1.
Royal Arms of Scotland
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The royal coat of arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the King of Scots from its adoption in the 12th century until the end of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707. The arms feature a red rampant lion with blue tongue and claws situated within a red double border decorated with fleurs-de-lis and it was perhaps added merely to make the arms more distinctive, as the symbol of a rampant lion was already used by several lords and kings. Atop the shield sits the helm and crest, the helm is full-faced of damasked gold with six bars and features gold mantling lined with ermine. Upon the helm sits the crest, depicting the red lion, forward facing and sitting atop the Crown of Scotland, above the crest is the motto In Defens, a contraction of In My Defens God Me Defend. Surrounding the shield is the collar of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the supporters are two crowned and chained unicorns, the dexter supporting a banner of the arms, the sinister supporting the national flag of Scotland. The compartment features a number of thistles, the flower of Scotland. A form of arms was first used by King William the Lion in the 12th century. However, a lion rampant can clearly be out on the seal of his son. This is clearly untrue as, even if Fergus and Achaius had existed, throughout the ages the arms passed from monarch to succeeding monarch with only slight variations in detail. In some early examples the lion holds a sword or wears a crown, and this state of affairs does not appear to have lasted very long, with James III soon re-instating the royal tressure, first without its top, and then in its original form. Andrew with his crosse on his brest y unto pendent, following the death of Francis in 1560, Mary continued to use the arms showing Scotland and France impaled, until her marriage to Henry, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Following the marriage to Darnley, the arms of Scotland reverted to the blazon which had preceded the marriage to Francis, on the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1603, James VI, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland. The arms of England were quartered with those of Scotland, at this time the King of England also laid claim to the French throne, therefore the arms of the Kingdom of England were themselves already quartered with those of the Kingdom of France. James used a different version of his arms in Scotland. The motto of the Order of the Thistle, Nemo me impune lacessit, the motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense, appears on a representation of the garter surrounding the shield. Henceforth, the versions of the Royal arms used in Scotland, the Act declared that the Irish state could be described as a republic, following which the newly created Republic of Ireland left the British Commonwealth. Since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Scottish arms are now used in combination with the arms of England and Ireland. Unofficially, the banner is often used as a secondary national flag
2.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
3.
Coat of arms of Nova Scotia
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The coat of arms of the province of Nova Scotia is the oldest provincial achievement of arms in Canada, and the oldest British coat of arms outside Great Britain. It is blazoned as follows, Argent, a saltire azure charged with an escutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland and it was granted in 1625 by King Charles I for the first Scottish colony on the Canadian mainland. The arms are borne as a heraldic badge by the Baronets of Nova Scotia. They fell out of use when Nova Scotia joined the Confederation in 1867, the arms were originally granted in 1625 by King Charles I as part of a Scottish settlement attempt in Nova Scotia led by Sir William Alexander. The arms of Nova Scotia were in use until the mid 19th century, the old arms having been overlooked by Confederation in 1867, a new coat of arms was prepared the following year. This had a salmon on a band between three thistles, on a gold field. When the old coat of arms was rediscovered, pressure to restore it grew, the original coat of arms was augmented with a compartment upon the issue of the new royal warrant in 1929. The 1867–1929 shield may be blazoned Or, on a wavy azure between three thistles slipped and leaved a salmon proper. Crest Two hands, one naked and the other clad in armour, holding a thistle, representing Scotland, shield The shield, a blue saltire on a white field, is a simple reversal of the Scottish flag. It is also charged with an inescutcheon bearing the Royal arms of Scotland, compartment The compartment includes thistles as well as the trailing arbutus or mayflower, the floral emblem of Nova Scotia, added when the arms were reassumed in 1929. Motto Munit haec et altera vincit, One defends and the other conquers, placed above the shield in the Scottish tradition
4.
Scottish colonization of the Americas
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On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by James VI of Scotland to Sir William Alexander. Between 1622 and 1628, Sir William launched four attempts to send colonists to Nova Scotia, a successful occupation of Nova Scotia was finally achieved in 1629. The colonys charter, in law, made Nova Scotia a part of mainland Scotland, for six months, no one took up this offer until James compelled one to make the first move. In 1627, there was a wider uptake of baronetcies, however, in 1627, war broke out between England and France and the French re-established a settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, which they had originally settled in 1604. This set of British triumphs which left Cape Sable as the only major French holding in North America was not destined to last, the Scots were forced to abandon their Nova Scotia colony in its infancy. In 1625 a charter was given by James VI for a settlement at Cape Breton, however, this land was never colonised likely due to the problems over the settlement of Nova Scotia. On 23 November 1683, Charles II granted a charter for the colony of New Jersey to 24 proprietors,12 of whom were Scots, the colony was to be split between an English settlement in West Jersey and a Scottish settlement in East Jersey. The driving force among the Scots was Robert Barclay of Urie, a prominent Quaker, Scots began arriving in East Jersey in 1683 at Perth Amboy and spread south to Monmouth County. The city became the capital in 1686. During the 1680s, around 700 Scots emigrated to East Jersey, mostly from Aberdeen and Montrose, from 1685, there was further emigration, albeit unsought by the emigrants, with the deportation of captured Covenanters. They were originally to have placed in indented servitude on arrival, however, they were declared by the courts to be free men. The initial immigrants to East Jersey were Quakers, Episcopalians and Presbyterians, by the 1730s, in 1684,148 Scots settlers arrived to build a settlement at Port Royal, the site of former French and Spanish settlements. This was renamed by the Scots as Stuarts Town, in 1686, the Spanish retaliated and sent three ships with 150 Spanish troops and Indian allies to attack Stuarts Town. Due to a recent sickness, the Scots had only 25 effective fighting men able to mount a defence, there was no retaliation by the English, who were warned by the Proprietors not to interfere. The Darien scheme is probably the best known of all Scotlands colonial endeavours, and these powers were similar to those of the English East India Company, which opposed the establishment of a Scottish rival. Capital for the company of £400,000 was raised solely in Scotland, due to intrigue by English merchants and this opposition also prevented shares being sold in England, as was the original intention. In 1696,2,500 Scottish settlers, in two expeditions, set out to found a Scottish trading colony at Darién on the isthmus of Panama. These settlers were made up of ex-soldiers, ministers of religion, merchants, sailors, the government of the colony was run by a committee, the chairman of which changed every two weeks
5.
Charles I of England
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Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead, after his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent and he supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years War. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War, after his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors demands for a constitutional monarchy, re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwells New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charless son, Charles II, in 1660, the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, in mid-July 1604, Charles left Dunfermline for England where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. His speech development was slow, and he retained a stammer, or hesitant speech. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereigns second son, Thomas Murray, a Presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics, in 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets and he became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his stronger and taller elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. However, in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been typhoid, Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became heir apparent
6.
Flag
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A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or as decoration. National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original, flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, due to the use of flags by military units, flag is also used as the name of some military units. A flag is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, in antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like. During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a device in battle. Already during the medieval period, and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early Modern period, flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals, see, International maritime signal flags. One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country, some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include, The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478, the flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colours of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagnes time, the 9th century, the coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colours. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colours next to this region, a century before that, during the 15th century, the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572 as the Princes Flag in orange–white–blue, soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a comeback during the war of the late 18th century. During World War II the pro-Nazi NSB used it, any symbolism has been added later to the three colours, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, however, the usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue. It is said that the Dutch Tricolour has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, the national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, Frances tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations, examples, Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania and Mexico. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used, british colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history
7.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
8.
Saltire
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A saltire, also called Saint Andrews Cross, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, possibly owing to the shape of the areas in the design. It appears in flags, including those of Scotland and Jamaica. A variant, also appearing on many past and present flags, a warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. In Unicode, the cross is encoded at U+2613 ☓ saltire, see X mark#Unicode for similar symbols that might be more accessible. The saltire appears on vexilla that are represented consistently on coinage of Christian emperors of Rome, in the ninth and tenth century the saltire was revived in Constantinople as a symbol of Christian-imperial power. Anne Roes detected the symbol, which appears with balls in the quadrants formed by the arms of the chi-cross. She suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ and she also wrote, although it cannot be proved. In the white saltire of St. Andrew we still have a reminiscence of the old standard of the Persepolitan kingdom, when two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as cut off. A saltorel is a saltire, the term is usually defined as one-half the width of the saltire. A field per saltire is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped cut, otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. Examples include, Suffolk County Council, England, The Corporation of the Municipality of Brighton, when five or more compact charges are in saltire, one is in the center and one or more lie on each arm of an invisible saltire. The Saint Andrews Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, the Cross of Burgundy, a form of the Saint Andrews Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas. It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, the Duchy of Burgundy, forming a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries, was inherited by the House of Habsburg on the extinction of the Valois ducal line. As a result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in a variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign, the flag of Carlism, the flag of the Dutch municipality of Eijsden, the naval ensign of the Imperial Russian and Russian navies is a blue saltire on a white field. Prior to the Union the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrews Cross, with its colours exchanged, the same design forms part of the arms and flag of Nova Scotia. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use a blue saltire on a white field, the flags of the Spanish island of Tenerife and the remote Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia also use a white saltire on a blue field
9.
Flag of Scotland
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The Flag of Scotland, also known as St Andrews Cross or the Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. As the national flag, the Saltire, rather than the Royal Standard of Scotland, is the flag for all individuals. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, according to legend, the Christian apostle and martyr Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, was crucified on an X-shaped cross at Patras, in Achaea. Use of the iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross. It was again depicted on seals used during the late 13th century, including on one used by the Guardians of Scotland, using a simplified symbol which does not depict St. Andrews image, the saltire or crux decussata, began in the late 14th century. In June 1385, the Parliament of Scotland decreed that Scottish soldiers serving in France would wear a white Saint Andrews Cross, both in front and behind, for identification. The earliest reference to the Saint Andrews Cross as a flag is found in the Vienna Book of Hours, circa 1503, supposedly, a miraculous white saltire appeared in the blue sky and Óengus troops were roused to victory by the omen. Consisting of a blue background over which is placed a white representation of an X-shaped cross, in heraldic language, it may be blazoned azure, a saltire argent. The tincture of the Saltire can appear as silver or white. In the case of the Saltire, variations in shades of blue have resulted in the background of the flag ranging from sky blue to navy blue. Some flag manufacturers selected the same navy blue colour trend of the Union Flag for the Saltire itself, leading to a variety of shades of blue being depicted on the flag of Scotland. Having taken advice from a number of sources, including the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, recent versions of the Saltire have therefore largely converged on this official recommendation. The flag proportions are not fixed, however the Lord Lyon King of Arms states that 5,4 is suitable. The ratio of the width of the bars of the saltire in relation to the width of the field is specified in heraldry in relation to shield width rather than flag width. However, this ratio, though not rigid, is specified as one-third to one-fifth of the width of the field. According to legend, in 832 A. D. Óengus II led an army of Picts and Scots into battle against the Angles, led by Æthelstan, near modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian. On the morning of battle white clouds forming the shape of an X were said to have appeared in the sky, Óengus and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in terms of numbers were victorious. The white saltire set against a blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend
10.
Andrew the Apostle
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Andrew the Apostle, also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tradition Prōtoklētos or the First-called, was a Christian Apostle and the brother of Saint Peter. The name Andrew, like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews, Christians, no Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. According to Orthodox tradition, the successor to Saint Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople. The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter and he was born in the village of Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee. Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he make them fishers of men. At the beginning of Jesus public life, they were said to have occupied the house at Capernaum. In the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Mark Simon Peter and these narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke Andrew is not named, the narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat but it is not until the next chapter that Andrew is named as Simons brother. However, it is understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that Luke denies not that Andrew was there. In contrast, the Gospel of John states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother. Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ, on a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus. Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes, Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus return at the end of the age, Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium in AD38, according to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrews missions in Thrace, Scythia and this diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople
11.
Cross
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A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally, a cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology. The word [[wikt, cross|crossded from Old Irish, possibly via Old Norse, ultimately from the Latin crux, stake, the English verb to cross arises from the noun c. 1200, first in the sense to make the sign of the cross, the Latin word was, however, influenced by popular etymology by a native Germanic word reconstructed as*krukjo. This word, by conflation with Latin crux, gave rise to Old French crocier, Latin crux referred to the gibbet where criminals were executed, a stake or pole, but not necessarily to intersecting or cruciform beams. The Latin word derived from the verb crucio to torture, Latin crux originally referred to the tree or stake on which criminals were crucified in the pre-imperial period. This was later specified as crux acuta or crux simplex, the method of execution may have been adopted from the Phoenicians. The addition of a bar, to which the criminal would be fastened with nails or cords. The Latin name of the cross is crux decussata, the heraldic term saltire is introduced only towards the end of the medieval period. The Greek equivalent of Latin crux stake, gibbet is σταυρός stauros stake, the letter Tau was associated with the stauros or crux, while the notion of cruciform shapes, i. e. intersecting lines, were associated with the letter Chi. The Greek term for crossing was χίασμα chiasma, from a verb χιάζω chiázō to shape like the letter Chi, Latin had the comparable decussatus shaped like the numeral ten. Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the cross mark, including the crux gammata with curving or angular lines. Speculation of this kind became popular in the mid- to late-19th century in the context of comparative mythology seeking to tie Christian mythology to ancient cosmological myths. Influential works in this vein included G. de Mortillet, L. Müller, W. W. Blake, Ansault, in the European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning, perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial. The cross sign occurs trivially in tally marks, and develops into a number symbol independently in the Roman numerals, the Chinese rod numerals and the Brahmi numerals. In the Phoenician alphabet and derived scripts, the symbol represented the phoneme /t/, i. e. the letter taw. The letter name taw means mark, presumably continuing the Egyptian hieroglyph two crossed sticks, according to W. E. Vines Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, worshippers of Tammuz in Chaldea and thereabouts used the cross as symbol of that god. The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter T, clements contemporary Tertullian rejects the accusation that Christians are crucis religiosi, and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes
12.
Escutcheon (heraldry)
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In heraldry, an escutcheon is a shield that forms the main or focal element in an achievement of arms. The word is used in two related senses, firstly, as the shield on which a coat of arms is displayed. Escutcheon shapes are derived from actual shields used by knights in combat, other shapes are in use, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Secondly, a shield can itself be a charge within a coat of arms, more often, a smaller shield is placed over the middle of the main shield as a form of marshalling. In either case, the shield is usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is one such shield, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon. The word escutcheon is derived from Middle English escochon, from Anglo-Norman escuchon, from Vulgar Latin scūtiōn-, from Latin scūtum, from its use in heraldry, escutcheon can be a metaphor for a familys honour. The idiom a blot on the escutcheon is used to mean a stain on somebodys reputation, by about 1250 the shields used in warfare were almost triangular in shape, referred to as heater shields. That on the monument to the latters grandfather Geoffrey V. This almost equilateral shape is used as a setting for armorials from this classical age of heraldry. In the Tudor era the heraldic escutcheon took the shape of an inverted Tudor arch, continental European designs frequently use the various forms used in jousting, which incorporate mouths used as lance rests into the shields, such escutcheons are known as à bouche. The mouth is correctly shown on the side only, as jousting pitches were designed for right-handed knights. Heraldic examples of English shields à bouche can be seen in the spandrels of the timber roof of Lincolns Inn Hall. In this case the lozenge is without crest or helm, again objects of manly warfare, however, for the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. In general a female was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon, in modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on a lozenge, an oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husbands arms differenced with a mascle, the lozenge shape of quasi-escutcheon is also used for funerary hatchments for both men and women. Pretoria High School for Girls in South Africa is one of the few schools that was granted permission to use the lozenge as part of its coat of arms
13.
Lion (heraldry)
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The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises bravery, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness, Lion refers also to a Judeo Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of the city of Jerusalem, similar looking lion can be found e. g. In the coat of arms of the Republic of Finland, symmetrically paired animals in particular find continuation from Migration Period art via Insular art to Romanesque art and heraldry. The animals of the predecessors of heraldic designs are likely to have been used as clan symbols. Adopted in Germanic tradition around the 5th century, they were re-interpreted in a Christian context in the kingdoms of Gaul. It was a predecessor of the medieval bestiaries, the lion as a heraldic charge is present from the very earliest development of heraldry in the 12th century. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated six golden lions rampant. A chronicle dated to c.1175 states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant, unlike the eagle, which is comparatively rare in heraldry because it was reserved as an imperial symbol, the lion became a symbol of chivalry and was not restricted to royal coats of arms. The Zürich armorial has a number of coats of arms with lions, the lion in the coat of arms of Bohemia is depicted with two tails. According to Ménestrier, this is due to a jest made by Emperor Frederick, who granted Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia a coat of arms with a lion coué, that is, with its tail between its legs. Vladislaus men refused to follow this emblem, calling it an ape, so that Frederick agreed to improve the arms by giving the lion not just one but two erect tails. One distinction commonly made, although it may be of limited importance, is the distinction of lions in the positions as leopards. The following table summarizes the principal attitudes of heraldic lions, Other terms are used to describe the position in further detail. The lions head is seen in agreement with the overall position
14.
Fleur-de-lis
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The fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily that is used as a decorative design or symbol. Many of the saints are depicted with a lily, most prominently St. Joseph. The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C in the Miscellaneous Symbols block and it remains an enduring symbol of France that appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics. According to French historian Georges Duby, the three represent the medieval social classes, those who worked, those who fought. It is unclear where the fleur-de-lis originated, among the Egyptians, Persians, Arabs and Greeks, this arabesque evoked warrior-like power. In France it is used in city emblems like in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom, many of the current departments use the ancient symbol on their coats to express this heritage. In Italy, the fleur de lis, called giglio is mainly known as the crest of the city of Florence, in the Florentine fleurs-de-lis, the stamens are always posed between the petals. This heraldic charge is known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional design. As an emblem of the city, it is found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop. Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens. The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread, among the cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word lily, for example, Liljendal, Finland. This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology, other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania. The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats, in Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. Another suburb which developed around the area known as Fleur-de-Lys. The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily and this emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998. The state insignia were changed in 1999, the former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy. Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of cantons, municipalities, cities
15.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
16.
North American Vexillological Association
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The North American Vexillological Association is an American and Canadian membership organization devoted to vexillology, the scientific and scholarly study of flags. It was founded in 1967 by American vexillologist Whitney Smith and others, the association is a charter member of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations, and is among the largest vexillological organizations. President, John M. Hartvigsen First Vice President, Luc Baronian, second Vice President, Ted McNabb Secretary, Lee Herold Treasurer, John S. Adcock, J. D. Editor, Raven, A Journal of Vexillology, Kenneth W. Reynolds, Ph. D. Editors, Flag Research Quarterly, Kenneth A. Hartvigsen, Ph. D. & Steven A. Knowlton, M. L. I. S Editor, NAVA News, the length of the top side of the blue triangle is the same as the width of the flag. The colors are taken from the flags of the two countries covered by the Association, Canada and the United States. Since 1967, the Association has held meetings across the United States and Canada for all those interested in flags to present and discuss research. Since 1977, it has marked each meeting with a distinctive flag, American City Flags, a book published by the Association
17.
Kingdom of Scotland
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The Kingdom of Scotland was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the third of the island of Great Britain. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a war of independence. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, in 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of government, the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England. In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace, the continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed into a system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, in 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage, Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from about 1300 their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than the English coins. At the union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scottish pound was fixed at only one-twelfth the value of the English pound, the Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Act of Union, Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but has roughly the same length of coastline. Geographically Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands, the Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was further shortened during the Little Ice Age. From Scotlands foundation to the inception of the Black Death, the population had grown to a million, following the plague and it expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century, in the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, there were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century, and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown
18.
Union of the Crowns
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The Union of Crowns followed the death of Elizabeth I of England — the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, who was Jamess unmarried and childless first cousin twice removed. The Union was a personal or dynastic union, with the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate—despite Jamess best efforts to create a new throne of Great Britain. However, England and Scotland would continue to be states, sharing a monarch with Ireland, until the Acts of Union of 1707 during the reign of the last Stuart monarch. The marriage was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, concluded the previous year, the marriage merged the Stuarts with Englands Tudor line of succession, despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the implications of matrimony. The peace did not last in perpetuity, it was disturbed in 1513 when Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, in response France invoked the terms of the Auld Alliance, her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded Northern England leading to the Battle of Flodden, in the decades that followed, Englands relations with Scotland were turbulent. The line of Margaret Tudor was excluded from the English succession, though, in the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that James VI of Scotland, great-grandson of James IV and Margaret Tudor, was the only generally acceptable heir. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness, in March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, and London placed under guard, Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return three years, and progressed slowly from town to town, in order to arrive in the capital after Elizabeths funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and Jamess new subjects flocked to see him, as James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one reported, were so great that they covered the beauty of the fields. Nevertheless, all London turned out for the occasion, The streets seemed paved with men, stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women. Whatever residual fears many in England may have felt at the prospect of being ruled by a Scot, the greatest and most obvious of these was the question of his exact status and title. James intended to be King of Great Britain and Ireland and his first obstacle along this imperial road was the attitude of the English Parliament. In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a statement of the royal manifesto
19.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
20.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
21.
Flag of Canada
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It is the first ever specified by law for use as the countrys national flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley, based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15,1965, also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada. There is no law dictating how the flag is to be treated. The flag is horizontally symmetric and therefore the obverse and reverse sides appear identical, the width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height. The white field is a Canadian pale, each bordering red field is exactly half its size, in heraldic terminology, the flags blazon as outlined on the original royal proclamation is gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first. The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian emblem since the 18th century and it was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec. In 1867, Alexander Muir composed the patriotic song The Maple Leaf Forever, the maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921. From 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins, the use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860. During the First World War and Second World War, badges of the Canadian Forces were often based on a leaf design. The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves and these colours became entrenched as the national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada in 1962. The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag. 62539/0 Rieger Inks, No.25564 Sinclair and Valentine, No, the colours 0/100/100/0 in the CMYK process, PMS032, or PMS485 in the Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag. For the Federal Identity Program, the red tone of the flag has an RGB value of 255–0–0. In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for used in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the St Georges Cross carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497, in 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs-de-lis. His ship flew a red flag with a cross, the French naval flag at the time. New France continued to fly the evolving French military flags of that period, as the de jure national flag of the United Kingdom, the Union Flag was used similarly in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in Nova Scotia
22.
Canadian Red Ensign
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The Canadian Red Ensign is a former flag of Canada, used by the federal government though it was never officially adopted by the Parliament of Canada. It is a British Red Ensign, featuring the Union Flag in the canton, the Red Ensign bearing some sort of a Canadian emblem was used by Canadians both on land and at sea beginning as early as 1868 on an informal or extra-legal basis. As Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald constantly made use of it, promoting it by precept and example throughout Canada. In 1892, it was authorized by Admiralty Warrant for use on ships registered in Canada and this was enshrined in the Canada Shipping Act of 1934, yet the flag had no legal status on land. Despite its lack of any official status on land, the Red Ensign with Canadian arms was used on land. Various versions of the Red Ensign continued to be flown on land and it can be seen in numerous photographs of Canadian troops, on the prime ministers car, and in victory parades. The original Canadian Red Ensign had the arms of the four founding provinces on its shield, however, in the late 19th and early 20th century, flag manufacturers would often supplement this design with laurel wreaths and crowns. The design was placed on a white square or circle in the flags fly. There was no design for the Red Ensign until the early 1920s. In 1921, the Government of Canada asked King George V to order a new coat of arms for Canada, the College of Arms thus designed a suitable coat of arms of Canada. The new shield was displayed on the Red Ensign, thus producing a new version of the Canadian Red Ensign in 1922, in 1924, the Red Ensign was approved for use on Canadian government buildings outside Canada. So in 1945, the flag was approved for use by government buildings inside Canada as well, the Red Ensign served until 1965 when it was replaced by todays Maple Leaf flag. The flag bore various forms of the shield from the Canadian coat of arms in its fly during the period of its use, the picture shows the official form between 1957 and 1965. From 1921 until 1957, the Canadian Red Ensign was virtually the same, except that the leaves in the coat of arms were green, and there was a slight alteration to the Irish harp. A blue ensign, also bearing the shield of the Canadian coat of arms, was the jack flown by the Royal Canadian Navy and the ensign of other ships owned by the Canadian government until 1965. From 1865 until Canadian Confederation in 1867, the United Province of Canada could also have used a blue ensign, in O. R. Jacobis painting of the new Parliament Buildings in 1866, a Red Ensign flies from the tower of the East Block. The Red Ensign carried by the 5th Canadian Infantry Battalion at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 survives to this day, the Red Ensign flown at Vimy Ridge in 1917 had the arms of Canadas first four provinces. David Penn, Keeper of Exhibits and Firearms at the Imperial War Museum, the flag was returned to the United Kingdom in 2008
23.
Flag of Alberta
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The flag of Alberta is an official symbol of the province of Alberta, Canada. In 1968, the legislature authorized the design of a flag. The flag has the proportions 1,2, with the shield of arms in the centre of an ultramarine blue background. The shields height is 7⁄11 that of the flags height, the flag was designed and approved as the official provincial flag by the Alberta legislature on June 1,1968. The Calgary Flames use the flag as a shoulder patch logo on their home, list of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols Coat of arms of Alberta Symbols of Alberta Franco, Guida. Legislative Assembly of Alberta – The Citizens Guide to the Alberta Legislature, Part V, The Emblems of Alberta Arms and flag of Alberta in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
24.
Flag of British Columbia
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The flag of British Columbia is based upon the shield of the provincial arms of British Columbia. From 1870 to 1906, British Columbia was occasionally represented by a modified British blue ensign featuring various forms of the seal of the Colony of British Columbia. The current flag of British Columbia was based upon the 1906 arms of the province, originally, the arms featured the Union Flag on the bottom. This was changed as it conflicted with the expression The sun never sets on the British Empire, based upon Beanlands revised design, the flag of British Columbia was introduced on June 14,1960, by Premier W. A. C. Bennett, and was first flown on board the BC Ferries motor vessel Sidney, the four wavy white and three wavy blue lines symbolize the provinces location between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. The setting sun represents the fact that British Columbia is Canadas westernmost province, the sun may also reflect the provincial motto Splendor sine occasu —or, in other words, the sun that never sets. In Canada, it could be argued, the Empire lives on in the countrys symbols, the Union Flag on top reflects the provinces British heritage, while the King Edward crown in the centre represents the Canadian Royal Family. The flag has a ratio of 3,5. The flag of British Columbia is similar to the flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory and it also bears similarities to the flag of the county of Suffolk in the United Kingdom
25.
Flag of Manitoba
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The flag of Manitoba is a variation of the Red Ensign which bears the shield of the provincial coat of arms. This flag was approved by the passage of a bill in the Manitoba Legislative Assembly on May 11,1965 and was proclaimed on May 12,1966. Queen Elizabeth II gave permission for the use of the Union device the preceding year, the decision to adopt the flag was made after the federal government decided to replace the Canadian Red Ensign with the Maple Leaf flag, which was quite controversial at the time. The Manitoban flag, intentionally designed to resemble the Canadian red ensign, was seen as a way of preserving heritage that some felt was lost when the flag was changed. The flag of Ontario was adopted under similar circumstances, Flag of Ontario Symbols of Manitoba Provincial Flag Act of Manitoba - including the official description of the flag. Government of Manitoba, Travel Manitoba, Official Emblems, the Flags of Canada - Manitoba 2001 Flag Contest Winner - winner of the Winnipeg Free Press contest to choose a possible replacement for Manitobas British red ensign. Good Flag, Bad Flag - the North American Vexillological Association uses Manitobas flag as an example of bad flag design, Flag of Manitoba in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
26.
Flag of New Brunswick
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The flag of New Brunswick, Canada, is a banner modelled after the provinces coat of arms and was adopted by proclamation on February 24,1965. The flag has the proportions 8,5, a gold lion on the red field across the top one-third of the flag represents New Brunswicks ties to both the Brunswick region in Germany and the Monarch of Canada. The lower two-thirds of the flag depicts a Scottish Lymphad, the representation of a ship in heraldry. It represents shipbuilding, one of the main industries at the time the coat of arms was adopted. The flag ranked #18 in the North American Vexillological Associations survey of North American state, Symbols of New Brunswick Symbols of New Brunswick History of the Symbols of New Brunswick Arms and flag of New Brunswick in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
27.
Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador
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The flag of Newfoundland and Labrador was introduced in 1980, and was designed by Newfoundland artist Christopher Pratt. The flag design, with the proportions 2,1, was approved by the House of Assembly of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada and it was flown for the first time on Discovery Day, June 24,1980. The design was due to its broad symbolism. The blue triangles are meant as a tribute to the Union Jack, the two red triangles are meant to represent the two areas of the province—the mainland and the island. The red triangles and the gold arrow form a trident, symbolizing the provinces dependence on its fisheries, the Red Ensign was officially endorsed by King Charles II in 1674, this authorisation recognised it as the ensign of English merchant shipping. Later, during the Victorian era, the flag --with colonial badge-- formed the basis as the Colony of Newfoundlands civil ensign, old oil paintings show red ensigns flying from the topmasts of Grand Banks schooners. While 19th century photographs show red ensigns flown at Moravian mission stations and Hudsons Bay Company trading posts along the Labrador Coast, in 1904, the British Parliament designated a civil ensign specifically for Newfoundland. Between 1907 and 1931, however, the red ensign gained wide enough use, the badge in the ensigns consists of Mercury, the god of commerce and merchandise, presenting to Britannia a fisherman who, in a kneeling attitude, is offering the harvest of all the sea. Above the device in a scroll are the Latin words Terra Nova, the seal was redesigned by Adelaine Lane, niece of Governor Sir Cavendish Boyle. The old flag of Newfoundland was the Union Jack and it was legally adopted in 1931 and used as Newfoundlands national flag until confederation with Canada in 1949. It was then readopted as the provincial flag in 1952. An unofficial flag presented in recent years as the Newfoundland Tricolour or Pink, White, the flag has the proportions 2,1 with each stripe occupying equal thirds of the flag length. It exists in Canadian heraldry, its trice is present in the flag of the St. Johns Fire Department and in the flag of Paradise, Newfoundland. It also appears on the crests or escutcheons of some armorial bearings portrayed in the Public Register of Arms, Flags, the origins of the Pink, White and Green are obscure. Johns and surrounding area Catholic groups shortly thereafter, given that, it was likely based on the similar flag of Ireland. The vert was said to represent the flag of Brian Boru, the rose symbolized the Rose of England, Pink has never been used in any known fashion to represent England, its people or any of the Protestant denominations. Protestants were not included at all, the flag gained a sentimental resurgence in the 1990s/2000s both as a political statement and on products aimed at the tourism industry. The flag of the Fédération des Francophones de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador is based on the French tricolour and Acadian flag, two yellow sails are set on the line between the white and red panels
28.
Flag of the Northwest Territories
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The current flag of the Northwest Territories, Canada, was adopted in 1969 by the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. The original flag of the Hudsons Bay Company served as the flag from the moment Ruperts Land. After Saskatchewan and Alberta were created out of the Northwest Territories most populous areas in 1905, the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories was created in 1951. The Northwest Territories first official flag was chosen by a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories in 1969. The committee reviewed entries from a Canada wide contest, the winner of the contest was Robert Bessant from Margaret, Manitoba. The flag features a field, on which is a Canadian pale, with at the centre. The blue represents the abundant Northwest Territories waters, whereas the white represents snow, two blue panels represent the Northwest Territories many rivers and lakes. The white section, representing ice and snow, is equal in area to the 2 blue panels combined, the territorial Shield is centred in the white section. The white section of the Shield, with a blue line dividing it, represents the Arctic Ocean. A diagonal line, representing the line, divides the lower portion into a green and red section with green symbolizing the trees. The gold bars in the section and the white fox in the red section represent the abundant minerals and furs upon which the history. Symbols of the Northwest Territories The Franco-Ténois flag Symbols of Northwest Territories, Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories The Flags of Canada, by Alistair B
29.
Flag of Nunavut
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The official flag of Nunavut was proclaimed on 1 April,1999, along with the territory of Nunavut in Canada. It features a red inuksuk—a traditional Inuit land marker—and a blue star, which represents the Niqirtsuituq, the North Star, the colours blue and yellow represent the riches of the land, sea and sky. It was adopted following a process where input was sought from local communities, the flag of the Canadian territory of Nunavut consists of gold and white fields divided vertically by a red inuksuk with a blue star in the upper fly. The colours blue and gold were selected to represent the riches of land, sea, the inuksuk, which divides the flag, is a traditional stone monument used to guide travellers and to mark sacred sites. The process of creating a flag for Nunavut began prior to its creation as a territory in 1999, in deference to the elders of the Inuit communities of Nunavut, the development of both the Nunavut flag and coat of arms was guided by their input. The process sought to give the public an opportunity to offer input into the colours, the group then put out a call for submissions across all of Canada, and received over 800. These submissions were reviewed and winnowed by a made up of artists. From the symbols and colours of these ten finalists, five draft designs of the flag were developed and they were assisted in drafting these by local Inuit artist Andrew Qappik. The final version of the flag was reviewed and accepted by the responsible for its adoption as well as the Governor General of Canada. It was officially unveiled on 1 April 1999, the day both the territory and government of Nunavut became official. Following its adoption, the flag has been criticized for vexillological reasons, symbols of Nunavut Coat of arms of Nunavut Arms and flag of Nunavut in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
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Flag of Ontario
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The flag of Ontario is the provincial flag of Ontario, Canada. It is a defaced Red Ensign, with the Royal Union Flag in the canton, the flag was introduced in 1965 in the wake of lengthy debates on changing the Canadian Red Ensign with a unique Canadian flag. Before 1965, the Canadian Red Ensign had served as the de facto flag of Canada. It was flown at all military installations in Canada and overseas, outside the legislature and government buildings, at Royal Canadian Legion halls, in 1964, the federal government, after a long and acrimonious debate, replaced the Red Ensign with the current flag of Canada. This decision was unpopular among millions of Canadians and these included many Ontarians, particularly in rural areas that made up much of the political base of Premier John Robarts Ontario Progressive Conservatives. Robarts thus proposed that Ontario would have its own flag and that it would be a Red Ensign like the previous Canadian flag, in Ontario, it was logical to place the Ontario shield of arms on the flag. As Robarts put it, the Ontario flag covers our history, however, he was only joined by one other MPP, Liberal Leo Troy, in voting against the flag, and it was passed by the Legislative Assembly on March 17. It went in effect on May 21,1965, the flag of Manitoba was adopted under similar circumstances. The flag of Ontario is a defaced Red Ensign, the flag was an adaption of the Canadian Red Ensign, which had been the de facto national flag of Canada since 1867. The flag is a red field with the Royal Union Flag in the canton, the coat of arms of Ontario had been previously granted by Royal Warrant of Queen Victoria in 1868. It features a field with three gold maple and above it, white band with a red St. Georges cross. The specifications of the flag are 1,2, the shade of red in the flag Is specified as British Admiralty Colour Code No. T1144 for nylon worsted bunting and No, the shield of the coat of arms is centred in the half farthest from the staff. On May 13,2015, the liberal MPP from Etobicoke Centre Yvan Baker put forward the Ontario Flag Day Act,2015. This bill, which passed the house and received assent on June 4 in the same year. Ontario Flag Act Government of Ontario, About Ontario, Emblems, fraser Rebellion of 1837-1839 in Upper Canada flags of Upper Canada from Flags of the World Flag of Ontario in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
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Flag of Prince Edward Island
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The flag of Prince Edward Island, Canada, is a banner modelled after the provincial arms. The flag has the proportions 2,3, the three away from the mast are bordered by alternating bands of red and white. The upper third of the features the English heraldic lion which appeared both on the coat of arms of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, for whom the province is named. The lower two-thirds show an island on which three small oak saplings – representing the three counties of PEI – under the protection of a great oak tree which represents Great Britain. This symbolism is reflected in the provincial motto, Parva sub ingenti. Beneath the lion is a plot of grass representing PEI and England. Framing the flag on the three away from the mast are alternating bands of red and white, the official colors of Canada. The flag was adopted on March 24,1964, government of Prince Edward Island, InfoPEI, Provincial Symbols Flag of Prince Edward Island in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges]
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Flag of Quebec
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The flag of Quebec, called the Fleurdelisé, was adopted for the province by the government of Quebec during the administration of Maurice Duplessis. It was the first provincial flag adopted in Canada, first shown on January 21,1948. Quebecs Flag Day commemorates its adoption each year, though for some time it was celebrated in May, at least one parade marked the flags 60th anniversary in January 2008. Article 2 of An Act respecting the flag and emblems of Québec confers the status of national emblem to the flag of Québec, the Fleurdelisé takes its white cross from the ancient royal flags of France. Its white fleurs-de-lis and blue field come from a banner honouring the Virgin Mary, one such was reputedly carried by French Canadian militia at General Louis-Joseph de Montcalms victory at Carillon. The flag is blazoned Azure, a cross between four fleurs-de-lis argent and its horizontal symmetry allows both sides of the flag to show the same image. The flags official ratio is 2,3, but the flag is often seen as a 1,2 variant to match the flag of Canada in size when flying together. The Act concerning the flag and emblems of Quebec states that in all cases, however, under federal protocol, the Canadian flag takes precedence when both are flown. The official shade of blue is Pantone 293, in 8-bit RGB, it is #003399. Unofficial variants using a lighter blue are common, the desire of French Canadians in Quebec for a distinctive flag was longstanding. The direct predecessor of the modern Fleurdelisé was created by Elphège Filiatrault, called the Carillon, it resembled the modern flag except that the fleurs-de-lis were at the corners pointing inward. It was based on a flag with no cross and with the figure of the Virgin Mary in the centre. The Carillon flag was first raised on September 26,1902, another version, with the Sacred Heart in the centre, also appeared, but was left behind in the push for a new provincial flag after World War II. The Carillon flags were used informally, on May 26,1868, Queen Victoria approved Quebecs first coat of arms. A flag might have been devised by using the arms to deface a blue ensign, in addition, in 1938, at the opening of a mining school in Val-dOr, the flag used to represent the Quebec government was a banner of arms. This was done at the behest of public servant Burroughs Pelletier, various ideas were discussed between Chaloult, Lionel Groulx, and Maurice Duplessis. One such idea involved incorporating a red maple leaf, Burroughs Pelletier was also asked to present a few proposals to Duplessis, none of which were adopted. He was however consulted about what became the present design, on January 21,1948, the new flag was adopted and was flown over the Parliament Building that very afternoon
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Flag of Saskatchewan
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The flag of Saskatchewan features the armorial bearings in the upper quarter nearest the staff, with the floral emblem, the western red lily, in the fly. The upper green half of the flag represents the northern Saskatchewan forest lands, while the lower half symbolizes the southern. The flag is constructed in the proportions 1,2, the current flag of Saskatchewan was adopted on September 22,1969, the result of a province-wide competition that drew over four thousand entries. The winning entry was designed by Anthony Drake of Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, in 1964, a special flag was granted to Saskatchewan in honour of the provinces sixtieth anniversary. The Saskatchewan government organized a competition for a flag in anticipation of the 60th anniversary of the Province. It was recommended that the colours of the coat of arms, granted by royal warrant in 1906. The winning flag was selected out of 241 entries and was designed by Sister Imelda Burgart of St. Angela’s Convent at Prelate, the Diamond Jubilee Flag of Saskatchewan was first officially hoisted on January 31,1965. The use of flag was soon extended to the Centennial celebrations of 1967. For these events, the flag was flown in place of the provincial flag. The flag features a stylized stalk of wheat towards the staff, the flags background is red in its upper half and green in its lower half. This flag appears in both 3,2 and 2,1 ratios, and it is not used officially, list of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols Symbols of Saskatchewan Flag of Saskatchewan in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges Saskatchewan – Flags of the World
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Flag of Yukon
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The flag of Yukon, Canada, is a green, white, and blue tricolour with the coat of arms of Yukon at the centre above a wreath of fireweed, the territorial flower. An official flag for Yukon was created during the 1960s, a decade in which the flag of Canada was chosen as well as several other provincial flags were created. The flag of Yukon was officially selected from a design competition in 1967. The flag of Yukon was officially adopted on March 1,1968, the flag was chosen from a territory-wide competition as part of Canadas Centennial celebrations of 1967. The competition was sponsored by the Whitehorse branch of the Royal Canadian Legion, a C$100 prize was offered to the winning design. There were a total of 137 submissions with the design coming from Yukon College graduate Lynn Lambert. Lambert submitted 10 designs of one made the final three designs as selected by a committee, with his eventually being named the winner. A prototype design was sent to Ottawa for suitable heraldic description, an expert in Ottawa sent back an amended version of the submitted flag design. The committee in Whitehorse however kept with the original design, the flag was adopted by the Flag Ordinance assented to on December 1,1967. The crest of the Coat of Arms is a Malamute sled dog, the shield of the Coat of Arms contains at the top, a cross of St. George for England with a roundel with a pattern of vair, called Roundel in Vair. Below in the middle of the shield are two lines representing Yukons rivers on a blue background. Finally at the bottom of the shield are two red triangles representing Yukons mountains with gold circles in them representing the Yukons great mineral resources, the flag of Yukon has a flag ratio of 1,2, equivalent to the flag of Canada. The centre white panel is larger by one and a half times the width of each of the two panels, for a pale ratio of 1 to 1.5 to 1. In flag terminology, the flag is a tricolour, meaning it has three colours, in equal size. However, it may not be considered a true tricolour as it is defaced, containing the coat of arms of Yukon, where a true tricolour contains no additional symbols. Symbols of Yukon Coat of arms of Yukon Government of Yukon, The Yukon Flag Yukon Flag at FOTW. net Yukon - Flag Flag of Yukon in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
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Flag of Calgary
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The official flag of Calgary was designed by Gwin Clarke and Yvonne Fritz. The flag was adopted in 1983 as result of a contest, the design contains a cowboy hat and the letter C on a red background. The hat is somewhat shaped like a hand, as a sign of hospitality, a white hat tucked in the letter C symbolises the citizens living inside their city. The city wide contest to select the flag was organized by the North Calgary JCs, over 1,000 submissions were received and after three sessions, narrowed down to three choices, which was then turned over to the city. Coat of arms of Calgary Flag of Alberta City of Calgary, Administration Services Frequently Asked Questions
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Flag of Hamilton, Ontario
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The official flag of Hamilton, Ontario, was designed by Bishop Ralph Spence and granted to the city on July 15,2003. The flag was designed to complement the Canadian flag being a Triband with a Canadian pale at centre. The colours are yellow and royal blue, in the centre is a golden yellow Cinquefoil which, as the badge of Clan Hamilton, represents the citys name. The chain on the outside symbolizes both unity and the steel industry. The six links in the chain represent the six communities, Hamilton, Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook. On a field golden yellow a Canadian pale royal blue charged with a cinquefoil encircled by a chain of six large and six small links alternated, city of Hamilton Official Page FOTW Flags Of The World website - Hamilton The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada
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Flag of Montreal
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The current flag of Montreal was first displayed in May 1939, and is based on the citys coat of arms. The flags proportions are 1,2 in a symmetric cross, the red heraldic cross represents the Christian motives and principles which governed the founders of the city, according to the citys official web site. The four floral emblems represent the four main European ethnic groups that were settled in the city in the 19th century, clockwise from top left, they are, Montreals original coat of arms was designed in 1833 by its first mayor, Jacques Viger. They were similar to the current version with the difference that the red cross was a saltire, the arms were revised in 1938 to which Montreal’s current flag is based. Four years prior to the first raising of the current flag, King George V, per the article, Montreal prepared to raise its own distinct flag for the first time ever on the King’s Jubilee day based on the original coat of arms by Jacques Viger. On February the 12th 2017, the Mayor of Montreal Denis Coderre announce a modification of the flag of Montreal to include a First Nations symbol to it, the decision was made because 2017 is the 375th anniversary of the founding of the city. The symbol will be chosen by the First Nations communities of Montreal, Arms of Canada, Another use of the England/Scotland/Ireland/France motif in Canadian symbolism Coat of Arms of Montreal Montreal at Flags of the World
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Flag of Ottawa
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The flag of Ottawa is highlighted by a stylized O design. This stylized O is meant to represent both a leaf and the Peace Tower and Centre Block of the parliament buildings. It is meant to be simple, but look festive, the design uses the blue and green colours chosen to represent the new City of Ottawa. The blue is symbolic of rivers and waterways that are part of the Ottawa region, the large green areas speak to the large green space and quality of life in the area, as well as the forests, trees, and parkland within the city. It was adopted January 1,2000 following the creation of the Ottawa megacity, previously the Ottawa flag had been a purple, red and blue tricolour. This flag was adopted by the city in 1901 and when it was replaced it was the oldest municipal flag in Canada, the three colours were intended to represent purple for the monarchy, red for the Liberals, and blue for the Conservatives. The flag was not popular, however, with few liking its appearance and it also violated rules of heraldry by placing colour next to colour. In 1987, in an attempt to spruce it up, the coat of arms was added to the centre. There was little controversy when the board decided the new city should get a new flag. Visual Identity Program Flag of Ottawa
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Flag of Quebec City
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The flag of Quebec City was officially adopted January 12,1987. The flag depicts a yellow ship on a deep blue field surrounded by a crenelated white border representing its unique city walls. The border also signifies the city its founder came from, Brouage in Saintonge. The ship is Samuel de Champlains ship, the Don de Dieu, the outward sails symbolizes the bravery and strength of the population. The ship also signifies the city as being a seaport in North America. The heraldic colours used have the meaning, Yellow represents strength, justice, consistency, wealth, faith. White stands for purity, truth, charity, humility and victory, blue means loyalty, clarity, sovereignty, majesty, good reputation, knowledge and serenity. Blue is also predominant in the coat of arms to emphasize its foundation by the French
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Flag of Toronto
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The flag of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was designed by Renato De Santis, a 21-year-old George Brown College student. It won in a 1974 competition held by the Old City of Toronto Flag Design Committee, after the city amalgamated in 1997, the new Toronto City Council looked for different designs from the public, but could not approve of any. De Santis suggested minor modifications to the flag, which was adopted in October 1999. The flag displays the twin towers of the Toronto City Hall on a background, with the red maple leaf of the flag of Canada at its base. The shape of the space above and between the towers suggests the letter T, the citys initial, a variation of this flag is used by Toronto Fire Services fireboat William Lyon Mackenzie. The marine ensign consists of the city flag in the upper canton with a life preserver on two tone blue background. City of Toronto flag at Toronto. ca official website Toronto, Ontario at Flags of the World
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Flag of Vancouver
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The flag of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, was adopted by City Council on May 17,1983. It was designed by Robert Watt, the then Director of the Vancouver Museum, the design consists of a green chevron surmounted by a gold shield with the city badge. The city badge consists of a crown with crossed axe. The wavy ribbons of white and azure symbolize the Pacific Ocean and they are similar to and bear the same meaning as on the flag of British Columbia. The mural crown states Vancouvers status as an incorporated city, the axe and paddle resemble the supporters found on the coat of arms and stand for the traditional industries, logging and fishing. The green background is a symbol of the forests that used to stand on the citys location, coat of arms of Vancouver Flag of British Columbia Symbols of the city of Vancouver Vancouver, British Columbia at Flags of the World
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Flag of Windsor, Ontario
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The flag of Windsor, Ontario, was designed by an unknown citizen during a local contest in 1971. The blue and white represent the Detroit River and Saint Lawrence Seaway, the flag contains the seal of the city in the upper left and a rose in the lower right, highlighting Windsors alternate motto, The Rose City/City of Roses. The city seal was replaced in 1992 by a corporate seal, the date of 1854 on the seal signifies the final date in which the railroad to Windsor was completely built and the city was formed by the amalgamation of several other settlements. It is also the date that it was founded as a town and it appears that, after the Letters patent had been issued, the city declined to adopt the new flag officially. Flag of Windsor - Flags of the World
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Flag of Winnipeg
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The current flag of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, was adopted on October 1,1975. In the centre lies the city crest, with blue to the upper left, the blue represents Winnipegs clear blue sky, and the gold a field of wheat, the citys original primary economic activity. The blue and yellow design was adopted as the colours for the citys centennial celebrations in 1974. The logo flag was adopted on January 18,2001 and it is intended to be used along with the crest. Flag of Winnipeg at Flags of the World
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Royal standards of Canada
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The Royal Standards of Canada are a set of uniquely Canadian personal flags approved by the Queen of Canada for use by members of the Canadian Royal Family. They are used to denote the presence of the bearer within any car, ship, airplane, building, or area, the flags are part of a larger collection of Canadian royal symbols. The Royal Standard, also called The Queens Personal Canadian Flag, is a heraldic banner adopted and proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II in 1962 for her use in her capacity as Queen of Canada. Different standards are used by Elizabeth in some of the other Commonwealth realms, the Royal Arms, Crest or Standard. A similar version of the standard was used twice, at the coronations of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II in 1937 and 1953, respectively. It was a banner of the 1921-1957 version of the Royal Arms of Canada, the banner was in a 3,4 ratio and without defacement. The sixth variant is used by any member of the Canadian Royal Family who has not been presented by the Crown with a personal Canadian standard. All were created by the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the first two, other than the sovereigns, being the banners for the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge, the Princess Royals banner was first used during her October 2013 visits to CFB Borden and CFB Kingston. Prince Edwards standard was first used during his visit to British Columbias Government House at the start of a tour by him and his wife. The ermine bordered Royal Standard was registered 15 January,2015 for use by members of the Royal Family who do not have a standard for use in Canada. All variants are in a 1,2 proportion, the Personal Standards consist of the escutcheon of the Royal Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel surrounded by a wreath and a white label of three points. The wreath on Prince Charles banner is of gold leaves, the roundel depicts the Prince of Wales feathers. The remainder of the banners have wreaths of gold maple leaves only, the roundel on the royal standard of the Duke of York bears Andrews cypher and the centre label is charged with a blue anchor, taken from the Princes coat of arms. The Earl of Wessexs standard uses the cypher of Edward on the roundel and has within the label a Tudor Rose. A variant exists for use by all members of the Royal Family who do not possess a specific banner for use relative to Canada and it consists of the escutcheon of the Royal Arms of Canada surrounded by an ermine border. The flag must be broken immediately upon the arrival and lowered directly after her departure from any building, ship, aircraft. On land, as per Department of National Defence protocol, the Queens standard must be flown from a flagpole bearing as a head the crest of the Canadian royal arms. No other person may use the flag, the Queens federal representative, flags are kept at the Queens Ottawa residence, Rideau Hall, and supplied to Department of Canadian Heritage royal visit staff by the household staff prior to the Queens arrival
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Flag of the Governor General of Canada
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The flag of the Governor General of Canada is a flag used as a symbol to mark the presence of the Governor General of Canada. Such a flag has been used by governors general since just after Canadian Confederation, the current flag was adopted in 1981. These changes were reversed in 2002, the flag is flown from the governor generals official residences—Rideau Hall and La Citadelle—and any other building the governor general is visiting. It may also be flown from any vehicle being used by the governor general, on overseas visits, the National Flag is used to identify the governor general
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