1.
Flag of Indiana
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The flag of Indiana was designed by Paul Hadley and officially adopted by the state of Indiana on May 31,1917. It was the states first official flag and has remained unchanged since then except for the creation of a statute to standardize the production of the flag, to commemorate the state’s 1916 centennial anniversary, the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution to adopt a state flag. At the request of the General Assembly, a contest was sponsored by the Indiana Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution to design a flag to serve as the state banner. As an incentive to increase the number of submissions, the contest offered the winner a one hundred dollar cash prize, more than two hundred submissions were received and examined by the Society before a winner was selected. The entry created by Paul Hadley of Mooresville, Indiana, was chosen as the winner of the contest. On May 31,1917, the flag was chosen as the official banner. The General Assembly made only one change to Hadleys original design, they added the word Indiana, in a crescent shape, the state banner was later renamed the states flag in a new statute passed in 1955 that also standardized the dimensions of the flag. The flag consists of a torch that represents liberty and enlightenment. The nineteen stars represent Indianas place as the state to join the United States. The field of the flag shall be blue with nineteen stars, rays shall be shown radiating from the torch to the three stars on each side of the star in the upper center of the circle. Several other laws govern the use of the state flag, the flag is required to be flown by all state militias and the Indiana National Guard. It is to be on display at the Indiana Statehouse at all times, the flag must also be displayed at any agency that is funded in part or in full by the state government, including public schools, state universities, and state parks. In all other respects the flag should be treated with the same care, in late 2008, Tribune Media station WTTV in Indianapolis began to use the flags design as part of their stations logo until acquiring CBS affiliation in January 2015. A variation of the Indiana state flag was used as the Gotham flag in the 1989 movie Batman, the flag can be seen in the mayors office. List of Indiana state symbols Great Seal of the State of Indiana Indiana Historical Bureau
2.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
3.
Flag
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A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or as decoration. National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original, flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, due to the use of flags by military units, flag is also used as the name of some military units. A flag is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, in antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like. During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a device in battle. Already during the medieval period, and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early Modern period, flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals, see, International maritime signal flags. One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country, some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include, The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478, the flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colours of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagnes time, the 9th century, the coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colours. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colours next to this region, a century before that, during the 15th century, the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572 as the Princes Flag in orange–white–blue, soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a comeback during the war of the late 18th century. During World War II the pro-Nazi NSB used it, any symbolism has been added later to the three colours, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, however, the usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue. It is said that the Dutch Tricolour has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, the national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, Frances tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations, examples, Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania and Mexico. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used, british colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history
4.
Seal of Indiana
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The Seal of the State of Indiana is used by the Governor of Indiana to certify official documents. The seal has gone through several revisions since the region was a part of the Northwest Territory and it is likely the original seal, which is similar to the current one, was created by William Henry Harrison during his administration of the Indiana Territory. The current design of the seal was standardized by the Indiana General Assembly in 1963, the state seal is maintained by the Governor of Indiana. It is used to certify the authenticity of official state documents, the seal is placed on departmental reports, bills the Governor signs into law, and official communications from the Governor to other high-ranking office holders. The seal is used on all commissions granted by the state as proof of the commissions authority. The United States Congress passed legislation on May 8,1792, Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory at that time and a seal was created by the United States Department of State to be used on official papers of the territory. The original seal was maintained by Governor Arthur St. Clair, on May 10,1800, the Indiana Territory was created by an act of Congress, but no provision for an official seal was included in the measure. The earliest recorded use of Indiana Territorys seal was on court documents that were signed by Governor William Henry Harrison in January 1801, the seal he used was an adaptation of the original seal created for the Northwest Territory. Although its origin is uncertain, it is likely that it was Harrison who made the alterations, the constitution of 1816 contained a clause that stated the governor should maintain a state seal and use it in official communication. The design of the seal was first proposed during the first session of the Indiana General Assembly in 1816, the bill was put through a joint conference of both houses of the General Assembly and funds where voted to purchase a printer to create the seal. In 1819, the seal was part of a state crisis. Lieutenant Governor Christopher Harrison became acting-governor when Governor Jonathan Jennings was away conducting negotiations with northern Indianas native tribes, when Jennings returned, Harrison refused to step down as governor, claiming that Jennings actions had invalidated his governorship. Harrison seized the state seal and set up his own governors office, after several weeks of debate in the state legislature, Harrison was forced to return the seal to Jennings and vacate the office of the governor. During 1895, Robert S. Hatcher, the clerk of the Indiana Senate, was directed to ascertain the legal status of the design of the state seal. After a thorough review, Hatcher found that the laws that authorized the seal did not explicitly state what its design should be and he recommended that a bill be passed to standardize the seal. Senator McCord submitted legislation for that purpose, but no action was taken on it, on January 28,1905, an article ran in the Indianapolis News containing information on the origin of the seal, some of it dubious. The article received much attention and started an inquiry into the history of the seal. Jacob Piatt Dunn, the preeminent Indiana historian of the time, consulted several history, Dunn cited the fact the state was young, and the mountains were to the east of the state, not the west—clearly indicating the sun was rising
5.
Indiana General Assembly
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The Indiana General Assembly is the state legislature, or legislative branch, of the state of Indiana. It is a legislature that consists of a lower house, the Indiana House of Representatives, and an upper house. The General Assembly meets annually at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, members of the General Assembly are elected from districts that are realigned every ten years. Representatives serve terms of two years and senators serve terms of four years, both houses can create bills, but bills must pass both houses before it can be submitted to the governor and enacted into law. Currently the Republican Party holds supermajorities in both chambers of the General Assembly, Republicans outnumber Democrats in the Senate by a 40-10 margin, and in the House of Representatives by a 71-29 margin. The Indiana General Assembly is made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, Indiana has a part-time legislature that does not meet year-round. The General Assembly convenes on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, during odd-numbered years the legislature meets for 61 days and must be adjourned by April 30. During even-numbered years the legislature meets for 30 days and must be adjourned by March 15, the General Assembly may not adjourn for more than three days without a resolution approving adjournment being passed in both houses. The governor has the authority to call on the General Assembly to convene a special session if legislators are unable to complete necessary work within time allotted by the regular sessions. Special sessions of the General Assembly were rarely called in the early history. The General Assembly delegates are elected from districts, every ten years the districts are realigned by the General Assembly using information from the U. S. Census Bureau to ensure that each district is roughly equal in population. The districting is maintained to comply with the United States Supreme Court ruling in Reynolds v. Sims, the Indiana Senate and House of Representatives each have several committees that are charged with overseeing certain areas of the state. Committees vary in size, from three to eleven members, the committees are chaired by senior members of the majority party. Senators and representatives can be members of multiple committees, most legislation begins within the committees who have responsibility for the area that the bill will affect. Once approved by a committee, a bill can be entered into the agenda for debate and vote in the full chamber, although not common, bills can be voted on by the full house without going through the committee process. Indiana legislators make an annual salary of $22,616, plus $155 for each day in session or at a committee hearing. Article 4, Section 7, of the Indiana Constitution states the qualifications to become a Senator or Representative. The candidate must have been a U. S. citizen for a minimum of two prior to his candidacy and must have been resident of the district that he seeks to represent for one year
6.
Daughters of the American Revolution
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The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States struggle for independence. A non-profit group, they work to promote preservation, education. It currently has approximately 180,000 members in the United States and its motto is God, Home, and Country. The DAR is a white organization with a record of excluding African American women. In 1889 the centennial of President George Washingtons inauguration was celebrated, out of the renewed interest in United States history, numerous patriotic and preservation societies were founded. The first meeting of the society was held August 9,1890, the first DAR chapter was organized on October 11,1890, at the Strathmore Arms, the home of Mary Smith Lockwood, one of the DARs four co-founders. Other founders were Eugenia Washington, a great-grandniece of George Washington, Ellen Hardin Walworth and they had also held organizational meetings in August 1890. The First Lady, Caroline Lavina Scott Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison, lent her prestige to the founding of DAR, having initiated a renovation of the White House, she was interested in historic preservation. She helped establish the goals of DAR, which was incorporated by charter in 1896. This was in addition to fraternal and civic organizations flourishing in this period. The DAR chapters raised funds to initiate a number of historic preservation and they began a practice of installing markers at the graves of Revolutionary War veterans to indicate their service, and adding small flags at their gravesites on Memorial Day. Other activities included commissioning and installing monuments to battles and other related to the War. The DAR recognized women patriots contributions as well as those of soldiers, for instance, they installed a monument at the site of a spring where Polly Hawkins Craig and other women got water to use against flaming arrows, in the defense of Bryan Station. In addition to installing markers and monuments, DAR chapters have purchased, preserved and operated historic houses, see DAR Historic Sites and Database for a map and database of DAR sites. Washington, D. C. had segregated facilities under laws established by a Southern-dominated Congress, in 1945, African-American jazz singer Hazel Scott was excluded from performing at Constitution Hall. In October 1945, the DAR invited First Lady Bess Truman to a tea at the hall, congressman Powell protested and asked Truman not to attend the tea. She chose to go, but said publicly that she opposed discrimination, the White House received letters asking Bess Truman to resign from the DAR in protest of their policy, she declined to do so. Other letters supported her having attended the tea, the DAR did not officially reverse its white performers only policy until 1952
7.
Mooresville, Indiana
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Mooresville is a town in Brown Township, Morgan County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,326. Mooresville was founded in 1824 by Samuel Moore, and named for him, a post office has been in operation at Mooresville since 1826. The Mooresville Commercial Historic District, Mooresville Friends Academy Building, according to the 2010 census, Mooresville has a total area of 6.34 square miles, of which 6.28 square miles is land and 0.06 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,326 people,3,715 households, the population density was 1,482.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,930 housing units at a density of 624.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 5% White,0. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population. 26. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in the town was 38.6 years. 25. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 4% were from 25 to 44,25. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47. 1% male and 52. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,273 people,3,535 households, and 2,594 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,675.0 people per square mile, there were 3,688 housing units at an average density of 666.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 52% White,0. 09% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 72% of the population,22. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was out with 28. 5% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,32. 7% from 25 to 44,19. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $47,292, and the median income for a family was $52,543
8.
Torch
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A torch is a stick with combustible material at one end, which is ignited and used as a light source. Torches have been used throughout history, and are used in processions, symbolic and religious events. In some countries, the torch is used as the term for a battery-operated portable light. Torch construction has varied through history depending the torchs purpose, Torches were usually constructed of a wooden stave with one end wrapped in a material which was soaked in a flammable substance. In ancient Rome some torches were made of sulfur mixed with lime and this meant that the fire would not diminish after being plunged into water. Modern procession torches are made from coarse hessian rolled into a tube, there is usually a wooden handle and a cardboard collar to deflect any wax droplets. They are an easy, safe and relatively cheap way to hold a flame aloft in a parade, modern torches suitable for juggling are made of a wooden and metal or metal only stave with one end wrapped in a Kevlar wick. This wick is soaked in a liquid, usually paraffin. The torch is an emblem of both enlightenment and hope. Thus the Statue of Liberty, actually Liberty Enlightening of the World, the torch is also a symbol used by political parties, for instance by both Labour and the Conservatives in the UK, and the Malta Labour Party. In the seals of schools in the Philippines, the torch symbolizes the vision of education to provide enlightenment to all the students, a torch carried in relay by cross-country runners is used to light the Olympic flame which burns without interruption until the end of the Games. To a skilled juggler, there is only a chance of being burned. In former times, liturgical torches were carried in Eucharistic processions simply to give light, the Church eventually adopted their use for Solemn High Masses. According to Adrian Fortescue, the correct form of liturgical torches are non-freestanding. However, today, even in the Vatican, freestanding, tall candles in ornate candle-stick holders have replaced the former type, the torches are carried by torchbearers, who enter at the Sanctus and leave after Communion. Anglicans of the High Church and some Lutherans use torches in some of their liturgical celebrations as well. The association of a torch with love may date to the Greek and Roman tradition of a torch, lit in the bride’s hearth on her wedding night. Such a torch is associated with the Greek god of marriage Hymen, the idiom to carry a torch means to love or to be romantically infatuated with someone, especially when such feelings are not reciprocated
9.
Liberty
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Liberty, in philosophy, involves free will as contrasted with determinism. In politics, liberty consists of the social and political freedoms to all community members are entitled. In theology, liberty is freedom from the effects of sin, spiritual servitude, as such, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others. Philosophers from earliest times have considered the question of liberty, according to Thomas Hobbes, a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do. John Locke rejected that definition of liberty, while not specifically mentioning Hobbes, he attacks Sir Robert Filmer who had the same definition. According to Locke, In the state of nature, liberty consists of being free from any power on Earth. People are not under the will or lawmaking authority of others but have only the law of nature for their rule, in political society, liberty consists of being under no other lawmaking power except that established by consent in the commonwealth. People are free from the dominion of any will or legal restraint apart from that enacted by their own constituted lawmaking power according to the trust put in it. Thus, freedom is not as Sir Robert Filmer defines it, A liberty for everyone to do what he likes, to live as he pleases, freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society. Freedom of nature is to be no other restraint but the law of nature. Freedom of people under government is to be under no restraint apart from standing rules to live by that are common to everyone in the society and made by the lawmaking power established in it. Persons have a right or liberty to follow their own will in all things that the law has not prohibited and not be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others. John Stuart Mill, in his work, On Liberty, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion, the modern concept of political liberty has its origins in the Greek concepts of freedom and slavery. To be free, to the Greeks, was to not have a master and that was the original Greek concept of freedom. It is closely linked with the concept of democracy, as Aristotle put it, This, another is that a man should live as he likes. This, they say, is the privilege of a freeman, since, on the other hand and this applied only to free men. In Athens, for instance, women could not vote or hold office and were legally and socially dependent on a male relative, the populations of the Persian Empire enjoyed some degree of freedom. Citizens of all religions and ethnic groups were given the rights and had the same freedom of religion, women had the same rights as men
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Thirteen Colonies
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The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States. The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems and they were part of Britains possessions in the New World, which also included colonies in present-day Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida. However, the Thirteen Colonies had a degree of self-government and active local elections. In the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with each other instead of dealing directly with Britain, Colonial decisions were subject to approval by the governor and the home government. There were also substantial populations of African slaves in some of the colonies, especially Virginia, the Carolinas, the names of the colonies were chosen by the founders and proprietors, subject to royal approval, and given in the founding charters. Nine of the thirteen chose to include in their names the term Province of, later residents tended to drop the ambiguous terminology, as in the map shown in the article Province of New Jersey, which is labeled simply East Jersey and West Jersey. In July 1776, they formed a new nation called the United States of America, the new nation achieved that goal by winning the American Revolutionary War with the aid of France, the Netherlands, and Spain. The American flag features thirteen horizontal stripes which represent these original thirteen colonies, besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war. The British crown had recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec. Contemporary documents usually list the thirteen colonies of British North America in geographical order, the consolidation collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, and the nine former colonies re-established their separate identities in 1689. Massachusetts Bay Colony Settled in 1630 by Puritans from England, the colonial charter was revoked in 1684, and a new charter was issued in 1691 establishing an enlarged Province of Massachusetts Bay. Province of Maine Settled in 1622, the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed the Maine territory in the 1650s, then limited to present-day southernmost Maine. Parts of Maine east of the Kennebec River were also part of New York in the half of the 17th century. These areas were made part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Plymouth Colony Settled in 1620 by the Pilgrims, plymouth was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Saybrook Colony Founded in 1635 and merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644, New Haven Colony Settled in late 1637. New Netherland Extensive region centered about New Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan Island
12.
North American Vexillological Association
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The North American Vexillological Association is an American and Canadian membership organization devoted to vexillology, the scientific and scholarly study of flags. It was founded in 1967 by American vexillologist Whitney Smith and others, the association is a charter member of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations, and is among the largest vexillological organizations. President, John M. Hartvigsen First Vice President, Luc Baronian, second Vice President, Ted McNabb Secretary, Lee Herold Treasurer, John S. Adcock, J. D. Editor, Raven, A Journal of Vexillology, Kenneth W. Reynolds, Ph. D. Editors, Flag Research Quarterly, Kenneth A. Hartvigsen, Ph. D. & Steven A. Knowlton, M. L. I. S Editor, NAVA News, the length of the top side of the blue triangle is the same as the width of the flag. The colors are taken from the flags of the two countries covered by the Association, Canada and the United States. Since 1967, the Association has held meetings across the United States and Canada for all those interested in flags to present and discuss research. Since 1977, it has marked each meeting with a distinctive flag, American City Flags, a book published by the Association
13.
Indiana World War Memorial Plaza
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The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, originally built to honor the veterans of World War I. The five-city-block plaza was conceived in 1919 as a location for the headquarters of the American Legion. At the north end of the plaza is the American Legion Mall, south of that is the Veterans Memorial Plaza with its obelisk. The centerpiece of the plaza is the Indiana World War Memorial, within is a military museum, the Shrine Room, and an auditorium. At the south end is University Park, the oldest part of the plaza, filled with statues, on October 11,1994, the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza was designated a National Historic Landmark District. The list was enlarged in 2016, to include in its scope the Soldiers and Sailors Monument. The origins of the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza lay in a 1919 attempt by the city of Indianapolis to lure the newly formed American Legion from its headquarters in New York City. Three Indianapolis veterans wanted to attract the Legion to the city, at an American Legion national convention in Minneapolis during November 1919, cities sent representatives to lobby to become the new headquarters. Indianapolis drew support because of its location within the United States. Although Washington, D. C. received the most votes on the first ballot, Indianapolis gained a majority and won the second with 361 votes out of 684 cast. The city and state then had to provide a location, thus, in January 1920 a public library, St. The Indiana War Memorial Bill was passed in July 1920 and appropriated $2 million for construction, the city and state reached an agreement whereby the city would pay for the site and maintenance costs, while the State of Indiana would pay for the memorials construction. The Plaza was dedicated by the Legion in November 1921 with the laying of a cornerstone from the bridge over the River Marne at Château-Thierry, the partnership of Walker and Weeks of Cleveland, Ohio was chosen in 1923. Their plan consisted of a memorial and two auxiliary buildings, an obelisk, a mall, and a cenotaph. Bids for the American Legion building, one of the two buildings, were put out in 1925 and construction by the Craig-Curtiss Company began the same year. In style the structure complimented the nearby local library, the second auxiliary building was not constructed until 1950. When Congress authorized the payment of World War I veterans bonuses in 1936, the Neoclassical design incorporated the existing library, federal building, and University Park. One additional building was planned but never built, the War Memorial and the parks in the plaza are an example of the City Beautiful movement, which supported classical, uniform, and beautiful public architecture
14.
Indiana Guard Reserve
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The Indiana Guard Reserve, formerly the Liberty Guard and the Indiana Legion, is the state defense force of the state of Indiana. The Indiana Guard Reserve serves under the authority of the governor of the State of Indiana through his executive agent for military matters. The Guard Reserve is a military organization designed to supplement the Indiana National Guard. The Indiana Guard Reserve also provides MEMS qualified soldiers who can augment Indiana Homeland Security missions, the Indiana Guard Reserve is organized pursuant to Indiana Code IC 10-16-8. Commanders Personal Staff – Consists of the sergeant major of the Indiana Guard Reserve division. G-2 Intelligence – Consists of the assistant chief of staff G-2/director of intelligence, g-3 Operations, Plans, and Training – Consists of the assistant chief of staff G-3/director of operations, plans officer, training officer, and the operations sergeant major. G-4 Logistics – Consists of the assistant chief of staff G-4/director of logistics, deputy director logistics, procurement officer, general supply technician, and the logistics sergeant major. G-5 Civil Affairs – Consists of the assistant chief of staff G-5/director of civil affairs, director of recruiting/retention, recruiting sergeant major, Headquarters – Consists of the commandant and the sergeant major. Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment – Serves as headquarters for the Indiana Guard Reserve general staff and support personnel, Search and Rescue Detachment, Consists of the commander, first sergeant, and the supply sergeant. Office Management – Consists of the IGR administrative assistant, 1st Brigade – Headquartered in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and encompasses the northeast quarter of the state. The 1st Brigade consists of the subordinate units, 1st Battalion – Headquartered in Kokomo. 2nd Battalion – Headquartered in Marion, Indiana, 3rd Battalion – Headquartered in South Bend, Indiana. 2nd Brigade – Headquartered in Lafayette, Indiana, and encompasses the northwest quarter of the state, 3rd Brigade – Headquartered in Bedford, Indiana, and encompasses the southwest quarter of the state. The 3rd Brigade consists of the subordinate units, 1st Battalion – Headquartered in Bloomington. 2nd Battalion – Headquartered in Evansville, Indiana, 3rd Battalion – Headquartered in Jasper, Indiana. 4th Battalion – Headquartered in Terre Haute, Indiana, 4th Brigade – Headquartered in Shelbyville, Indiana, and encompasses the southeast quarter of the state. The 4th Brigade consists of the subordinate units, 1st Battalion – Headquartered in Anderson. 2nd Battalion – Headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, 3rd Battalion – Headquartered in New Albany, Indiana
15.
Indiana National Guard
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The Indiana National Guard is the armed force of the state of Indiana. It consists of the Indiana Army National Guard and the Indiana Air National Guard, and is part of the larger Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. With roots dating back to 1801, the origination of the guard was first began in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, since then the guard has served at home and abroad as a part of multiple wars, disaster relief actions, and putting down strikes and riots. The Indiana National Guard consists of the 14,000 strong, the Indiana National Guard is supported by the states military defense force, the Indiana Guard Reserve, which is part of the Military Department of Indiana. The Indiana Guard Reserve is a military force authorized by both the State Code of Indiana and Executive Order. The Indiana Guard Reserve assumes the state mission of the Indiana National Guard in the event the Guard is federally mobilized, the IGR is subject solely to the orders of the Governor and is commanded by the The Adjutant General of Indiana. The Constitution of the United States specifically charges the National Guard with dual federal, in fact, the National Guard is the only United States military force empowered to function in a state status. Those functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement of law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control. The National Guard may be called into service in response to a call by the President or Congress. When National Guard troops are called to service, the President serves as Commander-In-Chief. The federal mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Indiana National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as provided by state law. The Indiana Army National Guard is composed of approximately 16,000 soldiers, Indiana Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, the Indiana Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Indiana. Of the 38th Infantry Division Formerly Co, the unit was reorganized and reflagged as Troop C of the 2d Squadron, 152d Cavalry Regiment, 219th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, however, there has been a significant amount of individual activations to support military operations, the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard. For much of the decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month
16.
Indiana State House
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The Indiana State House is the state capitol building of the U. S. state of Indiana. Built in 1888, it is the building to house the state government. The first statehouse, located in Corydon, Indiana, is standing and is maintained as a state historic site. The second building was the old Marion County courthouse which was demolished and replaced in the early 20th century. The third building was a structure modeled on the Parthenon, but was condemned in 1877 because of structural defects, when Indiana became a state in 1816, the capital was located in Corydon. The first capitol building was a humble, two-story limestone building constructed in 1813 to house the legislature of the Indiana Territory, the building was constructed by a company owned by Dennis Pennington, a member of the early territorial legislature. Construction cost $1,500, paid for by the citizens of Harrison County and it measured forty-feet square with walls two-feet-thick and ten-foot ceilings. The building was made of limestone cut from a quarry and. The capitol contained three rooms and quickly became too small for the government, which had to erect additional office buildings across the street for the states administration. The lower floor of the statehouse was used by the Indiana House of Representatives, the upper floor was split into two rooms, one for the Indiana State Senate and another for the Indiana Supreme Court, with a narrow hall between them. The building was abandoned as the capitol in 1824 and was given to Harrison County to use as a courthouse, the old capitol building is still preserved and is now a state historic site. When the state government relocated to Indianapolis in December 1824, the government was housed in the Marion County Courthouse, the courthouse had been constructed with state funds in 1822 after Indianapolis was chosen as the site for the new capitol. The courthouse served as the capitol building for twelve years. At the time Indianapolis was a site, nearly 60 miles from the nearest settlement of significance. The relocation to Indianapolis was an arduous task, at the time it was an eleven-day journey by horseback from Corydon to the new capital. To complicate matters, no road existed and a path for the wagons had to be cut through the forests during the winter transit as the long caravan moved north. Colonel Samuel Merrill, the treasurer, was authorized by the General Assembly to oversee the move. Ultimately, it more than a month to relocate the government to Indianapolis
17.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
18.
Tribune Media
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The Tribune Media Company, also known as Tribune Media and formerly known as the Tribune Company, is an American conglomerate that is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. A significant amount of the stock of publicly traded Tribune is held by three firms that were the senior debt holders, Oaktree Capital Management, Angelo, Gordon & Co. Investment interests include the Food Network, the Tribune Company was founded on June 10,1847, the Chicago Daily Tribune published its first edition in a one-room plant located at LaSalle and Lake Streets in downtown Chicago. The original press run consisted of 400 copies printed on a hand press, the Tribune constructed its first building, a four-story structure at Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869. The building was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of October 1871, the Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring Chicago Shall Rise Again. Joseph Medill, a native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, gained control of the newspaper in 1874. Medills two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911 and that same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, Canada. The mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, Patterson established the companys second newspaper, the New York News in 1919. Tribunes ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered interlocking due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson, the paper launched a European edition during World War I. To compete with the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers in 1924, the company entered broadcasting in 1924 by leasing WDAP, one of Chicagos first radio stations. Tribune later changed the call letters to WGN, reflecting the Tribunes nickname. WGN was purchased by the company in 1926 and went on to be first in the radio industry, in 1925, the company completed its new headquarters and one of Chicagos first skyscrapers, the Tribune Tower. That same year, the decided to fund the future Joseph Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. Liberty magazine eventually exceeded Colliers circulation, but lacked enough advertising and was sold in 1931, the Tribunes European edition was also cut. However, Tribune launched the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate content syndication service in 1933, expecting a printers strike in November 1948, the Tribune printed their paper early, incorrectly proclaiming Dewey Defeats Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Tribune entered into the industry, then in its infancy, in 1948, with the establishments of WGN-TV in Chicago in April. In 1956, the Tribune Company purchased the Chicago American from William Randolph Hearst, also in 1963, the company purchased some part of the folded New York Mirror. The company increased its broadcast station holdings with the acquisition of radio station WQCD-FM in New York City in 1964, in 1967, the company began printing a tabloid serving suburban areas of Chicago, The Suburban Trib
19.
WTTV
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WTTV, virtual channel 4, is a CBS-affiliated television station serving Indianapolis, Indiana, United States that is licensed to Bloomington. The station is owned by the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of Tribune Media, WTTK was originally used to bring WTTVs programming to areas of central Indiana that received marginal to non-existent reception of the main WTTV signal. On cable, WTTV is available on Comcast Xfinity, Charter Spectrum and AT&T U-verse channel 4 in standard definition and in high definition on Xfinity, Spectrum, the station first signed on the air on November 11,1949, originally broadcasting on VHF channel 10. It was the television station to sign on in the state of Indiana. It also aired programming from CBS on occasion, WTTV originally transmitted its signal from its studio just south of downtown Bloomington, shared with sister-station WTTS1370. Sarkes Tarzian built a new studio and transmitter on the end of the Tarzian factory property on Bloomingtons south side in 1952. When it moved from Channel 10 to 4 on February 21,1954, the transmitter was moved to a 1000-foot tower near Cloverdale, and the power was increased to 100,000 watts. The Channel 10 allocation had been reassigned to Terre Haute when the FCC lifted the TV freeze in 1952, and was used by WTHI-TV. In its early years, instead of buying most of the items needed to run a television station, Tarzian had his own engineers and technicians design. For example, a microphone boom cost approximately $300. Tarzian employees built one for less than $30, the station lost the ABC affiliation after WISH-TV signed on two months later in April of that year. In 1956, the station lost the NBC affiliation to WFBM-TV, WTTV rejoined ABC after WISH-TV took an affiliation with CBS. In the late 1950s, the station began producing some of its programs in color, WTTV would convert to full color broadcasts in the fall of 1965. The station activated its current tower in Trafalgar, the tallest structure in Indiana at 1,132 feet above ground level, WTTV only provided a grade B signal to the citys northern suburbs and could not be seen at all in the far northern portions of the market. As a result, most of these areas only got a signal from channel 4 when cable television arrived in central Indiana in the late 1960s. Because of this rule, when WTTV regained the ABC affiliation, on October 30,1957, WTTV became an independent station after losing the ABC affiliation to upstart WLWI. In its early years as an independent, WTTV signed on at 2,00 p. m. each weekday, the station initially ran older movies and low-budget syndicated programs as well as some of its own locally produced programming. By the 1970s, WTTV began signing on by 6,00 a. m. in addition to local programming, WTTV aired plenty of movies during the early afternoon hours and in primetime
20.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
21.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
22.
Batman (1989 film)
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Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros. initial Batman film series, the film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman, alongside Jack Nicholson, Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough and Jack Palance. In the film, Batman is widely believed to be an urban legend until he goes to war with a rising criminal mastermind known as the Joker. After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart, Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burtons Beetlejuice. Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast, Keatons casting caused a controversy since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role. Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions dictated a high salary. The tone and themes of the film were influenced in part by Alan Moore and Brian Bollands The Killing Joke, filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out, uncredited rewrites were performed by Warren Skaaren, Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems. Batman was a critical and financial success, earning over $400 million in box office totals and it was the fifth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination, as Gotham City approaches its bicentennial, Mayor Borg orders district attorney Harvey Dent and police commissioner James Gordon to make the city safer. Meanwhile, reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale begin to investigate rumors of a vigilante nicknamed Batman who is targeting the citys criminals, Batmans alter-ego is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire industrialist who, as a child, witnessed his parents murder at the hands of a psychotic robber. At a fundraiser for the bicentennial in Wayne Manor, Bruce meets and falls for Vale, however, the evening is cut short as Bruce is alerted to Commissioner Gordons sudden departure due to police business and leaves to investigate as Batman. Mob boss Carl Grissom, who has already been targeted by Dent, with the help of corrupt police lieutenant Max Eckhardt, Grissom sets Napier up to be killed in a raid at Axis Chemicals. However, Grissoms plan is foiled with the arrival of Commissioner Gordon, in the ensuing shootout, Napier kills Eckhardt, but Batman suddenly appears and, in a struggle, Napier is knocked into a vat of chemicals. Batman escapes and Napier is presumed dead, as Batman returns to his life as Bruce Wayne, Napier is revealed to have survived the accident, but left horribly disfigured with chalk white skin, emerald green hair, and a ruby red grin. Driven insane, Napier calls himself the Joker, killing Grissom, the Joker begins to terrorize Gotham City by lacing hygiene products with Smilex, a deadly chemical which causes victims to die laughing with the same maniacal grin as the Joker. Whilst searching for information on Batman, the Joker also falls for Vale and he lures her to the Gotham Museum of Art, but Batman arrives and rescues her. They escape in the Batmobile, but are pursued by the Jokers men, Batman takes Vicki to the Batcave, where he gives her information from his research on Smilex that will allow the citys residents to protect themselves from the toxin
23.
BP
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BP P. L. C. also referred to by its former name, British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels and wind power, the company has around 17,200 service stations worldwide. Its largest division is BP America in the United States, in Russia BP owns a 19. 75% stake in Rosneft, the worlds largest publicly traded oil and gas company by hydrocarbon reserves and production. BP has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, BPs origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908, established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954 British Petroleum, in 1959, the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska and it was one of the the first companies to strike oil in the North Sea. British Petroleum acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978, formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. British Petroleum merged with Amoco in 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc, from 2003 to 2013, BP was a partner in the TNK-BP joint venture in Russia. BP has been involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. 1.8 million gallons of Corexit oil dispersant were used in the cleanup response, legal proceedings continued into January 2015 which determined payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. BP appealed the ruling, which raised concerns about BPs future and they settled in July 2015 in the amount of $19 billion plus the original amount. In May 1908 a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjid-i-Suleiman in Mohammerah and it was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox DArcy, by contract with the Emir of Mohammerah, Sheikh Khazal Khan al-Kaabi and this event changed the history of the Middle East. The oil discovery led to petrochemical industry development and also the establishment of industries that depended on oil. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was incorporated as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company, some of the shares were sold to the public. The first chairman and minority shareholder of the company became Lord Strathcona, the refinery was built and began operating in 1912. In 1913, the British Government acquired a controlling interest in the company and at the suggestion of Winston Churchill, the Royal Navy, which projected British power all over the world, came to be run 100% on oil from Iran. In 1919, the became a shale-oil producer by establishing a subsidiary named Scottish Oils which merged remaining Scottish oil-shale industries
24.
Amoco
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Amoco Corporation, originally Standard Oil Company, was a global chemical and oil company that was founded in 1889 around a refinery located in Whiting, Indiana, United States. It later absorbed the American Oil Company, founded in Baltimore in 1910 and incorporated in 1922 by Louis Blaustein, Amoco merged with British Petroleum in December 1998, forming BP Amoco. Shortly after the merger, Amoco stations began a rebranding that saw the stations change their names to the BP marque while continuing to sell Amoco-branded fuel. Eventually all traces of the Amoco brand name were eliminated and the stations adopted the BP branding permanently, the firms innovations included two essential parts of the modern industry, the gasoline tanker truck and the drive-through filling station. Its headquarters were located in the Amoco Building in Chicago, Illinois, Standard Oil was formed in 1889 by John D. Rockefeller as part of the Standard Oil trust. In 1910, with the rise in popularity of the automobile, in 1911, the year it became independent from the Standard Oil trust, the company sold 88% of the gasoline and kerosene sold in the Midwest. In 1912 it opened its first gas station in Minneapolis. It had the rights to use the Standard name in the region. It purchased the Dixie Oil Company of Louisiana in 1919 and began investing in oil companies outside its Standard marketing territory. Blaustein incorporated his business as the American Oil Co. in 1922, in 1923 the Blausteins sold a half interest in American Oil to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport company in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil. Before this deal, Amoco was forced to depend on Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of Indiana acquired Pan American in 1925, beginning John D. Rockefellers association with the Amoco name. In the 1920s and 1930s Indiana Standard opened up dozens more refining and oil-drilling facilities, combined with a new oil-refining process, Indiana Standard created its exploration and production business, Stanolind, in 1931. In the following years, a period of exploration and search for oil-rich fields ensued. In 1925, it bought a stake in the Pan American Petroleum, the acquired company had previously bought a half interest in the American Oil Company, which marketed half of PATs oil in the United States. Indiana Standard raised its stake in PAT to 81 percent by 1929, in 1931, Stanolind completed its acquisition of Sinclair Pipeline and also acquired the Sinclair Crude Oil Purchasing Company. All of the companies were consolidated into the newly formed Stanolind Pipeline Company. The crude oil purchasing operations became Stanolind Crude Oil Purchasing Company, the pipeline company headquarters were located in the Philcade building in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1957, all of the corporations pipeline activities were merged into a single entity, the Amoco lead-free gasoline was sold at Americans stations in the eastern and southern U. S. alongside American Regular gasoline, which was a leaded fuel
25.
Indiana Code
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The Indiana Code is the code of laws for the U. S. state of Indiana. The contents are the codification of all the currently in effect within Indiana. First codified in 1824, it has been updated almost every year since then and is maintained and updated by the Office of Code Revision and his codification and the printing was officially adopted in 1824. The code has been revised almost every year since then, with the General Assembly specifying which clauses are to be altered in the bills they pass. The code is made up of thirty-six titles, three of which have been repealed, with each title being subdivided into articles, chapters, sections. The code is maintained by the Office of Code Revision, that is part of the Indiana Legislative Services Agency, STATE OFFICES AND ADMINISTRATION Title 5. STATE AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Title 6, NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES Title 15. BUSINESS AND OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Title 24, FAMILY LAW AND JUVENILE LAW Title 32. COURTS AND COURT OFFICERS Title 34, CIVIL LAW AND PROCEDURE Title 35. CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE Title 36, LOCAL GOVERNMENT Constitution of Indiana Government of Indiana Woollen, William Wesley. Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana, Indiana Online Law Reference Indiana Code and Constitution from FindLaw
26.
Flags of the World
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Flags of the World is an Internet-based vexillological association and resource. Its principal project is the Internets largest website devoted to vexillology, containing information about all kinds of flags. The mailing list began as a group in about September 1993, while the website was founded by Giuseppe Bottasini in late 1994. FotW became the 56th member of the FIAV in 2001, both the website and the mailing list operate in the English language, though there are members from around the world and as such information from many languages is translated and included. The mailing list is monitored by the FOTW Listmaster, while work on the website is coordinated by the FOTW Editorial Director, the website is updated once a week with fresh material, some mirrors update monthly. Due to the amount of material there is an editing backlog. There are also some mirrors that have not been updated for varying periods of time, the source for material on the FOTW website are contributions to the FOTW mailing list, which has over 1000 members, of which some 100 are active contributors. The mailing list has notable minorities of Portuguese, French, Dutch, a staff of three unpaid volunteers manages and moderates the list. An affiliated Flags of the World Facebook group has established, inaugurated by Edward Mooney. As of November 2016 the group is run and moderated by a team of ten administrators, FOTW displays standardized flag images in GIF format, usually at a height of 216 pixels. While the GIF file format is capable of displaying 256 colours, the organizations flag is a design by Mark Sensen, which was selected over 10 challengers in a poll of FOTW mailing list members and was adopted 8 March 1996. Since then, March 8 has been regarded as FOTWs Flag day, Sensen described its symbolism, White on the hoist stands for peace, blue on the fly for progress. The six colours of the stars are the colours used in flags. The stars help to make one bigger symbol, the way the stars are all connected to each other represents the Internet. The flag is used as a rare representation of the Internet on a flag. List of flags List of flags by country Gallery of country flags Flags of the World Dictionary of Vexillology Flag Days Of The World FOTW mailing list
27.
Flags of the U.S. states and territories
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The flags of the U. S. states, territories and federal district exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different styles and design principles. Nonetheless, the majority of the states share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background. The most recent current state flag is that of Utah, while the most recent current territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands. Modern U. S. state flags date from the 1890s, most U. S. state flags were designed and adopted between 1893 and World War I. Dates in parentheses denote when the current flag was adopted by the states legislature and these are the current flags of the federal district and territories of the United States. Dates in parenthesis denote when the district or territorys current flag was adopted by its respective political body, the U. S. national flag is the official flag for all islands, atolls, and reefs composing the United States Minor Outlying Islands. However, unofficial flags are in use on five of these nine areas, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island. Maine and Massachusetts have ensigns differing from the flag for use at sea
28.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
29.
Flag of Alabama
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The bars forming the cross shall be not less than six inches broad, and must extend diagonally across the flag from side to side. – The cross of St. Patrick referred to in the law is a diagonal cross, because the bars must be at least six inches wide, small representations of the Alabama flag do not meet the legal definition. On January 11,1861, the Alabama Secession Convention passed a resolution designating an official flag, designed by several women from Montgomery, final touches were made by Francis Corra of that city. One side of the flag displayed the Goddess of Liberty holding a sword in her right hand. Above the gold star appears the text Alabama in all capital letters, in an arch above this figure were the words Independent Now and Forever. The reverse side of the flag had a plant with a coiled rattlesnake. The text Noli Me Tangere, was placed below the cotton plant and this flag was sent to the governors office on February 10,1861. Due to damage from weather, the flag was never flown again. Alabamas current flag was adopted in 1895, the legislation introduced by Representative John W. A. Sanford Jr. stipulates that he flag of the state of Alabama shall be a crimson cross of St. Andrew on a field of white. The bars forming the cross shall be not less than six inches broad, and must extend diagonally across the flag from side to side. Sanfords father, John W. A. Sanford, had commanded the 60th Alabama Infantry Regiment during the U. S. Civil War, the design of that regimental flag was a white saltire over a blue field with a circle of white stars surrounding the crossing. The regimental flag accompanied them through the end of the war and was surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, the saltire of Alabamas flag most closely resembles the saltire of the flag of Florida, which has its heritage in the Spanish Cross of Burgundy. Southern Alabama was originally part of Spanish Florida and subsequently West Florida, Alabamas flag is officially a St. Andrews cross as described in its legislation, and so is the Cross of Burgundy, representing the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified. It is sometimes believed that the saltire of the current flag of Alabama was designed to resemble the blue saltire of the Confederate Battle Flag. Many battle flags were square, and the flag of Alabama is sometimes depicted as square. The legislation that created the flag did not specify that the flag was to be square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, another remote, but possible inspiration was the flag carried by Co. The regiment was the only Alabama regiment in Ruckers Brigade, commanded by Col. Edmund Rucker of Tennessee, the flag of Ruckers brigade utilized a white background with a red saltire charged with 13 blue/green stars
30.
Flag of Alaska
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The flag of Alaska consists of eight gold stars, forming the Big Dipper and Polaris, on a dark blue field. The Big Dipper is an asterism in the constellation Ursa Major which symbolizes a bear, as depicted on the flag, its stars can be used as a guide by the novice to locate Polaris and determine true north, which varies considerably from a magnetic north. The design was created by Benny Benson of Seward and selected from among roughly 700 entries in a 1927 contest. More than 30 years before Alaska was to become a state, up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U. S. flag since the territory was purchased from Russia in 1867. Bensons design was chosen over roughly 700 other submissions from schoolchildren territory-wide in grades 7–12, most other entries featured variations on the territorial seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and/or gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded US$1,000, Benny looked to the sky for the symbols he included in his design. The flag flown by the Companys ships and their shore establishments was Russias commercial flag, the new Company flag design of 1806 placed the Imperial eagle in the upper left quarter of Russias commercial flag. In order that the State symbol remain unobstructed and more visible the width of the stripe was enlarged to cover roughly one half of the flags width. The normal width proportions of Russias commercial flag were equal thirds, the Imperial eagle carried a scroll which dipped into the blue stripe, also for more visibility, which read, in abbreviated form Russian American Companys. The symbolism of the scroll beneath the Imperial eagle compliments the official version of the Companys name Under His Imperial Majestys Protection Russian-American Company, the flag flew over Alaska until October 18,1867, when all Russian-American Company holdings in Alaska were sold to the United States. The Alaska Legislature adopted Bensons design as the flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2,1927. The first flag made based on Bennys design was made of silk and appliquéd gold stars. It was retained as the flag upon statehood in 1959. The flags symbolism is described in the song, Alaskas Flag. Symbols of the State of Alaska Seal of the State of Alaska Starry Plough Catalog of the Eight Stars exhibit at the Alaska State Museum, in PDF format
31.
Flag of Arizona
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The flag of Arizona consists of 13 rays of red and weld-yellow on the top half, the colors of the flag of Spain, representing the 13 original states. The red and yellow also symbolize Arizonas picturesque sunsets, the copper star represents the copper mining industry in Arizona. The rest of the flag is colored blue, representing the Colorado River, during the rifle competition at Camp Perry, Ohio, the Arizona team was the only team without an emblem of any kind. Colonel Harris was chiefly responsible for the creation of the team flag that in 1917 became the Arizona State Flag. Blue and gold are the colors of Arizona, red and gold are the colors carried by Coronado’s Expedition of 1540 to the Seven Cities of Cibola. The blue is “liberty blue” identical to the color in the United States flag field of stars, since Arizona is a western state, the rays of the setting sun seemed appropriate. There are thirteen rays representing the original “thirteen colonies. ”The large copper star identifies Arizona as the largest producer of copper in the United States. While Colonel Harris is credited with the creation of the Rifle Team flag, W. R. Stewart of Mesa was working in conjunction with Colonel Charles W. Harris, who was the Arizona Adjutant General and head of the Arizona National Guard. Stewart, as President of the Mesa Rifle Team, felt compelled to design a flag for competition, stewarts wife sewed the first flag for competition from a sketch he had made on the back of an envelope. The Stewart/Harris version of the flags origin is due to Stewart dropping some copper dye and white material into boiling water. However, these early explorers never used the current Spanish flag, the flag was adopted on February 17,1917, by the 3rd Arizona Legislature. It was passed into law without the signature of Governor Thomas Campbell, the governor did not officially state his reasons for taking no action on the bill. To properly produce the flag, the height of the flag is two units high while the width is three units wide. The sun rays at the top are divided into 13 equal segments, starting with red, in the center of the flag, the copper star is one unit high, while the rest of the flag is covered by blue section measuring one unit high and three units wide. The colors of red and blue are the shade used on the flag of the United States. The specific colors of copper and gold have not been set down in law, the suggested flag size is four by six feet, with the star being two feet tall. Seal of Arizona List of Arizona state symbols Arizona flag history http, //www. mesaaz. gov/planning/RobsonHistoricDistrict. aspx
32.
Flag of Arkansas
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The Flag of Arkansas, also known as the Arkansas flag, consists of a red field charged with a large blue-bordered white lozenge. Twenty-nine five-pointed stars appear on the flag, twenty-five small white stars within the blue border, the inscription ARKANSAS appears in blue within the white lozenge, with one star above and three stars below. The star above and the two stars below point upwards, the inner star below points downwards. It was designed by Willie Hocker of Wabbaseka, a member of the Pine Bluff Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, around 1912, the Pine Bluff Chapter of the DAR wished to present a state flag for the commissioning of the battleship USS Arkansas. When it was discovered that Arkansas did not have a state flag, Hocker, a member of the Pine Bluff DAR chapter, won with a design that is similar to the current flag. She designed the flag with three stars in the middle of the white diamond and omitted ARKANSAS. At the request of the committee, chaired by Secretary of State Earle Hodges, Hocker added ARKANSAS and rearranged the stars to one on top. This flag was adopted by the legislature on February 26,1913, in 1923, the legislature added a fourth star, representing the Confederate States of America. This fourth star was placed so that there were two stars above the state name and two below, this was to include the Confederacy alongside Spain, France, and the United States. The 1924 design was confirmed as law in 1987 by Act 116, in 2011, Act 1205 was signed by Governor Beebe adding some more details to the state flag. In the terms of colors, the red and blue used on the flag is Old Glory Red. The Act also stated that flags purchased by the Secretary of State must be manufactured in the United States, the flags elements have a complex symbolism. According to the 1987 state law defining the flag, the diamond represents Arkansas status as the only diamond-bearing state in the Union, the number of white stars around the border of the diamond represents Arkansas position as the 25th state to join the union. The blue star above ARKANSAS represents the Confederate States of America, the design of the border around the white diamond evokes the saltire found on the Confederate battle flag. The three stars below ARKANSAS have three meanings, The three nations to which Arkansas has belonged The Louisiana Purchase, which brought Arkansas into the U. S. was signed in 1803. Arkansas was the state formed from the Louisiana Purchase. However, that part of the statute contains two inaccuracies, The three stars were in a row in Hockers original design, they were not arranged in a triangle until later. Once that happened, it was finally admitted January 26,1837, the law defining the flag also defines a text to be used in saluting the flag, I salute the Arkansas Flag with its diamond and stars
33.
Flag of California
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The Bear Flag is the official flag of the state of California. The precursor of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was known as the Bear Flag. The first official version of the Bear Flag was adopted by the California State Legislature, the 1911 statute stated, The bear flag is hereby selected and adopted as the state flag of California. In 1953, the design and specifications for the flag were standardized in a bill signed by Governor Earl Warren. He shall, periodically, compile the laws and regulations regarding the State Flag, copies of the compilation shall be printed and made available to the public at cost by the Department of General Services. When the flag is displayed vertically, it is rotated 90 degrees clockwise such that the bear and star face upward, the flag is also used as the state ensign. The modern state flag is white with a red strip along the bottom. There is a red star in the left corner and a grizzly bear facing left in the center. The size of the bear is 2/3 the size of the hoist width and has a ratio of 2 by 1, the grass plot has a ratio of 11 to 1. The five-point star is taken from the California Lone Star Flag of 1836, the bear on the current flag of California is claimed to have been modeled on the last Californian grizzly bear in captivity. The bear, named Monarch, was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allen Kelley, the bear was subsequently moved to Woodwards Gardens in San Francisco, and then to the zoo at Golden Gate Park. After the bears death in 1911, it was mounted and preserved at the Academy of Sciences at Golden Gate Park, the 1953 law includes an official black and white rendering of the bear as well as the plot of grass and brown tufts. This drawing and other specifications that define the flags colors and dimensions are identified as 54-J-03. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U. S. state, U. S. territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the flag of California 13th. The 1953 legislation defined the shades of the Californian flag with a total of five colors relative to the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America. It is one of only four US state flags that does not contain the color blue, Seal is used for the dark shading of the bear, the 12 darker tufts in the plot of grass, the border of the plot and the lettering CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC. Old Glory Red is used for the star, the bears tongue, irish Green is used for the grass plot. The bears claws are also accented with white, the left front and rear paws have four white claws while the right rear claw displays three
34.
Flag of Colorado
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The flag of the state of Colorado consists of three horizontal stripes of equal width, the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red C, filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains. The flag was designed by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the Colorado General Assembly on June 5 of the same year, however, the legislature did not specify the size of the C or the exact shade of blue or red. Thus, some flags were in different colors and had the C wholly within the center stripe. On February 28,1929, the General Assembly added to the description of the flag that the blue, on March 31,1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe. In a 2001 survey of 72 state, provincial, and territorial flags conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, the Colorado state flag is also incorporated into the design of Colorados state highway markers. Colorado is the state to incorporate its entire, unaltered flag design into its State Route Marker
35.
Flag of Connecticut
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The flag of the state of Connecticut is a white baroque shield with three grapevines, each bearing three bunches of purple grapes on a field of azure blue. The banner below the shield reads Qui Transtulit Sustinet, Latin for He who transplanted still sustains), the flag dimensions are 5.5 feet in length and 4.33 feet in width. The Connecticut General Assembly approved the flag in 1897 after it was introduced by Governor Owen Vincent Coffin in 1895, the design comes from the seal of Saybrook Colony, designed by George Fenwick when it was established in 1639. That seal depicted 15 grapevines and a hand in the left corner with a scroll reading Sustinet qui transtulit. When Connecticut Colony bought Saybrook in 1644, the transferred to Connecticut Colony. On October 25,1711, the governor and legislature changed the seal and they reduced the number of grapevines from 15 to three, in order to represent the three oldest settlements and rearranged the wording and position of the motto. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U. S. state, U. S. territorial, the survey ranked the Connecticut flag 50th out of 72. The flag is traditionally at half mast when the American flag is flown at half mast, according to 2007-R-0624, only the governor of Connecticut may decide to fly the state flag at half mast, though the right is a power of office and not a law. State of Connecticut Symbols of the state of Connecticut Great Seal of the State of Connecticut Coat of arms of Connecticut History of the Connecticut flag
36.
Flag of Delaware
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The flag of the state of Delaware consists of a buff-colored diamond on a field of colonial blue, with the coat of arms of the state of Delaware inside the diamond. Below the diamond, the date December 7,1787, declares the day on which Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution, the colors of the flag reflect the colors of the uniform of General George Washington. The coat of arms in the center of the flag was adopted on January 17,1777 and it depicts a shield of horizontal green, blue, and white stripes. On the stripes are a sheaf of wheat, an ear of corn, above the shield is a sailing ship. Supporting the shield are a farmer on the left and a soldier on the right, the state motto, below the shield, reads Liberty and Independence. These symbols are included on the seal of Delaware. The current flag was adopted on July 24,1913, during the American Civil War, regiments from Delaware flew a flag which was similar to the state coat of arms on a field of blue. The official state colors, colonial blue and buff, are designated by the Textile Color Card Association of the United States,2, 1/140565, dated November 18,1954, which is on file with the Delaware Public Archives, Dover, Delaware. State of Delaware Symbols of the state of Delaware Great Seal of the State of Delaware Wyatt, Delaware Delaware Flag,29 Del. C. 1953, §506,50 Del. Laws, c,288, §1,70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §1,72 Del. Laws, c,1953, §507,50 Del. Laws, c. Delaware Facts and Symbols - State Flag
37.
Flag of Florida
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The flag of Florida consists of a red saltire on a white background, with the state seal superimposed on the center. The design was approved by popular referendum November 6,1900, the flags current design has been in use since May 21,1985, after the state seal was graphically altered and officially sanctioned for use by state officials. Spain was a union and federation of kingdoms when Juan Ponce de León claimed Florida on April 2,1513. As with other Spanish territories, the Burgundian saltire was generally used in Florida to represent collective Spanish independence between 1513 and 1821, in 1763, Spain passed control of Florida to Great Britain via the Treaty of Paris. Great Britain used the original union flag with the diagonal stripes in Florida during this brief period. The British also divided the Florida territory into East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine, Spain regained control of Florida in 1783. In 1785, King Charles III chose a new naval and battle flag for Spain, which was now a more centralized nation-state, and its territories. This flag, a tri-band of red-gold-red, was used along with the Burgundian saltire in the provinces of East and West Florida until 1821, between 1821 and 1861, Florida had no official flag. This flag was used when Floridian forces took control of U. S. forts. Col. William H. Chase was Commander of Floridian troops, later in the year the Florida Legislature passed a law authorizing Governor Perry to design an official flag. His design was the tri-band of the Confederacy but with the field extending all the way down. As part of the Confederacy, Florida used all three versions of the Confederate flag and the Bonnie Blue Flag, which was used as an unofficial flag of the Confederacy. The Bonnie Blue flag features a single five-point star centered in a blue background and it was used as the flag of the short-lived Republic of West Florida in 1810, which included parts of modern-day Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Between 1868 and 1900, the flag of Florida was simply the state seal on a white background, in a discrepancy, however, a later version of the state seal depicts a steamboat with a white flag that includes a red saltire, similar to Floridas current flag. In the late 1890s, Governor Francis P. Fleming, a nationalist, floridians approved the addition of St. Andrews Cross by popular referendum in 1900. The red saltire of the Cross of Burgundy represents the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified, the addition was made during a period of nostalgia for the Lost Cause around the time of the flags change
38.
Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)
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The current flag of the state of Georgia was adopted on May 8,2003. The flag bears three stripes consisting of red-white-red, and a canton containing a ring of 13 white stars encompassing the states coat of arms in gold. In the coat of arms, the arch symbolizes the states constitution, within the arms, a sword is drawn to represent the defense of the states constitution. An additional motto, In God We Trust, is positioned underneath these elements acting as the states foundation, the ring of stars that encompass the states coat of arms symbolize Georgias status as one of the original Thirteen Colonies. The design principle is based on the first national flag of the Confederacy, the 1879 flag was introduced by Georgia state senator Herman H. Perry and was adopted to memorialize Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Perry was a colonel in the Confederate army during the war. Over the following decades, the flag was changed by adding, at the time, opposition to changing the flag came from various sides, including from Confederate historical groups like the United Daughters of the Confederacy. S. Pledge of Allegiance, which states that the U. S. was one nation, opponents to the flags change also said that there was nothing wrong with the 1920 flag and that people were content with it. Others opposed changing the flag out of the burden it would place on those who would have to purchase a new flag to replace the outdated one. Board of Education and pro-segregationist comments by then-Governor Marvin Griffin, such as The rest of the nation is looking to Georgia for the lead in segregation. Political pressure for a change in the state flag increased during the 1990s. In 1992, Governor Zell Miller announced his intention to get the battle flag element removed, the matter was dropped after the 1993 legislative session. Many Atlanta residents and some Georgia politicians refused to fly the 1956 flag, millers successor as governor, Roy Barnes, responded to the increasing calls for a new state flag, and in 2001 hurried a replacement through the Georgia General Assembly. Those flags are a thirteen-star U. S. flag of the Betsy Ross design, the first Georgia flag, the 1920–1956 Georgia flag, the state flag. In a 2001 survey on state and provincial flags in North America conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, the group stated that the flag violates all the principles of good flag design. After the 1956 state flag was replaced in 2001, the Georgia city of Trenton adopted a version as its official city flag. In 2002, Sonny Perdue was elected Governor of Georgia, partially on a platform of allowing Georgians to choose their own flag in a state referendum and he authorized the Georgia legislature to draft a new flag in 2003. Perdue signed the legislation into law on May 8,2003, the 2003 flag legislation also authorized a public referendum on which of the two most recent flags would be adopted as the flag of the state
39.
Flag of Hawaii
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The flag of the state of Hawaii is the official flag symbolizing Hawaii as a U. S. state. The same flag had previously been used by the kingdom, protectorate, republic. It is the only U. S. state flag to feature the flag of a country which is the Union flag of the United Kingdom. The canton of the flag of Hawaii contains the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, the field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes, symbolizing the eight major islands. Other versions of the flag have only seven stripes, probably representing the islands with the exception of Kahoʻolawe or Niʻihau. The color of the stripes, from the top down, follows the sequence, white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, the colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Hawaiis flag 11th in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state, there are various accounts of the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One relates how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, probably a Red Ensign, subsequent visitors reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. This explains why the flag of Hawaii was a deliberate hybrid of the two nations flags. In 1816, Kamehameha commissioned his own flag to avoid this conflict and it was probably designed by one of the commanders of the Royal Hawaiian Navy, former officers of the British Royal Navy, who advised Kamehameha, based on a form of the British naval flag. There is debate as to the designer, some credit Alexander Adams. It was very similar to the flag of the British East India Company in use about this time which had only red, Captain Adams used this flag for the first time on a Hawaiian trade mission to China in 1817. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red-white-blue, there may have been possibly different versions of the flag with different numbers of stripes and colors. The number of stripes also changed, originally, the flag was designed with seven or nine horizontal stripes. The latter arrangement was adopted and is used today, in 1990, Governor of Hawaii John Waihee proclaimed July 31 to be Ka Hae Hawaii Day, the Hawaiian Flag Day. It has been celebrated each year since then, the flag used by the governor of Hawaii is a red and blue bi-color. In the middle of the eight white stars appears the name of the state in all capital letters, during the time Hawaii was a United States territory, the letters in the middle of the flag were TH, which stood for Territory of Hawaii. List of Hawaii state symbols Seal of Hawaii Constitutional Provisions for the Display of Ka Hae Hawaii Hawaii at Flags of the World
40.
Flag and seal of Idaho
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The Seal of the Territory of Idaho was adopted in 1863, and redrawn several times before statehood in 1890. The state Great Seal was designed by Emma Edwards Green, the woman to design a state seal. The flag of the state of Idaho consists of the seal on a field of blue. The words “State of Idaho” appear in letters on a red. The seal depicts a miner and a woman representing equality, liberty, the symbols on the seal represent some of Idaho’s natural resources, mines, forests, farmland, and wildlife. The current seal contains the text Great Seal of the State of Idaho in the outer ring, the inner ring contains a banner with the Latin motto, Esto perpetua. A woman, signifying justice, and a man, dressed as a miner, the miner reminds us of the chief industry of the State at the time of statehood. Inside, the shield bears images symbolic of the State, the pine tree in the foreground refers to Idahos immense timber interests. Idaho has a law, which protects the elk and moose. The state flower, the wild Syringa or Mock Orange, grows at the womans feet, the river depicted in the shield is the Snake or Shoshone River. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of all 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state and U. S. territorial flags, Idaho finished in the bottom ten, finishing 64th out of the 72. Idaho Symbols of Idaho The Great Seal of the State of Idaho Facts About Idaho
41.
Flag and seal of Illinois
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The Great Seal of the State of Illinois is the official emblem of the state, and signifies the official nature of a document produced by the state of Illinois. The flag of the state of Illinois consists of the seal of Illinois on a white background, the present seal was adopted in 1869, the flag bearing the central elements of the seal was adopted in 1915, and the word Illinois was added to the flag in 1970. The current flag depicts the Great Seal of Illinois, which was designed in 1819. In the eagles beak there is a banner with the motto, State Sovereignty. The dates on the seal,1818 and 1868, represent the year Illinois became a state, although State Sovereignty comes first in the motto, State is at the bottom and Sovereignty is upside-down. The first Great Seal of the State of Illinois was adopted in 1819 by the first Illinois General Assembly, the first law authorizing the Great Seal required the Secretary of State of Illinois to procure and keep the seal. The first seal engraved was essentially a duplicate of the Great Seal of the United States and it was used until 1839, when it was recut. The seal designed in 1839 became the Second Great Seal, Illinois Secretary of State Sharon Tyndale spearheaded the drive to create a third state seal for Illinois. In 1867, he asked State Senator Allen C, however, the bill passed by the legislature on March 7,1867, kept the original wording. Despite declining his suggestion, the legislature nonetheless entrusted Tyndale with designing the new seal, tyndales seal features a bald eagle pitched on a rock carrying a shield in its talons and a banner with the state motto in its beak. Thirteen stars and thirteen stripes on the represent the original thirteen states of the Union. This basic design has survived through several modifications since it was first conceived. The Illinois Secretary of State is still the keeper of the Great Seal of the State of Illinois, during her time as state regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1912, Ella Park Lawrence began a campaign to have Illinois adopt a state flag. Thirty-five designs were submitted in response to this contest, the contest was judged by a panel chaired by Lewis Stevenson, Illinois Secretary of State. They selected the design of Lucy Derwent, the flag became the official state banner on July 6,1915, following its passage in the Illinois State House and Senate. Governor Edward F. Dunne did not sign the bill, in the 1960s, Chief Petty Officer Bruce McDaniel petitioned to have the name of the state added to the flag. He noted that many of the people he served with during the Vietnam War did not recognize the banner. Ogilvie signed the addition to the flag into law on September 17,1969, for Illinoiss first 100 years of statehood in 1918, Wallace Rice, who designed Chicagos flag, designed a centennial flag for the state
42.
Flag of Iowa
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The flag of the state of Iowa is a vertical tricolor of blue, white, and red, reflecting Iowas history as part of the French Louisiana Territory. The image of an eagle with a long ribbon reading Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. The word Iowa is placed directly below it in red, serifed majuscules, the flag was adopted in 1921, it was first approved in May 1917, by the Iowa State Council for Defense. It was designed in 1917, by Knoxville, Iowa resident Mrs. Dixie Cornell Gebhardt, of the Daughters of the American Revolution of Iowa. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Iowas flag 42nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state, flag of Des Moines, Iowa List of Iowa state symbols Seal of Iowa Iowa State Symbols
43.
Flag of Kansas
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The flag of the state of Kansas was adopted in 1927. The elements of the flag include the state seal and a sunflower. This original design was modified in 1961 to add the name of the state at the bottom of the flag, the official flag of Kansas is represented by a dark-blue silk rectangle arranged horizontally with the state seal aligned in the center. Above the seal is a sunflower which sits over a bar of gold, below the seal is printed the name of the state KANSAS. The state seal centered on the flag tells the history of Kansas, Kansas state law provides that the flag is to be used on all occasions when the state is officially represented. The flag of Kansas was designed in 1925 by Hazel Avery and first used in a Fourth of July parade in Lincoln, officially adopted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1927 and modified in 1961. First flown at Fort Riley by Governor Benjamin S. Paulen in 1927 for the troops at Fort Riley, from 1925 to 1927, Kansas used a state banner instead of a flag. The Kansas state banner, which consisted of a large sunflower and it was given a unique design to avoid competition with the United States flag. However, after the banner was rejected for display in Washington, according to the North American Vexillological Association, the state banner exists today as an official alternative to the state flag. The organizations website features the banner – a lone sunflower on a blue field –, flags of the Governors of the U. S. States State of Kansas Symbols of the state of Kansas Great Seal of the State of Kansas Kansas State Flag
44.
Flag of Kentucky
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The flag of the Commonwealth of Kentucky was adopted on March 26,1918. In the early history of the state there were many flags representing various affiliations or countries that came from. A portion of the state was held by the French monarchy until the French, after the war, the land was ceded to Great Britain and the Union Jack flew over the commonwealth until the Revolutionary War. After the Declaration of Independence was signed, Kentucky as a Commonwealth of Virginia flew adopted the flag of Virginia, as the war progressed, Louisville and Lexington adopted the Betsy Ross flag. The rest of the state followed, after the war ended, the Flag of Virginia was restored for a short period of time. Once Kentucky became part of the Union in 1792, the state adopted the 15-star flag of the Union, the U. S. flag was kept as the unofficial state flag for many years that followed. During the American Civil War, the flag of the Confederate States as well as the flag of the Union flew over Kentucky with prominence varying on location, the flag was designed by Jesse Cox Burgess, an art teacher in Frankfort, the state capital. The flag was adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly on March 26,1918, the flag consists of the Commonwealths seal on a navy blue field, surrounded by the words Commonwealth of Kentucky above and sprigs of goldenrod, the state flower, below. The seal depicts a pioneer and a statesman embracing, however, the official explanation is that the men represent all frontiersmen and statesmen, rather than any specific persons. The state motto, United We Stand, Divided We Fall circles them, the motto comes from the lyrics of The Liberty Song, a patriotic song from the American Revolution. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state, and U. S. territorial flags, Kentuckys flag was ranked 66th
45.
Flag of Louisiana
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The flag of Louisiana consists of a heraldic charge called a pelican in her piety, representing a mother pelican wounding her breast to feed her young from the blood. The mother pelicans head and outspread wings covering the three pelican chicks nestled below her form a stylized fleur-de-lis, another emblem of similar significance often depicted in Louisiana and this symbol, emblematic of Christian charity, is also found on the state seal. On the flag it is depicted above a ribbon with the motto, Union, Justice. The current flag was adopted in November 2010, a revision of the original design of 1912. During the 19th century it was traditional in Louisiana flags and the seal for the pelican in her piety to have three drops of blood on her chest. The issue was resolved in April 2006, when the Louisiana State Legislature passed a bill which requires three drops of blood to be depicted on the used in both the states flag and seal. The new state flag, featuring a new design, was unveiled during ceremonies of new state officials. In November 2010, the flag was revised again, featuring a more detailed pelican than the one, as well as removing the word. Prior to 1861, the state of Louisiana had no official flag, in February 1861, Louisiana officially adopted a flag with a single yellow star in a red canton, with thirteen red, white and blue stripes. This was used through the end of the American Civil War, on November 22,2010, a new version of the flag bearing an updated version of A Pelican In Her Piety was unveiled. List of Louisiana state symbols Seal of Louisiana Official website
46.
Flag of Maine
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The flag of the state of Maine features the state coat of arms on a blue field. In the center of the shield, a moose rests under a pine tree. A farmer and seaman represent the traditional reliance on agriculture and the sea by the state, the North Star represents the state motto, Dirigo. There are no official colors for the coat of arms, so variations in coloration can be seen in flags from different manufacturers, the blue field, however, is specified to be the same blue as in the flag of the United States. According to the description, the flag should have a fringe of yellow silk and should have a blue. These embellishments are very rarely observed, the North American Vexillological Association conducted a survey in 2001 that ranked Maines current flag as one of the worst in design. Amongst the 72 U. S. state, U. S. territorial and Canadian provincial flags, NAVA criticized the unoriginality of seal on blue bed-sheet design, which is currently used by almost half of the flags of U. S. states. Originally, the flag consisted of a green pine tree, symbol of New England in the center, with a blue North Star. The image to the right contains a reproduction of the 1901 Flag. The reproduction uses the same tree used in the Merchant Marine Flag of Maine. Also, the size of the tree, set to 1/3 the fly, the Maine legislature approved the current flag on February 23,1909. Maine is also one of two states with a separate ensign, which is rarely seen. It features symbols from the current flag and the one, with a white field. The green pine tree has the seamans anchor, and the words MAINE, the flag used by the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. Great Seal of the State of Maine Symbols of the state of Maine Maine at Flags of the World Merchant and Marine Flag of Maine at Flags of the World
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