1.
Fishing
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Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild, techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, the term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate. According to United Nations FAO statistics, the number of commercial fishermen. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational pastime, Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The British dogger was a type of sailing trawler from the 17th century. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, an Act of Parliament was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper. It was only in the 1846, with the expansion in the fishing industry. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by Albert the Prince consort in 1849, the dock covered 25 acres and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet
2.
Fishing industry
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The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, the commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and it is also referred to as the seafood industry, although non-food items such as pearls are included among its products. The traditional sector, comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products in accordance with their traditions, in addition,1.3 million tons of aquatic plants were captured in wild fisheries and 14.8 million tons were produced by aquaculture. The number of fish caught in the wild has been estimated at 0. 97-2.7 trillion per year. Following is a table of the 2011 world fishing industry harvest in tonnes by capture and by aquaculture. The top producing countries were, in order, the Peoples Republic of China, Peru, Japan and those countries accounted for more than half of the worlds production, China alone accounted for a third of the worlds production. Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms, unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments, particular kinds of aquaculture include algaculture, fish farming, shrimp farming, shellfish farming, and the growing of cultured pearls. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosed pools, fish species raised by fish farms include carp, salmon, tilapia, catfish and cod. Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing operations have caused widespread overfishing, fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish and fish protein. Fish processing is the processing of fish delivered by commercial fisheries, the larger fish processing companies have their own fishing fleets and independent fisheries. The products of the industry are usually sold wholesale to grocery chains or to intermediaries, fish processing can be subdivided into two categories, fish handling and fish products manufacturing. Aspects of fish processing occur on fishing vessels, fish processing vessels, fisheries are estimated to currently provide 16% of the world populations protein. The flesh of fish are primarily valued as a source of food. Other marine life taken as food includes shellfish, crustaceans, sea cucumber, jellyfish, fish and other marine life can also be used for many other uses, pearls and mother-of-pearl, sharkskin and rayskin. Sea horses, star fish, sea urchins and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine, tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails, sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish. Fish glue has long valued for its use in all manner of products
3.
Becharof Wilderness
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Becharof Wilderness is a wilderness area in the U. S. state of Alaska. Located within the Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, it comprises approximately 500,000 acres and is bordered by the Katmai Wilderness on the north and it was designated Wilderness in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. The region is home to an array of wildlife, including brown bears, salmon, caribou. Wilderness Areas Wilderness Act Becharof National Wildlife Refuge Becharof Wilderness - Wilderness. net
4.
Southwest Alaska
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Southwest Alaska is a region of the U. S. state of Alaska. The area is not exactly defined by any governmental administrative region, Southwest Alaska includes a huge, complex, and relatively unknown swath of terrain. It is over 500 miles from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet, the Kodiak Archipelago, in the Pacific east of the Alaska Peninsula, is the most eastern part of Southwest Alaska. These areas have an area of 170,732 square miles. Volcanic eruptions and mountain-building are active along the Ring of Fire, in between lie an incomplete record of rocks from as old as 2.07 Ga years to the Holocene. Southwest Alaska had a population of 53,349 as of the 2000 census, the population is in large part Alaska Native, with 58. 1% identifying as entirely or partly Native American in the 2000 census. About 121 towns and villages, generally far apart and with populations in the hundreds, the Calista Corporation region is in the Yukon/Kuskokwim delta, the lower and middle reaches of the Kuskokwim River drainage, and the Bering Sea coast from the Yukon to Cape Newenham. It contains 56 villages with a population of about 23,000 people. The Calista region is outlined by the combined Kusilvak and Bethel Census Areas, Calista owns 4,997,263 acres of the 41,713,612 acres in the region, almost all the rest is owned by the state or federal government. In the Bristol Bay Native Corporation region Dillingham, is the largest town, the BBNC region has 29 villages and a total population of about 8000. The Corporation region includes part of the Alaska Peninsula, the Bering Sea coast west to Cape Newenham, the combined areas of the Dillingham Census Area, the Bristol Bay Borough, and the Lake and Peninsula Borough are almost coincident with the BBNC area. Koniag, Incorporated has a region which covers the Kodiak Archipelago, Kodiak on Kodiak Island is the largest town and the commercial hub of the area. The Corporation region is similar to, but not exactly the same area as the Kodiak Island Borough. Aleut Corporations lands are on the Aleutian Islands and the end of the Alaska Peninsula. The Corporation area is exactly the same as the Aleutians East Borough, unalaska/Dutch Harbor, is the largest town. About 8000 people live in the region, in about a dozen towns, there is little private land, other than that owned by the Native Corporations. The economy rests on resource extraction, subsistence, and government spending, fishing, both commercial and recreational, is the mainstay of the economy. Much of the fishing is conducted by non-residents
5.
Fish
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A fish is any member of a group of animals that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous, tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered obsolete or paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods, because in this manner the term fish is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification, the earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts, fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators, the first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water and they can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans. With 33,100 described species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any group of vertebrates. Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food, commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean. They are also caught by fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, fish do not represent a monophyletic group, and therefore the evolution of fish is not studied as a single event. Early fish from the record are represented by a group of small, jawless. Jawless fish lineages are mostly extinct, an extant clade, the lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils, the diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the form into adulthood. Fish are a group, that is, any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods
6.
Fisherman
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A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water, or gathers shellfish. Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishermen, the term can also be applied to recreational fishermen and may be used to describe both men and women. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period, fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period. During the time of the Ancient Egyptians, fishermen provided the majority of food for Egyptians, fishing had become a major means of survival as well as a business venture. Fishing and the fisherman have also influenced Ancient Egyptian religion, mullets were worshiped as a sign of the flood season. Bastet was often manifested in the form of a catfish, in ancient Egyptian literature, the method that Amun used to create the world is associated with the tilapias method of mouth-brooding. According to the FAO, there were about 39 million fishers in countries producing more than 200,000 tonnes in 2012, the total fishery production of 66 million tonnes equated to an average productivity of 3.5 tonnes per person. Most of this took place in Asian countries, where four-fifths of world fishers. Most fishermen are men involved in offshore and deep-sea fisheries, women fish in some regions inshore from small boats or collect shellfish and seaweed. In many artisanal fishing communities, women are responsible for making and repairing nets, recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with fishing, which is fishing for economic profit, or subsistence fishing. The most common form of fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks. Lures are frequently used in place of bait, some people make handmade lures, including plastic lures and artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is called angling, when angling, it is sometimes expected or required that the fish be caught and released. Big-game fishing is fishing from boats to catch large species such as tuna, sharks. Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities, for some communities, fishing provides not only a source of food and work but also community and cultural identity. The fishing industry is hazardous for fishermen, between 1992 and 1999, US commercial fishing vessels averaged 78 deaths per year. The main contributors to fatalities are, inadequate preparation for emergencies poor vessel maintenance, many fishermen, while accepting that fishing is dangerous, staunchly defend their independence
7.
Wild fisheries
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A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial value. Fisheries can be marine or freshwater and they can also be wild or farmed. Wild fisheries are sometimes called capture fisheries, the aquatic life they support is not controlled in any meaningful way and needs to be captured or fished. Wild fisheries exist primarily in the oceans, and particularly around coasts and they also exist in lakes and rivers. Issues with wild fisheries are overfishing and pollution, significant wild fisheries have collapsed or are in danger of collapsing, due to overfishing and pollution. Overall, production from the wild fisheries has levelled out. As a contrast to wild fisheries, farmed fisheries can operate in sheltered waters, in rivers, lakes and ponds. Farmed fisheries are technological in nature, and revolve around developments in aquaculture, farmed fisheries are expanding, and Chinese aquaculture in particular is making many advances. Nevertheless, the majority of fish consumed by humans continues to be sourced from wild fisheries, as of the early 21st century, fish is humanitys only significant wild food source. This can be contrasted with 59.9 million tonnes produced in fish farms, worldwide, freshwater lakes have an area of 1.5 million square kilometres. Saline inland seas add another 1.0 million square kilometres, there are 28 freshwater lakes with an area greater than 5,000 square kilometres, totalling 1.18 million square kilometres or 79 percent of the total. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment, land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into the sea. Pollution from ships is also a problem, Marine debris is human-created waste that ends up floating in the sea. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the centre of gyres and coastlines, eighty percent of all known marine debris is plastic - a component that has been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II. Discarded plastic bags, six rings and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife. Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion, nurdles, also known as mermaids tears, are plastic pellets typically under five millimetres in diameter, and are a major contributor to marine debris. They are used as a raw material in manufacturing, and are thought to enter the natural environment after accidental spillages. Nurdles are also created through the weathering of larger plastic debris
8.
Fish farm
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Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. It is the form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in farming are carp, tilapia, salmon. Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries, china provides 62% of the worlds farmed fish. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture, Farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US60 billion, Aquaculture makes use of local photosynthetic production or fish that are fed with external food supply. Growth is limited by food, commonly zooplankton feeding on pelagic algae or benthic animals, such as crustaceans. Tilapia filter feed directly on phytoplankton, which makes higher production possible, photosynthetic production can be increased by fertilizing pond water with artificial fertilizer mixtures, such as potash, phosphorus, nitrogen, and microelements. Another issue is the risk of algal blooms, when temperatures, nutrient supply, and available sunlight are optimal for algal growth, algae multiply at an exponential rate, eventually exhausting nutrients and causing a subsequent die-off. The decaying algal biomass depletes the oxygen in the water because it blocks out the sun and pollutes it with organic and inorganic solutes. An alternate option is to use a system such as that of Veta la Palma in Spain. Despite these limitations, significant fish farming industries use these methods, in the Czech Republic, thousands of natural and seminatural ponds are harvested each year for trout and carp. The large ponds around Trebon built from around 1650 are still in use, in these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient oxygen, fresh water and food are provided. Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a water purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine hydroponic horticulture and water treatment, the exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this practice, however, these higher protein level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals. Fish such as salmon have an FCR around 1.1 kg of feed per kg of salmon whereas chickens are in the 2.5 kg of feed per kg of chicken range
9.
Aquaculture
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Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other aquatic organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats. According to the FAO, aquaculture Farming implies some form of intervention in the process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated, further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several pounds of wild fish are used to produce one pound of a piscivorous fish like salmon. Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, mariculture, algaculture, particular methods include aquaponics and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both of which integrate fish farming and plant farming. The indigenous Gunditjmara people in Victoria, Australia, may have raised eels as early as 6000 BC, Aquaculture was operating in China circa 2500 BC. When the waters subsided after river floods, some fish, mainly carp, were trapped in lakes, early aquaculturists fed their brood using nymphs and silkworm feces, and ate them. A fortunate genetic mutation of carp led to the emergence of goldfish during the Tang dynasty, japanese cultivated seaweed by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets and oyster shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for spores. Romans bred fish in ponds and farmed oysters in coastal lagoons before 100 CE, in central Europe, early Christian monasteries adopted Roman aquacultural practices. Aquaculture spread in Europe during the Middle Ages since away from the seacoasts, improvements in transportation during the 19th century made fresh fish easily available and inexpensive, even in inland areas, making aquaculture less popular. The 15th-century fishponds of the Trebon Basin in the Czech Republic are maintained as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a remarkable example is a fish pond dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend says that it was constructed by the mythical Menehune dwarf people, in first half of 18th century, German Stephan Ludwig Jacobi experimented with external fertilization of brown trouts and salmon. He wrote an article Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse, by the latter decades of the 18th century, oyster farming had begun in estuaries along the Atlantic Coast of North America. The word aquaculture appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference to the harvesting of ice, in 1859, Stephen Ainsworth of West Bloomfield, New York, began experiments with brook trout. By 1864, Seth Green had established a commercial fish-hatching operation at Caledonia Springs, near Rochester, by 1866, with the involvement of Dr. W. W. Fletcher of Concord, Massachusetts, artificial fish hatcheries were under way in both Canada and the United States. When the Dildo Island fish hatchery opened in Newfoundland in 1889, the word aquaculture was used in descriptions of the hatcheries experiments with cod and lobster in 1890. By the 1920s, the American Fish Culture Company of Carolina, Rhode Island, during the 1940s, they had perfected the method of manipulating the day and night cycle of fish so that they could be artificially spawned year around. Californians harvested wild kelp and attempted to supply around 1900
Hawes, J. W. (1879). "Fisheries". The American Cyclopædia.
Hawes, J. W. (1879). "
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