1.
Fisher Building (Chicago)
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The Fisher Building is 20-story, 275-foot-tall neo-Gothic landmark building located at 343 South Dearborn Street in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago. Commissioned by paper magnate Lucius Fisher, the building was completed in 1896 by D. H. Burnham & Company with an addition later added in 1907. At the time of its completion, the building was one of two buildings in Chicago that was 18 stories tall, the other being the Masonic Building, to this day, the Fisher Building is the oldest 18 story building in Chicago that has not been demolished. The Masonic Temple, while taller and older, was demolished in 1939, though a project of D. H. Burnham & Company, the original structure was designed by Charles Atwood. In 1906, an addition on the side of the building raised it from 18 to 20 stories. A former employee of the Burnham firm, Peter J. Weber, designed, the Fisher Building features terra-cotta carvings of various aquatic creatures including fish and crabs. In addition, there are eagles, dragons and mythical creatures depicted on the facade as well, currently owned and managed by Village Green Management Company, the building houses apartments on floors 3–20 and commercial stores on the first and second floors. The Fisher Building was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 7,1978, notes Media related to Fisher Building at Wikimedia Commons
2.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
3.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
4.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
5.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Albert Kahn (architect)
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Albert Kahn was the foremost American industrial architect of his day. He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit, in 1943, the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously. Kahn was born to a Jewish family on March 21,1869 in Rhaunen, Kahn came to Detroit in 1880, at the age of 11. His father Joseph was trained as a rabbi, his mother Rosalie had a talent for the visual arts, as a teenager, he got a job at the architectural firm of Mason and Rice. Kahn won a scholarship to study abroad in Europe, where he toured with another young architecture student, Henry Bacon. In 1895, he founded the architectural firm Albert Kahn Associates, together with his younger brother Julius, he developed a new style of construction where reinforced concrete replaced wood in factory walls, roofs, and supports. This gave better protection and allowed large volumes of unobstructed interior. Packard Motor Car Companys factory, designed in 1903, was the first development of this principle, the success of the Packard plant interested Henry Ford in Kahns designs. Kahn designed Ford Motor Companys Highland Park plant, begun in 1909, Kahn later designed, in 1917, the massive half-mile-long Ford River Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan. The Rouge grew into the largest manufacturing complex in the U. S. with a force that peaked at 120,000 workers, Kahn was responsible for many of the buildings and houses built under direction of the Hiram Walker family in Walkerville, Ontario, including Willistead Manor. Kahn also designed the landmark 28-story Art Deco Fisher Building in Detroit, in 1928, the Fisher building was honored by the Architectural League of New York as the years most beautiful commercial structure. Between 1917 and 1929, he designed the headquarters for all three daily newspapers in Detroit. On January 9,1930, a contract with Kahn was signed for his firm to become consulting architects for all industrial construction in the Soviet Union. Kahn also designed many of the buildings at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. These include the Burton Memorial Tower, Hill Auditorium, Hatcher Graduate Library, Kahn said later in life that out of all the buildings he designed, he wanted most to be remembered for his work on the William L. Clements Library. A frequent collaborator with Kahn was architectural sculptor Corrado Parducci, in all, Parducci worked on about 50 Kahn commissions including banks, office buildings, newspaper buildings, mausoleums, hospitals and private residences. Kahns firm designed a number of the army airfield and naval bases for the United States government during World War I. By World War II, Kahns 600-person office was involved in making Detroit an important element of Americas Arsenal of Democracy, in 1937, Albert Kahn Associates was responsible for 19 percent of all architect-designed factories in the U. S
8.
Joseph Nathaniel French
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Joseph Nathaniel French, Sr. was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates from 1914 to 1967. He was the architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit. He was born on October 24,1888 in Boston, Massachusetts to Joseph Brown Morse French and he had four sisters, Frances Gertrude French who died of cholera, Emma Matilda French, Nettie Eveline French and Marion Ruth French. French attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and graduated in 1911 and he first married Amie Gertrude Lathe, May 14,1912 at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Boston. He was put in charge of the last stages of construction on Henry Fords Fair Lane residence in Dearborn, in 1914 he started work for Albert Kahns firm in Detroit as a draftsman, and then as an architect. By 1916 he was living at 2098 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, on June 10,1921 his wife Amie died. On June 8,1926 he married Yolanda Christina Tandberg, Yolanda was the daughter of Thorvald Martin Tandberg and Alvilde Marie Magdalene Naess of Norway. She was 14 years younger than Joseph and they had several children, including Joseph Nathaniel French, Jr. While at Kahn he was architect for the Fisher Building in 1928. From 1930 to 1932 he worked at the Albert Kahn Associates Moscow office with twenty-four other Kahn engineers, one of his projects was the steel work of the General Motors Futurama building at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. He worked on the design of the Chrysler plant near Kansas City and he died on February 28,1975 in Livonia, Michigan. He was buried in Roseland Park Cemetery at 29001 Woodward Avenue, Berkley, Joseph Nathaniel French at Find a Grave
9.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
10.
New Center, Detroit
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New Center, and the surrounding areas north of I-94, are often referred to simply as the North End. The heart of New Center was developed in the 1920s as a hub that would offer convenient access to both downtown resources and outlying factories. Some historians believe that New Center may be the original edge city—a sub-center remote from, but related to, the descriptor New Center derived its name from the New Center News, an automotive-focused free newspaper begun in 1933 that continues to operate under the name Detroit Auto Scene. Both Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks, in 1891, Detroit mayor Hazen S. Pingree broke ground on the construction of Grand Boulevard, a ring road that wrapped around the city of Detroit. The Boulevard ran for 12 miles, curving from the Detroit River on the west to the river on the east, in the 1890s, major railroad infrastructure known as the Milwaukee Junction was built just south of Grand Boulevard to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit. To take advantage of the line, industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. Part of this area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District, while the area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District. Most notably, in 1904, Burroughs Adding Machine Company built a factory on Third. In 1915, Henry Ford bought the financially struggling Detroit General Hospital and its lands on Grand Boulevard and Hamilton, soon after, Ford broke ground on a 50, 000-square-foot facility at the same location, the larger hospital opened in 1921. In the late 1910s and early 1920s, the industry in Detroit grew rapidly. The economic surge made land in downtown Detroit difficult to obtain, the lack of suitable parcels frustrated William C. Durant in his search for the optimum location for his planned General Motors headquarters. Durant looked to the north, and settled on a location just west of Woodward Avenue on Grand Boulevard, at the time, the area was a residential district of private homes and small apartment buildings. Durant hired Albert Kahn to design his building, and ground was broken in 1919, as General Motors continued to grow, the company required more space. In the later 1920s, they built a building, the General Motors Research Laboratory, also designed by Kahn. The building was built in two phases, and was completed in 1930, around the same time, the Fisher Brothers of Fisher Body followed General Motors to the area. They broke ground on their eponymous Fisher Building in 1927, located across Grand Boulevard from the General Motors Building, the Fisher Brothers also hired Kahn, and spared no expense to construct their headquarters building. The followed this up with the construction of New Center Building, the Great Depression, however, forced the Fishers to break off their plans to construct a complex of buildings in New Center, including a grandiose three-towered version of the Fisher building. In 1940 Saks Fifth Avenue opened their fourth full-line department store in this building, the store closed in 1978 and relocated to Fairlane Town Center in Dearborn
11.
Limestone
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate, about 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778, like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts and these organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragment, some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i. e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters and this produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular appearance, the primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters. Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments, calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits a characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Impurities will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces, Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock, when conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures. Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly there are waterfalls. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls, coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. During regional metamorphism that occurs during the building process, limestone recrystallizes into marble
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Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
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Marble
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Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
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Fisher Body
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Fisher & Company continues to use the name. The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public, Fisher Bodys beginnings trace back to a horse-drawn carriage shop in Norwalk, Ohio, in the late 1800s. Lawrence P. Fisher and his wife Margaret Theisen had a family of eleven children, seven were sons who would become part of the Fisher Body Company in Detroit. Lawrence and Margaret were married in Sandusky, Ohio, on May 11,1876, Margaret Theisen Fisher resided at 101 Longfellow St. Detroit after her husband died. The Fisher brothers were, Frederick John -54 Arden Park, Detroit William Andrew -111 Edison Ave. Detroit Lawrence Peter -383 Lenox St. Detroit Edward F. -892 W. Boston Blvd, Detroit Alfred J. -1556 Chicago Blvd, Detroit. In 1904 and 1905, the two eldest brothers, Fred and Charles, came to Detroit where their uncle Albert Fisher had established Standard Wagon Works during the part of the 1880s. The brothers found work at the C. R. Wilson Company, with financing from their uncle, on July 22,1908 Fred and Charles Fisher established the Fisher Body Company. Their uncle soon wanted out and the brothers obtained the funds from Detroit businessman Louis Mendelssohn who became a shareholder. Within a short period of time, Charles and Fred Fisher brought their five brothers into the business. Prior to forming the company, Fred Fisher had built the body of the Cadillac Osceola at the C. R. Wilson Company, starting in 1910, Fisher became the supplier of all closed bodies for Cadillac, and also built for Buick. In the early years of the company, the Fisher Brothers had to develop new body designs because the horseless carriage bodies did not have the strength to withstand the vibration of the new motorcars. By 1913, the Fisher Body Company had the capacity to produce 100,000 cars per year and customers included, Ford, Krit, Chalmers, Cadillac, and Studebaker. Highly successful, they expanded into Canada, setting up a plant in Walkerville, Ontario, one reason for their success was the development of interchangeable wooden body parts that did not require hand-fitting, as was the case in the construction of carriages. This required the design of new precision woodworking tools, the Fisher Body and Buick Chassis were built in Saint John New Brunswick Canada in the 1920s. In 1916, the became the Fisher Body Corporation. The company constructed the now-abandoned Albert Kahn-designed Fisher Body Plant 21, on Piquette Street, in Detroit, the building is now part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of floor space
15.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
16.
Detroit Public Schools Community District
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It provides services to 48,000 students, making it the largest school district in the state. The district has its headquarters in the Fisher Building of the New Center area of Detroit, the school district has experience extensive financial difficulties over a series of years. From 1999 to 2005, and from 2009 to the present, besides DPS, the Education Achievement Authority operates 15 of the districts schools totalling 6,556 students as of the 2014-15 school year. Established in 1842, Detroit Public Schools has grown in area with the city, in 1917, the board membership was changed from ward-based to at-large elections. In 1999, the Michigan Legislature removed the elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement. Six board members were appointed by the mayor and one appointed by the superintendent of public instruction. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005, the first election of the new eleven member board of education, with four chosen at-large and seven by district, occurred on November 8,2005. At the time the enrollment was slowly increasing and it had a $100 million surplus. Before the district occupied the Fisher Building, its headquarters were in the Macabees Building in Midtown Detroit, the district paid the owner of the Fisher Building $24.1 million in 2002 so the district could occupy five floors in the building. This was more than the owner of the Fisher Building paid to buy the one year earlier. The districts emergency financial manager, Robert Bobb, said in 2009 that he was investigating how the board agreed to the lease in the Fisher Building. In November 2004 an election in Detroit was held since the takeover was sunsetting. On a 66% margin the voters agreed to return to having a school board. The board was selected in November 2005 and began its term in January 2006, the final full year that the board was in full control was the 2007-2008 fiscal year. By that time DPS had a $200 million deficit, the districts deficit was $369.5 million by the end of the 2007-2008 fiscal year, and its long-term debt was $1.5 billion. In January 2009 Governor of Michigan Jennifer Granholm installed Robert Bobb as the manager of DPS. She used Public Act 72 to appoint an emergency manager, in May 2011, Roy Roberts was appointed DPSs emergency manager by Governor Rick Snyder. By the time Roberts was appointed the DPS deficit was $686.5 million, in September 2011, a new statewide district, Education Achievement Authority, was to take over some of Detroits failing schools as selected by the emergency manager with up to 16 expected
17.
Albert Kahn Associates
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Albert Kahn Associates is an architectural design firm in Detroit, Michigan. The building of factories and other types of factories were revolutionized from wooden timber framing construction. Besides being a technology in strength that led to wider open interior spaces, it featured a high degree of fire resistance. The firm started by Albert Kahn built factories for Chrysler for over a decade, Ford Automobile for 30 years, other important clients of the firm were Republic Steel and General Motors. The firm was awarded a $40 million dollar contract to build a factory in Russia in 1928. The firms output was over a million dollars worth of work per week by 1929, by 1939, the firm designed 19 percent of all industrial buildings in the United States and had designed some $800 million of buildings worldwide. Albert Kahn established the Detroit firm in 1895 and was its first, in 1896, Kahn took on two partners, George Nettleton and Alexander Trowbridge. All three were architects at the time with the architectural firm Mason & Rice in Detroit, the firm they opened in January 1896 was initially called Nettleton, Kahn, and Trowbridge. At the time there was an abundance of jobs available. Mason & Rice even referred some of their work to Kahns new firm when they had more than they could handle, the firms first large design job in Detroit was to design Childrens Hospital of Michigan. Its next major project came in 1898 from James E. Scripps to design a library with an art gallery. The Scripps Library and Museum was located adjacent to Scripps mansion home on Trumbull Avenue at Grand River Avenue, the dynamics of the firm changed when Trowbridge took a position at Cornell University in 1897 and Nettleton died in 1900. The firm then hired designers with good reputations and an ability to work as a team with other designers, Ernest Wilby, a young Englishman from Canada, was their key designer working for the firm at the time. This new team then collaborated with the Mason & Rice architectural firm to design the Palms Apartments and it was one of the first buildings to use reinforced concrete as a major construction material. The firm changed its name in 1901 to Albert Kahn, architect, Ernest Wilby, associate, joseph Boyer had hired the firm to design a factory that made pneumatic tools. Boyer then asked the firm to design a building to house the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, Boyer in 1902 introduced Kahn to Henry Joy, head of the Packard Motor Car company. Kahns firm received several non-industrial jobs from Joy, including remodeling Joys home, Joy additionally had the firm design automobile factory buildings. Between 1903–05, the firm designed the first nine Packard Automotive Plant buildings using traditional designs that had spans no longer than 14 feet
18.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
19.
Cadillac Place
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Cadillac Place, formerly the General Motors Building, is a landmark high-rise office complex located at 3044 West Grand Boulevard in the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. It was renamed for the French founder of Detroit, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe and it is a National Historic Landmark in Michigan, listed in 1985. After much pressure by the General Motors Board of Directors, William C. Durant agreed in 1919 to construct a permanent headquarters in Detroit for the company he formed in 1908. The corporation purchased the block between Cass and Second on West Grand Boulevard and removed the 48 structures from the site to begin work. Groundbreaking was held June 2,1919 and the Cass Avenue wing was ready for occupancy in November 1920 while the remainder of the building was under construction. The building was named for Durant, but an internal power struggle led to his ouster in 1921. However, the initial “D” had already been carved above the main entrance, the structure was completed in 1922, and served as General Motors world headquarters from 1923 until 2001. It is approximately 2 miles to the southeast of Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly, in 2001 GM moved the last of its employees into the Renaissance Center on the Detroit River. The Annex was constructed shortly after the building, and in the 1940s. A parking structure was constructed to the east across Cass Avenue, a third bridge was constructed across Grand Boulevard in the early 1980s, to connect the building with New Center One and the St. Regis Hotel. The building now houses several Government of Michigan agencies under a 20-year lease agreement approved in 1998, at the end of the lease, the State has the option to purchase the structure for $1. The buildings 2002 renovation to house State offices was one of the nations largest historic renovation projects, upon completion it was renamed Cadillac Place as a tribute to Detroits founder, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac. Cadillac Place currently houses over 2,000 State employees including the Michigan Court of Appeals for District I, the buildings former executive office suite serves as the Detroit office for Michigans governor and attorney general, and several Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court have offices in the building. Cadillac Place rises 15 stories to a height of 220 feet. It was originally constructed with 1,200,000 sq ft and expanded to 1,395,000 sq ft. Designated a National Historic Landmark on June 2,1978, it is an exquisite example of Neoclassical architecture. Designed by noted architect Albert Kahn, the structure consists of a base with four parallel 15-story wings connecting to a central perpendicular backbone. Kahn used this design to allow sunlight and natural ventilation to each of the buildings hundreds of individual offices. The entire building is faced in limestone and is crowned with a two-story Corinthian colonnade, in 1923, it opened as the second largest office building in the world
20.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
21.
St. Patrick's Day
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Saint Patricks Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick, is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick, the foremost patron saint of Ireland. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, cèilidhs, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Saint Patricks Day is a holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia. Saint Patricks Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival, modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. In recent years, there has been criticism of Saint Patricks Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration and it is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church, according to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years working as a shepherd. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, after making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity, the Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands. Patricks efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove out of Ireland. Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick, over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Irelands foremost saint. Todays St Patricks Day celebrations have been influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora. Until the late 20th century, St Patricks Day was often a celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions, there are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. St Patricks Day parades began in North America in the 18th century, the participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become akin to a carnival
22.
National Hockey League
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Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
23.
Detroit Red Wings
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The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit, Michigan. They are members of the Atlantic Division in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League and are one of the Original Six teams of the league, founded in 1926, the team was known as the Detroit Cougars from then until 1930. For the 1930–31 and 1931–32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons, between the 1933–34 and 1965–66 seasons, the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times. Between the 1966–67 and 1990–91 seasons, the Red Wings made the only eight times in 25 seasons. During the last 11 years of this stretch, only five of the Leagues 21 teams did not make the post-season and this rough period for the team provoked the nickname of the Dead Wings. Near the end of that 25-year period, however, the Red Wings advanced to the Conference Finals twice. They have made the playoffs in 30 of the last 32 seasons, including 25 in a row, during a subsequent meeting on May 15, the league approved a franchise to the Townsend-Seyburn group of Detroit and named Charles A. Hughes as governor. Frank and Lester Patrick, the owners of the WHL, made a deal to sell the players to the NHL. The new Detroit franchise purchased the players of the folded Victoria Cougars WHL club to play for the team, the new Detroit franchise also adopted the Cougars nickname in honor of the folded franchise. Since no arena in Detroit was ready at the time, the Cougars played their first season in Windsor, for the 1927–28 season, the Cougars moved into the new Detroit Olympia, which would be their home rink until December 27,1979. This was also the first season behind the bench for Jack Adams, the Cougars made the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in 1929 with Carson Cooper leading the team in scoring. The Cougars were outscored 7–2 in the series with the Toronto Maple Leafs. In 1930, the Cougars were renamed the Falcons, but their woes continued, as they finished near the bottom of the standings. In 1932, the NHL let grain merchant James E. Norris, Norris first act was to choose a new name for the team—the Red Wings. Earlier in the century, Norris had been a member of the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association, the MAAAs teams were known by their club emblem and these Winged Wheelers were the first winners of the Stanley Cup in 1893. Norris decided that a version of their logo was perfect for a team playing in the Motor City, Norris also placed coach Jack Adams on a one-year probation for the 1932–33 NHL season. Adams managed to pass his probationary period by leading the franchise to first ever playoff series victory over the Montreal Maroons. Despite this success, the team lost in the semi-finals to the New York Rangers, in 1934 the Wings made the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time, with John Sorrell scoring 21 goals over 47 games and Larry Aurie leading the team in scoring
24.
Albert Kahn Building
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The Albert Kahn Building is an office building located at 7430 Second Avenue in the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan completed in 1931. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the New Center Building was built by the Fisher brothers and designed by Albert Kahn. It is located diagonally across from the Fisher Building, the ten-story building is architecturally similar to the Fisher Building, and the two are connected by an underground pedestrian tunnel. The building was designed to house office and retail space. The building was renamed the Albert Kahn Building in 1988, from 1940 through 1980, part of the ground floor was occupied by Saks Fifth Avenue store number 4. As in the Fisher Building, Kahn used high quality materials to construct the New Center Building, including polished marble lobby floors, the multi-year project has a potential cost of $70 million to $80 million in addition to the purchase price. Albert Kahn Associates, headquartered in the Albert Kahn Building
25.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
26.
Maccabees Building
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The Maccabees Building is a historic building located at 5057 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. and is owned by Wayne State University. The building consists of a base which covers the entire site. The nine-story spine sits above this rising to a height of 197 feet with ten-story wings buttressing each corner, the buildings exterior resembles the letter H with this clearly evident on the fourth through tenth story floorplans. The high-rise truss tower features Art Deco and Romanesque details which include large arched windows on the ground and second level with rose windows accenting the second floor, windows on the tenth and fourteenth floor are arched with decorative spandrel panels. The exterior is faced with limestone, the entrance is recessed in a three-story barrel vault arch which continues into the building to form the lobby ceiling. The central section is topped by a radio broadcast tower and this was originally the broadcast tower for WXYZ radio, and television, until the station moved to new facilities in 1959. WGPR radio now occupies transmission facilities on the tower, along with data transmission equipment for Wayne State University. The height above ground to the tip of the antenna is 465.9 feet, from 1960 to 2000, it served as the headquarters of Detroit Public Schools. On March 25,2011, Wayne State University and Detroit Public Television announced they would operate a television production studio in the space previously occupied by WXYZ-TV. The studio would reunite the entities who co-produced programs through the late 1970s, the space will be upgraded in phases to install new equipment and provide internships for students in the universitys media arts programs. Construction on the began in 1926, and completed in 1927. The building was constructed for the fraternal organization Knights of the Maccabees which later established the Royal Maccabees Insurance Company, surplus space in the building was leased to other businesses, including retail business on the ground floor and office space in the upper floors. One noteworthy tenant was Detroits radio and television station WXYZ which had its offices and later television studios, from 1959 until 2001, the studios, transmitter, and broadcast tower were used by WDET-FM. During the 1950s, Soupy Sales performed in the lower level studio, in 1960, the Maccabees Insurance Company relocated its headquarters to a new building in the northern suburb of Southfield. In 1986, it built new 251, 000-square-foot office building and these newer structures are also sometimes referred to as the Maccabees Building. When the Maccabees organization vacated the building in 1960, the Detroit Public School System purchased it for a headquarters, from 1960 to 1992, it served as the headquarters of Detroit Public Schools. It officially became the School Center Building but the Maccabees name remained visible on the exterior, the Maccabees Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983
27.
Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design
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The winning entry, the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower, was built in 1925. Saarinens entry came in place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings. In 1921–22, the prominent Tribune Tower competition was held to design a new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune, first place was awarded to a design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, a neo-Gothic building completed in 1925. Saarinen was awarded $20,000 for second place, his design was never constructed, many observers felt that Saarinens simplified yet soaring setback tower was the most appropriate entry, and his novel modernist design influenced many subsequent architectural projects. Saarinen was an architect but had never before designed a skyscraper. To arrive at his design, he took as a starting place the upward sweep of Gothic architecture. He said that through logical construction each portion of the design was made to reflect the goal of verticality. He was 49 years old when he submitted the design, the year he moved from Finland to the Chicago area. In the U. S. he contributed to a design for the Chicago lakefront, and he lectured at the University of Michigan. Instead, others found success by incorporating his vision, pflueger, George W. Kelham, Hubbell and Benes, Holabird & Roche, Alfred C. Finn, and James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter, Jr. as well as later architect César Pelli, respected Chicago architect Louis Sullivan offered high praise to Saarinens design, and said that his building indicated the future direction for the old Chicago School. Sullivan named Saarinen his stylistic successor, Chicago architects Thomas Tallmadge and Irving Kane Pond were also very vocal in their praise for Saarinen. Pond said Saarinens design was by far the best contest entry, that it was devoid of the superficial adornments featured on the winning entry, Tallmadge projected that Saarinens design would be transformative for American skyscrapers. He said that under Saarinens hand, the spirit of the skyscraper, rid of its inhibitions, leaps in joyous freedom to the sky. Skyscraper Museum director Carol Willis, and art consultant Franck Mercurio, curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, Mercurio argues that Goodhues design is a better example of modernism because it has less ornamentation. Goodhues entry gained him honorable mention but no cash award, the following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinens 1922 design. The Chicago Tribune Competition, Skyscraper Museum
28.
Setback (architecture)
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A setback, sometimes called step-back, is a step-like recession in a wall. Setbacks were initially used for reasons, but now are often mandated by land use codes. In densely built-up areas, setbacks also help get more daylight, setbacks were used by ancient builders to increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by the building material such as clay, stone, or brick. This was achieved by reducing the footprint of each level located successively farther from the ground. Setbacks also allowed the natural erosion to occur without compromising the integrity of the building. The most graphic example of a technique is the step pyramids of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. For centuries, setbacks were a necessity for virtually all multi-level load-bearing masonry buildings. As architects learned how to turn setbacks into a feature, most setbacks were however less pronounced than in step pyramids. The introduction of a steel structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks. The use of a frame building technology combined with such as elevators and motorized water pumps influenced the physical growth. Driven by the desire to maximize the usable floor area, some developers avoided the use of setbacks, creating in many instances a range of fire safety and it resulted in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which gave New York Citys skyscrapers their typical setbacks and soaring designs. Today many jurisdictions rely on urban planning regulations, such as zoning ordinances, for example, in high density districts, such as Manhattan in New York, front walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories. Above that height, the buildings are required to set back behind a theoretical inclined plane, called sky exposure plane, in many cities, building setbacks add value to the interior real estate adjacent to the setback by creating usable exterior spaces. These setback terraces are prized for the access they provide to fresh air, skyline views, in addition, setbacks promote fire safety by spacing buildings and their protruding parts away from each other and allow for passage of firefighting apparatus between buildings. In the United States, setback requirements vary among municipalities, the New York City Zoning Ordinance also provided another kind of setback guideline, one that was intended to increase the amount of public space in the city. This was achieved by increasing the minimum setback at street level, creating in each instance an open space, often referred to as plaza, in front of the building
29.
Barrel vault
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A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design, the barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault, effectively a series of arches placed side by side. It is a form of barrel roof, as with all arch-based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust, one is, of course, to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong - this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to two or more vaults parallel to each other, the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building, however, the outer walls of the outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing. The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault, Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were used extensively in Roman architecture. They were also used to replace the Cloaca Maxima with a system of underground sewers, other early barrel vault designs occur in northern Europe, Turkey, Morocco, and other regions. In medieval Europe, the vault was an important element of stone construction in monasteries, castles, tower houses. This form of design is observed in cellars, crypts, long hallways, cloisters, Barrel vaulting was known and utilized by early civilizations, including Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, it apparently was not a popular or common method of construction within these civilizations. The Persians and the Romans were the first to make significant architectural use of them, the technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at Requagnah and Denderah and these were built with sun-dried brick in three rings over passages descending to tombs, in these cases, as the span of the vault was only two metres. Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from Etruscans, after the fall of the Roman empire, few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period, a return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals, their interiors were dark, due to thick. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of Cluny Abbey, peters Basilica in Rome, where a huge barrel vault spans the 27 m -wide nave. With a barrel vault design the vectors of pressure result in a force on the crown while the lower portions of the arches realise a lateral force pushing outwards. As an outcome this form of design is subject to failure unless the sides are anchored or buttressed to very heavy building elements or substantial earthwork sidings
30.
Corrado Parducci
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Corrado Giuseppe Parducci was an Italian-American architectural sculptor who was a celebrated artist for his numerous early 20th Century works. Parducci was born in Buti, Italy, a village near Pisa. At a young age, he was sponsored by heiress/sculptor Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and he attended the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and Art Students League. His teachers included anatomist George Bridgman and sculptor Albin Polasek, Parducci was apprenticed to architectural sculptor Ulysses Ricci in 1917. While working for Ricci, and later while in the Anthony DiLorenzo studio, in 1924 Parducci traveled to Detroit to work for Kahn, only planning to stay for a few months. However, with the industry booming in the 1920s, Parducci moved his family to Michigan. One of Parduccis known Detroit studios was located at Cass Ave. and Sibley St. Parduccis studio had tall windows which illuminated his work. Parducci’s work can be found on many of the Detroit area’s finest buildings including churches, schools, banks, hospitals and residences. His sculptures can be found in most major Michigan cities including Ann Arbor, Dearborn, Flint, Grand Rapids, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Marquette, Royal Oak, Saginaw, by the end of his long and productive career, Parducci’s efforts adorned about 600 buildings. Anthony Di Lorenzo, New York ornamentalist, held two contracts for interior decoration in the Detroit Masonic Temple - #1 $13,160.00, thomas Di Lorenzo’s contract for interior decoration amounted to $59,074.00. Joe Parducci worked in the New York firm of Ricci, DiLorenzo, when the firm broke up, he stayed with DiLorenzo who was an ornamentalist and Parducci was the sculptor. Parducci met Albert Kahn in New York City who urged him to come to Detroit, Parducci came to Detroit to work for only a couple of months. Anthony DiLorenzo had some work here and Kahn wanted Parducci and he worked indirectly for Kahn through DiLorenzo. Other work came from Detroit architects Donaldson & Meier, Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, the first 8 months,1924 to middle of 1925, Joe worked under DiLorenzo. The Masonic Temple contracts were DiLorenzos’ jobs until Parducci bought them out for $5,000.00, William F. Gurche had the contract for the exterior sculpture. Henry Steinman, a New York sculptor working in the Detroit studio of William F. Gurche, sculpted the Tylers on the four towers of the Ritual Building. Leo Friedlander, a New York sculptor and 1913 winner of the Rome Prize, was paid $1,100.00 to sculpt the three figures– King Solomon, King Hiram and Hiram Abiff– over the Ritual Tower entrance. All the light fixtures were custom-made by the Sterling Bronze Company of New York, the lighting fixtures in the lodges, hallways, and foyers were designed for the tasks at hand
31.
Ulysses Ricci
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Ulysses Anthony Ricci was an American sculptor known primarily for his architectural sculpture. Born in New York City, Ricci was an apprentice at the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Works in New Jersey from 1902 to 1906 and he studied at Cooper Union Institute and at the Art Students League with James Earle Fraser and George Bridgman. He opened his own studio in 1914 and was a partner in the firm Ricci & Zari from 1917 to 1941, architectural sculptor Corrado Parducci apprenticed with Ricci & Zari. Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, Albert Kahn, architect, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan,1920 Bowery Savings Bank, NYC, York & Sawyer architects,1922 Wisconsin Hardware Ltd. C
32.
WJR
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The abbreviation WJR may also refer to World Junior Records in athletics or World Jewish Relief, a British charitable organisation. For the former WJR-FM, see WDVD, WJR is a radio station in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts a News/Talk format and its studios are located in the Fisher Building in the New Center neighborhood of Detroit, while its transmitter is located in the Downriver community of Riverview. Its daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage as far as Dayton, Ohio and Erie, under the right conditions, its daytime signal reaches as far west as South Bend, Indiana and as far east as Toronto, Ontario. The station can also be heard clearly at all times within the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, WJR airs a mix of local and syndicated talk shows, and local sports. Weekdays feature WJR morning personality Paul W. Smith, afternoon personality Mitch Albom and it is the Detroit outlet for Westwood One syndicated talk shows Michael Savage, Mark Levin, John Batchelor and Red Eye Radio. WJR for many years has aired Rush Limbaugh from the Premiere Networks in early afternoons, WJR is also the flagship station of the Michigan State Spartans and Detroit Lions. WJRs transmitter building and broadcast tower are located in Riverview, Michigan and its studios are located in the Fisher Building in Detroits New Center area. A tower atop the Fisher Building is used for transmitting WJRs audio to the transmitter, WJR began as WCX on May 4,1922, owned by the Detroit Free Press newspaper, operating at 580 kHz from the Free Press Building. It shared this frequency with WWJ, another station owned by The Detroit News, on December 8,1924, WCX opened studios atop the new Book-Cadillac Hotel in downtown Detroit, with transmitter facilities on the roof. Guest and the Jean Goldkette orchestra participated in the program, in 1925, the Jewett Radio & Phonograph Company of Pontiac, Michigan purchased WCX. Sometime thereafter the station known as WCX/WJR. Also by 1925, WWJ was at 850 kHz, and both stations were broadcasting at 5000 watts of power, on November 11,1928, it moved to 750 AM as a result of the FRCs General Order 40. On December 16,1928, the station moved from the offices to its current location in the Fisher Building. It began identifying as WJR Detroit, from the Golden Tower of the Fisher Building, Goodwill Stations Inc. formed by George A. Richards, acquired WJR in 1929, and it became known as The Goodwill Station. WCX ceased to exist, and WJR acquired all its assets, in 1931, the station raised its power to 10,000 watts, four years later, it would broadcast with 50,000 watts. On March 29,1941, WJR moved from 750 to 760 kHz in accordance with the NARBA frequency reallocations, before North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941,750 kHz was a clear channel under 1928 rules. WJR became a CBS affiliate on September 29,1935, after having been affiliated with NBC-Blue, on the same date, WJRs officials formally dedicated the stations new 50,000 W transmitter
33.
WDVD
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WDVD is a Hot Adult Contemporary radio station in Detroit, Michigan, broadcasting at 96.3 MHz on the FM dial. WDVD is licensed for HD Radio operations, on June 1,1948, the station signed on as WJR-FM, simulcasting WJR, Detroits CBS Radio Network affiliate. After almost three years, the station reverted to music, with which it was quite successful for a time, as their moniker was WJR-FM. Competitors at this time were WLDM-FM, WWJ-FM, and WKNR-FM, in July 1982, WJR-FM applied to the Federal Communications Commission for a call letter change to WHYT. The call letter change was approved on August 16,1982, and, oddly, Hot Hits was a fast-moving, jingle-intensive format that featured a tight rotation of 50 current hits. The station used the on-air names 96 Now and 96 WHYT, one of the noteworthy WHYT personalities during this time was Joey Reynolds, who had last worked in Detroit radio at WXYZ-AM eighteen years earlier. In 1985, the station retooled itself as Power 96, in 1989, the station rebranded as simply 96.3 FM, taking on even more of a rhythmic contemporary lean. For much of the 1980s, WHYT was Detroits local affiliate for Casey Kasems American Top 40, wHYTs major competitors from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s were Z95.5 and 99.5 The Fox, as well as then churban powerhouse WJLB. The stations peak of popularity came during its days as both Power 96 and then 96, michael J. Foxx, Sonny Joe Fox, Bo The Jammer Jackson, Dave Fogel and Lisa Lisa The Party Princess Orlando were all popular DJs at WHYT. In 1991, however, the debut of 89X, as well as Foxxs departure, took substantial market share away from WHYT as teens, in 1992, the station delved even farther into rhythmic CHR territory, becoming known as 96.3 Jamz. WHYT eliminated most of the pop and rock from its playlist and began to focus almost exclusively on hip-hop, R&B. This format, known in radio trades as Channel X, was described by some as a version of MTV. After completing a deal with a radio station in Plattsburgh, New York. With the call change, however, the station tweaked its format to more of a Modern Adult Contemporary sound to distinguish it more from competing alternative-rock station CIMX. The Planet dropped White Zombie, The Offspring and other harder-edged artists from its playlist and focused more on alternative pop-rock acts such as Jewel, Sheryl Crow, during this time, the station identified itself as Modern Hits of the 80s and 90s. A popular feature on WPLT was Big Sonic Heaven, a Sunday-night program of ambient, trance, chill, the Planet made some ratings headway with the Modern AC sound, but was never a major player in the market. On September 6,1999, at 4,30 PM, after finishing their Labor Day weekend Flashback 500 countdown, the first song on the relaunched Planet was Plush by Stone Temple Pilots. Core artists of Alternative Classics included U2, Depeche Mode, The Cure, The Go-Gos, Peter Gabriel, Erasure, the change failed to raise ratings, and within a year, WPLT had begun to re-add current music into its rotation under the guise of Future Alternative Classics
34.
WDRQ
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WDRQ is an FM radio station in Detroit, Michigan broadcasting a country format as Nash FM 93-1. The station is one of two country stations in Detroit, the other being WYCD. The station is owned by Cumulus Media, storer Broadcasting signed on WJBK-FM in the summer of 1947. The station initially broadcast only six hours per day but implemented 24-hour operations in October 1947, from 1947 to 1966, WJBK-FM programming was strict 100% duplication of the AM side, and the FM side continued to simulcast through several programming changes. WJBK-AM was Detroits first top 40 station, playing hit music from 1956 to 1964, after 1964 WJBK-FM fully and then partially simulcast the AMs new easy listening and then MOR format, and its brief return to Top 40 in 1969. Starting in 1966, WJBK-FM began to introduce separate stereo programming for about 50% of the broadcast day, in late 1969, WJBK-AM/FM became WDEE-AM & FM and implemented a country format with a Top 40-style presentation. The AM side quickly returned to high ratings, however, WDEE-FM remained virtually invisible, in 1971, WDEE-FM was sold to Bartell Broadcasting, changed its calls to WDRQ-FM, and became Detroits first FM talk radio station. Vuolo, Jr. Ultimately, however, the format proved to be unsuccessful. Bartell at the time owned such legendary AM Top 40 stations as KCBQ in San Diego, like those stations, WDRQ used consultant Buzz Bennetts fast-paced Q format. By 1977, WDRQ was the number one Top 40 station in Detroit, WDRQ also became intimately involved in Detroit. It organized its listeners to gather on a Saturday and clean up Detroit parks, WDRQ became famous in the radio business nationwide when it ran its WDRQ Has Balls contest. The contest gave away tennis balls, footballs and other equipment manufactured by sports equipment company Head. CKLW and WDRQ also became personal rivals, then, on January 24,1979, WDRQ made a format shift to disco as Disco 93, inspired by the success of the all-disco format at WKTU in New York City. The move to disco was not received well in Detroit, continuous Music—93FM WDRQ was a success, and the opening of Beverly Hills Cop features an advertisement for this version of WDRQ on a city bus. Bartell sold the station to Amatuoro Broadcasting in the early 1980s, Viacom later purchased the station in a trade with Keymarket for a station that Viacom owned in Memphis in the mid-1980s that Keymarket wanted. In April 1985, owner Amaturo Radio Group dropped the format of WDRQ. Action - enabled the station to hold its own in competition against the other AC stations in the market, through the early 1990s, the stations music became more contemporary, and the easy listening artists were gradually phased out. On August 9,1996, WDRQ returned as a Rhythmic Adult Contemporary station, the first song on the relaunched DRQ was Brick House by The Commodores
35.
Aztec
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The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl and aztecah mean people from Aztlan, a place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time. Often the term Aztec refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan, situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mēxihcah Tenochcah or Cōlhuah Mexihcah. From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization, here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as achieving remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. Subsequently, the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, the term extends to further ethnic groups associated with the Aztec empire such as the Acolhua and Tepanec and others that were incorporated into the empire. In older usage the term was used about modern Nahuatl speaking ethnic groups. In recent usage these ethnic groups are referred to as the Nahua peoples. Linguistically the term Aztecan is still used about the branch of the Uto-Aztecan languages that includes the Nahuatl language and its closest relatives Pochutec, to the Aztecs themselves the word aztec was not an endonym for any particular ethnic group. Rather it was a term used to refer to several ethnic groups, not all of them Nahuatl speaking. In the Nahuatl language aztecatl means person from Aztlan and this usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years, but the term Aztec is still more common. For the same reason the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. Particular to the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan was the Mexica patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, the Aztec Empire was a tribute empire based in Tenochtitlan that extended its power throughout Mesoamerica in the late postclassic period. Soon Texcoco and Tlacopan became junior partners in the alliance, which was de facto led by the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, the empire extended its power by a combination of trade and military conquest. The political clout of the empire reached far south into Mesoamerica conquering cities as far south as Chiapas and Guatemala, the Nahua peoples began to migrate into Mesoamerica from northern Mexico in the 6th century. They populated central Mexico, dislocating speakers of Oto-Manguean languages as they spread their influence south. As the former nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples mixed with the civilizations of Mesoamerica, adopting religious and cultural practices. During the Postclassic period they rose to power at such sites as Tula, in the 12th century the Nahua power center was in Azcapotzalco, from where the Tepanecs dominated the valley of Mexico
36.
Mayan Revival architecture
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The Mayan Revival is a modern architectural movement, primarily of the 1920s and 1930s, that drew inspiration from the architecture and iconography of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. Specifically Maya and Mexica elements in the Pan American Union Building include the floor surrounding a central fountain. Also, in the Pan American Union Buildings Art Museum of the Americas there are numerous architectural details that are copied from Maya. Several prominent architects worked in this style, including Frank Lloyd Wright, wrights Hollyhock House on Olive Hill in Los Angeles copied the shape of temples from Palenque, the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo was in the shape of a Mesoamerican pyramid. Wrights son, landscape architect and architect Lloyd Wright, served as manager for three of his fathers four textile block houses. He independently designed the iconic Mayan-modernist John Sowden House in 1926 in the Los Feliz District of Hollywood, wrights disciple Arata Endo constructed the Kōshien Hotel in the 1930s, heavily influenced by the architecture of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. Commissioned much later in 1953, the pyramid of Beth Sholom Synagogue with its geometric roof detailing is perhaps the most direct Wright evocation of Maya form. Likely the most publicized example of Mayan revival was Robert Stacy-Judds Aztec Hotel of 1924-1925. Its façade, interiors and furniture incorporated abstract patterns inspired by the Maya script with Art Deco influences, in it Stacy-Judd explains the choice of the name of the hotel, When the hotel project was first announced, the word Maya was unknown to the layman. The subject of Maya culture was only of importance, a, at that, concerned. As a word Aztec was fairly well known, I baptized the hotel with that name,1929 The Paradise Village in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Architecturally inspired and designed upon the old and rich Mayan culture, With a collection of pyramid-shaped buildings,1984 Art and History Museums—Maitland, Maitland, FL,1938. Winter artist colony designed by J. Andre Smith, the Pan American Union, Peace, Friendship, Commerce. Pre-Columbian Art and the Post-Columbian World, Ancient American Sources of Modern Art, Robert Stacy-Judd, Maya Architecture and the Creation of a New Style. The Mayan Revival Style, Art Deco Mayan Fantasy, the Ancient Mayas, Adventures In the Jungles of Yucatan. Pre-Columbian Revival, Defining and Exploring a U. S, century Co.1926 Route 66-org, the Aztec Hotel - Monrovia
37.
Banana
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The banana is an edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains, in contrast to dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant, almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, the old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used. Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between bananas and plantains. Especially in the Americas and Europe, banana usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the Cavendish group, by contrast, Musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called plantains. In other regions, such as Southeast Asia, many kinds of banana are grown and eaten. The term banana is used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit. This can extend to members of the genus Musa like the scarlet banana, pink banana. It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete, like the snow banana, both genera are classified under the banana family, Musaceae. The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant, all the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a corm. Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy, and are mistaken for trees. Bananas grow in a variety of soils, as long as the soil is at least 60 cm deep, has good drainage and is not compacted. The leaves of plants are composed of a stalk and a blade. The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath, the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, the edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart, cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions
38.
Macaw
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Macaws are long-tailed, often colourful New World parrots. Of the many different Psittacidae genera, six are classified as macaws, Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca, previously, the members of the genus Primolius were placed in Propyrrhura, but the former is correct in accordance with ICZN rules. Macaws are native to Central America and North America, South America, most species are associated with forests, especially rainforests, but others prefer woodland or savannah-like habitats. Proportionately larger beaks, long tails, and relatively bare, light-coloured, sometimes the facial patch is smaller in some species, and limited to a yellow patch around the eyes and a second patch near the base of the beak in the members of the genus Anodorhynchus. A macaws facial feather pattern is as unique as a fingerprint, the largest macaws are the hyacinth, Buffons and green-winged macaws. While still relatively large, macaws of the genera Cyanopsitta, Orthopsittaca and Primolius are significantly smaller than the members of Anodorhynchus, the smallest member of the family, the red-shouldered macaw, is no larger than some parakeets of the genus Aratinga. Macaws, like parrots, toucans and woodpeckers, are zygodactyl, having their first. There are 19 species of macaws, including extinct and critically endangered species, in addition, there are several hypothetical extinct species that have been proposed based on very little evidence. The Spixs macaw is now extinct in the wild. The glaucous macaw is also extinct, with only two reliable records of sightings in the 20th century. The greatest problems threatening the population are the rapid rate of deforestation. International trade of all species is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora. Some species of macaws—the scarlet macaw as a listed in the CITES Appendix I. Sometimes macaws are hybridized for the pet trade and this would explain why the blue and gold is the most commonly hybridised macaw, and why the hybridising trend took hold among macaws. Common macaw hybrids include the harlequin, miligold macaw and the Catalina, in addition, unusual but apparently healthy intergeneric hybrids between the hyacinth macaw and several of the larger Ara macaws have also occasionally been seen in captivity. Macaws eat a variety of foods including seeds, nuts, fruits, palm fruits, leaves, flowers, Wild species may forage widely, over 100 km for some of the larger species such as Ara araurana and Ara ambigua, in search of seasonally available foods. Some foods eaten by macaws in certain regions in the wild are said to contain toxic or caustic substances which they are able to digest and it has been suggested that parrots and macaws in the Amazon Basin eat clay from exposed river banks to neutralize these toxins. In the western Amazon hundreds of macaws and other parrots descend to exposed river banks to consume clay on an almost daily basis – except on rainy days, rather, the macaws and other bird and animal species prefer clays with higher levels of sodium
39.
Nederlander Organization
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The Nederlander Organization, founded in 1912 by David T. Nederlander and based in Detroit, Michigan, is one of the largest operators of legitimate theatres and music venues in the United States. Its first acquisition was a lease on the Detroit Opera House in 1912, the building was demolished in 1928. It later operated the Shubert Lafayette Theatre until its demolition in 1964, mechanic Theatre – Baltimore National Theatre – Washington, D. C.5 million. In January 2014, Nederlander settled a suit with the U. S. Attorneys Office over violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Under the consent decree, Nederlander agreed to make alterations within three-years to nine of its theatres in New York to make more accessible. The case was one in a series filed by the U. S. Attorney against a number of venues in the city
40.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
41.
The Gay Life
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The Gay Life is a musical with a book by Fay and Michael Kanin, lyrics by Howard Dietz, and music by Arthur Schwartz. Based on a cycle of seven short plays by Arthur Schnitzler, published in 1893 and first staged in 1910, the score is a mixture of traditional Broadway show tunes and operetta. The Gay Life started pre-Broadway try-outs at the Fisher Theater in Detroit, the production opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on November 18,1961 and closed on February 24,1962 after 113 performances and three previews. In Vienna in 1904, Anatol Von Huber is to marry Liesl, in flashback Anatol remembers how he arrived at this circumstance. Anatol, a bachelor and playboy, has decided the time has come to settle down. His target is the sister of his best friend Max, the virginal Liesl, but the young lady is determined to tame the philanderer and make him swear to be true to her before she accepts his proposal. After meeting Anatol for the first time since she was a child at the marriage mart in Carlsbad, however, as the guests waltz, Antol leaves with the Frenchwoman Mimi. When they meet again on Christmas Eve, Liesl tells Anatol how she feels, Anatol learns that Mimi plans on leaving him, and he invents a story about his relationship with Liesl. Anatol does in fact propose, but Liesl is doubtful they will really marry and her doubts seem to come true when his old flame, Magda, is found in his bedroom. Although Liesl declares that she not marry him, he proposes again. Howard Taubman, reviewing for The New York Times, called the show colorful, cheerful, as Liesl she conveys an enchanting blend of gentle simplicity and independent character. The integrity of her acting and her singing voice gives an oft-told sentimental story the credibility of human warmth, an original cast recording was released by Capitol Records and later released on CD by Angel, then DRG. John Wilson, reviewing the album wrote that relieved of the encumbrance of the book the score is sunny and lilting with extremely hummable songs. com
42.
No Strings
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No Strings is a musical drama with a book by Samuel A. The musical opened on Broadway in 1962 and ran for 580 performances and it received the nomination for Tony Award, Best Musical. The world premiere of No Strings was at the OKeefe Centre in Toronto, the U. S. premiere was at the Fisher Theater in Detroit, where the show ran from January 15 to February 3,1962. The musical opened on March 15,1962, at the 54th Street Theatre and it ran for slightly more than six months before transferring to the Broadhurst Theatre, where it continued until August of the following year, for a total of 580 performances and one preview. Joe Layton was both director and choreographer, with Diahann Carroll and Richard Kiley starring, barbara McNair and Howard Keel replaced them later in the run. In December 1963, an equally successful London production, starring Art Lund and Beverly Todd, in 2003, a staged concert production was held at New Yorks City Center as a part of its Encores. This production starred James Naughton and Maya Days and was directed and choreographed by Ann Reinking. Neither the book nor score make specific mention of race, nor does it impact upon any decisions made by the couple, other than the models reference to growing up north of Central Park, there is nothing in the script to suggest shes African-American. Nevertheless, the casting was socially progressive at the time, as related by Geoffrey Block, Rodgers got the idea for casting a black actress in the star role after viewing Diahann Carroll on The Tonight Show. He felt that the casting spoke for itself and any references to race in the play were unnecessary. Rodgers said, Rather than shrinking from the issue of race, however, the characters reluctance to discuss race was controversial. She attempts to restore his confidence in his creativity, but the life hes enjoying, flitting about Monte Carlo, Honfleur, Deauville. Concluding that he can work if he returns home to Maine, he invites her to go with him but, realizing they have no future together. In keeping with the title of the show, the score was arranged and orchestrated without string instruments, Broadway, The American Musical No Strings at the Internet Broadway Database RNH Theatricals site for No Strings No Strings plot, history, song list at guidetomusicaltheatre. com
43.
Bravo Giovanni
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Bravo Giovanni is a musical with a book by A. J. Russell, lyrics by Ronny Graham, and music by Milton Schafer. It is based upon Howard Shaws 1959 novel, The Crime of Giovanni Venturi, the musical was conceived as a vehicle for opera star Cesare Siepi, and the story concerned a family-owned Italian restaurants efforts to compete with a restaurant chain. After three previews, the Broadway production, directed by Stanley Prager and choreographed by Carol Haney, opened on May 19,1962 at the Broadhurst Theatre, where it ran for 76 performances. The cast included Cesare Siepi, Michele Lee, David Opatoshu, George S. Irving, Maria Karnilova, Lainie Kazan, Larry Fuller, the show received Tony Award nominations for Best Composer and Lyricist, Best Choreography, and Best Conductor and Musical Director. An original cast recording was released by Columbia Records, Giovanni Venturi is the owner of a small, family-style trattoria in Rome. Giovanni and his girlfriend Miranda successfully build the tunnel, and their efforts are profitable, new York, Henry Holt and Company. Bravo Giovanni at the Internet Broadway Database
44.
Oliver!
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Oliver. is an English musical, with music and lyrics by Lionel Bart. The musical is based upon the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and it premiered in the West End in 1960, enjoying a long run, and successful long runs on Broadway, tours and revivals, after being brought to the US by producer David Merrick in 1963. It was made into a film in 1968. Major London revivals played from 1977–80, 1994–98, 2008–11 and on tour in the UK from 2011-13, a prominent musical in British popular culture, Oliver. Received thousands of performances in British schools, particularly in the 1970s, in 1963 Lionel Bart received the Tony Award for Best Original Score. Many songs are known to the public. Oliver. was the first musical adaptation of a famous Charles Dickens work to become a stage hit, there had been two previous Dickens musicals in the 1950s, both of them television adaptations of A Christmas Carol. The musical opens in the workhouse, as the orphan boys are entering the enormous dining room for dinner. They are fed only gruel, but find some solace by imagining a richer menu, Oliver gathers up the courage to ask for more. He is immediately apprehended and is told to gather his belongings by Mr. Bumble and the Widow Corney, Mr. Bumble and Widow Corney are left alone, and Mr. Bumble begins to make amorous advances. Mrs. Corney pretends to resent his attentions, but ends up on Mr. Bumbles lap, Mr. Bumble then takes Oliver and sells him as an apprentice to an undertaker, Mr. Sowerberry. He and his wife taunt Oliver and Mr. Bumble, causing Mr. Bumble to become angry, Oliver is sent to sleep in the basement with the coffins. The next morning Noah Claypole, another employee of Sowerberry, insults Olivers dead mother, Mrs. Sowerberry and her maid, Charlotte, also Noahs girlfriend, run in, and Mr. Bumble is sent for. He and the Sowerberrys lock Oliver in a coffin, but during all the commotion Oliver escapes, after a week on the run, he ends up in the city of London and meets a boy about his age known as the Artful Dodger. Dodger seems a kindly boy, and invites Oliver to join him, Dodger is, unknown to Oliver, a boy pickpocket, and he invites Oliver to come and live in Fagins lair. Fagin is a criminal, now too old to thieve himself. Oliver is completely unaware of any criminality, and believes that the boys make handkerchiefs rather than steal them, Oliver is introduced to Fagin and his boys, and is taught their ways. The next day, Oliver meets Nancy, a member of Fagins gang, and the live-in wife of Fagins terrifying associate Bill Sikes
45.
Here's Love
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Heres Love is a musical with a book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson. Based on the classic film Miracle on 34th Street, it tells the tale of a little girl who doubts the existence of Santa Claus. The cast included Laurence Naismith, Janis Paige, Craig Stevens, Lisa Kirk, Fred Gwynne, Kathy Cody, Michael Bennett, the original director, Norman Jewison, was replaced by Ostrow, the producer, during rehearsals. The Toronto Civic Light Opera Company has produced Heres Love twice, with significant musical and book revisions by artistic director and their first production ran in December 1994, and a more elaborate staging was presented in December 2007. This show also been titled Its Beginning To Look a Lot Like Christmas and Miracle on 34th Street, The Musical. The song Its Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas was written by Willson in 1951 and used in the musical where it is sung in counterpoint to the newly composed Pinecones, Susan Walker and her mother, Doris, live alone in New York City in the 1960s. Doris works in a position at Macys and, at the start of the musical, is busy organizing the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade. Susan meets an ex-marine named Fred Gaily, who takes it himself to rid her of her realistic outlook on life by taking her to see Santa Claus at Macys. Kris manages to win Susan over while love blooms between Fred and Doris, the second act sees Kris appearing in the New York Supreme Court, with Fred helping him defend his sanity. In the conclusion, Fred uses the Post Office to prove to the court that Santa Claus does exist, Kris Kringle is he
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