1.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
2.
Lazio
–
Lazio is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With almost 5.9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the second most populated region of Italy and its capital is Rome, capital and largest city of Italy. Lazio comprises an area of 17,236 km2 and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south. The region is flat and hilly, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of beaches, punctuated by the headlands of Circeo. The Pontine Islands, which are part of Lazio, lie opposite the southern coast, behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale, a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains. The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna, the southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino, a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. To the south of the Tiber, other groups form part of the Preapennines, the Alban Hills, also of volcanic origin. The highest peak is Mount Gorzano on the border with Abruzzo, see also, History of Italy The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium. The name of the region also survives in the designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, in Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. Much of Lazio is in flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites, the Marsi, the Hernici, the Aequi, the Aurunci and the Volsci, all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum, the lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria, the emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia, dividing it into eleven regions. However, the wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Bishop of Rome acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome, the strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords and the Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Other popes tried to do the same, during the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France, the feudal lords power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome
Lazio
–
Panorama of the
Aniene Valley.
Lazio
–
Latium Lazio
Lazio
–
The
Appian Way (Via Appia), a road connecting
Ancient Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today.
3.
Provinces of Italy
–
In Italy, a province is an administrative division of intermediate level between a municipality and a region. There are currently 107 provinces in Italy, a further 4 such cities were added later. The reorganization of the Italian provinces became operative by January 2015, a province of the Italian Republic is composed of many municipalities. Usually several provinces together form a region, the region of Aosta Valley is the sole exception – it is not subdivided into provinces, the three main functions devolved to provinces are, local planning and zoning, provision of local police and fire services, transportation regulation. The number of provinces in Italy has been growing in recent years. Usually, the name is the same as that of its capital city. According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President assisted by a body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body. President and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province, the Executive is chaired by the President who appoint others members, called assessori. Since 2015 the President and others members of the Council will not receive a salary, in each province there is also a Prefect, a representative of the central government who heads an agency called prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo. The Questor is the head of States Police in the province, there is also a provinces police force depending from local government, called provincial police. Sardinia - following the outcome of the referendums of 2012 it was decreed that such institutions should be reformed or abolished by March 2013. In January 2014 the Sardinian Regional Administrative Court declared unconstitutional the abolition of the Sardinian provinces, sicily - provinces were replaced by Free Communal Consortia in 2013. In 1861, at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy, however, at that time the national territory was smaller than the current one, regions of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Lazio were not included in the kingdom. In 1866, following the Third Independence War, territories of Veneto, Friuli, there were therefore nine more provinces, Belluno, Mantua, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona, Vicenza and Udine, all previously part of the Austrian Empire. Eventually, in 1870, following the annexion of Rome and its province from the Papal States, after the First World War, new territories were annexed to Italy. The Province of Trento was created in 1920, Provinces of La Spezia, Trieste and Ionio in 1923. In 1924 the new provinces of Fiume, Pola, and Zara were created, in 1927, following a Royal charter, a general province rearrangement took place. 17 new provinces were created and the province of Caserta was suppressed, in the same year the institution of circondari, sub-provincial wards created before the unification, was abolished
Provinces of Italy
–
Italian Republic
4.
Metropolitan cities of Italy
–
The metropolitan city is an administrative division of Italy, operative since 2015. In 2009, amendments added Reggio Calabria to the list, the metropolitan areas individuated by the autonomous regions were, Trieste in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Cagliari in Sardinia, Catania, Messina and Palermo in Sicily. On 3 April 2014 the Italian Parliament approved a law that establishes 10 metropolitan cities in Italy, the new metropolitan cities have been operative since 1 January 2015. The metropolitan city is composed by the municipalities that before had been members of the same province, each metropolitan city is headed by a metropolitan mayor assisted by a legislative body, the Metropolitan council, and by a non-legislative assembly, the metropolitan conference. Members of the Metropolitan council are elected and chosen by mayors and city councilors of each municipality in the metropolitan city, the metropolitan conference is composed by the mayors of the municipalities closest to the capital. The main functions devolved to the new cities are, local planning and zoning, provision of local police services, transport. Regions of Italy Provinces of Italy Municipalities of Italy Media related to Metropolitan cities of Italy at Wikimedia Commons
Metropolitan cities of Italy
–
Metropolitan cities of Italy.
5.
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
–
Leonardo da Vinci International Airport or simply Rome Fiumicino Airport, also known as just Fiumicino Airport, is an international airport in Rome and the major airport in Italy. It is one of the busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic with 41.7 million passengers served in 2016 and it is located in Fiumicino,18.9 nautical miles west of Romes historic city centre. The airport serves as the hub for Alitalia, the largest Italian airline and Vueling. Based on total numbers, it is the eighth busiest airport in Europe and was the worlds 36th busiest airport in 2015. It covers an area of 29 square kilometres and is named after the most recognized polymath Leonardo da Vinci, who designed the first proto helicopter, despite being officially opened in 1961, Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport had actually been in use since 20 August 1960. This was to relieve air traffic that was congesting Rome Ciampino Airport during the 1960 Summer Olympics. During the 1960s, home-carrier Alitalia invested heavily in the new airport, building hangars and maintenance centres, Security Services transferred from the Polizia di Stato to Aeroporti di Roma S. p. A. in 2000. Aeroporti di Roma created ADR Security S. r. l. to provide services as well as security services to airlines. Airport Security is supervised by Polizia di Stato, Guardia di Finanza, Italian Civil Aviation Authority, ground handling services were provided by Aeroporti di Roma until 1999, when it created Aeroporti di Roma Handling. Alitalia provided passenger assistance even before 1999, in 2001, Alitalia created Alitalia Airport and started providing ground handling for itself and other airlines. In May 2006, Italys Civil Aviation Authority announced that it took off the limitation of 3 ramp handlers in Rome Leonardo da Vinci airport, ARE Group and Aviapartner announced that they would create a company called Aviapartner to serve Milan Malpensa and Rome Leonardo da Vinci. Since 2005 the airport operates a category III B instrument landing system, further improvement work was implemented in 2007 to enable the airport to handle 30 takeoffs/landings per hour, up from 10, in the event of thick fog. In 2010, the new baggage handling system for more efficient luggage delivery began operations. The terminals were upgraded during the 1990s and 2000s, in 1991, the domestic Pier A with 12 gates opened. In 1995, the international Pier B with 10 gates opened, in 1999, the international Satellite C with 14 gates and an elevated automated people mover, called SkyBridge, connected it with the main terminal. In 2000, the new domestic Terminal A opened, and the buildings, then consisting of Terminal A, Terminal AA, Terminal B. In 2004, the new Cargo City terminal opened, in 2008, Terminal 5 opened for check-in for American carriers and El Al. Passengers are then bused to what was then called Satellite C, the terminal serves 950,000 passengers per year
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
–
Fiumicino – Leonardo da Vinci International Airport Fiumicino – Aeroporto Internazionale Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
–
An
Alitalia Boeing 777-200ER taxiing at Fiumicino
Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
–
A
British Airways Airbus A321 taxiing at Fiumicino
6.
Fregene
–
Fregenae, was a maritime town of ancient Etruria, situated between Alsium and the mouth of the Tiber. The modern Fregene is an Italian hamlet of Fiumicino, in the Province of Rome, as of 2012 its population was of 6,445. Hence, though its name is found in Strabo, Pliny, and the Itineraries, it is not noticed by Rutilius in his description of the coast of Etruria, and no ruins now mark the site. The modern town was created in 1928 as part of a drainage project along the coasts of Lazio, near Maccarese. From the 1970s Fregene grew as part of the expansion of Rome metropolitan area. Until 1992 It was part of the municipality of Rome, when Fiumicino was erected as independent municipality, Fregene is located on Tyrrhenian coast,31 km in north of Fiumicino, near its international airport and the villages of Maccarese, Focene and Passo Oscuro. It is 24 km far from Ladispoli,42 from Rome and 55 from Civitavecchia, nearest railway station is Maccarese-Fregene on Rome-Pisa line. Arrone River Rome-Fiumicino Airport This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Fregene online Map of Fregene on Google Maps
Fregene
–
A
villa in Fregene
7.
Isola Sacra
–
Isola Sacra is situated in the Lazio region of Italy south of Rome, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is part of the town of Fiumicino, the area between Portus and Ostia Antica was transformed into an artificial island by Emperor Trajan, creating a canal that linked the Tiber to the sea. Merchant ships arriving from Egypt and Africa were able to reach Ostia using this canal, the island was originally much smaller but it has been constantly growing due to the alluvial activity of the Tiber. Its area almost quintupled since antiquity, a road linked the two ports, crossing through the island and becoming the main road axis. The Isola Sacra Necropolis grew up alongside the road, that was discovered between the 1920s and the 1940s, while the land was being reclaimed, some of the necropolis buildings have two storeys, elaborately decorated with paintings, stucco work and mosaics. The left side of the Fossa Traiana was a area of Portus. Near the Fiumicino Canal, by the bridge crossed over to Portus. The core of the built in the middle of the 2nd century. The Basilica of St. Hippolitus was built between the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century, the building was divided into three naves by two rows of columns. The study of skeletal remains from the site continues to provide important information about diet. A work ethic at Ostia, the Isola Sacra reliefs, thesis --University of California, Los Angeles—Art History. Prowse T. Schwarcz H. Saunders S. Bondioli L. isotopic evidence for age-related variation in diet from Isola Sacra, Italy. Quilici, L. S. Quilici Gigli, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list
Isola Sacra
–
Necropolis of Portus
8.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
9.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
Central European Summer Time
–
It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
Central European Summer Time
–
light blue
11.
Hippolytus of Rome
–
Hippolytus of Rome was the most important 3rd-century theologian in the Christian Church in Rome, where he was probably born. He came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a group as a rival to the Bishop of Rome. He opposed the Roman bishops who softened the penitential system to accommodate the number of new pagan converts. However, he was probably reconciled to the Church when he died as a martyr. Starting in the 4th century AD, various legends arose about him and he has also been confused with another martyr of the same name. As a presbyter of the church at Rome under Pope Zephyrinus, Hippolytus was distinguished for his learning and it was at this time that Origen of Alexandria, then a young man, heard him preach. He accused Pope Zephyrinus of modalism, the heresy which held that the names Father, Hippolytus championed the Logos doctrine of the Greek apologists, most notably Justin Martyr, which distinguished the Father from the Logos. An ethical conservative, he was scandalized when Pope Callixtus I extended absolution to Christians who had committed grave sins, Hippolytus himself advocated an excessive rigorism. At this time, he seems to have allowed himself to be elected as a rival Bishop of Rome, G. Salmon suggests that Hippolytus was the leader of the Greek-speaking Christians of Rome. Allen Brent sees the development of Roman house-churches into something akin to Greek philosophical schools gathered around a compelling teacher, under the persecution at the time of Emperor Maximinus Thrax, Hippolytus and Pontian were exiled together in 235 AD to Sardinia, likely dying in the mines. It is quite probable that, before his death there, he was reconciled to the party at Rome, for, under Pope Fabian, his body. The facts of his life as well as his writing were soon forgotten in the West, perhaps by reason of his criticism of the bishops of Rome and because he wrote in Greek. In the Passionals of the 7th and 8th centuries he is represented as a converted by Saint Lawrence. He was also confused with a martyr of the name who was buried in Portus, of which city he was believed to have been a bishop. According to Prudentius account, Hippolytus was dragged to death by horses, a striking parallel to the story of the mythological Hippolytus. He described the tomb of the saint and states that he saw there a picture representing Hippolytus’ execution. He also confirms August 13 as the date on which a Hippolytus was celebrated but this refers to the convert of Lawrence. The latter account led to Hippolytus being considered the saint of horses
Hippolytus of Rome
–
The Martyrdom of Saint Hippolytus, according to the legendary version of Prudentius (Paris, 14th century)
Hippolytus of Rome
–
Roman sculpture, maybe of Hippolytus, found in 1551 and used for the attribution of the Apostolic Tradition
12.
Rubicon
–
The Rubicon is both the name of a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna, and the name historically given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC. While it has not been proven, historians agree that the two rivers are indeed one and the same, this was not always the case. The modern-day river runs around 80 kilometers, from the Apennine Mountains to the Adriatic Sea through the southern Emilia-Romagna region, the Latin word rubico comes from the adjective rubeus, meaning red. The river was so named because its waters are colored red by mud deposits, during the Roman republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north-east and Italy proper to the south. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a wider and more important waterway. Governors of Roman provinces were appointed promagistrates with imperium in their province, the governor would then serve as the general of the Roman army within the territory of his province. Roman law specified that only the elected magistrates could hold imperium within Italy, any promagistrate who entered Italy at the head of his troops forfeited his imperium and was therefore no longer legally allowed to command troops. Exercising imperium when forbidden by the law was a capital offense, furthermore, obeying the commands of a general who did not legally possess imperium was also a capital offense. If a general entered Italy while exercising command of an army, generals were thus obliged to disband their armies before entering Italy. In 49 BC, perhaps on January 10, C, Julius Caesar led a single legion, Legio XIII Gemina, south over the Rubicon from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy to make his way to Rome. In doing so, he broke the law on imperium and made armed conflict inevitable, Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Oppius, Lucius Balbus and Sulpicus Rufus on the night after his famous crossing into Italy January 10, according to Suetonius, Caesar uttered the famous phrase ālea iacta est. Caesars decision for swift action forced Pompey, the consuls. Caesars subsequent victory in Caesars civil war ensured that punishment for the infraction would never be rendered and this took place during the time of the Roman Republic. The decision robbed the Rubicon of its importance, and the name disappeared from the local toponymy. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and during the first centuries of the Middle Ages, the Rubicon, like other small rivers of the region, often changed its course during this period. As a result of work, these rivers started to flow in straight courses. The Quattrocento humanist Flavio Biondo was deceived by it, the inscription is conserved in the Museo Archeologico
Rubicon
–
The mouth of the Rubicon in
Cesenatico
Rubicon
–
The Rubicon to the right of
Cesena, at Pisciatello
Rubicon
–
The Rubicon in winter.
13.
Rimini
–
Rimini is a city of 146,606 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It is located on the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia and Ausa and it is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe, thanks to its 15-kilometre-long sandy beach, over 1,000 hotels, and thousands of bars, restaurants and discos. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843, an art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments, Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well. In the 19th century, Rimini was one of the most active cities in the revolutionary front, hosting many of the movements aimed at Italian unification. In the course of World War II, the city was the scene of clashes and bombings, finally, in recent years it has become one of the most important sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy. The total approximate population of the Rimini urban area is 225,000, in 268 BC at the mouth of the Ariminus, the Roman Republic founded the colonia of Ariminum. The city was involved in the wars but remained faithful to the popular party and to its leaders, firstly Gaius Marius. After crossing the Rubicon, the made his legendary appeal to the legions in the Forum of Rimini. Ariminum was seen as a bastion against invaders from Gaul and also as a springboard for conquering the Padana plain, remains of the amphitheater that could seat 12000 people, and a five-arched bridge of Istrian stone completed by Tiberius are also still visible. Later Galla Placidia built the church of San Stefano, when the Ostrogoths conquered Rimini in 493, Odoacer, besieged in Ravenna, had to capitulate. During the Gothic War, Rimini was taken and retaken many times, in its vicinity the Byzantine general Narses overthrew the Alamanni. Under the Byzantine rule, it belonged to the Pentapolis, part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, in 728, it was taken with many other cities by Liutprand, King of the Lombards but returned to the Byzantines about 735. Pepin the Short gave it to the Holy See, but during the wars of the popes, in the 13th century, it suffered from the discords of the Gambacari and Ansidei families. The city became a municipality in the 14th century and with the arrival of the orders, numerous convents and churches were built. In fact, Giotto inspired the 14th-century School of Rimini, which was the expression of cultural ferment. The House of Malatesta emerged from the struggles between municipal factions with Malatesta da Verucchio, who in 1239 was named podestà of the city, despite interruptions, his family held authority until 1528. In 1312 he was succeeded by Malatestino Malatesta, first signore of the city and Pandolfo I Malatesta, ferrantino, son of Malatesta II, was opposed by his cousin Ramberto and by Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget, legate of Pope John XXII. Malatesta II was also lord of Pesaro and he was succeeded by Malatesta Ungaro and Galeotto I Malatesta, uncle of the former, lord also of Fano, Pesaro, and Cesena
Rimini
–
Top left: View of Adriatic Sea and backyard in Rimini, top right: View of Rimini Beach in Lungomare area, bottom left: Malatesta Temple, Bottom middle:Arch of Augustus, Bottom upper right:Rimini City Museum and Pope Paul V in Cavour Square, Bottom lower right:Tiberius Bridge
Rimini
–
Rimini's ancient harbour, portrayed in the mosaic of the boats from the domus of Palazzo Diotallevi
Rimini
–
Portrait of
Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta called the Wolf of Rimini, by
Piero della Francesca, c. 1450,
Louvre
Rimini
–
View of Rimini, engraving by Georg Braun (1572)
14.
Rome
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
15.
Municipi of Rome
–
The administrative subdivision of Rome consists of the 15 sub-municipalities of Romes municipality. Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the XIV, what is now the Comune di Fiumicino, voted in 1992 to become a municipality itself. Then on 11 March 2013 the municipalities were reduced from 19 to 15, since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi, until 2001 named circoscrizioni. They were created for reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by its residents five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city, there were originally 20 municipi, becoming 19 in 1992 after a referendum and the subsequent separation of Fiumicino into an independent Comune. In 2013 their number was reduced to 15, Rome is also divided into several types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and these originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni. In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they reached again the number of fourteen, a new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the capital of Italy. The needs of the new led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls. In 1874 a fifteenth rione, Esquilino, was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti, at the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created. Afterward, for the new subdivisions of the city the name quartiere was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the historical city, an administrative reform in 2013 merged the existing municipi into the current 15 municipi, as listed below. Vatican City lies between Municipi I and XIII
Municipi of Rome
–
Municipio I - Historical Center-
Prati
16.
Mud volcano
–
The geothermal phenomena known as mud volcanoes are often not true mud volcanoes. Mud volcano or mud dome refers to formations created by geo-exuded mud or slurries, water, there are several geological processes that may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true igneous volcanoes as they produce no lava, the Earth continuously exudes a mud-like substance, which may sometimes be referred to as a mud volcano. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots. The largest mud volcano is Lusi in Java, Indonesia, which is 10 kilometres in diameter and this material is then forced upwards through a geological fault or fissure due to local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are associated with subduction zones and about 1100 have been identified on or near land, the temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower than the typical temperatures found in igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can range from near 100 °C to occasionally 2 °C, about 86% of the gas released from these structures is methane, with much less carbon dioxide and nitrogen emitted. Ejected materials are most often a slurry of fine solids suspended in water that may contain a mixture of salts, acids, possible mud volcanoes have been identified on Mars. A mud volcano may be the result of a piercement structure created by a pressurized mud diapir that breaches the Earths surface or ocean bottom. Their temperatures may be as low as the point of the ejected materials. Mud volcanoes are associated with petroleum deposits and tectonic subduction zones and orogenic belts. Approximately 1,100 mud volcanoes have been identified on land, the mud is rich in halite. First-order estimates of mud volcano emissions have been made, dimitrov estimated that 10. 2–12.6 Tg/yr of methane is released from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes. 2002, Etiope and Klusman estimated at least 1–2 and as much as 10–20 Tg/yr of methane may be emitted from onshore mud volcanoes, the total geologic source, including MVs, seepage from seafloor, microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources, would amount to 35–45 Tg/yr. 2003, analysis by Milkov et al. suggests that the global gas flux may be as high as 33 Tg/yr, six teragrams per year of greenhouse gases are from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes. Deep-water sources may emit 27 Tg/yr, total may be 9% of fossil CH4 missing in the modern atmospheric CH4 budget, and 12% in the preindustrial budget. 2003, Alexei Milkov estimated approximately 30.5 Tg/yr of gases may escape from mud volcanoes to the atmosphere and the ocean. 2003, Achim J. Kopf estimated 1. 97×1011 to 1. 23×1014 m³ of methane is released by all mud volcanoes per year and that converts to 141–88,000 Tg/yr from all mud volcanoes, of which 0. 033–235 Tg is from surface volcanoes
Mud volcano
–
El Totumo mud volcano in
Santa Catalina,
Colombia
Mud volcano
–
A series of mud volcanoes in
Gobustan,
Azerbaijan
Mud volcano
–
Hydrate-bearing sediments, which often are associated with mud volcano activity. Source:
USGS, 1996.
Mud volcano
–
Two mud volcanoes on the Taman Peninsula near
Taman Stanitsa
17.
Roundabout
–
A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic flows almost continuously in one direction around a central island. So-called modern roundabouts require entering traffic to give way to traffic already in the circle, variations on the basic concept include integration with tram and/or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others. Traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, rather than three, simplifying the pedestrians visual environment, Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions and reduced queuing associated with traffic lights and they allow U-turns within the normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles on average spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, also, when entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop. As a result, by keeping a part of their momentum, additionally, slow moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake. Modern roundabouts are commonplace throughout the world, half of the worlds roundabouts are in France, although the United Kingdom has more as a proportion of the road than any other country. C. The operating and entry characteristics of these circles differ considerably from modern roundabouts, in 1907 architect John McLaren designed one of the first American roundabouts for both autos and street cars in the Hanchett Residence Park in what is now San Jose, California. The first British circular junction was built in Letchworth Garden City in 1909 and its centre originally was intended partly as a traffic island for pedestrians. It was featured in the film The Worlds End, in the early 20th century, numerous traffic circles were constructed in the United States, particularly in the northeast. Examples include a circle in Atherton, California, widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UKs Transport Research Laboratory engineers re-engineered circular intersections during the 1960s. Frank Blackmore led the development of the offside priority rule and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout to overcome capacity and safety limitations, the design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966. This give-way requirement has been the law in New York state since the 1920s, in the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s. Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often are met with some degree of public resistance, surveys show that negative public opinion reverses as drivers gain experience with roundabouts. American confusion at how to enter and especially how to exit a roundabout was the subject of such as featured in the film European Vacation. By 2011, however, some 3,000 roundabouts had been established, a 1998 survey of municipalities found public opinion 68% opposed prior to construction, changing thereafter to 73% in favour. A2007 survey found public support ranging from 22% to 44% prior to construction, the first modern roundabout in the United States was constructed in Summerlin, Nevada in 1990. This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a news program said about it, Even police agree
Roundabout
–
Roundabout in the centre of
Colombo,
Sri Lanka
Roundabout
–
Movement within a roundabout in a country where traffic
drives on the left. Note the clockwise circulation.
Roundabout
–
Britain's first roundabout (1909) in
Letchworth Garden City
Roundabout
–
Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., 1922
18.
Tyrrhenian Sea
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The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy. It is named for the Tyrrhenian people, identified since the 6th century BCE with the Etruscans of Italy, the sea is bounded by the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, the Italian peninsula to the east, and the island of Sicily. The maximum depth of the sea is 3,785 metres, the Tyrrhenian Sea is situated near where the African and Eurasian Plates meet, therefore mountain chains and active volcanoes such as Mount Marsili are found in its depths. The eight Aeolian Islands and Ustica are located in the part of the sea. On the Southwest, A line running from Cape Lilibeo to the South extreme of Cape Teulada in Sardinia, in the Strait of Bonifacio, A line joining the West extreme of Cape Testa in Sardinia with the Southwest extreme of Cape Feno in Corsica. On the North, A line joining Cape Corse in Corsica, with Tinetto Island and thence through Tino, there are four exits from the Tyrrhenian Sea, The Tyrrhenian Basin is divided into two basins, the Vavilov plain and the Marsili plain. They are separated by the ridge known as the Issel Bridge. Its name derives from the Greek name for the Etruscans, who were said to be emigrants from Lydia, the Etruscans settled along the coast of modern Tuscany and referred to the water as the Sea of the Etruscans. The main ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Italy are, Naples, Palermo, Civitavecchia, Salerno, Trapani, in France the most important port is Bastia. Note that even though the port of Rome is frequently used. Instead, the port of Rome refers to the facilities at Civitavecchia, some 68 km to the northwest of Rome. Giglio Porto is an island port in this area. It rose to prominence, when the Costa Concordia ran aground a few metres off the coast of Giglio, the ship was recently removed and towed to Genoa. In Greek mythology, it is believed that the cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea housed the four winds kept by Aeolus, the winds are the Mistral from the Rhône valley, the Libeccio from the southwest, and the Sirocco and Ostro from the south
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Monte Argentario
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Tyrrhenian Sea.
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Pizzo
Tyrrhenian Sea
–
Zambrone
19.
Anguillara Sabazia
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Anguillara Sabazia is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy, around 30 kilometres northwest of Rome. It nestles on a cape on the coast of Lake Bracciano, its medieval center. Anguillara is served by a train which connects it with Rome in around 40 minutes. About 3 kilometres east of the lies the small, volcanic Lake Martignano. The two lakes and the area have been declared a Regional Park and are under a strict naturalistic control. A two-part episode of the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond was shot in the town
Anguillara Sabazia
–
Sight of Anguillara Sabazia on
Lake Bracciano.
Anguillara Sabazia
–
Anguillara Sabazia on
Lake Bracciano, 2014
20.
Cerveteri
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Cerveteri is a town and comune of northern Lazio in the region of the Metropolitan City of Rome. It is famous for the site of the ancient Etruscan city which was one of the most important Etruscan cities with a more than 15 times larger than todays town. Caere was one of the city-states of the Etruscan League and at its height, around 600 BC, the ancient city was situated about 7 km from the sea, a location which made it a wealthy trading town derived originally from the iron ore mines in the Tolfa hills. It had three sea ports including Pyrgi, connected to Caere by a road approximately 13 km long and 10 metres wide, little is known of the ancient city although six temples are known from various sources. Two of them have been excavated, one of Hera, the other in the north of the city, parts of the city walls are still visible today and excavations opened up a theatre. One famous and important work of art is the Sarcophagus of the Spouses, the most famous attraction of Cerveteri is the Necropoli della Banditaccia, which has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site together with the necropolis in Tarquinia. It covers an area of 400 hectares, of which 10 hectares can be visited and it is the largest ancient necropolis in the Mediterranean area. The name Banditaccia comes from the leasing of areas of land to the Cerveteri population by the local landowners, the tombs date from the 9th century BC to the later Etruscan period. The earliest tombs are in the shape of a pit, in which the ashes of the dead were housed, the visitable area contains two such roads, the Via dei Monti Ceriti and the Via dei Monti della Tolfa. Modern knowledge of Etruscan daily life is dependent on the numerous decorative details. The most recent tombs date from the 3rd century BC, some of them are marked by external cippi, which are cylindrical for men, and in the shape of a small house for women. A large number of finds excavated at Cerveteri are in the National Etruscan Museum, Rome, with others in the Vatican Museums, others, mainly pottery, are in the Archaeological Museum at Cerveteri itself. The Rocca Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, including a medieval section reachable from the 1950s addition through a triumphal arch, palazzo Ruspoli, rebuilt as baronal palace by the Orsini in 1533. The portico and the loggia on the façade are from the 17th century and it is connected to Santa Maria Maggiore through a passetto, built in 1760. The small church of SantAntonio Abate, with a 1472 fresco by Lorenzo da Viterbo, the medieval burgh of Ceri Castle of Cerenova Around the city of Cerveteri is an Italian DOC wine region that produces red and white blended wines. The red wines are blends of 60% Sangiovese and Montepulciano, 25% Cesanese and up to 30% of Canaiolo, Carignan, the grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 15 tonnes/ha and the final wine must have a minimum alcohol level of 11%. The white wines are composed of a blend of 50% Trebbiano Romagnolo and Giallo, a maximum of 35% Malvasia di Candia. The grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 14 tonnes/ha, for the ancient bishopric that originally had its seat in Cerveteri and is now a titular see, see Caere
Cerveteri
–
Via degli Inferi, the main entrance to the Banditaccia Necropolis.
Cerveteri
–
Tombs view in December.
Cerveteri
–
UNESCO World Heritage Site
21.
Ladispoli
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Ladispoli is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. Lies about 35 kilometres west of center of Rome on the Mediterranean Sea, Ladispoli occupies the area existed the ancient Alsium, the port of the Etruscan city of Cerveteri and later a Roman colony cited by Cicero. Alsium was destroyed in the 6th century AD, during the Gothic War, later a castle, named Palo, was built in the area, it was a fief of the Orsini and, from 1693, of the Odescalchi family. Modern Ladispoli was founded in 1888 by Ladislao Odescalchi, whom its name stems from, in the late 1970s and until the early 1990s, parts of Ladispoli served as refugee camps for Soviet emigrants seeking political and/or religious asylum in Western countries. The experience of Jews from the former USSR staying in Ladispoli in the 1980s was first described in English by Maxim D. Shrayer in his literary memoir Waiting for America, the Etruscan necropolis of Monteroni and Vaccina. The Castellaccio, a country residence. The Giardino delle Orchidee Spontanee del Mediterraneo, a botanical garden According to ISTAT figures at 31 December 2010 foreign nationals were 7711 people
Ladispoli
–
Housing in Ladispoli
22.
Tiber
–
It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 square kilometres. The river has achieved lasting fame as the watercourse of the city of Rome. The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in central Italy and flows in a southerly direction past Perugia. However, it does not form a delta, owing to a strong north-flowing sea current close to the shore, to the steep shelving of the coast. The source of the Tiber consists of two springs 10 metres away from each other on Mount Fumaiolo and these springs are called Le Vene. The springs are in a beech forest 1,268 metres above sea level, during the 1930s, Benito Mussolini placed an antique marble Roman column at the point where the river arises, inscribed QUI NASCE IL FIUME SACRO AI DESTINI DI ROMA. There is an eagle on the top of this column, the first miles of the Tiber run through Valtiberina before entering Umbria. It is probable that the genesis of the name Tiber was pre-Latin, like the Roman name of Tibur, the same root is found in the Latin praenomen Tiberius. There are also Etruscan variants of this praenomen in Thefarie and Teperie, the legendary king Tiberinus, ninth in the king-list of Alba Longa, was said to have drowned in the river Albula, which was afterward called Tiberis. Yet another etymology is from *dubri-, water, considered by Alessio as Sicel and this root *dubri- is widespread in Western Europe e. g. Dover, Portus Dubris. According to the legend, Jupiter made him a god and guardian spirit of the river and this gave rise to the standard Roman depiction of the river as a powerfully built reclining god, also named Tiberinus, with streams of water flowing from his hair and beard. The Tiber was also believed to be the river into which Romulus and Remus were thrown as infants, according to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC on the banks of the Tiber about 25 kilometres from the sea at Ostia. The island Isola Tiberina in the centre of Rome, between Trastevere and the ancient center, was the site of an important ancient ford and was later bridged. Legend says Romes founders, the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, were abandoned on its waters, the river marked the boundary between the lands of the Etruscans to the west, the Sabines to the east and the Latins to the south. Benito Mussolini, born in Romagna, adjusted the boundary between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna, so that the springs of the Tiber would lie in Romagna and it was later used to ship stone, timber and foodstuffs to Rome. During the Punic Wars of the 3rd century BC, the harbour at Ostia became a key naval base and it later became Romes most important port, where wheat, olive oil, and wine were imported from Romes colonies around the Mediterranean. Wharves were also built along the riverside in Rome itself, lining the riverbanks around the Campus Martius area, the Romans connected the river with a sewer system and with an underground network of tunnels and other channels, to bring its water into the middle of the city. Wealthy Romans had garden-parks or horti on the banks of the river in Rome up through the first century BC and these may have been sold and developed about a century later
Tiber
–
The Tiber in
Rome
Tiber
–
Mussolini's headstone near the source of Tiber
Tiber
–
Roman representation of Tiber as a god (
Tiberinus) with
cornucopia at the
Campidoglio, Rome.
Tiber
–
View of the Tiber looking towards the
Vatican City.
23.
Ostia (Rome)
–
Ostia is a large neighbourhood in the X Municipio of the commune of Rome, Italy, near the ancient port of Rome, named Ostia, which is now a major archaeological site known as Ostia Antica. Ostia is also the only municipio or district of Rome on the Tyrrhenian Sea, with about 85,000 inhabitants, Ostia is the first or second-most populated frazione of Italy, depending on whether Mestre is counted. The town is located on the Tyrrhenian coast, close to Acilia, the neighbourhood was founded in 1884 near the remains of Ostia Antica, the port city of ancient Rome. This was possible after reclamation of the marshland, which was infested by malaria. The first inhabitants were peasants coming from Ravenna, in Romagna, due to the opening of the urban Roma-Ostia railway in 1924, the new village soon became the favourite sea resort of the Romans, while many Art Nouveau houses were built on the waterfront. The new village was connected to central Rome through the new Via Ostiense, during the Fascist period, the government massively expanded the neighbourhood, which got its ultimate architectural character thanks to many new buildings in Stile Littorio. New infrastructures, like a road to Rome, the promenade. After World War II, many bathing establishments were built on the sea side, the new Cristoforo Colombo avenue connected Ostia with the EUR district in Rome. However, sea pollution, which became apparent during the 1970s, the building of the Leonardo da Vinci Airport in Fiumicino in 1956 made Ostia an attractive district for airport and airline workers. Italian intellectual, film director and poet Pier Paolo Pasolini was assassinated near the airport on 2 November 1975. In 1976 Ostia became part of the XIII Municipio of the Comune of Rome, nowadays, due to the expansion of the city, only the Park of Castelfusano separates Ostia from the other quarters of Rome. The regional Rome-Lido railway line, which carries over 90,000 passengers a day, connects Ostia to the centre of Rome, the full length of the line is 28.359 kilometres. It has 13 stops, and the time is roughly 37 minutes. The Roman terminal is at Roma Porta San Paolo station, very close to the Piramide stop, rail stops in Ostia are Ostia Antica, Ostia Lido Nord, Ostia Lido Centro, Ostia Stella Polare, Ostia Castel Fusano and Ostia Cristoforo Colombo. Ostia Online Site of the Centro Studi Storici Ambientali Ostia and of Genius Loci Publisher Le Date della storia di Ostia Met. Ro
Ostia (Rome)
–
The northern part of Ostia
Ostia (Rome)
–
Ostia Beach
Ostia (Rome)
–
Ostia from the air
Ostia (Rome)
–
Lungomare Duca degli Abruzzi.
24.
Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station
–
Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station, or Fiumicino Airport railway station, is sited within the Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Fiumicino, Lazio, central Italy. Opened in 1990, the station is the terminus of the Rome–Fiumicino railway. The airport and station are known as Rome-Fiumicino Airport, because the airport is the main airport for Rome. The station is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, train services are operated by Trenitalia. Each company is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato, Italys state-owned rail company, RFI classifies the station as category Gold. Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station is situated at Via Generale Felice Santini 11-14, the station has a passenger building and train hall that houses the platforms and ticket machines. It is equipped with three platforms, all of them for passenger service, the Leonardo Express is a first class only non stop service linking Fiumicino Aeroporto with Roma Termini railway station in just over 30 minutes. It operates every 30 minutes from early morning until late evening, frequent regional trains link Fiumicino Aeroporto with destinations in Latium north of Rome, including Fara Sabina, Poggio Mirteto and Orte ). The station is also the terminus of the Ferrovie regionali del Lazio FR1 commuter service from Orte and these trains stop at all the stations along the way, including important Roman Stations as Roma Trastevere, Roma Ostiense and Roma Tiburtina. While from last two it is possible to commute to the Linea B subway line, in Roma Trastevere the Tram 8 provides a fast connection with Trastevere and the heart of the city center. During business hours on workdays a train every 15 minutes arrives to Fara Sabina, of these, a train every 30 minutes reaches Poggio Mirteto, and from this station a train every hour arrives to Orte
Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station
–
Inside the train hall.
Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station
–
A Leonardo Express at the station.
Fiumicino Aeroporto railway station
–
Overview
25.
Alitalia
–
Alitalia – Società Aerea Italiana, operating as Alitalia, is the flag carrier of Italy. The company has its office in Fiumicino, Rome, Italy. Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, in Rome, other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport, Milan-Malpensa Airport, Palermo Airport, Turin Airport and Venice Marco Polo Airport. On 30 September 2014, Alitalias budget subsidiary Air One ceased flight operations, in 2014, it was the eleventh-largest airline in Europe. The name Alitalia is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali, on 1 August 2014, the Abu Dhabi-based UAE national airline Etihad Airways confirmed it had agreed to buy a 49% stake in Alitalia. This deal was signed on 8 August 2014 and became effective on 1 January 2015, in 2008, a group of investors made the Compagnia Aerea Italiana consortium aimed to buy the bankrupt Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane and to merge these with Air One, another bankrupt Italian carrier. On 30 October 2008, CAI offered €1 billion to acquire parts of the airline, amidst pilots. On 19 November 2008, CAIs offer was accepted by the administrator of Alitalia with the permission of the Italian government. The rules of bankruptcy were changed in the middle of the game to meet the governments needs, berlusconi pulled this one off, but his involvement probably cost the Italian taxpayers a lot of money. On 13 January 2009, the new Alitalia launched operations, the owners of Compagnia Aerea Italiana sold 25% of the companys shares to Air France-KLM for €322 million. Air France-KLM also obtained an option, subject to certain conditions, the new Alitalia has not claimed the old Alitalias history as its own, as can be seen in official documents regarding the new Alitalia Group. Instead, they stressed they are a different company, as it can be seen in different occasions. For example, they not to recognize benefits such as discounted tickets to former Alitalia-LAI workers. They also refused to honour passengers claims against the old Alitalia on this basis, the new Alitalia doesnt own many of its operating airplanes. Almost every plane that CAI had acquired from the old Alitalia was sold or decommissioned, in January 2010, Alitalia celebrated its first anniversary since the relaunch. It carried 22 million passengers in its first year of operations, in 2011,25 million passengers were carried. On 1 February 2010, it was announced that Alitalia crew would go on a strike over wages. This was the first strike action for Alitalia since the relaunch and it was predicted that the subsidiary would handle 2.4 million passengers by 2012
Alitalia
–
Alitalia hangars in Fiumicino
Alitalia
–
Alitalia
Airbus A320-200 (new livery)
Alitalia
–
Alitalia
Airbus A330-200
Alitalia
–
Alitalia
Boeing 777-200ER
26.
Blue Panorama Airlines
–
Blu-express is the brand name for low-cost short and medium range flights operated by Blue Panorama. Additional business charter flights are operated under the name Executive Blue, Blue Panorama is a private Italian airline operating intercontinental, international and national charter and scheduled flights. It was founded in Rome in 1998, and has been an IATA member since 2002, the company is based in Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, Rome, and in Malpensa Airport, Milan. Since 2005, Blue Panorama Airlines Boeing 737 fleet has operated national and international flights for the Blu-Express low-cost division, in January 2012, Alitalia declared interest in a merger with Blue Panorama, as well as with Wind Jet, another Italian airline. In April 2012 Alitalia decided not to proceed with the acquisitions, in October 2012, Blue Panorama entered bankruptcy protection. This license gave the airline the ability to restructure itself, on 25 November 2013, Blu-express started flights from Italy to Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza after Belle Air ceased operations there. In January 2014, Blue Panorama Airlines requested to be admitted to extraordinary administration procedure, the management of the airline is left to the company’s founder. Blue Panorama confirmed that company business and flights are fully operational, Blue Panorama Airlines maintains a codeshare agreement with Meridiana and Albawings. As of July 2016, the Blue Panorama fleet includes the aircraft, Blue Panorama Boeing 757-200 EI-DKL. Media related to Blue Panorama Airlines at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Blue Panorama Airlines
–
Blue Panorama
Boeing 767-300ER
27.
All Nippon Airways
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All Nippon Airways Co. Ltd. also known as Zennikkū or ANA, is the largest airline in Japan. Its headquarters are located at Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo and it operates services to both domestic and international destinations and had more than 20,000 employees as of March 2016. In May 2010, ANAs total passenger traffic was up year-on-year by 7. 8%, ANAs main international hubs are at Narita International Airport outside Tokyo and Kansai International Airport outside Osaka. Its main domestic hubs are at Tokyo International Airport, Osaka International Airport, Chūbu Centrair International Airport, in addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers, including its regional airline, ANA Wings and charter carrier, Air Japan. ANA is also the largest shareholder in Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group, in October 1999, the airline became a member of Star Alliance. On 29 March 2013, ANA was named a 5-Star Airline by Skytrax, ANAs earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company, an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANAs International Air Transport Association airline code, NH began helicopter services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a de Havilland Dove, JA5008 and this was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the route began on 1 February 1954. In 1955, Douglas DC-3s began flying for NH as well, in December 1957 Nippon Helicopter changed its name to All Nippon Airways Company. ANAs other ancestor was Far East Airlines and it adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima. Far East Airlines merged with the newly named All Nippon Airways in March 1958, the combined companies had a total market capitalization of 600 million yen, and the result of the merger was Japans largest private airline. The merged airline received a new Japanese name, the company logo of the larger NH was selected as the logo of the new combined airline, and the new carrier operated a route network combined from its two predecessors. ANA grew through the 1960s, adding the Vickers Viscount to the fleet in 1960, October 1961 marked ANAs debut on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as well as the Osaka Securities Exchange. 1963 saw another merger, with Fujita Airlines, raising the capital to 4.65 billion yen. In 1965 ANA introduced jets with Boeing 727s on the Tokyo-Sapporo route and it also introduced Japans first homegrown turboprop airliner, the NAMC YS-11 in 1965, replacing Convair 440s on local routes. In 1969, ANA introduced Boeing 737 services, as ANA grew it started to contract travel companies across Japan to handle ground services in each region. Many of these companies received shares in ANA as part of their deals, by 1974, ANA had Japans largest domestic airline network
All Nippon Airways
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Boeing 737-200 in ANA's late 1960s-1983 "Mohican Livery"
All Nippon Airways
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ANA
Boeing 747SR-81 at
Perth Airport (mid-1980s)
All Nippon Airways
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Key ANA fleet types in the early 1990s:
Boeing 747SR and
Lockheed L-1011
All Nippon Airways
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ANA
Boeing 737-500 at Sapporo International Airport (
Chitose). An ANA
Boeing 777-200 can be seen on final approach in the background.
28.
Cathay Pacific
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Cathay Pacific, is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport. The airlines operations and subsidiaries have scheduled passenger and cargo services to 180 destinations in 44 countries worldwide including codeshares, served with a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A350, and Boeing 777 equipment. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Cathay Dragon, operates to 44 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base, in 2010, Cathay Pacific, together with Dragonair, carried nearly 27 million passengers and over 1.8 million tons of cargo and mail. The airline was founded on 24 September 1946 by Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow, Farrell, with each man putting up HK$1 to register the airline. The airline made the worlds first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, the airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006, and as of October 2009, its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It is reciprocally one of the shareholders of Air China. Cathay Pacific is the tenth largest airline measured in terms of sales. In 2010, Cathay Pacific became the worlds largest international cargo airline, Cathay Pacific is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance. Cathay Pacifics subsidiary Cathay Dragon is a member of Oneworld. Cathay Pacific was awarded Skytraxs 2014 Airline of the Year, Cathay Pacific has won the Worlds Best Airline award four times. Cathay Pacific was founded as Roy Farrell Export-Import Co, Ltd in Shanghai in January 1946 by Australian Sydney de Kantzow and American Roy Farrell. Both men were ex-air force pilots who had flown the Hump, Farrell purchased the airlines first aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, nicknamed Betsy, in New York on 6 October 1945. The company began freight services in January 1946 with two DC-3s between Australia and China, but the business soon attracted attention from Republic of China government officials. After several instances where the planes were detained by authorities in Shanghai, on 11 May 1946 the company relocated. Farrell and de Kantzow re-registered their business in Hong Kong on 24 September 1946 as Cathay Pacific, each man put up HK$1 to register the airline. They named it Cathay, the ancient name given to China, the Chinese name for the company was not settled on until the 1950s. It comes from a Chinese idiom meaning grand and peaceful state, according to legend, the airlines unique name was conceived by Farrell and some foreign correspondents at the bar of the Manila Hotel. On Cathay Pacifics maiden voyage, Farrell and de Kantzow flew from Hong Kong to Manila, the airline initially flew routes between Hong Kong, Sydney, Manila, Singapore, Shanghai, and Canton, while scheduled service was limited to Bangkok, Manila, and Singapore only
Cathay Pacific
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Betsy, a DC-3, the first aircraft of Cathay Pacific, in
Hong Kong Science Museum.
Cathay Pacific
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Niki, a DC-3 painted to imitate the appearance of the carrier's second aircraft, outside Cathay City
Cathay Pacific
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Cathay Pacific
Convair 880 as operated from 1964 until 1974
Cathay Pacific
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Lockheed L-1011 TriStar at
Osaka International Airport in the old livery with the
Union flag of UK
29.
Small Planet Airlines
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Small Planet Airlines is a Lithuanian leisure airline based at Vilnius Airport with further bases throughout Europe. It and a subsidiary of the Small Planet Group which also owns several sister companies, the company was previously known as FlyLAL Charters and was registered on 14 March 2007. In October 2008, the received its operational licenses to begin passenger flight operations. In 2009, a subsidiary, flyLAL Charter Eesti, was registered with an aim to provide chartered operations to, in December 2009, another company, flyLAL Charters PL, was registered to implement flights from various airports in Poland. In 2010, FlyLAL Charters was authorized to perform scheduled flights to Greece, Spain, Italy, in July of the same year, flyLAL Charters was rebranded to its current name, Small Planet Airlines. In 2009 and 2010, FlyLAL Charters carried 400,000 passengers, in April 2013, Small Planet Airlines announced a buyout of the 99.5 percent of Small Planet Airlines UAB and Small Planet Airlines Sp. Z o. o. “ shares held by Avia Solutions Group, after the transaction, Small Planet Airlines was owned by Vytautas Kaikaris and Andrius Staniulis, the management of the company. In 2014, holding company Small Planet Group was established to take ownership of the Small Planet Airlines of Lithuania, Small Planet Group UAB owns 100 percent of the shares of the leisure carrier Small Planet Airlines UAB and 90 percent of the shares of Small Planet Airlines Sp. The holding controls 100% of UAB Small Planet Airlines, 100% Small Planet Airlines Sp, 80% of Small Planet Airlines GmbH and 49% of Small Planet Airlines. In 2015, Small Planet Airlines entered the German market with the incorporation of Small Planet Airlines GmbH, during 2016 winter season, several planes and crews will be based in India and Saudi Arabia and will operate on behalf of local airlines. During the end of March 2017 it was announced that Planet Airlines obtained a permit to fly to and from Schiphol Airport in The Netherlands, inaugural flight was welcomed on Schiphol Airport on March 29,2017. In June 2009 flyLAL Charters the company flew 33,6 thousands passengers, by the end of the year flyLAL Charters had a total 85% of a charter market share. In 2012 from all the basis in Lithuania, France, Poland, in 2013 Small Planet Airlines became the first Lithuanian capital company to fly a million passengers. In 2014 due to increased locations the number increased and reached 1.212 million passengers, the company flies mostly to Greece, Spain, Turkey, Egypt, Bulgaria and other countries. In Lithuania UAB Small Planet Airlines cooperates with major travel organizers Tez Tour, in addition the company organizes special flights — fly governmental delegations, sports teams, and other private flights. During the winter some aircraft are transferred to other locations, the Small Planet Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft, LLX5288 was a Small Planet Airlines A320 flight from Málaga, Spain to Tampere, Finland on 25 October 2016. At 12,34 GMT the Finnish police got a report of a hijacking on the aircraft. Hornets followed the aircraft from French airspace, as the plane entered Dutch Maastricht airspace at 12,34 GMT, the crew contacted and reported a possible hijacking to the ATC who then reported the issue forwards
Small Planet Airlines
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Small Planet Airlines
Small Planet Airlines
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Small Planet Airlines
Airbus A320-200
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