuses with Stanley Druckenmiller urging reform in taxation, health care, in July 2013 The New Yorker Festival released a video entitled, Geoffrey Canada on Giving Voice to the Have-nots, of a panel that was moderated by George Packer. Along with Canada, the panelists included Abhijit Banerjee, Katherine Boo, Canadas first book, Fist Stick Knife Gun, A Personal History of Violence in America, was first released in 1995. In the book, Canada recounts his exposure to violence during his childhood, in 1998, Canada published his second book, Reaching Up For Manhood, Transforming the Lives of Boys in America
39.
Kyra Sedgwick
–
Kyra Minturn Sedgwick Bacon is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson on the TNT crime drama The Closer. Sedgwicks role in the series won her a Golden Globe Award in 2007, the series ended on August 13,2012, following the completion of its seventh season. She is also known for her role as Madeline Wuntch on the successful sitcom Brooklyn Nine Nine. Sedgwick was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her performance in Something to Talk About and she also has one of the starring roles in the critically acclaimed 2016 comedy-drama movie The Edge of Seventeen. Sedgwick was born in New York City, the daughter of Patricia, a teacher and educational/family therapist, and Henry Dwight Sedgwick V. Her father was Episcopalian and of English heritage, and her mother was Jewish, Sedgwick has identified herself as Jewish and has stated that she participates in Passover seders. Sedgwick is also a sister of actor Robert Sedgwick, half-sister of jazz guitarist Mike Stern, the first cousin once removed of actress Edie Sedgwick, and she is also the aunt of R&B/pop singer George Nozuka and his younger singer-songwriter brother Justin Nozuka. Sedgwicks parents separated when she was 4 and divorced when she was 6, her mother subsequently married Ben Heller, Sedgwick went to high school with Matthew Broderick. When both were guests on WWHL, both revealed they actually dated on and off, Broderick even went as far to say he knows Sedgwicks mother well. Sedgwick graduated from Friends Seminary and attended Sarah Lawrence College before transferring to the University of Southern California, Sedgwick made her debut at the age of 16 on the television soap opera Another World. In 1988 she made an impression in a TV version of Lanford Wilsons Lemon Sky. She starred in the Emmy Award–winning 1992 made-for-TV film Miss Rose White as a Jewish immigrant who comes to terms with her ethnicity and she played the parts of Mae Coleman in 2003s Secondhand Lions and Stella Peck in the 2007 film The Game Plan. She also starred alongside her husband Kevin Bacon in the 2004 film The Woodsman and she dubbed the voice of Batwoman in the animated movie Batman, Mystery of the Batwoman. Sedgwick starred in the television series The Closer from 2005 to 2012, in 2007 she began earning roughly US$300,000 per episode. Over the life of the series she was nominated for and won awards for her starring role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson. She received a Golden Globe award in 2007 for her performance as lead actress, in 2009, Sedgwick was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. The Closer ended on August 13,2012, following the completion of its seventh season, a sequel series starring most of the same cast called Major Crimes continues in its place
40.
Kevin Bacon
–
Kevin Norwood Bacon is an American actor and musician. Bacon is also known for taking on roles such as that of a sadistic guard in Sleepers. Also on television, he starred in the Fox series The Following from 2013 to 2015, Bacon has won a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. The Guardian named him one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination, in 2003, Bacon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Bacon has become an icon for the concept of interconnectedness, having been popularized by the game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, in 2007, he created SixDegrees. org, a charitable foundation. Bacon, one of six children, was born and raised in a family in Philadelphia. The experience solidified Bacons passion for the arts, Bacon left home at age 17 to pursue a theater career in New York City, where he appeared in a production at the Circle in the Square Theater School. I wanted life, man, the thing, he later recalled to Nancy Mills of Cosmopolitan. The message I got was The arts are it, art and creative expression are next to godliness. Combine that with an ego and you wind up with an actor. Bacons debut in the fraternity comedy National Lampoons Animal House did not lead to the fame he had sought and he briefly worked on the television soap operas Search for Tomorrow and Guiding Light in New York. In 1980, he had a prominent role in the slasher film Friday the 13th, some of his early stage work included Getting Out, performed at New Yorks Phoenix Theater, and Flux, at Second Stage Theatre during their 1981–1982 season. In 1982, he won an Obie Award for his role in Forty Deuce, bolstered by the attention garnered by his performance in Diner, Bacon starred in the box-office smash Footloose. To prepare for the role, Bacon enrolled at a school as a transfer student named Ren McCormick. Bacon earned strong reviews for Footloose, and he appeared on the cover of People magazine soon after its release. Bacons critical and box office led to a period of typecasting in roles similar to the two he portrayed in Diner and Footloose, and he had difficulty shaking this on-screen image. For the next years he chose films that cast him against either type and experienced, by his own estimation. In 1988, he starred in John Hughes comedy Shes Having a Baby, in 1990, Bacon had two successful roles
41.
Rick Warren
–
Richard Duane Rick Warren is an American evangelical Christian pastor and author. He is the founder and senior pastor of Saddleback Church, a megachurch in Lake Forest, California. He is perhaps best known for the subsequent book The Purpose Driven Life which has more than 30 million copies. During the 2008 United States presidential election, Warren hosted the Civil Forum on the Presidency at his church with both candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama. Obama later sparked controversy when he asked Warren to give the invocation at the inauguration in January 2009. Warren was born in San Jose, California, the son of Jimmy and his father was a Baptist minister, his mother a high-school librarian. He was raised in Ukiah, California, and graduated from Ukiah High School in 1972 and his sister, Chaundel, is married to Saddleback pastor Tom Holladay. Warren has been married to Kay Warren since June 21,1975 and they have three adult children and four grandchildren. He considers Billy Graham, Peter Drucker, and his own father to be among his mentors, because of the success of his book sales, in 2005 Warren returned his 25 years of salary to the church and discontinued taking a salary. He says he and his wife became reverse tithers, giving away 90% of their income, Warren’s youngest son, Matthew, took his own life April 6,2013, after years of struggling with mental illness. In the year following the suicide, Warren says that more than 10,000 people wrote to him about their struggles with mental illness within the Church, Warren says he was called to full-time ministry when he was a 19-year-old student at California Baptist University. In November 1973, he and a friend skipped classes and drove 350 miles to hear W. A. Criswell preach at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco. Warren waited afterwards to shake hands with Criswell, who focused on Warren, stating, I feel led to lay hands on you and pray for you. ”During his time at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Warren worked at the Texas Ranch for Christ, a ministry facility of Billie Hanks, Jr. where he began writing books. He co-wrote two books, The Victory Scripture Memory Series and Twelve Dynamic Bible Study Methods for Laity with Billie Hanks, Jr. in April 1980 Warren held Saddleback Churchs first public service on Easter Sunday at the Laguna Hills High School Theater with 200 people in attendance. Warrens church growth methods led to expansion, with the church using nearly 80 different facilities in its 35-year history. Saddleback did not build its first permanent building until it had 10,000 weekly attenders, when the current Lake Forest campus was purchased in the early 1990s, a 2, 300-seat plastic tent was used for worship services for several years, with four services each weekend. In 1995, the current Worship Center was completed, with a capacity of 3,500. A multimillion-dollar childrens ministry building and an office building were completed over the next few years
