1.
Federal Hall
–
It was also where the United States Bill of Rights was introduced in the First Congress. The building was demolished in 1812, Federal Hall National Memorial was built in 1842 as the United States Custom House, on the site of the old Federal Hall on Wall Street, and later served as a sub-Treasury building. It is now operated by the National Park Service as a memorial commemorating the historic events that occurred there. The original structure on the site was built as New Yorks second City Hall in 1699 -1703, on Wall Street, in 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was defined in the Bill of Rights. In October 1765, delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. After the American Revolution, the City Hall served as the place for the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. In 1788, the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles LEnfant and this was the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States. It was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution in 1789 and he was inaugurated on the balcony of the building on April 30,1789. Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall, part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial. The current structure, one of the best surviving examples of architecture in New York, was built as the first purpose-built U. S. Custom House for the Port of New York, designed by John Frazee, it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble and took more than a decade to complete. In 1862, Customs moved to 55 Wall Street and the served as one of six United States Sub-Treasury locations. Millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults until the Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920. In 1882, John Quincy Adams Wards bronze George Washington statue was erected on its front steps, in 1920, a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as the Wall Street bombing. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged, a famous photograph of the event shows the destruction and effects of the bombing, but also shows the statue of Washington standing stoically in the face of chaos. The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26,1939, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. Federal Hall was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21,1965, held just four blocks from the World Trade Center site, the meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790
Federal Hall
–
The former United States Customs House
Federal Hall
–
Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by
Amos Doolittle, depicting Washington's April 30, 1789 inauguration
Federal Hall
–
Archibald Robertson’s "View up Wall Street" with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York City, from around 1798
Federal Hall
–
George Washington in front of Federal Hall National Memorial
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
3.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
4.
George Washington
–
George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
George Washington
–
George Washington by
Gilbert Stuart, 1797
George Washington
–
Washington's birthplace
George Washington
–
Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)
George Washington
–
A
mezzotint of
Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by
Wollaston
5.
Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)
–
Robert R Livingston was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat from New York, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was known as The Chancellor, after the high New York state legal office he held for 25 years and he was a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, along with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Roger Sherman. Livingston was the eldest son of Judge Robert Livingston and Margaret Beekman Livingston and he had nine brothers and sisters, all of whom wed and made their homes on the Hudson River near the family seat at Clermont Manor. Livingston graduated from Kings College, renamed Columbia University following the American Revolution, Livingston was known for continually quarreling with his relatives. Livingston was appointed Recorder of New York City in October 1773 and he was a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, although he was recalled by his state before he could sign the final version of the document. However, he sent his cousin, Philip Livingston, to sign the document in his place, in 1777-1801, Livingston was the first Chancellor of New York, then the highest judicial officer in the state. He became universally known as The Chancellor, retaining the title as a nickname even after he left the office, Livingston was also U. S. Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1781 to 1783 under the Articles of Confederation. In 1789 as Chancellor of New York, Livingston administered the oath of office to George Washington at Federal Hall in New York City. In 1789 Livingston joined the Jeffersonian Republicans, in opposition to his former colleagues John Jay and he formed an uneasy alliance with his previous rival George Clinton, along with Aaron Burr, then a political newcomer. He opposed the Jay Treaty and other Federalist initiatives, in 1798 Livingston ran for Governor of New York on the Democratic-Republican ticket, but was defeated by incumbent Governor John Jay. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804, Livingston negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, after the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this memorable statement, We have lived long but this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The United States take rank this day among the first powers of the world, in 1811 Fulton and Livingston became members of the Erie Canal Commission. Livingston was a Freemason, and in 1784 he was appointed the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York, the Grand Lodges library in Manhattan bears his name. The Bible Livingston used to administer the oath of office to President Washington is owned by St. John’s Lodge No. 1, and is used today when the Grand Master is sworn in, and, by request. After his death, Livingston was buried at St. James Episcopal Churchyard in Hyde Park, the engraved image of Livingston is taken from a Gilbert Stuart oil painting of 1794. Review of a 1960 biography by George Dangerfield Livingston County, Kentucky, the Robert Livingston high rise building at 85 Livingston St. in Brooklyn, NY is named for him. In the 2008 HBO miniseries, John Adams, Livingston is portrayed by actor Alex Draper, Livingston also appears in the Broadway musical 1776, where he is appointed to the committee for drafting the Declaration of Independence
Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)
–
Robert Livingston
Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)
–
Of the five figures standing in the center of
John Trumbull 's 1817 painting
Declaration of Independence,
Thomas Jefferson is depicted in front of the
Committee of Five, presenting the draft Declaration to the
Second Continental Congress standing next to
Benjamin Franklin. The three prominent figures standing just behind them are, from left to right,
John Adams,
Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston.
Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)
–
Robert Livingston Issue of 1904
Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)
–
Map of Louisiana Purchase Issue of 1904
6.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
Vice President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Joe Biden since January 20, 2009
Vice President of the United States
–
Vice Presidential seal
Vice President of the United States
–
John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his
predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.
Vice President of the United States
–
President
Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the
assassination of President
John Kennedy.
7.
John Adams
–
John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father and he was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail. He collaborated with his cousin, revolutionary leader Samuel Adams, Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, where he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, as a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams was the author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory. Adamss credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washingtons vice president and also his own election in 1796 as the second president. In his single term as president, he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans, as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army, the major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamiltons opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is often called the father of the American Navy and he was the first U. S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House. In 1800, Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson and retired to Massachusetts and he eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latters own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years. He and his wife established a family of politicians, diplomats, Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. He died on the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Modern historians in the aggregate have favorably ranked his administration, John Adams was born on October 30,1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. Adams birthplace was then in Braintree, Massachusetts, and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park, Adams mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregationalist deacon, a farmer, a cordwainer, the Deacon also served as a selectman and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship, though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his familys heritage of reverence. Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams Puritan ancestors believed they lived in the Bible, England under the Stuarts was Egypt, they were Israel fleeing
John Adams
–
John Adams
John Adams
–
Adams' birthplace in
Quincy, Massachusetts
John Adams
–
Mrs. Abigail Smith Adams – 1766 Portrait by Benjamin Blythe
John Adams
–
John Adams – 1766 Portrait by Benjamin Blyth
8.
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The
White House in
Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
–
1
List of Presidents of the United States
–
2
9.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
10.
United States presidential inauguration
–
The inauguration of the President of the United States is a ceremony to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States. This ceremony takes place for new presidential term, even if the president is continuing in office for a second term. Since 1937, it has taken place on January 20, which is 72 to 78 days after the November presidential election, the term of a president commences at noon on that day, when the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president. However, when January 20 falls on a Sunday, the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president on that day privately and then again in a ceremony the next day, on Monday. The most recent presidential inauguration ceremony was the swearing in of Donald Trump to a term of office on Friday. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to an event, including parades. Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, the ceremony has held at the west front of the United States Capitol. Other swearing-in ceremonies have taken place at the Capitols east portico, inside the Old Senate Chamber, the House chamber, additionally, on two occasions—in 1817 and 1945—they were held at other locations in Washington, D. C. Although the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the oath of office. Since 1789, the oath has been administered at 58 scheduled public inaugurations, by 15 chief justices, one associate justice, when a new president assumed office under these circumstances the inauguration is kept low key, and conducted without pomp or fanfare. The first inauguration, that of George Washington, took place on April 30,1789, all subsequent inaugurations from 1793 until 1933, were held on March 4, the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U. S. The exception to this pattern being those years in when March 4 fell on a Sunday, when it did, the public inauguration ceremony would take place on Monday, March 5. This happened on four occasions, in,1821,1849,1877, Inauguration Day moved to January 20, beginning in 1937, following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, where it has remained since. A similar Sunday exception and move to Monday is made around this date as well, there is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees or students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. Most presidential inaugurations since 1801 have been held in Washington D. C. at the Capitol Building, prior inaugurations were held, first at Federal Hall in New York City, and then at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each city was, at the time, the nations capital, the location for James Monroes 1817 swearing in was moved to the Old Brick Capitol in Washington due to on-going restoration work at the Capitol building following the War of 1812. Three other inaugurations—Franklin D. Roosevelts fourth, Harry S. Trumans first, Presidential inaugurations have traditionally been outdoor public ceremonies. Andrew Jackson, in 1829, was the first of 35 held on the east front of the Capitol
United States presidential inauguration
–
Presidential inauguration at the western front of the
U.S. Capitol (
Barack Obama, 2009)
United States presidential inauguration
–
Presidential inauguration at the eastern front of the U.S. Capitol (
Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965)
United States presidential inauguration
–
Inauguration Day 2005: President
George W. Bush and First Lady
Laura Bush lead the inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House
United States presidential inauguration
–
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, 1905
11.
Executive branch of the United States government
–
The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
Executive branch of the United States government
–
The
United States Capitol is the
seat of government for Congress.
Executive branch of the United States government
–
Great Seal of the United States
Executive branch of the United States government
–
Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union, 1862.
12.
Constitution of the United States
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
Constitution of the United States
–
Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
Constitution of the United States
–
Signing the Constitution, September 17, 1787
Constitution of the United States
–
Territorial extent of the United States, 1790.
Constitution of the United States
–
"We the People" in an original edition
13.
Congress of the Confederation
–
A unicameral body with legislative and executive function, it comprised delegates appointed by the legislatures of the several states. Each state delegation had one vote, the membership of the Second Continental Congress automatically carried over to the Congress of the Confederation when the latter was created by the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. It had the secretary as the Second Continental Congress, namely Charles Thomson. The Congress of the Confederation opened in the last stages of the American Revolution, combat ended in October 1781, with the surrender of the British after the Siege and Battle of Yorktown. The British, however, continued to occupy New York City, while the American delegates in Paris, named by the Congress and this formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies, which on July 4,1776, had declared independence. On March 1,1781, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, as historian Edmund Burnett wrote, There was no new organization of any kind, not even the election of a new President. The Congress still called itself the Continental Congress, some modern historians would later refer to the Continental Congress after the ratification of the Articles as the Congress of the Confederation or the Confederation Congress. The Congress had little power and without the threat of a war against the British. Nonetheless the Congress still managed to pass important laws, most notably the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the War of Independence saddled the country with an enormous debt. In 1784, the total Confederation debt was nearly $40 million, of that sum, $8 million was owed to the French and Dutch. Of the domestic debt, government bonds, known as loan-office certificates, composed $11.5 million, certificates on interest indebtedness $3.1 million, the certificates were non-interest bearing notes issued for supplies purchased or impressed, and to pay soldiers and officers. Rhode Island and Virginia rejected the 1781 impost plan while New York rejected the 1783 revised plan, without revenue, except for meager voluntary state requisitions, Congress could not even pay the interest on its outstanding debt. Meanwhile, the states failed, or refused, to meet the requisitions requested of them by Congress. The Confederation Congress itself endorsed the Call and issued one on its own further inviting the states to send delegates. After meeting in secret all summer in the Old Pennsylvania State House now having acquired the nickname and new title of Independence Hall, from the famous action here eleven years earlier. The Confederation Congress received and submitted the new Constitution document to the states, the Congress of the Confederation continued to conduct business for another month after setting the various dates. Pell oversaw the meeting and adjourned the Congress sine die, rather than having a fixed capital, the Congress of the Confederation met in numerous locations which may be considered United States capitals. The Congress of the Confederation initially met at the Old Pennsylvania State House, party Politics in the Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
–
The
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Congress of the Confederation
14.
Federal government of the United States
–
The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
Federal government of the United States
–
The
United States Capitol is the
seat of government for Congress.
Federal government of the United States
–
Great Seal of the United States
Federal government of the United States
–
Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union, 1862.
15.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
–
Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
16.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
17.
Quorum
–
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised, the requirement for a quorum is protection against totally unrepresentative action in the name of the body by a small number of persons. The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, of whom, genitive plural of qui, as a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin formation. Each assembly determines the number of members constitutes a quorum in its governing documents. The quorum may also be set by law, in the absence of such a provision, a quorum in an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership. In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, in a mass meeting or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting. In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise, the board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power. In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided, in online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually present. The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination, an example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as present if enough members state that they are present at the designated meeting time. The chair of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present, in addition, any member can raise a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum. When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions, in legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum. This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power, when a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in, the arrested members may be charged a fee. In the United States Senate, the procedure was used in the morning hours of February 25,1988. Byrds motion was approved 45-3 and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans, after a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open, Packwood was carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers and sustained bruised knuckles
Quorum
–
Vote cast against
Themistocles; a quorum of 6,000 was required for
ostracism under the
Athenian democracy, according to
Plutarch; a similar quorum was necessary in the following century for grants of
citizenship
18.
Electoral College (United States)
–
Citizens of the United States vote in each state at a general election to choose a slate of electors pledged to vote for a partys candidate. The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president, each state chooses electors, amounting in number to that states combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, the Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College, all states except Maine and Nebraska and California before 1913 have chosen electors on a winner-take-all basis since the 1880s. Under the winner-take-all system, the electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska use the congressional district method, selecting one elector within each district by popular vote. Although no elector is required by law to honor their pledge. If no person receives a majority of votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president. The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, the Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election, however once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive, the right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States, and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections, the Convention approved the Committees Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6,1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, in The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government, Congress would have two houses, the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes, alexander Hamilton in Federalist No.68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only and this avoided a party-run legislature, or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained the election was to place among all the states. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, Hamilton argued, electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public
Electoral College (United States)
–
Certificate for the electoral vote for
Rutherford B. Hayes and
William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
Electoral College (United States)
–
Electoral College map showing the results of the
2012 U.S. presidential election. President
Barack Obama (
D -
IL) won the popular vote in 26 states and the
District of Columbia (denoted in blue) to capture 332 electoral votes. Former Governor
Mitt Romney (
R -
MA) won the popular vote in 24 states (denoted in red) to capture 206 electoral votes.
19.
Joint session of the United States Congress
–
Joint sessions and meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House and take place at the House chamber. However, the Constitution requires the Vice President to preside over the counting of electoral votes, the speech is modeled on the Speech from the Throne, given by the British monarch. There is a difference, however. The President is the author of his own State of the Union message. Written reports were standard until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson reestablished the practice of attending to deliver the speech. Few Presidents have deviated from this custom since, the Twelfth Amendment mandates that the Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. The session is ordinarily required to place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors. Since the Twentieth Amendment, the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election, in elections before 1936, the outgoing Congress counted the electoral votes. The meeting is held at 1,00 p. m. Eastern time in the Chamber of the U. S. House of Representatives. The sitting Vice President is expected to preside, but in cases the President pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings instead. The Vice President and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium, Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each states certified vote and place them on tables in front of the Senators and Representatives. Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote, relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state, in alphabetical order. Members of Congress can object to any states vote count, provided that the objection is supported by at least one member of house of Congress. Bush of Texas and the Vice President of the United States, if there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer declares the result of the vote and states who is elected President and Vice President. The Senators then depart from the House Chamber, in addition to State of the Union Addresses, inaugurals and counting of electoral votes, Joint Sessions usually fall into one of several topics. Foreign heads of state and heads of government from 48 countries have addressed joint meetings of Congress more than a hundred times, Israel, the United Kingdom, and France lead the list with eight joint meeting addresses by heads of state or dignitaries. Other leading countries are, Mexico, Italy, Ireland, South Korea, Germany, including West Germany and unified Germany, India, Canada, Australia, Argentina, and the Philippines. Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill have each made three joint addresses to Congress, more than any other foreign dignitaries
Joint session of the United States Congress
–
United States Congress Joint Session
Joint session of the United States Congress
–
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20.
Mount Vernon
–
Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince Georges County, the Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washingtons great-grandfather in 1674. In 1739 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who came into possession of the estate in 1754, the mansion is built of wood in a loose Palladian style, and was constructed by George Washington in stages between 1758 and 1778. It occupies the site of an earlier, smaller house built by George Washingtons father Augustine and it remained Washingtons country home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, under the ownership of successive generations of the family. Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War, Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies Association, allowing the public to see the estate is not an innovation, but part of a 200-year-old tradition started by George Washington himself. In 1794 he wrote, I have no objection to any sober or orderly persons gratifying their curiosity in viewing the buildings, Gardens, when George Washingtons ancestors acquired the estate, it was known as Little Hunting Creek Plantation, after the nearby Little Hunting Creek. Vernon had been Lawrences commanding officer in the British Royal Navy, when George Washington inherited the property, he retained the name. The current property consists of 500 acres, the main buildings, the present house was built in phases from 1758, by an unknown architect, on the site of the Washingtons former farmhouse. This staggered and unplanned evolution is indicated by the main door. As completed and seen today, the house is in a loose Palladian style, the principal block, dating from 1758, is a two-storied corps de logis flanked by two single-story secondary wings, built in 1775. These secondary wings, which house the hall on the northern side. The corps de logis and secondary wings have hipped roofs with dormers, the rooms at Mount Vernon have mostly been restored to their appearance at the time of George and Martha Washingtons occupancy. These rooms include Washingtons study, two dining rooms, the West Parlour, the Front Parlour, the kitchen and some bedrooms, instead they range from severe Palladianism to a finer and later neoclassicism in the style of Robert Adam. This varying of the style is best exemplified in the doorcases. Today, visitors to Mount Vernon are shown Washingtons study, a room to which in the century only a privileged few were granted entrée. It is a furnished room Washington used as a combined bathroom, dressing room and office
Mount Vernon
–
Mount Vernon Estate, Virginia
Mount Vernon
–
In classic Palladian style, on the western side, the main house is flanked by advancing, single-story secondary wings creating a cour d'honneur.
Mount Vernon
–
The eastern facade, facing the Potomac
Mount Vernon
–
Mount Vernon (1796) with the Washington family on the terrace (
Benjamin Henry Latrobe)
21.
John Langdon (politician)
–
John Langdon was a politician from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, signed the United States Constitution, as a member of the Continental Congress Langdon was an early supporter of the Revolutionary War. He later served in United States Congress for 12 years, including as the first president pro tempore of the Senate and he turned down a nomination for Vice Presidential candidate in 1812. Langdons father was a farmer and local ship builder whose family had emigrated to America before 1660 from Sheviock, Caradon. The Langdons were among the first to settle near the mouth of the Piscataqua River, Langdon attended the local grammar school run by a veteran of the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg against the French at Fortress Louisbourg in New France. After finishing his education, he served an apprenticeship as a clerk. He and his brother, Woodbury Langdon, rejected the opportunity to join in their fathers successful agricultural livelihood. By age 22, Langdon was captain of a ship called the Andromache. Four years later he owned his first merchantman, and would continue over time to acquire a fleet of vessels engaging in the triangle trade between Portsmouth, the Caribbean, and London. His older brother was more successful in international trade. British control of the shipping industries greatly hurt Langdons business, motivating him to become a vigorous and he served on the New Hampshire Committee of Correspondence and a nonimportation committee, and also attended various Patriot assemblies. In 1774, he participated in the seizure and confiscation of British munitions from Fort William, Langdon served as a member of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776. In 1777, he equipped an expedition against the British, participating in the Battle of Bennington and commanding Langdons Company of Light Horse Volunteers at Saratoga, in 1784 he built at Portsmouth the mansion now known as the Governor John Langdon House. Langdon was elected to two terms as President of New Hampshire, once between 1785 and 1786 and again between 1788 and 1789. He was a member of the Congress of the Confederation in 1787 and became a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Langdon was elected to the U. S. Senate and served from March 4,1789, to March 3,1801. He was elected the first President pro tempore of the Senate on April 6,1789, in 1798, Langdon assisted Oney Judge to evade Burwell Bassett, the nephew of George and Martha Washington, who had intended to kidnap Judge and return her to slavery with the Washingtons. Langdon later served as a member of the New Hampshire Legislature, in 1808, his niece, Catherine Whipple Langdon, married Edmund Roberts. Langdon declined the nomination to be a candidate for Vice President with James Madison in 1812 and he died in Portsmouth in 1819 and was interred at the Langdon Tomb in the North Cemetery
John Langdon (politician)
–
John Langdon
John Langdon (politician)
–
Governor John Langdon House at Portsmouth, New Hampshire
John Langdon (politician)
–
Convention President
22.
New Hampshire
–
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests
New Hampshire
–
Shaded relief map of New Hampshire
New Hampshire
–
Flag
New Hampshire
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Mount Adams (5,774 ft or 1,760 m) is part of New Hampshire's
Presidential Range.
New Hampshire
–
Lake Winnipesaukee and the
Ossipee Mountains
23.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
Incumbent
Orrin Hatch since January 6, 2015
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
Benjamin Wade came within one vote of being the first president pro tempore to succeed to the
presidency after the
impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
Hubert Humphrey (D-
Minnesota) was the first Deputy President pro tempore in 1977–1978
24.
David Humphreys (soldier)
–
A poet and author, he was one of the Hartford Wits. He was the youngest of five children of the Rev. Daniel, Humphreys father was parson of the church from 1733, the year after he graduated from Yale, to 1787—a run of 54 years. Daniel Humphreys was the husband of Sarah Riggs Bowers, known in Derby as Lady Humphreys for her dignity and refinement of character. As a boy, Humphreys was passionately fond of books and his father prepared both him and his brother, Daniel, for his own alma mater, Yale College, and entered both of them there. David was 15 years old when he entered the school and 19 when he graduated in 1771 with distinguished honors, while at Yale, he founded the Brothers in Unity, a debating society which came to prominence in the 1800s. Among his college friends were Timothy Dwight IV, who became one of Yales great presidents, John Trumbull, poet and lawyer. After graduation, Humphreys became principal at the school in Wethersfield. He then worked as a tutor for the youngest of the 11 children of Col. Frederick Philipse at the Philipse Manor house in what is now Yonkers, Philipse was a prominent and outspoken Tory—which only roused the tutors Patriot leanings. In 1774 Humphreys returned to New Haven, received a master of arts degree from Yale and was offered a position as an instructor and he instead taught part-time at a private school run by his brother, Daniel, in New Haven. In July 1776, Humphreys enlisted in the Continental Army as an adjutant in the 2nd Connecticut Regiment. The regiment consisted of companies of Derby men. He later saw action in the following the burning of Danbury, Connecticut and in a later raid on Sag Harbor. Humphreys was detailed to report the success directly to General Washington in New Jersey and it was probably the first meeting, between the two. Humphreys was promoted to captain and major and he served on the staffs of General Parsons, Israel Putnam and Nathanael Greene. On June 23,1780, Humphreys was appointed aide-de-camp of Washingtons headquarters staff, after the Battle of Yorktown, Washington entrusted the surrendered British colors, along with the generals report on the battle, to Humphreys and another aide for delivery to Congress. The sword was presented in 1786 by Gen. Henry Knox, Humphreys was also commissioned a lieutenant-colonel, with his commission backdated to his appointment as an aide to Washington. When Washington resigned his commission and presented himself before Congress, Humphreys was one of two aides who accompanied him into the chamber, Humphreys then traveled with Washington and Martha Washington back to Mount Vernon. Washington later recommended to Congress that it appoint Humphreys secretary of foreign affairs, after the war, Humphreys became an Original Member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati
David Humphreys (soldier)
–
Col. David Humphreys, painted by
Gilbert Stuart.
Yale University Art Gallery
David Humphreys (soldier)
–
In John Trumbull's "Washington Resigning His Commission," a painting in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda, Humphreys is shown standing immediately behind Washington, in the same uniform and almost as tall as the general.
David Humphreys (soldier)
–
The David Humphreys home, built in 1698, is now maintained by the Derby Historical Society. It is located at 37 Elm Street, Ansonia, CT.
David Humphreys (soldier)
–
Signpost for the David Humphreys home at 37 Elm St., Ansonia, CT.
25.
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria is an independent city in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 139,966, and in 2015, located along the western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately 7 miles south of downtown Washington, D. C. Like the rest of Northern Virginia, as well as Central Maryland, one of Alexandrias largest employers is the U. S. Department of Defense. Another is the Institute for Defense Analyses, in 2005, the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved to Alexandria. The historic center of Alexandria is known as Old Town, with its concentration of boutiques, restaurants, antique shops and theaters, it is a major draw for all who live in Alexandria as well for visitors. Like Old Town, many Alexandria neighborhoods are compact and walkable and it is the 7th largest and highest-income independent city in Virginia. In 1920, Virginias General Assembly voted to incorporate what had been Alexandria County as Arlington County to minimize confusion, on October 21,1669 a patent granted 6,000 acres to Robert Howsing for transporting 120 people to the Colony of Virginia. That tract would become the City of Alexandria. Virginias comprehensive Tobacco Inspection Law of 1730 mandated that all grown in the colony must be brought to locally designated public warehouses for inspection before sale. One of the sites designated for a warehouse on the upper Potomac River was at the mouth of Hunting Creek, however, the ground proved to be unsuitable, and the warehouse was built half a mile up-river, where the water was deep near the shore. They intended to trade into the interior of America. The best location was Hunting Creek tobacco warehouse, since the water could easily accommodate sailing ships. Many local tobacco planters, however, wanted a new town further up Hunting Creek, around 1746, Captain Philip Alexander II moved to what is south of present Duke Street in Alexandria. His estate, which consisted of 500 acres, was bounded by Hunting Creek, Hooffs Run, the Potomac River, and approximately the line which would become Cameron Street. The petition was introduced by Lawrence Washington, the representative for Fairfax County and, more importantly, the son-in-law of William Fairfax, since the river site was amidst his estate, Philip opposed the idea and strongly favored a site at the head of Hunting Creek. It has been said that in order to avoid a predicament the petitioners offered to name the new town Alexandria, as a result, Philip and his cousin Captain John Alexander gave land to assist in the development of Alexandria, and are thus listed as the founders. This John was the son of Robert Alexander II, on May 2,1749, the House of Burgesses approved the river location and ordered Mr. A Public Vendue was advertised for July, and the county surveyor laid out street lanes and town lots. The auction was conducted on July 13–14,1749, the name Belhaven was used in official lotteries to raise money for a Church and Market House, but it was never approved by the legislature and fell out of favor in the mid-1750s
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Alexandria with Washington and Arlington in the distance
Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Map of Alexandria County (1878), including what is now
Arlington County and the City of Alexandria. Map includes the names of property owners at that time. City boundaries roughly correspond with Old Town.
Alexandria, Virginia
–
Map of Alexandria showing the forts that were constructed to defend Washington during the Civil War
26.
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
–
Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, commercial, and entertainment district located in northwest Washington, D. C. situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district, Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871, when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act passed in 1895 specifically repealed Georgetowns remaining local ordinances, Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest unchanged building in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Kosovo, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, situated on the fall line, Georgetown was the farthest point upstream that oceangoing boats could navigate the Potomac River. In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Native American village of the Nacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown, the area was then part of the Province of Maryland, an English colony. George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac in approximately 1745, the site was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were constructed around the inspection house. It did not take long before Georgetown grew into a port, facilitating trade. In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres of land from Gordon, a survey of the town was completed in February 1752. Since Georgetown was founded during the reign of George II of Great Britain, another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. The Maryland Legislature formally issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789, robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became Georgetowns first mayor in 1790. Col. John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, a Lutheran church on High Street, Stephen Bloomer Balch established a Presbyterian Church in 1784. In 1795, the Trinity Catholic Church was built, along with a parish school-house, construction of St. Johns Episcopal Church began in 1797, but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814, other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown. Newspapers in Georgetown included the Republican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, the Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing the Potomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included the Georgetown Courier and the Federal Republican, magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16,1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port, in the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century. Of these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, as a social club located near the corner of Wisconsin Avenue
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
–
Georgetown Historic District
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
–
The
Old Stone House, built 1765, is one of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C.
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
–
Georgetown around 1862. Overview of the
C&O Canal,
Aqueduct Bridge at right, and unfinished
Capitol dome in the distant background.
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.
–
Sailing vessels docked at the Georgetown waterfront, ca. 1865
27.
Washington D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
28.
Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
Baltimore
–
Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877
Baltimore
Baltimore
–
The
Battle Monument commemorates the
Battle of Baltimore.
Baltimore
–
The
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking west from
Pratt and
Gay streets
29.
Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
The section of this neighborhood west of 34th Street is also known as Forgotten Bottom. Grays Ferry shares borders with Southwest Center City to the North, Point Breeze to the East, gray’s Ferry is across from where Mill Creek debouches at about 43rd street. Historically, Grays Ferry was one of the largest enclaves of Irish Americans in the city, the area developed near an important crossing of the Schuylkill River. In the 18th century, Grays Ferry was the southernmost of three ferries that crossed the Schuylkill River to Philadelphia, the neighborhoods namesake ferry originally belonged to a Benjamin Chambers in the 17th century. By 1747 George Gray had taken over the ferry, and established the nearby Grays Inn and Grays Garden, the river is now spanned by the Grays Ferry Bridge and several rail bridges. Before the Act of Consolidation,1854, this neighborhood was part of Moyamensing Township, Moyamensing was chartered by the Dutch governor Alexander dHinoyossa, and in 1684, William Penn confirmed the title. This neighborhood was once the site of the Schuylkill Arsenal, the James Alcorn School, Charles Y. Audenried Junior High School, Grays Road Recreation Center, University Avenue Bridge, black, 56%, White, 39%, Other, 5%. More than 30% of the residents are under 18, currently the neighborhood, which represents less than 1% of the city’s population, houses more than 10% of the city’s Section 8 residents. The Tasker Homes were located at 29th and Morris Streets and visible from the Schuylkill Expressway, originally, the housing project had 1,100 units and followed the citys general model of high-density, low-income housing. Its residents were generally low-income families who fell upon hard times or people just out of the military, later, the project was a site of high crime and a point of tension for nearby residents. In 2004, the Tasker Homes were demolished and replaced with the Greater Grays Ferry Estates, the new townhomes have increased tensions between working-class residents and occupants of Section 8 housing within the neighborhood. The reasons most often cited are memories of the problems with Tasker Homes, as well as the fact that many residents—white, over the years, the neighborhood has seen numerous instances of racial violence. The Irish Catholics living in the neighborhoods modest row homes clashed with African Americans living in the demolished Tasker Homes, as the housing market has boomed in Philadelphia, the neighborhood has begun to see some resurgence. Historic Photographs of Grays Ferry, PhillyHistory. org
Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
The James Alcorn School at 1500 South 32nd Street is on the
National Register of Historic Places.
Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
The Floating Bridge across the Schuylkill River at Gray's Ferry was originally built by the British during their 1777-78 occupation of Philadelphia. This was the primary entrance to the city for travelers from the south until it was replaced by a permanent bridge in 1838.
Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
Odunde Festival 2013 on Grays Ferry Avenue
30.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
31.
Trenton, New Jersey
–
Trenton is the capital city of the U. S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was briefly the capital of the United States, as of the 2010 United States Census, Trenton had a population of 84,913, making it the states 10th-largest municipality. The Census Bureau estimated that the population was 84,034 in 2014. Trenton dates back at least to June 3,1719, when mention was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton, while the area was still part of Hunterdon County. Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2,1720, a courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720, Trenton became New Jerseys capital as of November 25,1790, and the City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13,1792. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, on February 22,1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township. The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the City of Trenton on April 10,1837, portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton on March 23,1900. The first settlement which would become Trenton was established by Quakers in 1679, in the then called the Falls of the Delaware, led by Mahlon Stacy from Handsworth, Sheffield. Quakers were being persecuted in England at this time and North America provided an opportunity to exercise their religious freedom, by 1719, the town adopted the name Trent-towne, after William Trent, one of its leading landholders who purchased much of the surrounding land from Stacys family. This name later was shortened to Trenton, during the American Revolutionary War, the city was the site of the Battle of Trenton, George Washingtons first military victory. On December 26,1776, Washington and his army, after crossing the icy Delaware River to Trenton, after the war, the Confederation Congress briefly met in Trenton in November and December 1784. Trenton became the capital in 1790, but prior to that year the New Jersey Legislature often met here. The city was incorporated in 1792, during the War of 1812, the United States Armys primary hospital was at a site on Broad Street. Throughout the 19th century, Trenton grew steadily, as European immigrants came to work in its pottery, in 1837, with the population now too large for government by council, a new mayoral government was adopted, with by-laws that remain in operation to this day. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 8.155 square miles. Trenton is located near the geographic center of the state. However, Mercer County constitutes its own metropolitan area, formally known as the Trenton-Ewing MSA. Locals consider Trenton to be a part of an area called Central Jersey
Trenton, New Jersey
–
Governor's office
Trenton, New Jersey
–
Location of Trenton inside of Mercer County. Inset: Location of Mercer County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Trenton, New Jersey
–
The surrender of the Hessians at Trenton, 1776
Trenton, New Jersey
–
The Old Barracks in Trenton, New Jersey
32.
Kill Van Kull
–
The Kill Van Kull is a tidal strait between Staten Island, New York and Bayonne, New Jersey in the United States. It is approximately 3 miles long and 1,000 feet wide, the Robbins Reef Light marks the eastern end of the Kill, Bergen Point its western end. It is spanned by the Bayonne Bridge and is one of the most heavily travelled waterways in the Port of New York and New Jersey. During the colonial era, it played a significant role in travel between New York and the colonies, with passengers changing from ferries to coaches at Elizabethtown. The strait has required continued dredging and deepening to accommodate the passage of ever-larger ships, in many areas, the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock and now requires blasting. In addition, plans are underway to renovate the Bayonne Bridge so that larger ships can travel the Kill Van Kull. Kill Van Kull translates as channel from the pass or ridge, the sister channel to the Kill Van Kull is the nearby Arthur Kill, whose name is an Anglicization of achter kill meaning back channel, referring to its location behind Staten Island. The name Kill Van Kull has its roots in the early 17th century during the Dutch colonial era, places were named by early explorers and settlers in reference to their shape, topography, or other geographic qualities. The area around Newark Bay was called Achter Kol, the bay lies behind Bergen Hill, the emerging ridge of the Hudson Palisades which begins on Bergen Neck, the peninsula between it and the Upper New York Bay. Behind or achter the ridge was a col or passage to the interior, Kill comes from the Middle Dutch word kille meaning riverbed, water channel, or stream. The bay was known as Cull Bay during the British colonial era
Kill Van Kull
–
The Kill Van Kull (in red) connects
Newark Bay and
Upper New York Bay
Kill Van Kull
–
View of the Kill from the
Bayonne Bridge
Kill Van Kull
–
The
United States Army Corps of Engineers dredge brings up debris of blasted bedrock during the widening of the channel by 50 feet
Kill Van Kull
–
Ships in
Upper New York Bay wait to enter the Kill
33.
Upper New York Bay
–
Upper New York Bay, or Upper Bay, is the traditional heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey, and often called New York Harbor. It is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and it is fed by the waters of the Hudson River, as well as the Gowanus Canal. It is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows, to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull, and to Long Island Sound by the East River and it provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through the Narrows. The channel of the Hudson as it passes through the harbor is called the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of the harbor. A project to two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet was begun in April 2012. Historically it has played an important role in the commerce of the New York metropolitan area. The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the immigrant experience during the late 19th, Liberty State Park opened in 1976. In recent years, it has become a site for recreation sailing and kayaking. NY Waterway operates routes across the bay and through The Narrows to locations near Sandy Hook, the Upper Bay supports a very diverse population of marine species, allowing for recreational fishing, most commonly for striped bass and bluefish
Upper New York Bay
–
New York Harbor, showing Upper New York Bay in red. It is connected to Lower New York Bay on the south by
The Narrows. Ellis Island (north) and Liberty Island (south) are shown in the northwest corner of the bay.
Upper New York Bay
–
Manhattan, across the bay from
Liberty State Park
Upper New York Bay
–
Robbins Reef Light,
MOTBY, and
Port Jersey
Upper New York Bay
–
Liberty Weekend 1986
34.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
–
Lady of Elche
Spain
–
Flag
Spain
–
Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
–
Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
35.
Wall Street
–
Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
Wall Street
–
Street sign
Wall Street
–
The
New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the world's largest
stock exchange per total
market capitalization of its listed companies.
Wall Street
–
The original city map called the
Castello Plan from 1660, showing the wall on the right side
Wall Street
–
Depiction of the wall of New Amsterdam on a tile in the
Wall Street subway station, serving the
4 5 trains
36.
List of Governors of New York
–
The Governor of New York is the head of the executive branch of New Yorks state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. This numbering includes one acting governor, the lieutenant governor who filled the vacancy after the resignation of the governor, under the 1777 State Constitution. The longest-serving governor was the first, George Clinton, who first took office on July 30,1777, charles Poletti had the shortest term, serving 29 days following the resignation of the previous governor in 1942. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, who took office on January 1,2011, New York was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on July 26,1788. The office of governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777, the governor was originally for a term of three years, though the constitution did not specify when the term began. A1787 law set the start of the term at July 1, an 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years. The most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years, there is no limit to the number of consecutive terms a governor may serve. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, since the 1821 constitution, the lieutenant governor explicitly becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office and serves for the entire remainder of the term. Likewise, should both offices become vacant at the time, the president pro tempore acts as governor. Should the presidency pro tempore be vacant too, or the incumbent unable to fulfill the duties, the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor, since 1954 with a single joint vote cast for both offices, but is nominated separately. This is a table of congressional and other offices. All representatives and senators mentioned represented New York, * Denotes those offices for which the governor resigned the governorship. † Denotes those offices from which the governor resigned to take the governorship, as of January 2017, there are three living former governors of New York, the oldest being George Pataki. The most recent governor to die was Mario Cuomo, on January 1,2015, New York gubernatorial elections List of colonial governors of New York General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of New York
List of Governors of New York
–
Thomas E. Dewey, 47th Governor of New York, and the Republican nominee for the
1944 and
1948 U.S. presidential election
List of Governors of New York
–
George Clinton, first Governor of New York, and 4th
Vice President of the United States
List of Governors of New York
–
Nelson Rockefeller, 49th Governor of New York, and 41st Vice President of the United States
List of Governors of New York
–
Andrew Cuomo, 56th Governor of New York (incumbent)
37.
George Clinton (vice president)
–
George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
George Clinton (vice president)
–
George Clinton
George Clinton (vice president)
–
Clinton's pew,
St. Paul's Chapel NYC
George Clinton (vice president)
–
The grave monument of George Clinton in
Kingston, New York
38.
Cherry Street (Manhattan)
–
Cherry Street is a one-way street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It currently has two sections, mostly running along parks, public housing, co-op buildings, tenements, Cherry Streets eastern terminus is at the intersection of FDR Drives southbound service road and Grand Street, where it bends right and turns into Cherry Street. It then runs west for one block, along the edge of Corlears Hook Park. Then it is demapped for approximately two blocks, from Jackson Street to Gouvernour Street and Gouvernour Street to Montgomery Street and it continues west, running parallel to the FDR Drive and one block north of it, for three blocks, to Pike Street/Slip. Afterward, it runs west from Pike, under the Manhattan Bridge access ramp, one block to Market Street, Cherry Street then goes one block further west, parallel to, Cherry Street has its western terminus here, at its intersection with Catherine Street/Slip. The section between Pearl Street and Catherine Street was removed due to development, starting with the building of the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1860s. The removed section now contains the Alfred E. Smith Houses, the section between Jackson Street and Montgomery Street, was also removed and demapped to provide for Vladeck Park. Vladeck Park was subsequently replaced with Vladeck Houses, a housing building complex project. The two demappings left a one block stretch of Cherry at the eastern end, from Montgomery to the FDR Drive South service lane. Prior to the constructions of the FDR, both Cherry Street and Grand Street extended a distance further east than they now do. Cherry Street was renamed for Firefighter Robert Foti in honor if his sacrifice on September 11, loockermans heirs sold the land in 1672 for $60.00. Richard Sackett acquired part of it, and opened a beer garden and it continued to serve as such for the next three Presidents and, in April and May 1789 served as the first Executive Mansion of the President of the United States and Mrs. Martha Washington. The mansion that belonged to Col. Samuel Osgood, the first Postmaster General of the United States and this house on Cherry Street, later demolished, was the first gas-lit house in Manhattan, owned by Samuel Leggett, a founder of Con Edison. The house was serviced via gas pipe from Pearl Street, though Cherry Street once ran through to Pearl Street, it has since been terminated at Catherine Street due to the Civic Square development. In 1818, Henry Sands Brooks opened H. & D. H. Brooks & Co. In 1850, his three sons, Elisha, Daniel, and John, inherited the business and renamed the company Brooks Brothers. In the 1930s, the first superproject development proposal in New York City was initiated for the Cherry Street area of Corlears Hook, the Vladeck Houses,24 six-story buildings, built on the former Vladeck Park, were completed in 1940. They were a precursor to the larger Unit Plans for public housing that predominated in later decades, a $50 million renovation of the Vladeck Houses began in 1998
Cherry Street (Manhattan)
–
East end of Cherry Street at the
Vladeck Houses and Corlear's Hook Park.
Cherry Street (Manhattan)
–
Eastern Cherry Street showing Corlears Hook Park and the
Williamsburg Bridge
Cherry Street (Manhattan)
–
Cherry and Catherine Streets, 1848
39.
Pearl Street (Manhattan)
–
The history of Pearl Street dates back to the early 1600s, when the Dutch first settled on the southern tip of Manhattan. Its name is an English translation of the Dutch Parelstraat and this street, visible on the Castello Plan along the eastern shore of New Amsterdam, was named for the many oysters found in the river. During the period of British rule, Pearl Street was known as Great Queen Street, the Great was used often to differentiate from Little Queen Street, which became Cedar Street in 1784. In the mid-1650s, a tavern near what is now 73 Pearl Street became the citys first City Hall. Pearl Street Station, Thomas Edisons first power plant, and in turn the first power plant in the United States, was located at 255-257 Pearl Street and it began with one direct current generator, and it started generating electricity on September 4,1882. The IRT Third Avenue elevated railway ran above Pearl Street from August 26,1878 until December 22,1950, New York Telephone put up a large administrative building at 375 Pearl on the north side of the street, east of the Brooklyn Bridge, in the early 1970s. Fraunces Tavern 1 Wall Street Court Pearl Street, A New York Songline NYPL Digital Gallery
Pearl Street (Manhattan)
–
Fraunces Tavern, at Pearl (left) and
Broad Streets
40.
Broad Street (Manhattan)
–
Broad Street is located in the Financial District in the New York City borough of Manhattan, stretching from South Street to Wall Street. Broad Street was named for the Broad Canal, which it replaced, originally an inlet from the East River, the canal was flanked by two solid ranks of three-story houses, the paths in front of which were paved in 1676. The Broad Canal was the original Manhattan landing of the first ferry between Manhattan and Brooklyn, later the Fulton Ferry, the street saw a lot of change as the centuries progressed from Dutch to British rule and finally independent America. Among the tenants of Broad Street in the 18th century was bookseller Garrat Noel, the 1835 Great Fire of New York destroyed whatever historical buildings were left from the early times of New Amsterdam/New York. As the area became the center of activity, all smaller buildings in turn were replaced with grand banks. Most of the structures stand today date from the turn of the 20th century. At the corner of Broad and Wall, there is the Broad Street station on the BMT Nassau Street Line of the New York City Subway, north of Wall Street, Broad Street is continued by Nassau Street. The famous neo-Roman facade of the New York Stock Exchange and its entrance is located on 18 Broad Street. Opposite it is the former J. P. Morgan headquarters 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street, other buildings of note are the Broad Exchange Building at number 25, the Continental Bank Building at number 30 and the American Bank Note Company Building at number 70. The two southernmost skyscrapers in Manhattan are 1 New York Plaza on the west side of Broad Street, notes Broad Street, A New York Songline
Broad Street (Manhattan)
–
Broad Street with the New York Stock Exchange on the right
Broad Street (Manhattan)
–
The Stock Exchange at 10-12 Broad Street, in 1882
Broad Street (Manhattan)
–
15 Broad Street
41.
List of capitals in the United States
–
Washington, D. C. is the current Federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1819. Each U. S. state has its own capital city, the dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the states sole capital. Most states have changed their city at least once—see Historical state capitals for details. An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia and those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below. C. February 27,1801 to December 8,1815 Old Brick Capitol, Washington, December 8,1815 to 1819 United States Capitol, Washington, D. C.1819 to present Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent country. Five sites served as its capital, Waikīkī, Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1796 Hilo. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1796–1803 Kailua-Kona, Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1812–1820 Lahaina. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1820–1845, Honolulu Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1803–1812. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1845–January 17,1893, Served as the seat of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, January 17,1893 – July 4,1894. On becoming a state in 1959, Honolulu became the capital of the State of Hawaii, before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-columbian traditions of a longhouse where wampum. Since they did business with the U. S. Federal Government, New Echota 1825-1832 New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. The towns layout was inspired by Ridges many visits to Washington D. C. and to Baltimore. Red Clay 1832-1838 The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs and park-like woods of Red Clay severed as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears, Tahlequah 1839-1907, 1938-present Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the Cherokee Nation after Removal. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation, the Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation. 1837-1866 After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three acres of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War
List of capitals in the United States
–
Congress convenes at the
Federal Hall National Memorial in
New York for a special session on September 6, 2002.
42.
1st United States Congress
–
With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. April 1,1789, House of Representatives first achieved a quorum and elected its officers April 6,1789, Senate first achieved a quorum and elected its officers. Held March 4,1789, through September 29,1789, at Federal Hall in New York City June 1,1789, An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths, ch. 1,1 Stat.23 July 4,1789, Hamilton Tariff,2,1 Stat.24 July 27,1789, United States Department of State, was established, originally named the Department of Foreign Affairs, ch. Regulation of the Collection of Duties on Tonnage and Merchandise, ch.5,1 Stat.29, august 7,1789, Department of War was established, ch. September 2,1789, United States Department of the Treasury was established,12,1 Stat.65 September 24,1789, Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. 2,1 Stat.101 March 26,1790, Naturalization Act of 1790,3,1 Stat.103 April 10,1790, Patent Act of 1790, ch. 7,1 Stat.109 April 30,1790, Crimes Act of 1790,9,1 Stat.112 May 31,1790, Copyright Act of 1790, ch. 15,1 Stat.124 July 6,1790, Residence Act,130, established Washington, D. C. as the seat of government of the United States. July 22,1790, Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, ch,137, regulated commerce with the Indian tribes. Held December 6,1790, through March 3,1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia February 25,1791, First Bank of the United States,10,1 Stat.191 March 3,1791, Whiskey Act, ch. 199, which triggered the Whiskey Rebellion September 25,1789, Constitution establishing specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on government power, and submitted them to the state legislatures for ratification. 97, Article one has not been ratified and is pending before the states. Article two was later ratified on May 7,1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Articles three through twelve, known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified on December 15,1791. November 21,1789, North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution, may 26,1790, Territory South of the River Ohio organized from land ceded by North Carolina. May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the United States Constitution, there were no political parties in this Congress
1st United States Congress
–
Federal Hall, site of the first two sessions of this Congress (1789)
1st United States Congress
–
Congress Hall in
Philadelphia, meeting place of this Congress's third session.
1st United States Congress
–
Statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall, where he was first inaugurated as President.
1st United States Congress
–
President of the Senate
John Adams
43.
George Washington Inaugural Bible
–
The George Washington Inaugural Bible is the book that was sworn upon by George Washington when he took office as the first President of the United States. The Bible itself has subsequently used in the inauguration ceremonies of several other U. S. presidents. 1, Ancient York Masons, are the custodians of what is now known as the George Washington Inaugural Bible, on April 30,1789 it was upon this Bible that George Washington took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. In 2009, the Lodge formed a public charity for the purpose of preserving, maintaining and restoring the George Washington Inaugural Bible. In 2014, the St. Johns Lodge No.1 Foundation, the Bible is the King James Version, complete with the Apocrypha and elaborately supplemented with the historical, astronomical and legal data of that period. The inaugural ceremony took place in the gallery of the old City Hall on Wall Street, New York City. Washington was dressed in a suit of dark brown cloth and white silk stockings and his hair was powdered and dressed in the fashion of the day, clubbed and ribboned. The oath of office was first administered by Robert R. Livingston, the open Bible on which the President laid his hand was held on a rich crimson velvet cushion by Samuel Otis, Secretary of the Senate. Livingston then exclaimed, It is done, and turning to the people he shouted, Long live George Washington, President of the United States. A shout that was echoed and re-echoed by the multitude present, however, there is currently debate as to whether or not he added the phrase So help me God to his oath. The only contemporaneous account of Washingtons oath is from French consul Comte de Moustier who reported the constitutional oath with no mention of So help me God. The earliest known source indicating Washington did add So help me God is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 60 years after the event. At the conclusion, Washington and the others went in procession to St. Pauls Chapel, the Bible has since been used for the inaugurations of Warren G. Harding, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jimmy Carter, and George H. W. Bush. The Bible was also intended to be used for the inauguration of George W. Bush, however, the Bible was present in the Capitol Building in the care of three freemasons of St. Johns Lodge, in case the weather got better. Because of its fragility the Bible is no longer opened during meetings of St. Johns Lodge, in addition to its duties, the Bible has been used in the funeral processions of Presidents Washington and Abraham Lincoln. In 2009, the Lodge formed a public charity for the purpose of preserving, maintaining and restoring the George Washington Inaugural Bible. In 2014, the St. Johns Lodge No.1 Foundation, www. washingtonbible. org United States presidential inauguration Lincoln Bible St. Johns Lodge No. 1s information about the Washington Bible
George Washington Inaugural Bible
–
Washington's Inauguration
George Washington Inaugural Bible
–
The George Washington Inaugural Bible
44.
Zebulun
–
Zebulun was, according to the Books of Genesis and Numbers, the sixth and last son of Jacob and Leah, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Zebulun. Some biblical scholars believe this to be an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. With Leah as a matriarch, biblical scholars believe the tribe to have been regarded by the authors as a part of the original Israelite confederation. The name is derived from the Northwest Semitic root zbl, common in 2nd millennium BC Ugaritic texts as an epithet of the god Baal, as well as in Phoenician and in Biblical Hebrew in personal names. The Torah states that Zebulun had three sons – Sered, Elon, and Jahleel – each the eponymous founder of a clan, beyond this, there is little other reference to Zebulun. The Tomb of Zebulun is located in Sidon, Lebanon, in the past, towards the end of Iyyar, Jews from the most distant parts of Palestine would make a pilgrimage to this tomb. Some believe the village of Sabalan in the District of Safad was named after Zebulun
Zebulun
–
Portuguese sketch, in English the name is Zebulun.
45.
Zidon
–
Sidon or Saïda is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate of Lebanon, on the Mediterranean coast, about 40 kilometres north of Tyre and 40 km south of the capital, in Genesis, Sidon is a son of Canaan, a grandson of Noah. Its name coincides with the modern Arabic word for fishery, two castles there were cleaned and restored by the French in the early 20th century. Sidon has been inhabited very early in prehistory. It was one of the most important Phoenician cities, and it may have been the oldest, from there and other ports a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. Homer praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes and it was also from here that a colonizing party went to found the city of Tyre. Tyre also grew into a city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis of Phoenicia. Glass manufacturing, Sidons most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, the small shell of the Murex trunculus was broken in order to extract the pigment that was so rare it became the mark of royalty. In AD1855, the sarcophagus of King Eshmun’azar II was discovered, in this inscription the gods Eshmun and Ba‘al Sidon Lord of Sidon are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled ‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al ‘Ashtart the name of the Lord, a title found in an Ugaritic text. In the years before Christianity, Sidon had many conquerors, Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, both Jesus and Saint Paul are said to have visited it, too. The city was conquered by the Arabs and then by the Ottoman Turks. Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors, at the end of the Persian era in 351 BC, it was invaded by the emperor Artaxerxes III and then by Alexander the Great in 333 BC, when the Hellenistic era of Sidon began. Under the successors of Alexander, it enjoyed autonomy and organized games. When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins, the Romans also built a theater and other major monuments in the city. In the reign of Elagabalus a Roman colony was established there, during the Byzantine period, when the great earthquake of AD551 destroyed most of the cities of Phoenice, Beiruts School of Law took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the century, until it was conquered by the Arabs in AD636. On 4 December 1110 Sidon was captured, a decade after the First Crusade, by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem and it then became the centre of the Lordship of Sidon, an important lordship in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Zidon
–
Sidon صيدا
Zidon
–
Persian style bull
protome found in Sidon gives testimony of the Aecheminid rule and influence. Marble, 5th century BC
Zidon
–
Sidon Sea Castle, built by the
Crusaders in AD 1228
Zidon
–
Sidon with a view of the Mediterranean coast
46.
Inaugural ball
–
United States presidential inaugural balls are large social gatherings, both white tie and black tie, held to celebrate the commencement of a new term of the President of the United States. The President, First Lady, Vice-President and Second Lady, all personal appearances at each of the inaugural balls held in their honor. Catered food, beverages, and live entertainment performed by national, other inaugural balls, unofficial and often less formal that occur before and on Inauguration Day, are given by state societies, businesses, and private organizations. The tradition of inaugural balls in the United States has evolved over time. The first inaugural ball was held by sponsors on May 7,1789 in New York City, one week after the first inauguration of George Washington. In 1809, Dolley Madison hosted a gala at Longs Hotel in Washington D. C. after the first inauguration of James Madison was held earlier in the day at the United States Capitol, a total of 400 tickets were sold for $4 a piece. In 1833, two balls were held for the inauguration of Andrew Jackson and in 1841, a third ball was added for the inauguration of William Henry Harrison. For the inaugurations of Zachary Taylor in 1849, James Buchanan in 1857, between 1885 and 1909, inaugural balls were held at the National Museum Building and the Pension Building. Other presidents have cancelled inaugural balls for various reasons, roosevelt in 1933,1937,1941, and 1945. Official inaugural balls were not reinstated until the Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman in 1949, due to their growing popularity, the number of inaugural balls grew starting in the 1950s. During the 1953 inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower, there were two balls and by 1957, there were a total of four balls held for Eisenhowers second inauguration, a fifth was added for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. Reflecting the mood of previous presidents in the early 20th century, Jimmy Carter stripped his 1977 inaugural balls of their frivolity and glamor, by 1997, the number of inaugural balls reached a peak of fourteen during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton. However, the number was reduced to eight for the first inauguration of George W. Bush in 2001, for the most recent inaugural balls held during the 2009 inauguration of Barack Obama,10 official and 121 unofficial inaugural balls were given
Inaugural ball
–
President
John F. Kennedy and First Lady
Jacqueline Kennedy, wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of
Bergdorf Goodman, arrive at the
D.C. Armory in Washington D.C. for an inaugural ball held on the evening of
Inauguration Day, January 20, 1961.
Inaugural ball
–
A stereoscopic view of a ballroom in Washington D.C. decorated for an inaugural ball held for the
first inauguration of William McKinley on March 4, 1897.
Inaugural ball
–
First Lady
Bess Truman, Perle Mesta, President
Harry S. Truman,
Margaret Truman, Edgar Morris, and Arthur Bergman at an inaugural ball held at the National Guard Armory on January 20, 1949.
Inaugural ball
–
President
Dwight D. Eisenhower and First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower with other guests at an inaugural ball held on January 20, 1953.
47.
Samuel Provoost
–
He was the first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, as well as the third Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA. He was consecrated as bishop of New York in 1787 with Bishop William White, samuel Provoost was born in New York City, New York to John Provoost and Eva Rutgers in 1742. He was baptized February 27,1742 He was a descendant of William Provoost, samuel was educated at Kings College, which is now known as Columbia University. Provoost graduated from Kings College in 1758, in 1761 he arrived in England and continued his studies at St. Peters College, Cambridge. Samuel was fluent in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and while he was at the College he learned French, samuel Provoost also matriculated at the University of Leiden, July 28,1764. In 1766, Provoost was ordained a deacon at the Chapel Royal of St. James Palace in Westminster, on June 8,1766 he married Maria Bousefield who was the daughter of a rich Irish banker. In September 1766, Provoost sailed to New York with his wife and in December he became an assistant minister of Trinity parish, a post he retained until 1774 when he withdrew. He declined to serve as delegate to the Continental Congress, though his patriotic impulses led him to join his neighbors in their pursuit of the British after the burning of the town of Esopus and he did not resume the active ministry until the close of the war. In 1784, he became rector of Trinity Church, New York, Provoost was elected first Bishop of New York at the Diocesan Convention in 1786. A short while later, he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1787, Provoost was consecrated with Dr. William White at Lambeth Place by Dr. John Moore. Provoost was elected Chaplain to the Senate of the U. S. in 1789, due to health issues, he resigned the rectorship of Trinity in 1800. The following year, Provoost sought to relinquish his episcopal office, Bishop Provoost died in 1815 due to a stroke
Samuel Provoost
–
Samuel Provoost
48.
John Adams (miniseries)
–
John Adams is a 2008 American television miniseries chronicling most of U. S. President John Adamss political life and his role in the founding of the United States. The miniseries was directed by Tom Hooper, kirk Ellis wrote the screenplay based on the book John Adams by David McCullough. The biopic of John Adams and the story of the first fifty years of the United States was broadcast in seven parts by HBO between March 16 and April 20,2008, John Adams received widespread critical acclaim, and many prestigious awards. The show won four Golden Globe awards and thirteen Emmy awards, Episode 1 opens in Boston 1770 on the cold winter night of the Boston Massacre. It portrays John Adams arriving at the following the gunshots from British soldiers firing upon a mob of Boston citizens. Adams, a lawyer in his mid-30s known for his dedication to the law. Their commander, Captain Thomas Preston asks him to them in court. Reluctant at first, he agrees despite knowing this will antagonize his neighbors, Adams is depicted to have taken the case because he believed everyone deserves a fair trial and he wanted to uphold the standard of justice. Adams cousin Samuel Adams is one of the main colonists opposed to the actions of the British government and he is one of the executive members of the Sons of Liberty, an anti-British group of agitators. Adams is depicted as a man doing his best to defend his clients. The show also illustrates Adams appreciation and respect for his wife, in one scene, Adams is shown having his wife proofread his summation as he takes her suggestions. After many sessions of court, the jury verdicts of not guilty of murder for each defendant. The episode also illustrates the growing tensions over the Coercive Acts, at the Continental Congresses Adams is depicted as the lead advocate for independence. He is in the vanguard in establishing that there is no option than to break off. He is also instrumental in the selection of then-Colonel George Washington as the new head of the Continental Army, later, Benjamin Franklin quietly chastens Adams, saying it is perfectly acceptable to insult a man in private. He may even thank you for it afterwards, but when you do it in public, they tend to think you are serious. This points out Adams primary flaw, his bluntness and lack of gentility toward his opponents, one that would make him many enemies. It would also, eventually, contribute to historians disregard for his many achievements, the episode also shows how Abigail copes with issues at home as her husband was away much of the time participating in the Continental Congress
John Adams (miniseries)
–
Television promotional poster
49.
Wikisource
–
Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
–
The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
–
Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
–
::: Original text
Wikisource
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
50.
Presidency of George Washington
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The presidency of George Washington, began on April 30,1789, when he was inaugurated as the 1st President of the United States, and ended on March 4,1797. Washington took office after the 1788–89 presidential election, the nations first quadrennial presidential election, as specified by the newly ratified Constitution, the President was chosen by the Electoral College. In this election, the method for selecting electors was decided by each state legislature–by public vote in some states, each elector was given two votes to cast for President. Washington received the support of one of the electors, each of whom cast one of the two ballots for him. John Adams, who received 34 votes, was the runner-up and was named vice president. President Washington was re-elected as President, again unanimously, in 1792, in 1796, he refused to run for a third term, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president, which later became law by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency, and he never enjoyed being President, nonetheless, he proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others but decisive, intent upon general goals and his leadership guaranteed the survival of the United States as a powerful and independent nation, and set the standard for future presidents. Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on April 30,1789, near New York Citys Wall Street and he was sworn in by Robert Livingston who administered the presidential oath of office. Borrowing a British robe in which the British monarch would address Parliament annually and he insisted on having Barbados Rum served after the swearing in ceremony. Washingtons second inauguration occurred in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 4,1793 and he was sworn in by Associate Justice William Cushing, who also administered the oath of office. Washingtons inaugural address was incredibly brief at just 135 words, the 1st United States Congress voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789, valued at about $340,000 in 2015 dollars. Washington faced financial troubles then, yet he initially declined the salary, upon taking office, Washington initially focused on the establishment of the federal judiciary and executive departments. When Washington assumed office, the government of the United States had not yet been developed, aside from the constitutionally established offices, no other agencies existed and no courts had yet been established. Instead of focusing on the branch, Washingtons first acts were to establish the judiciary. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Washington established a six-member Supreme Court, the court was composed of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. Under the Supreme Court, the Judiciary Act created 13 judicial districts within the 11 states that had ratified the Constitution
Presidency of George Washington
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Presidency of George Washington
Presidency of George Washington
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The first page of the Judiciary Act of 1789
Presidency of George Washington
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Washington's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address, 1790 (Click on image to view all 7 pages)
Presidency of George Washington
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BEP engraved portrait of Washington as President.
51.
Second inauguration of George Washington
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The second inauguration of George Washington as President of the United States was held in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 4,1793. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of George Washington as President. The presidential oath of office was administered to George Washington by Associate Justice William Cushing and this was the first inauguration to take place in Philadelphia, and took place exactly four years after the new federal government began operations under the U. S. Constitution. George Washingtons second inaugural address remains the shortest ever delivered, at just 135 words, fellow Citizens, I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its Chief Magistrate. Previous to the execution of any act of the President the Constitution requires an oath of office. Presidency of George Washington First inauguration of George Washington United States presidential election,1792 More documents from the Library of Congress
Second inauguration of George Washington
–
Washington's inauguration at Philadelphia by
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
52.
National Constitution Center
–
The National Constitution Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan institution devoted to explaining the United States Constitution. The center houses the Annenberg Center for Education and Outreach, which offers civic learning resources both onsite and online and it does not contain the original Constitution, which is stored at the National Archives Building in Washington, D. C. The groundbreaking ceremony, attended by President Bill Clinton, was held on September 17,2000, the center was created by the Constitution Heritage Act in 1988. Approved on September 16,1988, and signed by President Ronald Reagan, the architectural firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners designed the center, and Leslie E. Robertson Associates are the structural engineers for this project. Ralph Appelbaum Associates designed the centers visitor experiences and exhibition hall, the public space comprises 160,000 square feet, including galleries. The center has 75,785 square feet of exhibit space, the center is made of American products, including 85,000 square feet of Indiana limestone,2.6 million pounds of steel, and a half-million cubic feet of concrete. The museums main exhibition features three main attractions, The first exhibit is Freedom Rising, a 17-minute, 360° theatrical production in the Sidney Kimmel Theater, the production traces the American quest for freedom. The Signers Hall is an evocation of the Assembly Room in the Pennsylvania State House where the signers of the Constitution met on September 17,1787. The room is occupied by life-sized bronze statues, the museums feature exhibition is Constituting Liberty, From the Declaration to the Bill of Rights, in which the center displays one of the 12 surviving copies of the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is displayed alongside a first-edition Stone engraving of the Declaration of Independence, Constitution in the George H. W. Bush Gallery. The exhibition runs from December 2014 to December 2017, headed to the White House is the only exhibit of its kind, uniquely created to engage students, teachers and families with the election season. Starting from the U. S. Constitution, this hands-on exhibit takes visitors from the trail to Inauguration Day in one visit. This exhibition ran from February 12,2016 through December 31,2016, as a national town hall, the center has welcomed former presidents, Supreme Court justices, journalists, pundits, scholars and entertainers at political discussions and book events. The guests who have appeared at the center include Presidents Barack Obama, George H. W. Liberty Medal recipients have included Hillary Clinton, Muhammad Ali, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Bono, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Steven Spielberg, Tony Blair and Dr. Robert M. Gates. Former President George H. W. Bush served as chairman of the centers Board of Trustees beginning in 2007 and his successor, Bill Clinton, served from 2009 until 2012. Jeffrey Rosen has served as President since 2013, on March 18,2008, Senator Barack Obama delivered a speech on race issues entitled A More Perfect Union at the Center, while campaigning for the presidency. The National Constitution Center hosted then-Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton for the Pennsylvania presidential primary debate on April 16,2008, two days after the Constitution was signed, the documents full text was printed in a local newspaper, The Pennsylvania Packet & Daily Advertiser
National Constitution Center
–
Exterior of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
National Constitution Center
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National Constitution Center main entrance
National Constitution Center
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Flags displayed in the lobby.
53.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
54.
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
Library of Congress
–
Construction of the
Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888, to May 15, 1894.
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
–
The West façade of the Library of Congress in 1898
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress inside the
U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890
55.
Inauguration of John Adams
–
The inauguration of John Adams as the second President of the United States was held on Saturday, March 4,1797, in the House of Representatives Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The inauguration marked the commencement of the only term of John Adams as President. The presidential oath of office was administered to John Adams by Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth, Adams was the first president to receive the oath of office from a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, John Adams Inauguration, March 4,1797. John Adams Inaugural Address In the City of Philadelphia, archived from the original on July 19,2011
Inauguration of John Adams
–
John Adams
56.
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
–
The first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as the third President of the United States was held on March 4,1801. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Thomas Jefferson as President, Jefferson was sworn in by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall. Jefferson was the nations second Vice President under President John Adams, back in those times, the person who came in first would be president and the person who came in second would be vice president. Burr and Jefferson tied in the Electoral College, so the choice was thrown to the House of Representatives, where Alexander Hamilton helped swing the vote in Jeffersons favor on the 36th ballot. It was a day in Washington, D. C. the first time an inauguration had been held in the city. The theme of his address was reconciliation after his bitterly partisan election and he delivered a 1, 721-word speech in the United States Capitols Senate chamber, and then took the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John Marshall. In what would become standard practice, the Marine Band played for the first time at the inauguration, outgoing President John Adams, distraught over his loss of the election and over the death of his son Charles Adams to alcoholism, did not attend the inaugural. This was the first time a President would not attend his successors inauguration, presidency of Thomas Jefferson Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson US Presidents on US postage stamps, Thomas Jefferson More documents from the Library of Congress
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
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In October 1805, Jefferson's Corps of Discovery meet the
Chinook tribe on the
Columbia River, Painting by
Charles Marion Russell, 1905
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
–
Detailed map drawn by Clark showing route taken by the expedition from the Missouri River to Pacific Ocean depicting rivers, mountains and locations of Indian tribes.
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
–
Aaron Burr mortally wounded
Alexander Hamilton on July 11, 1804
57.
First inauguration of James Madison
–
The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of James Madison as President and the second term of George Clinton as Vice President. The presidential oath was administered by Chief Justice John Marshall, the President wore a 100% American-made wool suit, and the first official inaugural ball occurred at Longs Hotel, with ticket prices being $4. Clinton died 3 years,47 days into this term, on March 4,1809, James Madison gave his Inaugural Address and was sworn into office as the fourth president of the United States of America. He addressed the nation on how he felt, Madison felt honor and responsibility in a way he could not express when elected president. He acknowledged that the United States is a country with a deal of issues and difficulties. He also mentions how great the United States was and how far it has come as a country in a period of time. He informed the people that the country was trying to make peace and have relations with all nations. He wanted to remain a country as Americans progressed and built their nation. He mentioned that the US had one too many bloody and wasteful wars and it has been the true glory of the United States to cultivate peace by observing justice. Madison promised to meet with United States councils to make safeguards and he wanted to build up and fund a strong military and militia, to defend the republic and the rights of the people. Madison ended his speech with gratitude towards people in the past who had done so much for the United States, United States presidential election,1808 More documents from the Library of Congress
First inauguration of James Madison
–
First Presidential Inauguration of James Madison
58.
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
–
The inauguration of John Quincy Adams as the sixth President of the United States took place on Friday, March 4,1825, in the House Chamber of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of John Quincy Adams as President. Adams was the first president to have been the son of a former President–John Adams, chief Justice of the United States John Marshall administered the Oath of office to the new president. Adams, as he recalled later, placed his hand upon on a book of law rather than the Bible itself as he recited the oath. This may have been common practice at the time, there is no evidence that any president from John Adams to John Tyler used a Bible to swear the oath upon. His inaugural address was 2,911 words long, Adams wore a black homespun suit with trousers instead of breeches. He was the first to make the change of dress, the weather that day was described as rainy with a total rainfall of 0.79 inches. The estimated noon temperature was 47°F, the outcome was assured when Henry Clay, one of the front-runners, threw his support to Mr. Adams so that Andrew Jacksons candidacy would fail. Jackson had polled more votes in the election, but he did not gain enough electoral votes to win outright. Adams ran for re-election in 1828, but lost to Jackson, more documents from the Library of Congress
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
59.
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
–
The first inauguration of Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States was held on March 4,1829 at the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Andrew Jackson as President, chief Justice John Marshall administered the presidential oath of office. Calhoun resigned 3 years,299 days into this term, the inauguration itself took place on March 4,1829, and was the first time in which the ceremony was held on the East Portico of the United States Capitol. Ten thousand people arrived in town for the ceremony, eliciting this response from Francis Scott Key, It is beautiful, it is sublime. By 10,00 am, the area in front of the Capitol was filled with people, an excited crowd of roughly 21,000 came to see the swearing-in, even if most would not be able to hear the inaugural address. Jackson came on foot to the ceremony, but to avoid the multitude, he used a basement door on the west front to enter the Capitol, upon exiting to face the crowd, he bowed to great cheers. The peal of shouting that arose rent the air, and seemed to shake the very ground, as he had entered, Jackson left on the west front of the Capitol, for the crowd had broken the ships cable and surged forward. He proceeded to mount a horse and rode up Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House. While this happened people were climbing in through the windows to get into the White House, the White House was opened to all for a post-inaugural reception, and was filled by the public even before Jackson arrived on horseback. Soon afterward, Jackson left by a window or a side entrance, the crowd continued to descend into a drunken mob, only dispersed when bowls of liquor and punch were placed on the front lawn of the White House. I never saw such a mixture, said Joseph Story, then a justice on the Supreme Court, the White House was left a mess, including several thousand dollars worth of broken china. Twelve hundred guests were present, but President Jackson, fatigued, another ball was held in the Central Masonic Hall. However, to be fair, two historians, David and Jeanne Heidler, wrote in 2004 about other contemporary accounts that play down the drunken-brawl aspects of the open house. The Heidlers point out that Hamilton, the Jackson supporter from South Carolina, the crowd at the White House was mixed. The first arrivals were the people who made up Washington society, the second crowd that showed up at the mansion was made up of Jackson supporters who were dressed in their best clothes. Jackson found himself pressed into a situation with his back to a wall until his people were able to get him away from the crowd, the sheer number of people inside the White House led to collisions with furniture and food. After Jackson left, the Heidlers say Antoine Michel Giusta, the White House steward, other reports indicated that staffers passed punch and ice cream through the White House’s windows to the crowd outside. Most witnesses, however, mentioned little real damage, and newspapers reported only incidental break-age, the story about the cheese actually happened at the end of Jackson’s eight years in office
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
–
Crowd in front of the
White House for the inaugural reception
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
–
Jackson's
lodging for his first night as President.
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
–
BEP engraved portrait of Jackson as President.
