1.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
2.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
3.
Finsbury Park, London
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For the nearby park of the same name, see Finsbury Park. Finsbury Park is an area in north London, England, which grew up around an important railway interchange near the borders of the London Boroughs of Islington, Haringey and Hackney. It is not to be confused with Finsbury, which is 3.3 miles farther south in the London Borough of Islington, although in some local contexts the name is shortened in this way. The area is centred on Finsbury Park station, a bus, rail. The surrounding area has a feel, as reflected by the wide variety of shops and establishments on Seven Sisters Road, Blackstock Road. The North London Central Mosque, which drew attention for extremist activity before a change in leadership in 2003, is located here, arsenal Football Clubs Emirates Stadium is nearby. Among other groups, Finsbury Park is home to a significant Irish community, for details of education in Finsbury Park, London see the London Boroughs of Hackney, Haringey and Islington articles. Lead singer of the Sex Pistols and Public Image Limited John Lydon, musician Graham Bond, a key figure in the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s, died at Finsbury Park station on 8 May 1974. Rapper Skinnyman grew up in Finsbury Park, actresses Margaret Barton, Kate Beckinsale, Minnie Driver, Emily Mortimer, Lily Loveless, Naomie Harris and Peta Toppano were born in Finsbury Park. Politician John Grant was born in Finsbury Park, photojournalist Don McCullin was born in Finsbury Park. Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour party leader and MP for Islington North, a blog for Finsbury Park N4
4.
London Borough of Islington
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The London Borough of Islington /ˈɪzlɪŋtən/ is a London borough in Inner London with an estimated population of 215,667. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North and Islington South & Finsbury, the local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the most successful clubs in England, Islington was originally named by the Saxons Giseldone, then Gislandune. The name means Gīslas hill from the Old English personal name Gīsla and dun hill, the name then later mutated to Isledon, which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many manors in the area, along with Bernersbury, Neweton Berewe or Hey-bury. Islington came to be applied as the name for the parish covering these villages, on the merger with Finsbury, to form the modern borough this name came to be applied to the whole borough. It is a London borough council, one of thirty-two principal subdivisions of the area of Greater London. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities, Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council, the former Islington Metropolitan Town Hall, at the intersection of Upper Street and Richmond Grove, serves as the present Boroughs council building. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors, following the May 2014 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors and 1 Green Party councillor. Of these 48 councillors, the Leader of the Council is Councillor Richard Watts, Islington is represented by two parliamentary constituencies. Islington North is represented by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party, inmarsat has its head office in the borough. Islington has a variety of transportation services, with direct connections to the suburbs. Islington also has ten tube stations within its boundaries, with connections by the tube to all around London, farringdon station is also served by the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. There are also several London Overground stations in the borough, there are two prisons in Islington, a mens prison, HM Prison Pentonville and a womens prison HM Prison Holloway, which in the early 20th century was used to hold many suffragettes. The farm contains a range of animals from rabbits to cows to chickens. In 1801, the parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 65,721. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district built up. The increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London, the decline in population reversed in the 1980s, but it remains below its 1971 level
5.
Thameslink and Great Northern
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Thameslink and Great Northern services were merged into one franchise in 2006 due to the Thameslink Programme. In 2012, it was announced that services of First Capital Connect, Southern, the Invitation to Tender was to have been issued in October 2012, with the successful bidder announced in Spring 2013 and TSGN originally due to start in September 2013. However, due to the collapse of the InterCity West Coast re-franchising process, in September 2013 a revised invitation to tender was issued. Govia Thameslink Railway was awarded the franchise on 23 May 2014, on 14 September 2014, Thameslink and Great Northern took over from First Capital Connect, serving 122 stations and operating a fleet of 226 trains. In December 2014, full control was taken of the Sevenoaks Thameslink service, on 21 January 2016 Transport for London announced that it intends to take over the London suburban parts of the franchise in 2021, to form a new suburban metro service. 1, ^ The Northern City Line between Moorgate and Drayton Park is also electrified at 750V DC using third rail, in 2011 the consortium Cross London Trains Ltd. This was a controversial decision as the competing bidder Bombardier Transportation had a train factory in the UK. Both the procurement process and final close of contract were significantly delayed, the trains are known as Class 700s and the £1.6 billion contract to manufacture and provide service depots for the trains was finalised in mid 2013. A fleet of 115 8- and 12-car trains are expected to service between 2016 and 2018. Associated rolling stock depots are being built at Hornsey and Three Bridges, because of the delay in procuring the Class 700 trains,29 Class 387 trains were ordered for the Thameslink route, facilitating the release of existing Class 319 trains to newly electrified routes. Delivery was completed in 2014 and the trains entered service later that year, the order includes provision for an extra 140 vehicles. It was originally planned that once the Class 700s begin entering service, however a change of plans saw GWR order an entirely new fleet of Class 387s with the ex-Thameslink examples expected to be cascaded to the Great Northern routes upon delivery of the Class 700s. This will allow Great Northern to operate fast services at up to 110 mph, something which the old fleet was incapable of. › London Moorgate, in December 2015 it was announced that Siemens would be providing these new trains as a follow-on to the Class 700 order. Former units operated by Thameslink and Great Northern include, This franchise is different from other franchises let since privatisation in 1996, now the operator, in this case Govia, gives all revenue to the government, rather than paying set premiums. The Department for Transport will pay Govia, totalling around £8. 9bn over the period of seven years. With this Govia expects to make a 3% profit, and the risks on costs will be Govias, Govia plans to invest £50m in all 239 stations it will manage. It plans to, Enhance all 239 stations including improving access, replace electronic information screens and working with authorities on the redevelopment of St Albans. Increase staffing hours at many stations, with the 100 busiest stations staffed from first to last train, extension of the key smartcard which Southern has been introducing
6.
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)
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The Great Northern Railway was a British railway company established by the Great Northern Railway Act of 1846. On 1 January 1923 the company lost its identity, as a constituent of the newly formed London, the main line became part of the East Coast Main Line. In the summer of 1835, the engineer, Joseph Gibbs projected a line which was to run from Whitechapel, via Dunmow, Cambridge, Sleaford and this was submitted to a committee in London to which the title Great Northern Railway Company was provisionally given. However, the scheme came to nothing, loop from Peterborough to Bawtry via Boston and Lincoln. The London and York bill finally received Royal assent on 26 June 1846 as The Great Northern Railway Act,1846, the Act granted powers to construct the main line and loop lines. The Great Northern began construction first on the Peterborough to Gainsborough section of the loop line, as the ease of construction over the flat fens promised an earlier return on investment. The first section of line was opened on 1 March 1848 and was the Louth to Grimsby section of the East Lincolnshire Railway, which although nominally independent, was leased to the GNR from the start. The first section of GNR proper to be opened was the 3 miles from Doncaster to Askern Junction, the GNR and MS&LR lines allowing through running from Lincoln to Doncaster via Retford opened on 4 September 1849. The immediate targets in the north were Leeds and York and this new line was opened in June 1850, at which time the agreement was formalised and in return the GNR agreed not to proceed with its own main line from Askern to York via Selby. During 1846 to 1849 George Turnbull was the resident engineer under William Cubitt for the London District of the Great Northern Railway, in December 1848 Turnbull was busy with the plans for Kings Cross station and passing the line under the Regents Canal. On 2 February 1849 the last capstone on Holloway Bridge was set in place, on 27 March the first brick for the South Mimms tunnel was laid by Edward Purser. The first brick of the East Barnet tunnel was laid on 23 April, there was much trouble with the cement in the Tottenham and South Mimms tunnels, Turnbull stopped the use of this cement — blue lias was substituted. Another of the engineers working under Cubitt was James Moore, who went on to design the first commercial railway in Australia for the Melbourne. On 7 August 1850, the line opened from a temporary station at Maiden Lane, London. The remaining section between Peterborough and Retford opened in 1852, as did the new London terminus at Kings Cross, Doncaster locomotive works opened in 1853, replacing temporary facilities at Boston. On 1 August 1854, the Leeds, Bradford and Halifax Junction Railway opened between Leeds and Bowling Junction near Bradford, because it had running powers over this line and a section of the LYR, the GNR obtained access to Bradford and Halifax. In 1857, the West Yorkshire Railway opened their line from Wakefield to Leeds via Ardsley. The GNR had running powers over this line and immediately began using it instead of the Midland line via Methley, also in 1857, the previously mentioned LB&HJR opened a direct line from Ardsley to Laisterdyke, near Bradford
7.
London and North Eastern Railway
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The London and North Eastern Railway was the second largest of the Big Four railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It operated from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, at that time, it was divided into the new British Railways Eastern Region, North Eastern Region, and partially the Scottish Region. Sir Ralph Wedgwood was the Chief Officer for its first 16 years, the North Eastern Railway had the largest route mileage,1,757 miles, the Hull and Barnsley Railway just 106.5 miles. The M&GNJR was incorporated into the LNER in 1936, in 1933, on the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board, the LNER acquired the remaining operations of the Metropolitan Railway Company. The LNER was the majority partner in the Cheshire Lines Committee, the LNER covered the area north and east of London. It included the East Coast Main Line from London to Edinburgh via York and Newcastle upon Tyne, most of the country east of the Pennines was within its purview, including East Anglia. The main workshops were in Doncaster, with others at Darlington, Inverurie and Stratford, the LNER inherited four of Londons termini, Fenchurch Street (ex-London and Blackwall Railway, Kings Cross, Liverpool Street, and Marylebone. In addition, it ran suburban services to Broad Street and Moorgate, on 13 February 1923, an express passenger train overran signals at Retford, Nottinghamshire and was in a rear-end collision with a freight train. On 23 December 1923, a passenger train overran signals and was in collision with a light engine at Belford. On 28 July 1924, a train overran signals and collided with another at Haymarket station, Edinburgh. On 12 May 1926, during the General Strike, a passenger train was deliberately derailed south of Cramlington. On 7 August 1926, a multiple unit overran signals and was in collision with a freight train at Manors station, Newcastle upon Tyne. The accident was caused by the tying down the controller with a handkerchief. When he leant out of the train he struck an overbridge and was killed, the train was able to continue moving until the collision. On 14 February 1927, two trains were in a head-on collision at Hull Paragon station, Yorkshire due to a signalmans error. Twelve people were killed and 24 were injured, on 27 February 1927, an express passenger train collided with a light engine at Penistone, Yorkshire due to a signalmans error. On 17 August 1928, a train collided with a lorry on a level crossing at Shepreth. On 27 June 1928, a train was in a head-on collision with a parcels train that was being shunted at Darlington
8.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
9.
World Geodetic System
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
Intermodal passenger transport
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Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey. Mixed-mode commuting is often used to combine the strengths of various transportation options, a major goal of modern intermodal passenger transport is to reduce dependence on the automobile as the major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. To assist the traveller various intermodal journey planners such as Rome2rio and Google Transit have been devised to help travellers to plan and schedule their journey. Mixed-mode commuting often centers on one type of transit, such as regional rail. Trains offer quick transit from a suburb into an urban area, most transportation modes have always been used intermodally, for example, people have used road or urban railway to an airport or inter-regional railway station. Passenger transport has always been intermodal, people switched from carriages to ferries at the edge of a river too deep to ford. In the 19th century, people who lived inland switched from train to ship for overseas voyages, Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey was built to let commuters to New York City from New Jersey switch to ferries to cross the Hudson River in order to get to Manhattan. A massive ferry slip, now in ruins, was incorporated into the terminal building, later, when a subway was built through tunnels under the Hudson, now called the PATH, a station stop was added to Hoboken Terminal. More recently, the New Jersey Transits Hudson-Bergen Light Rail system has included a stop there, ferry service has recently been revived, but passengers must exit the terminal and walk across the pier to the more modest ferry slip. With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, public transportation systems such as train or metro systems have the most efficient means and highest capacity to transport people around cities. Therefore, mixed-mode commuting in the environment is largely dedicated to first getting people onto the train network. Although automobiles are used as a single-mode form of transit. They can provide a commute to train stations, airports, and piers. Used in this context, cars offer commuters the relative comfort of single-mode travel, taxicabs and Rental cars also play a major role in providing door-to-door service between airports or train stations and other points of travel throughout urban, suburban, and rural communities. Transport planners often try to encourage commuters to make much of their journey by public transport. Similar to Park-and-Ride is what is often termed Kiss-and-Ride, rather than drive to the train or bus station and park the commuter is driven to the station by a friend or relative The Kiss refers to the peck on the cheek as the commuter exits the car. Kiss-and-Ride is usually conducted when the station is close to home, so that the driver doing dropping the commuter off has a short journey to. Many large cities link their railway network to their bus network and this enables commuters to get to places that are not serviced directly by rail as they are often considered to be too far for walking
12.
Interchange station
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Transfer may occur within the same mode, or between rail modes, or to buses. Such stations usually have more platforms than single route stations and these stations can exist in either commercial centers or on the city outskirts in residential areas. Cities typically plan for use around interchange stations for development. Passengers may be required to pay extra fare for the if they leave a paid area. With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, Birkenhead Dock railway station in Birkenhead, verney Junction interchange station in Buckinghamshire, England was built at the point of two railway lines intersecting each other in open countryside. The station was built in a remote field being used from 1868 to 1968. The Shing Mun Tunnels Bus Interchange in the New Territories, Hong Kong, manhattan Transfer on the Pennsylvania Railroad was located outside Newark, New Jersey in a relatively isolated area, and was used primarily for passenger interchange. In some cases, no dedicated underground passage or footbridge is provided, examples include Kuramae Station of Toei in Tokyo, Japan and Lexington Avenue-59th Street/Lexington Avenue–63rd Street stations in New York City. There are also bus interchanges, where people can change between different bus routes with no fare or only the differences of the fares of the two routes. Examples include Tai Lam Tunnel Bus Interchange and Shing Mun Tunnel Bus Interchange in the New Territories, Hong Kong, cross-platform interchange Railway station layout Maund, T. B. The Wirral Railway and its Predecessors
13.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
14.
Finsbury Park
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Finsbury Park is a public park in the ward of the London neighbourhood of Harringay. It is in the formerly covered by the historic parish of Hornsey. It was one of the first of the great London parks laid out in the Victorian era, the park borders the districts of Finsbury Park, Harringay, Stroud Green, and Manor House. The park has a mix of ground, formal gardens, avenues of mature trees. There is also a lake, a play area, a cafe. Sports facilities in the park include football pitches, a green, an athletics stadium. Unusually for London, the hosts two facilities for American sports, an American football field, home to the London Blitz. Parkland Walk, a park, provides a route that links the park with Crouch Hill Park, Crouch End. The park was landscaped on the extremity of what was originally a woodland area in the Manor or Prebend of Brownswood. It was part of a large expanse of woodland called Hornsey Wood that was cut further and further back for use as grazing land during the Middle Ages, in the mid-18th century a tea room had opened on the knoll of land on which Finsbury Park is situated. Londoners would travel north to escape the smoke of the capital, around 1800 the tea rooms were developed into a larger building which became known as the Hornsey Wood House/Tavern. A lake was built on the top of the knoll with water pumped up from the nearby New River. There was boating, a shooting and archery range, and probably cock fighting, the Hornsey Wood Tavern was destroyed in the process of making the area into a park, but the lake was enlarged. Once the park had opened, a pub across the road from its entrance along Seven Sisters Road called itself the Hornsey Wood Tavern after the original. This pub was renamed the Alexandra Dining Room and closed for business in April 2007. In 1841 the people of Finsbury in the City of London petitioned for a park to alleviate conditions of the poor, the present-day site of Finsbury Park was one of four suggestions for the location of a park. Originally to be named Albert Park, the first plans were drawn up in 1850, renamed Finsbury Park, plans for the parks creation were ratified by an Act of Parliament in 1857. Despite some local opposition, the park was opened in 1869, during the First World War the park was known as a location for pacifist meetings
15.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
16.
Arsenal F.C.
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Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Highbury, London, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles,12 FA Cups, Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League, in 1893. They entered the First Division in 1904, and have accumulated the second most points. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, in the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double, between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position, Herbert Chapman won Arsenals first national trophies, but died prematurely. He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers, Arsène Wenger has been the longest-serving manager and has won the most trophies. His teams set several English records, the longest win streak, the longest unbeaten run, in 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspurs nearest club, commencing the North London derby, in 2006, they moved down the road to the Emirates Stadium. Arsenal earned €435. 5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football, based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenals fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. In 2016, Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England, on 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F. C. s first home was Plumstead Common, though spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead. Royal Arsenal won Arsenals first trophies in 1890 and 1891, Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893. They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year, Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904. Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers, businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over, and sought to move them elsewhere. In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury and this saw their third change of name, the following year, they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal
17.
Victoria line
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The Victoria line is a deep-level London Underground route running from Brixton in the south in Zone 2 to Walthamstow Central in the north-east in Zone 3 of London. It is coloured blue on the Tube map. It is one of two lines to run entirely below ground, the other being the Waterloo & City line. The line has always operated using automatic train operation. The main purpose was to relieve congestion in the central area, the necessary Private Bill was introduced into Parliament in 1955. It described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow, there was also a proposal, though not included in the Bill, for a subsequent extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line. Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section, a test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been bored in 1959 and was later incorporated into the running tunnels. In August 1967 the government gave approval for the Brixton extension, preparatory work had already started at Bessborough Gardens near Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. In June 1968 a proposal to build a station at Pimlico was approved, the entire Walthamstow-Brixton line was completed in 1972. The name Victoria line dates back to 1955, other suggestions were Walvic line, during the planning stages, it was known as Route C and then was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna, whose suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot. It had been intended to build the line beyond Walthamstow Central to Wood Street, proposals were also made to extend the line as far north as South Woodford or Woodford, to provide interchange with the Central line. However, in a decision in 1961 the line was cut back to Walthamstow station. The first section to be opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington, there was no initial opening ceremony, instead the normal timetable started on Sunday 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 6,30 am, later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened, again without ceremony, on 1 December 1968. The official opening took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d ticket and travelled to Green Park, the 3.5 mile extension from Victoria to Brixton was approved in August 1967. At the time, London Transport mentioned the possibility of extensions to Streatham, Dulwich and Crystal Palace. Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971, making a journey from Brixton to Vauxhall, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh had previously visited the line during its construction, in July 1968, they visited tunnel workings under Vauxhall Park
18.
Finsbury Square
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Finsbury Square is a 0. 7-hectare square in central London which includes a six-rink grass bowling green. It was developed in 1777 on the site of an area of green space to the north of London known as Finsbury Fields, in the parish of St Lukes. It is sited on the east side of City Road, opposite the east side of Bunhill Fields and it is approximately 200m north of Moorgate station, 300m north-west of Liverpool Street station and 400m south of Old Street station. Nearby locations are Finsbury Circus and Finsbury Pavement and it is served by bus routes 21,43,141,271,214 and 274. Past residents of the square include Pascoe Grenfell Hill, Thomas Southwood Smith, Finsbury Squares Guildhall is the traditional home of the City of London Yeomanry. In 1784, Vincenzo Lunardi achieved the first successful attempt at hot air balloon flight from Finsbury Square, the south side of the square was known as Sodomites Walk in the 18th century and was notorious as a gay cruising area. On 22 October 2011, Occupy London protesters began to camp on the Square and they were subsequently removed in an eviction described by the council as peaceful and low key. In January 2013, the University of Liverpool announced that its London Campus would be based at 33 Finsbury Square, also in 2013 a memorial was installed at the SW of the square commemorating those who died in the 1975 Moorgate tube crash. Significant development work is underway at Finsbury Square. The office building at 22-25 Finsbury Square was converted into a hotel with completion in 2016. Finsbury Square is also the venue for an occasional farmers’ market
19.
British Transport Police
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The British Transport Police is a special police force that polices railways and light-rail systems in England, Scotland and Wales, for which it has entered into an agreement to provide such services. 95% of the Forces funding comes from Britains privatised train companies, in 2015/16 BTP recorded 48,718 crimes, a reduction from 79,278 crimes in 2005/06. However, in 2015/16 crime has risen on the railways by 4% for the first time since 2006/07, there are more than 1 billion passenger journeys annually on the mainline alone. In addition, British Transport Police in conjunction with the French National Police - Police aux Frontières - police the international services operated by Eurostar, a BTP constable can act as a police constable outside of their normal railway jurisdiction as described in the Powers and status of officers section. As of 2016, BTP has 2,968 police officers,283 Special Constables,362 Police Community Support Officers, and 1,584 civilian police staff throughout Great Britain. In terms of officer numbers this means BTP is the 19th largest police force in England & Wales. Since March 2014, the Chief Constable has been Paul Crowther OBE, BTP has appeared on UK television in Railcops. This division retains overall control of the divisions and houses central functions including forensics, CCTV. As of 2015,393 police officers,10 Special Constables and 946 civilian staff are based at FHQ, divisional Commander, Chief Superintendent Martin Fry. This division covers London and the South East and southern areas of England and this division is further divided into the following sub-divisions, East - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Richard Moffatt. Transport for London - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Matt Wratten, South - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Jason Bunyard. As of 2015, B Division houses the largest number of personnel of any BTP division,1444 police officers,101 Special Constables,191 PCSOs and 361 civilian staff, divisional Commander, Chief Superintendent Allan Gregory. This division covers the North East, North West, the Midlands, South West areas of England and this division is further divided into the following sub-divisions, Pennine - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Eddie Wylie. Midland - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Sandra England, Wales - Sub-divisional Commander, Superintendent Andy Morgan. As of 2015, C Division houses the second largest number of personnel within BTP,921 police officers,127 Special Constables,132 PCSOs and 180 civilian staff, divisional Commander, Chief Superintendent John McBride. There are no sub-divisions within D Division, as of 2015, D Division is the smallest in terms of personnel housing 214 police officers,24 Special Constables and 46 civilian staff. The first railway employees described as police can be traced back to 30 June 1826, a regulation of the Stockton and Darlington Railway refers to the police establishment of One Superintendent, four officers and numerous gate-keepers. This is the first mention of Railway Police anywhere and was three years before the Metropolitan Police Act was passed and they were not, however, described as constables and the description may refer to men controlling the trains not enforcing the law
20.
East Coast Main Line
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The East Coast Main Line is a 393-mile long railway link between London and Edinburgh via Peterborough, Doncaster, Wakefield, Leeds, York, Darlington and Newcastle, electrified along the whole route. Services north of Edinburgh to Aberdeen and Inverness use diesel trains, the main franchise on the line is operated by Virgin Trains East Coast. The route forms a key artery on the side of Great Britain and is broadly paralleled by the A1 trunk road. It links London, the South East and East Anglia, with Yorkshire and it also carries key commuter flows for the north side of London. It is important to the health of several areas of England and Scotland. It also handles cross-country, commuter and local services. The route has ELRs ECM1 - ECM9, the line was built by three railway companies, each serving their own area, but with the intention of linking up to form the through route that became the East Coast Main Line. In 1923 the three companies were grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway and this later became part of British Railways in 1948. The Selby Diversion was opened in 1983 and diverged from the original ECML at Temple Hirst Junction, north of Doncaster, the ECML has been the backdrop for a number of famous rail journeys and locomotives. The line was worked for years by Pacific locomotives designed by Gresley, including the famous steam locomotives Flying Scotsman. Mallard achieved a record speed for a steam locomotive, at 126 miles per hour. It made the run on the Grantham-to-Peterborough section, on the descent of Stoke Bank, steam locomotives were replaced by Diesel electrics in the early 1960s, when the purpose-built Deltic locomotive was developed by English Electric. The prototype was successful and a fleet of 22 locomotives was built, the Class 55s were powered by two Napier Deltic engines originally developed for fast torpedo boats, with the three crankshaft triangular configuration of the engines giving the Deltic name. Their characteristic throaty exhaust roar and chubby body outline made them unmistakable, the Class 55 was for a time the most powerful diesel locomotive in service in Britain, at 3,300 hp. Just after the Deltics were introduced, the first sections of the East Coast Main Line were upgraded to allow 100 miles per hour running. The first length to be cleared for the new higher speed was a 17 miles stretch between Peterborough and Grantham on 15 June 1965, the second was 12 miles between Grantham and Newark. A prototype of the HST, the Class 41 achieved 143 mph on the line in 1973, a secondary factor was that the signalling technology of the time was insufficient to allow detection of two broken rails on the line on which the train was operating. Locomotives have operated on the ECML at speeds of up to 161.7 mph in test runs. 3A equipment and this included the Hertford Loop Line
21.
Maiden Lane railway stations
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There have been two railway stations named Maiden Lane in the present London Borough of Camden, in north London, England. The stations, named after the road, were close to each other. This station, opened on 7 August 1850 as the London Temporary Passenger Station, was the temporary London terminus of the Great Northern Railway and it was opened so that the railway could earn revenue from visitors travelling to visit the Great Exhibition of 1851. Covered by a train shed, there were two platforms and two release roads. The main station buildings were on the side of the station. The station served passengers until 14 October 1852, when the last section of the East Coast Main Line, the station subsequently served as a potato warehouse before it was demolished, some time after 1874. This Maiden Lane station -51. 540917°N0. 127051°W /51.540917, -0.127051 - was a distance northwest of the Great Northern Railway station. It also served Kings Cross Goods Yard, Camden Council has suggested this station could be rebuilt and reopened, in conjunction with the Kings Cross Central redevelopment project. Londons Abandoned Stations - Maiden Lane 1874 map showing site of station
22.
Edgware, Highgate and London Railway
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The Edgware, Highgate and London Railway was a railway in north London. The railway was a precursor of parts of London Undergrounds Northern line and was, parts of the line were closed in the 1950s and have since been removed. The company was established by an act of parliament passed on 3 June 1862. The route, measuring 8.75 miles, ran through parts of rural Middlesex from Finsbury Park through Stroud Green, Crouch End, Highgate, Finchley and Mill Hill to Edgware. Additional acts in 1864 and 1866 granted powers to construct branch lines from Highgate to Muswell Hill, the railway was sponsored by the larger Great Northern Railway, whose main line from Kings Cross ran through Finsbury Park on its way to Potters Bar and the north. Before the line to Edgware was opened, it was purchased in July 1867 by the GNR and was opened as a track line on 22 August 1867. At first, services ran from Edgware to Finsbury Park, Kings Cross and, via Snow Hill tunnel, to Ludgate Hill, Blackfriars, after 1869, trains terminated at Moorgate. Services could also run from Finsbury Park via the North London Railway to Broad Street after the Canonbury-Finsbury Park link opened in 1875,21 trains a day ran to Finchley, usually in 24 minutes from Kings Cross, and 14 continued to Edgware. In 1870 the track between Finsbury Park and Finchley & Hendon was doubled in preparation for the opening of the High Barnet branch and Muswell Hill branch. Because of the rise and fall of the terrain in the area traversed by the railway. Particularly notable were the cutting in Highgate Hill in which Highgate station was constructed with tunnels on either side, the High Barnet branch opened on 1 April 1872 with two intermediate stations at Woodside Park and Totteridge & Whetstone. The line to Barnet stopped short at Underhill, south of the village located at the top of the hill. As Barnet was a village than Edgware and new residential development at Finchley grew at a faster pace than on the original line. Direct services from London ran to High Barnet and a service was operated between Finchley and Edgware for most passenger journeys on that section, which remained a single track. The Muswell Hill branch from Highgate to Alexandra Palace was constructed by a separate company, however, when the Palace burned down only two weeks after opening, the service was considerably reduced and then closed for almost two years whilst the Palace was rebuilt. Another separate company, the Watford and Edgware Railway, was established in the 1860s and had plans to build a link from the EH&LR near Edgware to Watford in Hertfordshire. By the 1900s the whole line was under pressure from overcrowding, the line was also congested with goods traffic, mostly coal and building materials. By 1903 the morning trains from Barnet were full by the time arrived at East Finchley
23.
Edgware railway station
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Edgware was a London and North Eastern Railway station located on Station Road in Edgware, north London. It was opened in 1867 and was in use as a station until 1939. The station was built as the terminus of the Edgware, Highgate. The line ran from Finsbury Park to Edgware via Highgate with branches to Alexandra Palace, the previous station on the line was Mill Hill. The line became part of the LNER in 1923 after the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies, in 1935, the London Passenger Transport Board planned to take over the line from LNER as part of the Northern Heights part of the New Works Programme. The track would be modernised for use with electric trains and amalgamated with the London Undergrounds Morden-Edgware line to form what is now the Northern line. The line was also to be extended from Edgware to Bushey Heath in Hertfordshire with three new stations at Brockley Hill, Elstree South and Bushey Heath, Works began in the late 1930s and were at an advanced stage when they were interrupted and halted by the Second World War. The section of line between Finchley Central station and Edgware was closed to services on 10 September 1939. On the Edgware branch of the line, only the works on the section from Finchley Central to Mill Hill East were completed and that section reopened with Underground services in 1941 as a one-station spur. After the war a shortage of funds and the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt led to the cancellation of the unfinished Northern line elements of the New Works Programme in 1950. Additionally, without the line, the completion of the work between Edgware and Mill Hill East was no longer needed. Edgware railway station and the tracks to Mill Hill East continued to be used for services until 1964 when it was completely closed. Today, the track has been removed and the platforms and station buildings have been demolished
24.
Northern City Line
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The Northern City Line is a branch railway in England, which runs from Moorgate to Finsbury Park in London. It is part of the Great Northern Route services and operates as the branch of the East Coast Main Line. It is underground from Moorgate to Drayton Park in Highbury from which point it runs in a cutting until joining the ECML south of Finsbury Park and its stations span northern inner districts of Greater London to the City of London, the UKs main financial centre. Built as a route with a northern terminus at Finsbury Park, reconstruction connected it to the British Rail network in 1976. It is now owned by Network Rail and served by trains operated by Great Northern from Moorgate to Welwyn Garden City. In 2016, it was proposed that all London rail services should be transferred to Transport for London to create a London Suburban Metro, bringing the line under the jurisdiction of TfL. The Great Northern & City Railway was planned to allow electrified trains to run from the Great Northern Railway, now the East Coast main line and it was originally electrified with an unusual fourth-rail system with a conductor rail outside both running rails. The GN&CR was bought in 1913 by the Metropolitan Railway, which operated what are today the Metropolitan and Hammersmith & City lines and they had plans to link it to the Circle line and to the Waterloo & City line, but these were never fulfilled. During this period, the line remained a branch, without through services to any other part of the rail network. Carriages were brought to it through a connection into a yard near Drayton Park station. The GN&CR generating station closed when the Metropolitan Railway took over, after lying derelict for many years, it was a temporary venue for the Almeida Theatre, and has since been redeveloped as apartments. The Highgate branch of the Edgware-Morden Line would connect to this network north of Highgate, after the war there were proposals to extend the Northern City Line north and south. The London Plan Working Party Report of 1949 proposed several new lines and suburban electrification schemes for London, the lower-priority routes J and K would have seen the Northern City extended to Woolwich and Crystal Palace, retaining the Northern Heights extensions to Edgware and Alexandra Palace. The lines would have run in tube tunnels south from Moorgate to Bank. The K branch would have run under Peckham to Peckham Rye, nothing came of these proposals, and the Edgware, Alexandra Palace and Crystal Palace branches were all closed to passengers in 1954. As a result, the Northern City Line remained isolated from the rest of the network, services were cut back from Finsbury Park to Drayton Park in 1964 to make room for the Victoria line to use the low-level platforms at Finsbury Park. The former Piccadilly line platforms became the northbound Piccadilly/Victoria line platforms, passengers from Moorgate to Finsbury Park took the Northern City line to Highbury and Islington and then changed onto the Victoria. By running commuter trains to Moorgate instead of Kings Cross, congestion at Kings Cross was relieved, the last London Underground services ran in October 1975 and British Rail services commenced in August 1976, replacing services to Broad Street via the city branch of the North London Line
25.
Moorgate station
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Moorgate is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station on Moorgate in the City of London. The station was opened as Moorgate Street in 1865 by the Metropolitan Railway, in 1900 the City & South London Railway added the station to its network and the Great Northern & City Railway began serving the station in 1904. In 1975 the Northern City Line platforms were the site of the Moorgate tube crash in which 43 people were killed—the worst accident in the history of the London Underground, the station has entrances on both Moorgate itself and Moorfields, which runs parallel. While the public entrances from the street access to all the train services at the station. The Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines of the Underground system all use platforms 1 and 2, for terminating trains at busy times, there are platforms 3 and 4 which are west-facing bays. Adjacent to these are platforms 5 and 6 of the former Thameslink trains service from Bedford and these are disused following the closure of the Moorgate branch from Farringdon junction as part of the Thameslink programme and are now used for the storage of permanent way material. The Northern line of the Underground uses platforms 7 and 8, national Rail services on the Northern City Line use platforms 9 and 10, which are terminal platforms. Train services run via the East Coast Main Line to Welwyn Garden City, the station was opened by the Metropolitan Railway in December 1865 when it extended its original route between Paddington and Farringdon. Increasing traffic by other companies, including traffic, led to the line between Kings Cross and Moorgate being widened to four tracks in 1868, the route was called the City Widened Lines. Suburban services from the Midland Railway ran via Kentish Town and the Great Northern Railway ran via Kings Cross, the line was extended to Angel the following year. The Northern City Line to Moorgate was opened by the Great Northern & City Railway in February 1904 offering a service to Finsbury Park, the route was constructed in tube tunnels, but they were constructed at a diameter capable of accommodating main-line trains. Moorgate station was modernised at platform level and street level in the 1960s. The realignment of the platforms enabled about 500 yd of the line to Barbican to be straightened and moved south to facilitate development of the Barbican Estate and it was the greatest loss of life on the Underground during peacetime and the worst ever train accident on the system. The cause was the failure to stop, leading the train to run into the dead end tunnel before colliding with the buffers. British Rail took over control of the Northern City Line from London Underground in 1975, the Highbury Branch of the Northern line was terminated. Services from Finsbury Park to Moorgate were diverted to the Northern City Line from the City Widened Lines the following year, traction current on the Underground lines is supplied by the standard London Underground four rail system. Trains using the deep level Northern City Line platforms are supplied with 750 V DC traction current via the third rail, signalling is Track Circuit Block, Colour light signals with tripcock mechanisms, controlled by Kings Cross PSB. The former sub surface Thameslink bay platforms were equipped with 25 kV AC overhead line equipment, signalling was Track Circuit Block, Multiple aspect colour light signals, controlled by West Hampstead PSB
26.
City of London
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The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
27.
Diameter
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In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle, both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere. In more modern usage, the length of a diameter is called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of the rather than a diameter, because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length. Both quantities can be calculated efficiently using rotating calipers, for a curve of constant width such as the Reuleaux triangle, the width and diameter are the same because all such pairs of parallel tangent lines have the same distance. For an ellipse, the terminology is different. A diameter of an ellipse is any chord passing through the midpoint of the ellipse, for example, conjugate diameters have the property that a tangent line to the ellipse at the endpoint of one of them is parallel to the other one. The longest diameter is called the major axis, the word diameter is derived from Greek διάμετρος, diameter of a circle, from διά, across, through and μέτρον, measure. It is often abbreviated DIA, dia, d, or ⌀, the definitions given above are only valid for circles, spheres and convex shapes. However, they are cases of a more general definition that is valid for any kind of n-dimensional convex or non-convex object. The diameter of a subset of a space is the least upper bound of the set of all distances between pairs of points in the subset. So, if A is the subset, the diameter is sup, if the distance function d is viewed here as having codomain R, this implies that the diameter of the empty set equals −∞. Some authors prefer to treat the empty set as a case, assigning it a diameter equal to 0. For any solid object or set of scattered points in n-dimensional Euclidean space, in medical parlance concerning a lesion or in geology concerning a rock, the diameter of an object is the supremum of the set of all distances between pairs of points in the object. In differential geometry, the diameter is an important global Riemannian invariant, the symbol or variable for diameter, ⌀, is similar in size and design to ø, the Latin small letter o with stroke. In Unicode it is defined as U+2300 ⌀ Diameter sign, on an Apple Macintosh, the diameter symbol can be entered via the character palette, where it can be found in the Technical Symbols category. The character will not display correctly, however, since many fonts do not include it. In many situations the letter ø is a substitute, which in Unicode is U+00F8 ø
28.
Metropolitan Railway
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Its first line connected the main-line railway termini at Paddington, Euston, and Kings Cross to the City. It opened to the public on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the line was soon extended from both ends, and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended to Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Electric traction was introduced in 1905 and by 1907 electric multiple units operated most of the services, unlike other railway companies in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, and after World War I promoted housing estates near the railway using the Metro-land brand. On 1 July 1933, the Met was amalgamated with the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, former Met tracks and stations are used by the London Undergrounds Metropolitan, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Piccadilly, and Jubilee lines, and by Chiltern Railways. In the first half of the 19th century the population and physical extent of London grew greatly, only Fenchurch Street station was within the City. The congested streets and the distance to the City from the stations to the north, none were successful, and the 1846 Royal Commission investigation into Metropolitan Railway Termini banned construction of new lines or stations in the built-up central area. The concept of a railway linking the City with the mainline termini was first proposed in the 1830s. Charles Pearson, Solicitor to the City, was a promoter of several schemes. The scheme was rejected by the 1846 commission, but Pearson returned to the idea in 1852 when he helped set up the City Terminus Company to build a railway from Farringdon to Kings Cross. Although the plan was supported by the City, the companies were not interested. The Bayswater, Paddington, and Holborn Bridge Railway Company was established to connect the Great Western Railways Paddington station to Pearsons route at Kings Cross, a bill was published in November 1852 and in January 1853 the directors held their first meeting and appointed John Fowler as its engineer. After successful lobbying, the company secured parliamentary approval under the name of the North Metropolitan Railway in the summer of 1853 and this dropped the City terminus and extended the route south from Farringdon to the General Post Office in St. Martins Le Grand. The route at the end was also altered so that it connected more directly to the GWR station. Permission was also sought to connect to the London and North Western Railway at Euston and to the Great Northern Railway at Kings Cross, the companys name was also to be changed again, to Metropolitan Railway. Royal assent was granted to the North Metropolitan Railway Act on 7 August 1854, construction of the railway was estimated to cost £1 million. Initially, with the Crimean War under way, the Met found it hard to raise the capital, while it attempted to raise the funds it presented new bills to Parliament seeking an extension of time to carry out the works. In July 1855, an Act to make a connection to the GNR at Kings Cross received royal assent
29.
Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway
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The Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, also known as the Piccadilly tube, was a railway company established in 1902 that constructed a deep-level underground tube railway in London. The GNP&BR was formed through a merger of two companies, the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway and the Great Northern and Strand Railway. It also incorporated part of a route planned by a third company. The combined company was a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the B&PCR and the GN&SR were established in 1896 and 1898 respectively, but construction of both railways was delayed while funding was sought. In 1902 the UERL, which controlled the DR, took control of both companies and quickly raised the funds, mainly from foreign investors. A number of different routes were planned, but most were rejected by Parliament, when it opened in 1906, the GNP&BRs line served 22 stations and ran for 14.17 kilometres between its western terminus at Hammersmith and its northern terminus at Finsbury Park. A short 720-metre branch connected Holborn to the Strand, most of the route was in a pair of tunnels, with 1.1 kilometres at the western end constructed above ground. Within the first year of opening it became apparent to the management and investors that the passenger numbers for the GNP&BR. Despite improved integration and cooperation with the tube railways, the GNP&BR struggled financially. In 1933 it and the rest of the UERL were taken into public ownership, today, the GNP&BRs tunnels and stations form the core central section of the London Undergrounds Piccadilly line. In November 1896 notice was published that a bill was to be presented to Parliament for the construction of the Brompton. The line was planned to run entirely underground between Air Street near Piccadilly Circus and the end of Exhibition Road, South Kensington. The route was to run beneath Piccadilly, Knightsbridge, Brompton Road and Thurloe Place, with stations at Dover Street, Down Street, Hyde Park Corner, Knightsbridge. A short branch to the east of the South Kensington terminus was planned to a depot south of Brompton Road at the end of Yeoman Row, following parliamentary approval, the bill received royal assent as the Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Act,1897 on 6 August 1897. The express line was to surface west of Gloucester Road and connect to the DRs existing line at Earls Court. Since, like the B&PCR, the DRs deep tube line would be operated with electric trains, the bill received assent on 6 August 1897 as the Metropolitan District Railway Act,1897. In November 1898 the Great Northern and Strand Railway was announced as a railway, to run from Wood Green to Stanhope Street. The GN&SR was backed by the Great Northern Railway, the main railway operating from Kings Cross station
30.
Alexandra Palace railway station
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Alexandra Palace railway station is in the London Borough of Haringey in north London, and is in Zone 3. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Great Northern, trains mostly go to and from Moorgate on weekdays and weekends. It is the surviving station of three that have served Alexandra Palace. Alexandra Palace, sited actually at the palace, was on the Highgate - Alexandra Palace line, just outside the station to the north is Bounds Green Depot, used for storage and maintenance of the high speed trains used on the East Coast Main Line. A line adjacent to the platforms is used by shunters moving carriages and engines around in the depot. It is proposed that the station should be a terminus on Crossrail 2, the station was opened by the Great Northern Railway on 1 May 1859 as Wood Green, being renamed to Wood Green in 1864. The GNR became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the grouping of 1923, the line then passed on to the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. The station reverted to its name of Wood Green on 18 March 1971, but was again renamed. The next GN&SR station to the south would have been Hornsey, in May 2013 it was announced that the station would be a terminus on the latest proposed route for Crossrail 2. When sectorisation was introduced, the station was served by Network South East until the privatisation of British Rail, in Autumn 2008, a new Shere FASTticket self-service ticket machine, accepting both cash and credit cards, was installed here. Oyster card readers were installed at the station during 2008 and activated on 2 January 2010 for use with the Oyster Pay As You Go System. The station has old buildings on Buckingham Road, which house a refreshment kiosk and ticket machines, with a footbridge connection to the platforms. On the platforms there are only rudimentary modern buildings for public use, on 9 December 2012 the old platforms 1 and 2 were closed for reconstruction. A temporary new platform 1 was provided to the east of the up slow line, all up trains which stop did so at this platform face. On 2 April 2013 the reconstructed platform 1 opened, on the west of the up line as before. This new platform is narrower than the former and the track has been moved to the west, the old platform 2 is permanently closed and has a fence along the edge. The up fast line now has no platform face at this station, the down fast is a through road, without a platform face. Platform 3 is used by trains on the ECML down slow line
31.
Strand, London
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Strand is a major thoroughfare in the City of Westminster, Central London. The roads name comes from the Old English strond, meaning the edge of a river, the street was popular with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House, the aristocracy moved to the West End over the 17th century, following which the Strand became well known for coffee shops, restaurants and taverns. The street was a point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century. At the east end of the street are two churches, St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. Several authors, poets and philosophers have lived on or near the Strand, including Charles Dickens, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the street has been commemorated in the song Lets All Go Down the Strand, now recognised as a typical piece of Cockney music hall. The street is the link between the two cities of Westminster and London. It runs eastward from Trafalgar Square, parallel to the River Thames, traffic travelling eastbound follows a short crescent around Aldwych, connected at both ends to the Strand. The road marks the boundary of the Covent Garden district. The name was first recorded in 1002 as strondway, then in 1185 as Stronde and it is formed from the Old English word strond, meaning the edge of a river. Initially it referred to the bank of the once much wider Thames. The name was applied to the road itself. In the 13th century it was known as Densemanestret or street of the Danes, Strand Bridge was the name given to Waterloo Bridge during its construction, it was renamed for its official opening on the second anniversary of the coalition victory in the Battle of Waterloo. London Bus routes 6,23,139 and 176 all run along the Strand, as do numerous night bus services. During Roman Britain, what is now the Strand was part of the route to Silchester, known as Iter VIII on the Antonine Itinerary, and it was briefly part of a trading town called Lundenwic that developed around 600 AD, and stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. Alfred the Great gradually moved the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, and the area returned to fields. In the Middle Ages, the Strand became the route between the separate settlements of the City of London and the royal Palace of Westminster. The landmark Eleanors Cross was built in the 13th century at the end of the Strand at Charing Cross by Edward I commemorating his wife Eleanor of Castile
32.
Charles Yerkes
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Charles Tyson Yerkes was an American financier, born in Philadelphia. He played a part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago. Yerkes was born into a Quaker family in the Northern Liberties and his mother died of puerperal fever when he was five years old and shortly thereafter his father was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying a non-Quaker. After finishing a course at Philadelphias Central High School, Yerkes began his business career at the age of 17 as a clerk in a local grain brokerage. In 1859, aged 22, he opened his own brokerage firm, by 1865 he had moved into banking and specialized in selling municipal, state, and government bonds. Relying on his bank president fathers connections, his political contacts and he was on the verge of entering Philadelphia society when disaster struck. While serving as a agent for the City of Philadelphias treasurer Joseph Marcer. This speculation ended calamitously when the Great Chicago Fire sparked a financial panic, scheming to remain out of prison, he attempted to blackmail two influential Pennsylvania politicians. Yerkes was promised a pardon if he would deny the accusations he had made and he agreed to these terms and was released after seven months in the Eastern State Penitentiary. Yerkes spent the ten years rebuilding his fortune. In 1881 Yerkes traveled to Fargo in the Dakota Territory in order to obtain a divorce from his wife of over twenty-two years, later that year, he wedded the 24-year-old Mary Adelaide Moore and moved to Chicago. He opened a stock and grain brokerage but soon involved with the citys public transportation system. However, he never achieved his ultimate goal—a monopoly of the streetcar lines. Yerkes was not averse to using bribery and blackmail to obtain his ends and he had initially intended to finance only a telescope but eventually agreed to foot the bill for an entire observatory. He contributed nearly $300,000 to the University of Chicago to establish what would become known as the Yerkes Observatory, located in Williams Bay, if Yerkes could have gotten his way, Chicago would never have had any elevated railroads. So it is no small irony that his greatest legacy to the city was The Loop—a rectangle of elevated tracks enclosing Chicagos business district, while in Chicago, Yerkes became an avid art collector. He relied upon Sarah Tyson Hallowell to advise him on his purchases, after the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893, she tried to interest him in the works of Auguste Rodin, which were part of the loan exhibitor of French art. Because the subject matter was controversial, Yerkes and other turned the works down
33.
Piccadilly line extension to Cockfosters
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The Piccadilly line extension to Cockfosters added eight new stations to the northern end of London Undergrounds Piccadilly line. The extension through north London from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters was opened in three stages between 19 September 1932 and 31 July 1933. Passengers leaving the GNP&BR and the GN&CR at Finsbury Park preferred to transfer on to trams and buses for the continuation of their journeys and this caused much inconvenience and congestion in and around the station at Finsbury Park. Calls for a solution to the congestion at Finsbury Park were frequent almost from the GNP&BRs opening, when the Inquiry reported, it recommended an extension initially only one station to Manor House. The LNER was placed in the position of either carrying out the electrification of its own services or withdrawing its veto to an extension of the Piccadilly line. A route was proposed out to rural Oakwood and Cockfosters although the Underground Group did not actually have the money to even the limited extension to Manor House. The recession of the late 1920s eventually provided the economic imperative for the construction of the extension, the government introduced the Development Act in 1930 which provided government guarantees on loans raised for construction. All the stations were designed by Charles Holden and colleagues in a modern European style, despite the Underground Groups wish to construct most of the extension on the surface, the first four stations are underground. The line surfaces at Arnos Grove before going back into tunnel to pass through a hill at Southgate, north of Southgate, the line is on the surface for the rest of the route to Cockfosters. Therefore, five of the eight stations on the extension are underground, the Subterranean Railway, How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever
34.
Cockfosters tube station
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Cockfosters is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line for which it is the northern terminus. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5 and the next station south-east is Oakwood, the station opened on 31 July 1933, the last of the stations on the extension of the line from Finsbury Park to do so and four months after Oakwood station opened. Prior to its opening, Trent Park and Cock Fosters were suggested as alternative station names, the original site hoarding displayed the name as a single word. The station was designed by Charles Holden in a modern European style using brick, glass, holdens early design sketches show the station with two towers. The trainshed roof constructed at Uxbridge in 1937-38 was built to a similar design, Cockfosters station is a Grade II listed building. The station has three tracks with platforms number 1 to 4, the track being served from both sides by platforms 2 and 3. This is an example of the so-called Spanish solution, most eastbound Piccadilly trains terminate here although some terminate at Arnos Grove or Oakwood, particularly in peak hours or in the evenings. Some trains may terminate at Wood Green, however, this is only used very early in the morning or in emergency situations. Cockfosters depot is located between Oakwood and Cockfosters and trains can access or leave it from either direction, Trent Park The London LOOP walk uses the stations foot tunnel to cross Cockfosters Road. Cockfosters tube station features prominently in the novel While England Sleeps by American author David Leavitt, one of the novels protagonists is writing a book entitled The Train to Cockfosters. London Buses routes 299,384 and 298 and night route N91 serve the station
35.
Arnos Grove tube station
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Arnos Grove is a London Underground station located in Arnos Grove in the London Borough of Enfield, London. It is on the Piccadilly line between Bounds Green and Southgate stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4, the station opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. It was the terminus of the line until services were extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933. When travelling from east of Barons Court and through Central London, the station has four platforms which face three tracks. The station was designed by architect Charles Holden, and has described as a significant work of modern architecture. On 19 February 1971, the station was Grade II listed, in 2005, the station was refurbished with the heritage features also maintained. In July 2011 Arnos Groves listed status was upgraded to Grade II*, the station was awarded with the Best Newcomer and the Best Overall Garden in the Underground in Bloom 2011 competition and also in the London in Bloom competition. The station is located in Arnos Grove, near Arnos Park on Bowes Road and it is the first surface station after the long tunnel section which starts east of Barons Court and passes through Central London. The station and surrounding neighbourhood of Arnos Grove take their names from the Arnos Grove estate, the station is part of the Arnos Grove group of stations, comprising all seven stations from Cockfosters to Turnpike Lane, and the management office for the group is in Arnos Grove station. Linked to the station by a passageway is Ash House. The Great Northern railway and its successor, the London and North Eastern Railway, for years refused consent for any extension into the suburbs of Haringey. Eventually, public opinion became strong enough to force the matter, the station was opened on 19 September 1932 as the most northerly station on the first section of the Piccadilly line extension. It was the terminus of the line until services were extended to Oakwood on 13 March 1933. Its name was chosen after public deliberation, alternatives were Arnos Park, Bowes Road, on the night of 13 October 1940, during the Blitz, a lone German aircraft dropped a single bomb on houses to the north of Bounds Green station. The destruction of the houses caused the end of the westbound platform tunnel to collapse. As a result, train services between Wood Green and Cockfosters were disrupted for two months, on 11 August 1948, a passenger train was derailed when the front and rear bogies of a carriage took different routes at a set of points at the station. On 7 July 2005, a bomb was exploded on a train travelling between Kings Cross St. Pancras and Russell Square, as a result, train services between Hyde Park Corner and Arnos Grove were disrupted until 4 August of the same year. Like the other stations Charles Holden designed for the extension, Arnos Grove was built in a modern European style using brick, glass and reinforced concrete and basic geometric shapes
36.
Northern line
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The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network, for most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. There were about 252,310,000 passenger journeys in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest line on the Underground. Despite its name, it does not serve the northernmost stations on the network, though it does serve the southernmost station, there are 50 stations on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground. An extension in the 1920s used a route planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, from the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. The C&SLR, Londons first deep-level tube railway, was built under the supervision of James Henry Greathead and it was the first of the Undergrounds lines to be constructed by boring deep below the surface and the first to be operated by electric traction. The railway opened in November 1890 from Stockwell to a station at King William Street. This was inconveniently placed and unable to cope with the traffic so, in 1900. By 1907 the C&SLR had been extended at both ends to run from Clapham Common to Euston. The CCE&HR was opened in 1907 and ran from Charing Cross via Euston and Camden Town to Golders Green and it was extended south by one stop to Embankment in 1914 to form an interchange with the Bakerloo and District lines. In 1913 the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, owner of the CCE&HR, took over the C&SLR, during the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of new tunnels, between the C&SLRs Euston station and the CCE&HRs station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HRs Embankment and C&SLRs Kennington stations and provided a new station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the diameter of the CCE&HR. In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two extensions were undertaken, northwards to Edgware in Middlesex and southwards to Morden in Surrey. The Edgware extension used plans dating back to 1901 for the Edgware and it extended the CCE&HR line from its terminus at Golders Green to Edgware in two stages, to Hendon Central in 1923 and to Edgware in 1924. The line crossed open countryside and ran on the surface, apart from a tunnel north of Hendon Central
37.
High Barnet tube station
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High Barnet is a London Underground station, and former railway station, located in Chipping Barnet in North London. The station is the terminus of the High Barnet branch of the Northern line and is in Travelcard Zone 5 and it is the northernmost station on the Northern line and is situated 10.2 miles north north-west of Charing Cross. The next station south is Totteridge & Whetstone, when trains are no longer required to run on the Northern line, they may be stabled on the sidings to the east of the station. High Barnet station was planned by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway and was opened on 1 April 1872 by the Great Northern Railway on the original site of the Barnet Faire. It was the terminus of the branch of a line ran from Finsbury Park to Edgware via Highgate. After the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies the line was, from 1923, the section of the High Barnet branch north of East Finchley was incorporated into the London Underground network through the Northern Heights project begun in the late 1930s. High Barnet station was first served by Northern line trains on 14 April 1940 and, the station still retains much of its original Victorian architectural character today, a considerable number of platform buildings dating from the pre-LT era. In the Autumn 2008, a new train crew accommodation block began construction immediately to the south west of the station in part of the car park. This accommodation was opened on 31 January 2010, there are also two accessible toilets now available. These works were completed in October 2009. Many London Buses Routes serve the station on nearby roads near High Barnet Station and this is due to the position of High Barnet Station in the surrounding steep geography of Barnet Hill
38.
Archway tube station
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Archway is a London Underground station underneath the Archway Tower, at the intersection of Holloway Road, Highgate Hill, Junction Road and Archway Road in Archway, north London. It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, the main station entrance now lies beneath Archway Tower on Junction Road while the side entrance is on Highgate Hill. The Leslie Green designed station opened on 22 June 1907, under the name Highgate faced in Greens standard ox-blood glazed brick and it was opened as one of the northern terminals of what was then the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway. On 3 July 1939, the line was extended to the Great Northern Railways station at Highgate, holdens station was replaced in the 1970s. The platform walls once featured the distinctive and elegantly simple tiling schemes used by Holden on the stations constructed at this time. Cream tiles were used throughout with the station name band formed of letter shaped tiles inset into a background of cream tiles incised to accept the lettering. Similar tiling schemes can be seen at the neighbouring Highgate station, as well as at Bethnal Green, all were built in the late 1930s/early 1940s. The tiles at Archway were replaced several years ago during retiling works, the station currently has escalators to get down to the platforms. Alternatively, passengers can use the 113 steps to get down to the platforms, the enlarged crossover tunnel remains although cable runs extend down its centre between the two tracks for most of its length. The layout of the platforms and underground passenger areas still reflect the former role as a terminus. Northern line trains operate between Morden or Kennington to Edgware, High Barnet or Mill Hill East via the Charing Cross or the Bank branch. Occasionally and during disruptions or engineering works, trains can terminate at Archway, train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3–7 minutes between 05,58 and 00,19 in both directions. London Bus routes 4,17,41,43,134,143,210,263,271,390, C11 and W5 and night routes N20 and N41 serve the station. Maps in London Overground trains, but not London Underground maps, interchange within twenty minutes is allowed between the two stations
39.
East Finchley tube station
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East Finchley is a London Underground station in East Finchley in the London Borough of Barnet, north London. The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, the station was opened in 1867 as part of the Great Northern Railways line between Finsbury Park and Edgware stations. As part of London Undergrounds only partially completed Northern Heights plan, Northern line trains started serving the station in 1939 and main line passenger services ended in 1941. East Finchley station was built by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway on its line from Finsbury Park station to Edgware station. Before the line was opened it was purchased in July 1867 by the larger Great Northern Railway, whose line from Kings Cross ran through Finsbury Park on its way to Potters Bar. The station, originally named East End, Finchley, opened along with the railway to Edgware on 22 August 1867, the station was given its current name on 1 February 1887 or 1886. After the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies, for the introduction of London Underground services, the original station was completely demolished and rebuilt. The station was provided two additional platforms, giving four in total. The platforms comprise two parallel islands with tracks on both sides and this was necessary as the intention of the Northern Heights project was that trains would be able to run south from East Finchley to Highgate via both the surface and the underground routes. The inner pair of tracks served the route, whilst the outer pair serve the tunnel route. Northern line trains first served the station on 3 July 1939, after completion of the electrification of the line to High Barnet, Underground services were extended northwards on 14 April 1940. The station continued to be served by LNER steam trains from Highgate until 2 March 1941 when that service was discontinued. The inner platforms are now used only by northbound trains entering service or southbound trains terminating at East Finchley on their way to or from Highgate Wood depot south of the station. After the war, plans to complete the Northern Heights project were reviewed, maintenance works and reconstruction of war damage on the existing network had the greatest call on London Underground funds. Funds for new works were limited and priority was given to the completion of the western and eastern extensions of the Central line to West Ruislip, Epping. Despite being shown as under construction on maps as late as 1950. British Rail freight trains continued to serve the goods yard until 1962. The new station was constructed in an Art Deco/Streamline Moderne design by Charles Holden with L H Bucknell, like Holdens other designs for London Underground in the 1930s, East Finchley station was inspired by European architecture that Holden had seen on trips to the continent during that decade
40.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
41.
British Rail
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British Railways, which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was the operator of most of the rail transport in Great Britain between 1948 and 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies and lasted until the privatisation of British Rail. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, the period of nationalisation saw sweeping changes in the national railway network. A process of dieselisation and electrification took place, and by 1968 steam locomotion had been replaced by diesel and electric traction. Passengers replaced freight as the source of business, and one-third of the network was closed by the Beeching Axe of the 1960s in an effort to reduce rail subsidies. On privatisation, responsibility for track, signalling and stations was transferred to Railtrack, the British Rail double arrow logo is formed of two interlocked arrows showing the direction of travel on a double track railway and was nicknamed the arrow of indecision. The rail transport system in Great Britain developed during the 19th century, during World War I the railways were under state control, which continued until 1921. Complete nationalisation had been considered, and the Railways Act 1921 is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, nationalisation was subsequently carried out after World War II, under the Transport Act 1947. This Act made provision for the nationalisation of the network, as part of a policy of nationalising public services by Clement Attlees Labour Government. British Railways came into existence as the name of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission on 1 January 1948 when it took over the assets of the Big Four. There were also joint railways between the Big Four and a few railways to consider. Excluded from nationalisation were industrial lines like the Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway, the London Underground – publicly owned since 1933 – was also nationalised, becoming the London Transport Executive of the British Transport Commission. The Bicester Military Railway was already run by the government, the electric Liverpool Overhead Railway was also excluded from nationalisation. The Railway Executive was conscious that some lines on the network were unprofitable and hard to justify socially, however, the general financial position of BR became gradually poorer, until an operating loss was recorded in 1955. The Executive itself had abolished in 1953 by the Conservative government. Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the time included the return of road haulage to the private sector. British Railways was divided into regions which were based on the areas the former Big Four operated in, later. Western Region of British Railways, former Great Western Railway lines, London Midland Region of British Railways, former London Midland and Scottish Railway lines in England
42.
Cross-platform interchange
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A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines at a metro station. The term originates with the London Underground, such layouts exist in other networks but are not commonly so named, in the United States, it is often referred to as a cross-platform transfer. The benefit of this design is that passengers do not need to use stairs to platform level for transfer. A cross-platform interchange arrangement may be due to the complexity of railtrack alignment. Common cross-platform interchanges allow passengers to change trains without changing to another platform and this applies at places where trains of different directions meet in minor and major hubs, but this arrangement is only found at some interchange stations in metro and other rail networks worldwide. Some railway lines, usually in more congested areas, also offer cross-platform interchanges between different categories of trains, for example between express and stopping trains. However, local–express interchanges are found in only a few networks, such as Chicago, Chengdu, London, New York City. In some, but not all, cases, the trains are coordinated in the timetable, in the case, the cross-platform infrastructure offers the possibility of easily changing trains, independently from the waiting time for the second train. This concept is used in Dutch, German, and Swiss railway networks. Most advanced are coordinated cross-platform interchanges wherein interconnected trains also wait for other to guarantee scheduled interchanges. In practice, most railways coordinating cross-platform interchanges define a certain waiting time window for each guaranteed interchange, some railway operators will briefly delay train departure signals to allow imminently arriving passengers time to interchange. For example, the Vienna U-Bahn metro signals train drivers to wait briefly, in most cases, only cross-platform interchanges used for both directions of travel are listed, with some exceptions. Further, cross-platform connections are offered at Amstel station between metro lines 51,53,54 and suburban services of Netherlands Railways, at Newmarket Station, there are three lines serving two island platforms. Western Line services use the line allowing cross-platform interchange with Southern Line services which use the outer lines. Guogongzhuang station offers cross-platform interchange between Line 9 and Fangshan Line, national Library Station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 9 and 4. In addition Nanluoguxiang station, Zhuxinzhuang Station and Beijing West Railway Station offer cross-platform interchange, Berlin metro services offer cross-platform connections at Mehringdamm, Nollendorfplatz and Wittenbergplatz metro stations. Additionally, Wuhletal station offers cross-platform interchanges between lines S5 of Berlin suburban rail and U5 of Berlin metro, a part of one of the U5 tunnels is used by Berlin firefighters for fire and rescue training in a metro tunnel with an original train taken out-of-service. Similar provisions were made at Schloßstraße metro station for cross-platform interchanges between line U9 and a never realised line U10
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Walthamstow Central station
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Walthamstow Central /ˈwɔːlθəmstoʊ, ˈwɒl-/ is a railway station located in Walthamstow, London, and served by both London Underground and London Overground services. It is the terminus of the Victoria line, and is on the Chingford Line of the London Overground. It is a walk from Walthamstow Queens Road station by means of a dedicated footpath known as Ray Dudley Way. On 31 May 2015, services on the Chingford Line transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to London Overground. The station was opened by the Great Eastern Railway in 1870 when a line was opened from Lea Bridge to a station called Shern Hall Street which was east of the Hoe Street station. The line that the Chingford branch uses today was opened two years later in 1872 with the branch being extended later to Chingford in 1873, the GER was taken over by the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923. On 29–30 May 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway put on an exhibition in the station yard. The exhibits were, Class A3 4-6-2 No.2744 Grand Parade Class A4 4-6-2 No.2512 and 4482 Golden Eagle Class P1 2-8-2 No, in 1948 the railways were nationalised and responsibility for operating the station fell to British Railways. The line was electrified in the late 1950s with electric services commencing on 12 November 1960, early services were formed of Class 305 EMUs but initial technical problems with these saw replacements by Class 302 and Class 304 EMUs. The station became a station and the eastern terminus of the Victoria line with London Underground services starting on 1 September 1968. The stations present name was changed at this time, the platforms for the Victoria line are actually underground. On 31 May 2015 the stations Abellio Greater Anglia services were transferred to London Overground Rail Operations, the up-side station building is a remarkably well preserved example of a mid-Victorian country station. The underground station, like many stations on the Victoria line, was never completely finished, white ceiling panels were never fixed to the ceilings above the platforms, instead the steel tunnel segments were painted black and used to support the fixtures and fittings. This has had an effect on the lighting levels. The main entrance to the station is on the down side and is opposite the local bus station. Until August 2015, there were three staffed ticket windows, leaving only a number of machines to serve the majority of the traffic that enters the station. The entrance to the tube was revamped in early 2006, there is a smaller entrance and ticket office on the up line, providing convenient access to the car park, however, the ticket office here is normally unstaffed outside peak hours. A subway was built in 2005 under the busy Selborne Road linking a new bus station with a new Victoria line ticket office, the subway and ticket office were finally opened on 19 November 2007, albeit without the completion of the new lifts and with unfinished building work
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Highbury & Islington station
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Highbury & Islington is a London Underground and National Rail interchange station in the London Borough of Islington, north London. It is served by the London Undergrounds Victoria line, London Overgrounds East and North London Lines, on the Victoria line the station is between Finsbury Park and Kings Cross St. Pancras. On the Northern City Line it is between Essex Road and Drayton Park,2 miles 21 chains down-line from Moorgate, the station is in Travelcard Zone 2. The current station derives from two earlier stations, the first, which was on the same site, was an impressive Victorian-gothic building, designed by Edwin Henry Horne, with a drive-in forecourt, built in 1850 as Islington by the North London Railway. This line and stations were operated by the Metropolitan Railway and its successors from 1913 until 1975 when the line, the route is now operated by Great Northern. The NLR station was damaged by a V-1 flying bomb on 27 June 1944, however, the original westbound platform buildings remain, as does a small part of the original entrance to the left of the present station entrance. Todays single-storey structure was built in the 1960s for the opening of the Victoria line on 1 September 1968 and is the entrance for all lines, when the escalators to the deep level platforms were opened the GN&CR station building was closed. Its disused entrance remains and was refurbished externally in 2006 – it houses signalling equipment for the Victoria line, former train operating company Anglia Railways ran services known as London Crosslink from Norwich to Basingstoke via Stratford, which called at Highbury & Islington. This service operated from 2000 until 2002, during this closure, the Highbury & Islington station ticket hall was extended and step-free access installed to all of the London Overground platforms. Platforms 1 and 2, which served the NLL route on third rail lines were closed from February 2010 for reconstruction. The change of platforms allows ELL services to operate without having to cross over NLL tracks, when the ELL extension to Clapham Junction was first instituted in December 2012, trains ran through to there from this station throughout the week. From the December 2014 timetable change though, they only do so on Sundays with West Croydon the second destination served alongside Crystal Palace on weekdays & Saturdays, platforms 3 to 6 are deep-level platforms. Platforms 3 and 5 are used for services on the Victoria line,4 and 6 are used for Great Northern services, all times below are correct as of May 2016. Mondays to Fridays there is a service approximately every 7–8 minutes throughout the morning and evening peaks, on Saturdays the service is approximately every 10 minutes. Sunday services have now resumed and are similar in frequency to the services on Saturdays, prior to December 2015, weekend and evening services were diverted to Kings Cross from Finsbury Park. Northbound trains run alternately to Welwyn Garden City and to Hertford North, with extensions to Letchworth on weekdays. Westbound there is a service every 2–5 minutes all day, all week, eastbound there are services every 2–8 minutes all day, all week. London Buses routes 4,19,30,43,271,277 and 393 and night routes N19 and N41 serve the station
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Piccadilly line
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The Piccadilly line /ˌpɪkəˈdɪli/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fourth busiest line on the Underground network on the basis of the number of passengers transported per year with 210,000,000. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1, with a number of surface sections and it is named after the road above it between Hyde Park Corner and Piccadilly Circus. Some of its stations are shared with the District line and some are shared with the Metropolitan line and it is the second longest line on the system, after the Central line, and has the second most stations, after the District line. The GN&SRs and B&PCRs separate routes were linked with a section between Piccadilly Circus and Holborn. A section of the District Railways scheme for a tube line between South Kensington and Earls Court was also added in order to complete the route. When the GNP&BR was formally opened on 15 December 1906, the line ran from the Great Northern Railways station at Finsbury Park to the District Railways station at Hammersmith. On 30 November 1907, the branch from Holborn to the Strand opened. In 1905, plans were made to extend it the distance south under the River Thames to Waterloo. Although built with twin tunnels, single track shuttle operation became the norm on the branch from 1918 on, on 1 July 1910 the GNP&BR and the other UERL-owned tube railways were merged by private Act of Parliament to become the London Electric Railway Company. On 10 December 1928, a rebuilt Piccadilly Circus station was opened, There had been deputations made to Parliament asking for an early extension of the line either towards Tottenham and Edmonton or towards Wood Green and Palmers Green. The early 1930s was a time of recession, and in order to relieve unemployment, government capital was made available, the chief features of the scheme were an extension northwards from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. However, a Ventilation station, in architectural style to tube stations of the time was provided at the site. There was also opposition from the London and North Eastern Railway to the line. The extension began from Finsbury Park to a point a little south of Arnos Grove, a Parliamentary report of 1919 recommended through running to Richmond and Ealing. By the end of the 1920s the priority had shifted to serving the areas around Hounslow and north, construction of the linking sections started in 1930, and the services opened as follows. To Uxbridge, the District Railway had operated services to Uxbridge since 1910 and this influence can be seen in the bold vertical and horizontal forms, which were combined with the use of traditional materials like brick. Many of these Holden-designed station are listed buildings and this idea was eventually rejected due to the inconvenience to passengers that would have been caused during rebuilding, as well as the costs of the new tunnels
27.07 million[2]
6.430 million[3]
6.430 million[3]
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