The First Battle of the Stronghold was the second battle in the Modoc War of 1872–1873. The battle was fought between the United States Army under Lieutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton and a band of the Na
Modocs defending Stronghold
Captain Jack's cave at the Stronghold
Modocs Scalping and Torturing Prisoners, an 1873 wood engraving
Shacknasty Jim
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Shacknasty Jim was a Modoc warrior and the leader of the Hot Creek band. His nickname is a corruption of a Modoc name meaning Left-handed Man. His brothers, Jake and Shacknasty Frank, fought under him
First Battle of the Stronghold
…to the lava beds in what is now Lava Beds National Monument, California. Their band included women and children. There they joined a Modoc band led by Shacknasty Jim from Hot Creek, who had not been involved in the Lost River action. The Modoc were encamped at a natural fortress of caves and trenches 300 yards (270…
Shacknasty Jim California Historical Society