1.
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
–
The royal coat of arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the King of Scots from its adoption in the 12th century until the end of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707. The arms feature a red rampant lion with blue tongue and claws situated within a red double border decorated with fleurs-de-lis and it was perhaps added merely to make the arms more distinctive, as the symbol of a rampant lion was already used by several lords and kings. Atop the shield sits the helm and crest, the helm is full-faced of damasked gold with six bars and features gold mantling lined with ermine. Upon the helm sits the crest, depicting the red lion, forward facing and sitting atop the Crown of Scotland, above the crest is the motto In Defens, a contraction of In My Defens God Me Defend. Surrounding the shield is the collar of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the supporters are two crowned and chained unicorns, the dexter supporting a banner of the arms, the sinister supporting the national flag of Scotland. The compartment features a number of thistles, the flower of Scotland. A form of arms was first used by King William the Lion in the 12th century. However, a lion rampant can clearly be out on the seal of his son. This is clearly untrue as, even if Fergus and Achaius had existed, throughout the ages the arms passed from monarch to succeeding monarch with only slight variations in detail. In some early examples the lion holds a sword or wears a crown, and this state of affairs does not appear to have lasted very long, with James III soon re-instating the royal tressure, first without its top, and then in its original form. Andrew with his crosse on his brest y unto pendent, following the death of Francis in 1560, Mary continued to use the arms showing Scotland and France impaled, until her marriage to Henry, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Following the marriage to Darnley, the arms of Scotland reverted to the blazon which had preceded the marriage to Francis, on the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1603, James VI, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland. The arms of England were quartered with those of Scotland, at this time the King of England also laid claim to the French throne, therefore the arms of the Kingdom of England were themselves already quartered with those of the Kingdom of France. James used a different version of his arms in Scotland. The motto of the Order of the Thistle, Nemo me impune lacessit, the motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense, appears on a representation of the garter surrounding the shield. Henceforth, the versions of the Royal arms used in Scotland, the Act declared that the Irish state could be described as a republic, following which the newly created Republic of Ireland left the British Commonwealth. Since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Scottish arms are now used in combination with the arms of England and Ireland. Unofficially, the banner is often used as a secondary national flag
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
–
Arms of Alexander II, as shown in
Matthew Paris ' Historia Anglorum, c. 1250
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
–
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
–
Arms of the King of Scots, from the
Wernigerode Armorial, c. 1475
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
–
The arms in the Portuguese Livro de Armerio-Mor, c. 1509
2.
Nova Scotia
–
Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
Nova Scotia
–
Fort Edward – The oldest
blockhouse in North America (1750).
Nova Scotia
–
Flag
Nova Scotia
–
Sambro Island Lighthouse – oldest lighthouse in
North America (1758)
Nova Scotia
–
Statue of
Joseph Howe,
Province House, created by famed Quebec sculptor
Louis-Philippe Hébert
3.
Coat of arms of Nova Scotia
–
The coat of arms of the province of Nova Scotia is the oldest provincial achievement of arms in Canada, and the oldest British coat of arms outside Great Britain. It is blazoned as follows, Argent, a saltire azure charged with an escutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scotland and it was granted in 1625 by King Charles I for the first Scottish colony on the Canadian mainland. The arms are borne as a heraldic badge by the Baronets of Nova Scotia. They fell out of use when Nova Scotia joined the Confederation in 1867, the arms were originally granted in 1625 by King Charles I as part of a Scottish settlement attempt in Nova Scotia led by Sir William Alexander. The arms of Nova Scotia were in use until the mid 19th century, the old arms having been overlooked by Confederation in 1867, a new coat of arms was prepared the following year. This had a salmon on a band between three thistles, on a gold field. When the old coat of arms was rediscovered, pressure to restore it grew, the original coat of arms was augmented with a compartment upon the issue of the new royal warrant in 1929. The 1867–1929 shield may be blazoned Or, on a wavy azure between three thistles slipped and leaved a salmon proper. Crest Two hands, one naked and the other clad in armour, holding a thistle, representing Scotland, shield The shield, a blue saltire on a white field, is a simple reversal of the Scottish flag. It is also charged with an inescutcheon bearing the Royal arms of Scotland, compartment The compartment includes thistles as well as the trailing arbutus or mayflower, the floral emblem of Nova Scotia, added when the arms were reassumed in 1929. Motto Munit haec et altera vincit, One defends and the other conquers, placed above the shield in the Scottish tradition
Coat of arms of Nova Scotia
–
Old coat of arms of Nova Scotia
Coat of arms of Nova Scotia
–
Coat of Arms of Nova Scotia
4.
Scottish colonization of the Americas
–
On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by James VI of Scotland to Sir William Alexander. Between 1622 and 1628, Sir William launched four attempts to send colonists to Nova Scotia, a successful occupation of Nova Scotia was finally achieved in 1629. The colonys charter, in law, made Nova Scotia a part of mainland Scotland, for six months, no one took up this offer until James compelled one to make the first move. In 1627, there was a wider uptake of baronetcies, however, in 1627, war broke out between England and France and the French re-established a settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, which they had originally settled in 1604. This set of British triumphs which left Cape Sable as the only major French holding in North America was not destined to last, the Scots were forced to abandon their Nova Scotia colony in its infancy. In 1625 a charter was given by James VI for a settlement at Cape Breton, however, this land was never colonised likely due to the problems over the settlement of Nova Scotia. On 23 November 1683, Charles II granted a charter for the colony of New Jersey to 24 proprietors,12 of whom were Scots, the colony was to be split between an English settlement in West Jersey and a Scottish settlement in East Jersey. The driving force among the Scots was Robert Barclay of Urie, a prominent Quaker, Scots began arriving in East Jersey in 1683 at Perth Amboy and spread south to Monmouth County. The city became the capital in 1686. During the 1680s, around 700 Scots emigrated to East Jersey, mostly from Aberdeen and Montrose, from 1685, there was further emigration, albeit unsought by the emigrants, with the deportation of captured Covenanters. They were originally to have placed in indented servitude on arrival, however, they were declared by the courts to be free men. The initial immigrants to East Jersey were Quakers, Episcopalians and Presbyterians, by the 1730s, in 1684,148 Scots settlers arrived to build a settlement at Port Royal, the site of former French and Spanish settlements. This was renamed by the Scots as Stuarts Town, in 1686, the Spanish retaliated and sent three ships with 150 Spanish troops and Indian allies to attack Stuarts Town. Due to a recent sickness, the Scots had only 25 effective fighting men able to mount a defence, there was no retaliation by the English, who were warned by the Proprietors not to interfere. The Darien scheme is probably the best known of all Scotlands colonial endeavours, and these powers were similar to those of the English East India Company, which opposed the establishment of a Scottish rival. Capital for the company of £400,000 was raised solely in Scotland, due to intrigue by English merchants and this opposition also prevented shares being sold in England, as was the original intention. In 1696,2,500 Scottish settlers, in two expeditions, set out to found a Scottish trading colony at Darién on the isthmus of Panama. These settlers were made up of ex-soldiers, ministers of religion, merchants, sailors, the government of the colony was run by a committee, the chairman of which changed every two weeks
Scottish colonization of the Americas
–
Map of the Scottish settlement on the isthmus of Panama as it was in 1699
5.
Charles I of England
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Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead, after his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent and he supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years War. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War, after his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors demands for a constitutional monarchy, re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwells New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charless son, Charles II, in 1660, the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, in mid-July 1604, Charles left Dunfermline for England where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. His speech development was slow, and he retained a stammer, or hesitant speech. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereigns second son, Thomas Murray, a Presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics, in 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets and he became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his stronger and taller elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. However, in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been typhoid, Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became heir apparent
Charles I of England
–
Portrait from the studio of
Anthony van Dyck, 1636
Charles I of England
–
Engraving by
Simon de Passe of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne, c. 1612
Charles I of England
–
Portrait by
Robert Peake, c. 1610
Charles I of England
–
Portrait of Charles as Prince of Wales after
Daniel Mytens, c. 1623
6.
Flag
–
A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or as decoration. National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original, flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, due to the use of flags by military units, flag is also used as the name of some military units. A flag is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, in antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like. During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a device in battle. Already during the medieval period, and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early Modern period, flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals, see, International maritime signal flags. One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country, some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include, The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478, the flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colours of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagnes time, the 9th century, the coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colours. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colours next to this region, a century before that, during the 15th century, the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572 as the Princes Flag in orange–white–blue, soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a comeback during the war of the late 18th century. During World War II the pro-Nazi NSB used it, any symbolism has been added later to the three colours, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, however, the usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue. It is said that the Dutch Tricolour has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, the national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, Frances tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations, examples, Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania and Mexico. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used, british colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history
Flag
–
ASEAN members'
national flags in
Jakarta
Flag
–
Setting up a flag could also possess the meaning of conquering something.
Jaan Künnap with the
flag of Estonia in the top of
Lenin Peak (7134 m) in 1989.
Flag
–
Bronze flag found in
Iran, 3rd millennium BC
Flag
–
Sujagi of
Eo Jae-yeon, captured in 1871
7.
Provinces of Canada
–
Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
Provinces of Canada
–
"
O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall,
Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories (1965)
Provinces of Canada
–
Alberta Legislature Building
Provinces of Canada
–
British Columbia Parliament Buildings
Provinces of Canada
–
Manitoba Legislative Building
8.
Saltire
–
A saltire, also called Saint Andrews Cross, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, possibly owing to the shape of the areas in the design. It appears in flags, including those of Scotland and Jamaica. A variant, also appearing on many past and present flags, a warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. In Unicode, the cross is encoded at U+2613 ☓ saltire, see X mark#Unicode for similar symbols that might be more accessible. The saltire appears on vexilla that are represented consistently on coinage of Christian emperors of Rome, in the ninth and tenth century the saltire was revived in Constantinople as a symbol of Christian-imperial power. Anne Roes detected the symbol, which appears with balls in the quadrants formed by the arms of the chi-cross. She suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ and she also wrote, although it cannot be proved. In the white saltire of St. Andrew we still have a reminiscence of the old standard of the Persepolitan kingdom, when two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as cut off. A saltorel is a saltire, the term is usually defined as one-half the width of the saltire. A field per saltire is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped cut, otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. Examples include, Suffolk County Council, England, The Corporation of the Municipality of Brighton, when five or more compact charges are in saltire, one is in the center and one or more lie on each arm of an invisible saltire. The Saint Andrews Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, the Cross of Burgundy, a form of the Saint Andrews Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas. It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, the Duchy of Burgundy, forming a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries, was inherited by the House of Habsburg on the extinction of the Valois ducal line. As a result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in a variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign, the flag of Carlism, the flag of the Dutch municipality of Eijsden, the naval ensign of the Imperial Russian and Russian navies is a blue saltire on a white field. Prior to the Union the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrews Cross, with its colours exchanged, the same design forms part of the arms and flag of Nova Scotia. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use a blue saltire on a white field, the flags of the Spanish island of Tenerife and the remote Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia also use a white saltire on a blue field
Saltire
–
St Andrew crucified crucified on a diagonal cross
Saltire
Saltire
–
Timber framing Saltire in Duderstadt, Germany
Saltire
–
A blue-and-white saltire used on a road sign to represent the
Flag of Scotland.
9.
Figure-ground reversal
–
Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. In Gestalt psychology it is known as identifying a figure from the background, for example, you see words on a printed paper as the figure and the white sheet as the background. The most famous example of figure–ground perception is probably the drawing that Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin described. This drawing exemplifies one of the key aspects of figure–ground organization, edge-assignment, notice in the faces/vase drawing, the perceived shape depends critically on the direction in which the border between the black and white regions is assigned. If the two curvy edges between the black and white regions are assigned inward then the central region is seen as a vase shape in front of a black background. No faces are perceived in this case, on the other hand, if the edges are assigned outwards, then the two black profile faces are perceived on a white background and no vase shape is perceived. The human visual system will settle on either of the interpretations of the Rubin vase. This perceptual decision can be based on many cues, all of which are of a probabilistic nature, for instance, size helps us distinguish between the figure and the ground, since smaller regions are often figures. Object shape can help us distinguish figure from ground, because figures tend to be convex, movement also helps, the figure may be moving against a static environment. Color is also a cue, because the background tends to continue as one color behind potentially multiple foreground figures, edge assignment also helps, if the edge belongs to the figure, it defines the shape while the background exists behind the shape. But its at times difficult to distinguish between the two because the edge that would separate figure from ground is part of neither, it equally defines both the figure and the background. In this light, Bayesian figure–ground segmentation models have been proposed to simulate the probabilistic inference by which the brain may distinguish figure from ground, figure–ground organization is used to help artists and designers in composition of a 2D piece. Figure–ground reversal may be used as a visual design technique in which an existing images foreground and background colors are purposely swapped to create new images. Figure–ground perception can be expanded from visual perception to include concepts such as melody/harmony, subject/background. The concept of figure and ground fully depends on the observer, there are three types of figure–ground problems, The figure and the ground compete. The figure should be the ground and the ground should be the figure, the figure and ground create an optical illusion. Composition Ma Negative space White space Figure Ground, a game plays on the figure–ground illusion
Figure-ground reversal
–
Type 2: The actual ground is the figure.
Figure-ground reversal
–
Profiles/vase
10.
Flag of Scotland
–
The Flag of Scotland, also known as St Andrews Cross or the Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. As the national flag, the Saltire, rather than the Royal Standard of Scotland, is the flag for all individuals. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, according to legend, the Christian apostle and martyr Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, was crucified on an X-shaped cross at Patras, in Achaea. Use of the iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross. It was again depicted on seals used during the late 13th century, including on one used by the Guardians of Scotland, using a simplified symbol which does not depict St. Andrews image, the saltire or crux decussata, began in the late 14th century. In June 1385, the Parliament of Scotland decreed that Scottish soldiers serving in France would wear a white Saint Andrews Cross, both in front and behind, for identification. The earliest reference to the Saint Andrews Cross as a flag is found in the Vienna Book of Hours, circa 1503, supposedly, a miraculous white saltire appeared in the blue sky and Óengus troops were roused to victory by the omen. Consisting of a blue background over which is placed a white representation of an X-shaped cross, in heraldic language, it may be blazoned azure, a saltire argent. The tincture of the Saltire can appear as silver or white. In the case of the Saltire, variations in shades of blue have resulted in the background of the flag ranging from sky blue to navy blue. Some flag manufacturers selected the same navy blue colour trend of the Union Flag for the Saltire itself, leading to a variety of shades of blue being depicted on the flag of Scotland. Having taken advice from a number of sources, including the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, recent versions of the Saltire have therefore largely converged on this official recommendation. The flag proportions are not fixed, however the Lord Lyon King of Arms states that 5,4 is suitable. The ratio of the width of the bars of the saltire in relation to the width of the field is specified in heraldry in relation to shield width rather than flag width. However, this ratio, though not rigid, is specified as one-third to one-fifth of the width of the field. According to legend, in 832 A. D. Óengus II led an army of Picts and Scots into battle against the Angles, led by Æthelstan, near modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian. On the morning of battle white clouds forming the shape of an X were said to have appeared in the sky, Óengus and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in terms of numbers were victorious. The white saltire set against a blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend
Flag of Scotland
–
Saint Andrew
Flag of Scotland
–
Scotland
Flag of Scotland
–
Challenger 1 tank of the
Royal Scots Dragoon Guards flying a Saltire from the whip antenna.
Flag of Scotland
–
Royal Navy Sea King Mk5 of
HMS Gannet.
11.
Saint Andrew
–
Andrew the Apostle, also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tradition Prōtoklētos or the First-called, was a Christian Apostle and the brother of Saint Peter. The name Andrew, like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews, Christians, no Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. According to Orthodox tradition, the successor to Saint Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople. The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter and he was born in the village of Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee. Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he make them fishers of men. At the beginning of Jesus public life, they were said to have occupied the house at Capernaum. In the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Mark Simon Peter and these narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke Andrew is not named, the narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat but it is not until the next chapter that Andrew is named as Simons brother. However, it is understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that Luke denies not that Andrew was there. In contrast, the Gospel of John states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother. Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ, on a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus. Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes, Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus return at the end of the age, Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium in AD38, according to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrews missions in Thrace, Scythia and this diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople
Saint Andrew
–
Saint Andrew the Apostle by
Artus Wolffort
Saint Andrew
–
The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew by
Caravaggio
Saint Andrew
–
Crucifixion of St. Andrew, by
Juan Correa de Vivar (1540 - 1545).
Saint Andrew
–
Saint Andrew of Patras basilica, where St. Andrew's relics are kept
12.
Cross
–
A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally, a cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology. The word [[wikt, cross|crossded from Old Irish, possibly via Old Norse, ultimately from the Latin crux, stake, the English verb to cross arises from the noun c. 1200, first in the sense to make the sign of the cross, the Latin word was, however, influenced by popular etymology by a native Germanic word reconstructed as*krukjo. This word, by conflation with Latin crux, gave rise to Old French crocier, Latin crux referred to the gibbet where criminals were executed, a stake or pole, but not necessarily to intersecting or cruciform beams. The Latin word derived from the verb crucio to torture, Latin crux originally referred to the tree or stake on which criminals were crucified in the pre-imperial period. This was later specified as crux acuta or crux simplex, the method of execution may have been adopted from the Phoenicians. The addition of a bar, to which the criminal would be fastened with nails or cords. The Latin name of the cross is crux decussata, the heraldic term saltire is introduced only towards the end of the medieval period. The Greek equivalent of Latin crux stake, gibbet is σταυρός stauros stake, the letter Tau was associated with the stauros or crux, while the notion of cruciform shapes, i. e. intersecting lines, were associated with the letter Chi. The Greek term for crossing was χίασμα chiasma, from a verb χιάζω chiázō to shape like the letter Chi, Latin had the comparable decussatus shaped like the numeral ten. Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the cross mark, including the crux gammata with curving or angular lines. Speculation of this kind became popular in the mid- to late-19th century in the context of comparative mythology seeking to tie Christian mythology to ancient cosmological myths. Influential works in this vein included G. de Mortillet, L. Müller, W. W. Blake, Ansault, in the European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning, perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial. The cross sign occurs trivially in tally marks, and develops into a number symbol independently in the Roman numerals, the Chinese rod numerals and the Brahmi numerals. In the Phoenician alphabet and derived scripts, the symbol represented the phoneme /t/, i. e. the letter taw. The letter name taw means mark, presumably continuing the Egyptian hieroglyph two crossed sticks, according to W. E. Vines Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, worshippers of Tammuz in Chaldea and thereabouts used the cross as symbol of that god. The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter T, clements contemporary Tertullian rejects the accusation that Christians are crucis religiosi, and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes
Cross
–
Cross Hieroglyphics carved on the tomb of the vizier Ankhamahor
Cross
–
A famous
Armenian khachkar at
Goshavank.
Cross
–
1600 BC marble sacral cross from the Temple Repositories of
Knossos. (
Heraclion Archaeological Museum,
Greece)
Cross
–
Four-leaf clover
13.
Inescutcheon
–
In heraldry, an escutcheon is a shield that forms the main or focal element in an achievement of arms. The word is used in two related senses, firstly, as the shield on which a coat of arms is displayed. Escutcheon shapes are derived from actual shields used by knights in combat, other shapes are in use, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Secondly, a shield can itself be a charge within a coat of arms, more often, a smaller shield is placed over the middle of the main shield as a form of marshalling. In either case, the shield is usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is one such shield, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon. The word escutcheon is derived from Middle English escochon, from Anglo-Norman escuchon, from Vulgar Latin scūtiōn-, from Latin scūtum, from its use in heraldry, escutcheon can be a metaphor for a familys honour. The idiom a blot on the escutcheon is used to mean a stain on somebodys reputation, by about 1250 the shields used in warfare were almost triangular in shape, referred to as heater shields. That on the monument to the latters grandfather Geoffrey V. This almost equilateral shape is used as a setting for armorials from this classical age of heraldry. In the Tudor era the heraldic escutcheon took the shape of an inverted Tudor arch, continental European designs frequently use the various forms used in jousting, which incorporate mouths used as lance rests into the shields, such escutcheons are known as à bouche. The mouth is correctly shown on the side only, as jousting pitches were designed for right-handed knights. Heraldic examples of English shields à bouche can be seen in the spandrels of the timber roof of Lincolns Inn Hall. In this case the lozenge is without crest or helm, again objects of manly warfare, however, for the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. In general a female was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon, in modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on a lozenge, an oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husbands arms differenced with a mascle, the lozenge shape of quasi-escutcheon is also used for funerary hatchments for both men and women. Pretoria High School for Girls in South Africa is one of the few schools that was granted permission to use the lozenge as part of its coat of arms
Inescutcheon
–
Effigy of
William II Longespee (d.1250) in Salisbury Cathedral, showing an early triangular
heater shield, the shape used as the "canvas" for the display of arms during the classical age of heraldry
Inescutcheon
–
Points of an escutcheon or heraldic shield: A – Chief B –
Dexter C –
Sinister D – Base E – Dexter Chief F – Middle Chief G – Sinister Chief H – Honour Point I – Fess Point J – Nombril Point K – Dexter Base L – Sinister Base M – Middle Base (seldom used)
14.
Royal arms of Scotland
–
The royal coat of arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the King of Scots from its adoption in the 12th century until the end of the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707. The arms feature a red rampant lion with blue tongue and claws situated within a red double border decorated with fleurs-de-lis and it was perhaps added merely to make the arms more distinctive, as the symbol of a rampant lion was already used by several lords and kings. Atop the shield sits the helm and crest, the helm is full-faced of damasked gold with six bars and features gold mantling lined with ermine. Upon the helm sits the crest, depicting the red lion, forward facing and sitting atop the Crown of Scotland, above the crest is the motto In Defens, a contraction of In My Defens God Me Defend. Surrounding the shield is the collar of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the supporters are two crowned and chained unicorns, the dexter supporting a banner of the arms, the sinister supporting the national flag of Scotland. The compartment features a number of thistles, the flower of Scotland. A form of arms was first used by King William the Lion in the 12th century. However, a lion rampant can clearly be out on the seal of his son. This is clearly untrue as, even if Fergus and Achaius had existed, throughout the ages the arms passed from monarch to succeeding monarch with only slight variations in detail. In some early examples the lion holds a sword or wears a crown, and this state of affairs does not appear to have lasted very long, with James III soon re-instating the royal tressure, first without its top, and then in its original form. Andrew with his crosse on his brest y unto pendent, following the death of Francis in 1560, Mary continued to use the arms showing Scotland and France impaled, until her marriage to Henry, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Following the marriage to Darnley, the arms of Scotland reverted to the blazon which had preceded the marriage to Francis, on the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1603, James VI, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland. The arms of England were quartered with those of Scotland, at this time the King of England also laid claim to the French throne, therefore the arms of the Kingdom of England were themselves already quartered with those of the Kingdom of France. James used a different version of his arms in Scotland. The motto of the Order of the Thistle, Nemo me impune lacessit, the motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense, appears on a representation of the garter surrounding the shield. Henceforth, the versions of the Royal arms used in Scotland, the Act declared that the Irish state could be described as a republic, following which the newly created Republic of Ireland left the British Commonwealth. Since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Scottish arms are now used in combination with the arms of England and Ireland. Unofficially, the banner is often used as a secondary national flag
Royal arms of Scotland
–
Arms of Alexander II, as shown in
Matthew Paris ' Historia Anglorum, c. 1250
Royal arms of Scotland
–
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
Royal arms of Scotland
–
Arms of the King of Scots, from the
Wernigerode Armorial, c. 1475
Royal arms of Scotland
–
The arms in the Portuguese Livro de Armerio-Mor, c. 1509
15.
Lion rampant
–
The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises bravery, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness, Lion refers also to a Judeo Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of the city of Jerusalem, similar looking lion can be found e. g. In the coat of arms of the Republic of Finland, symmetrically paired animals in particular find continuation from Migration Period art via Insular art to Romanesque art and heraldry. The animals of the predecessors of heraldic designs are likely to have been used as clan symbols. Adopted in Germanic tradition around the 5th century, they were re-interpreted in a Christian context in the kingdoms of Gaul. It was a predecessor of the medieval bestiaries, the lion as a heraldic charge is present from the very earliest development of heraldry in the 12th century. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated six golden lions rampant. A chronicle dated to c.1175 states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant, unlike the eagle, which is comparatively rare in heraldry because it was reserved as an imperial symbol, the lion became a symbol of chivalry and was not restricted to royal coats of arms. The Zürich armorial has a number of coats of arms with lions, the lion in the coat of arms of Bohemia is depicted with two tails. According to Ménestrier, this is due to a jest made by Emperor Frederick, who granted Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia a coat of arms with a lion coué, that is, with its tail between its legs. Vladislaus men refused to follow this emblem, calling it an ape, so that Frederick agreed to improve the arms by giving the lion not just one but two erect tails. One distinction commonly made, although it may be of limited importance, is the distinction of lions in the positions as leopards. The following table summarizes the principal attitudes of heraldic lions, Other terms are used to describe the position in further detail. The lions head is seen in agreement with the overall position
Lion rampant
–
Cave lions, Chamber of Felines,
Lascaux caves
Lion rampant
–
Lion as a crest
Lion rampant
–
Sumerian depiction of lions with Dudu, priest of
Ningirsu
Lion rampant
–
Ancient Egyptian reclining lion statue created during reign of
Amenhotep III
16.
Fleur de lis
–
The fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily that is used as a decorative design or symbol. Many of the saints are depicted with a lily, most prominently St. Joseph. The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C in the Miscellaneous Symbols block and it remains an enduring symbol of France that appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics. According to French historian Georges Duby, the three represent the medieval social classes, those who worked, those who fought. It is unclear where the fleur-de-lis originated, among the Egyptians, Persians, Arabs and Greeks, this arabesque evoked warrior-like power. In France it is used in city emblems like in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom, many of the current departments use the ancient symbol on their coats to express this heritage. In Italy, the fleur de lis, called giglio is mainly known as the crest of the city of Florence, in the Florentine fleurs-de-lis, the stamens are always posed between the petals. This heraldic charge is known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional design. As an emblem of the city, it is found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop. Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens. The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread, among the cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word lily, for example, Liljendal, Finland. This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology, other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania. The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats, in Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. Another suburb which developed around the area known as Fleur-de-Lys. The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily and this emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998. The state insignia were changed in 1999, the former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy. Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of cantons, municipalities, cities
Fleur de lis
–
Stylized flowers from
Ishtar Gate in Babylon
Fleur de lis
–
A fleur-de-lis
Fleur de lis
–
15th-century manuscript illumination of an
angel sending the fleurs-de-lis to
Clovis
Fleur de lis
17.
Latin
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
18.
North American Vexillological Association
–
The North American Vexillological Association is an American and Canadian membership organization devoted to vexillology, the scientific and scholarly study of flags. It was founded in 1967 by American vexillologist Whitney Smith and others, the association is a charter member of the International Federation of Vexillological Associations, and is among the largest vexillological organizations. President, John M. Hartvigsen First Vice President, Luc Baronian, second Vice President, Ted McNabb Secretary, Lee Herold Treasurer, John S. Adcock, J. D. Editor, Raven, A Journal of Vexillology, Kenneth W. Reynolds, Ph. D. Editors, Flag Research Quarterly, Kenneth A. Hartvigsen, Ph. D. & Steven A. Knowlton, M. L. I. S Editor, NAVA News, the length of the top side of the blue triangle is the same as the width of the flag. The colors are taken from the flags of the two countries covered by the Association, Canada and the United States. Since 1967, the Association has held meetings across the United States and Canada for all those interested in flags to present and discuss research. Since 1977, it has marked each meeting with a distinctive flag, American City Flags, a book published by the Association
North American Vexillological Association
–
NAVA 46
North American Vexillological Association
–
Flag of the North American Vexillological Association.
19.
Kingdom of Scotland
–
The Kingdom of Scotland was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the third of the island of Great Britain. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a war of independence. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, in 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of government, the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England. In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace, the continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed into a system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, in 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage, Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from about 1300 their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than the English coins. At the union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scottish pound was fixed at only one-twelfth the value of the English pound, the Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Act of Union, Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but has roughly the same length of coastline. Geographically Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands, the Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was further shortened during the Little Ice Age. From Scotlands foundation to the inception of the Black Death, the population had grown to a million, following the plague and it expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century, in the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, there were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century, and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown
Kingdom of Scotland
–
James VI, whose inheritance of the thrones of England and Ireland created a dynastic union in 1603
Kingdom of Scotland
–
Flag
Kingdom of Scotland
–
Coronation of
Alexander III of Scotland at
Scone Abbey; beside him are the
Mormaers of Strathearn and
Fife while his genealogy is recited by a royal poet.
Kingdom of Scotland
–
The
Regiam Majestatem is the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law.
20.
Union of the Crowns
–
The Union of Crowns followed the death of Elizabeth I of England — the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, who was Jamess unmarried and childless first cousin twice removed. The Union was a personal or dynastic union, with the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate—despite Jamess best efforts to create a new throne of Great Britain. However, England and Scotland would continue to be states, sharing a monarch with Ireland, until the Acts of Union of 1707 during the reign of the last Stuart monarch. The marriage was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, concluded the previous year, the marriage merged the Stuarts with Englands Tudor line of succession, despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the implications of matrimony. The peace did not last in perpetuity, it was disturbed in 1513 when Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, in response France invoked the terms of the Auld Alliance, her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded Northern England leading to the Battle of Flodden, in the decades that followed, Englands relations with Scotland were turbulent. The line of Margaret Tudor was excluded from the English succession, though, in the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that James VI of Scotland, great-grandson of James IV and Margaret Tudor, was the only generally acceptable heir. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness, in March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, and London placed under guard, Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return three years, and progressed slowly from town to town, in order to arrive in the capital after Elizabeths funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and Jamess new subjects flocked to see him, as James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one reported, were so great that they covered the beauty of the fields. Nevertheless, all London turned out for the occasion, The streets seemed paved with men, stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women. Whatever residual fears many in England may have felt at the prospect of being ruled by a Scot, the greatest and most obvious of these was the question of his exact status and title. James intended to be King of Great Britain and Ireland and his first obstacle along this imperial road was the attitude of the English Parliament. In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a statement of the royal manifesto
Union of the Crowns
–
Margaret Tudor.
Union of the Crowns
–
James VI of Scotland.
Union of the Crowns
–
"England and Scotland with Minerva and Love" Allegorical work of the Union of the Crowns by
Peter Paul Rubens.
21.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
22.
List of Canadian flags
–
This is a list of flags used in Canada. Many museums across Canada display historic flags in their exhibits, the Canadian Museum of History, in Hull, Quebec has many culturally important flags in their collections. Settlers, Rails & Trails Inc. in Argyle, Manitoba holds the 2nd largest exhibit - known as the Canadian Flag Collection, a number of private corporations also use their own flags, but they are often used alongside the Maple Leaf
List of Canadian flags
–
The flags of
Vancouver,
Canada, and
British Columbia; the Canadian flag takes place of precedence in the centre
List of Canadian flags
–
The
Canadian national flag flying next to a statue of
Terry Fox
List of Canadian flags
List of Canadian flags
–
−1965
23.
Flag of Canada
–
It is the first ever specified by law for use as the countrys national flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley, based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15,1965, also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada. There is no law dictating how the flag is to be treated. The flag is horizontally symmetric and therefore the obverse and reverse sides appear identical, the width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height. The white field is a Canadian pale, each bordering red field is exactly half its size, in heraldic terminology, the flags blazon as outlined on the original royal proclamation is gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first. The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian emblem since the 18th century and it was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec. In 1867, Alexander Muir composed the patriotic song The Maple Leaf Forever, the maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921. From 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins, the use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860. During the First World War and Second World War, badges of the Canadian Forces were often based on a leaf design. The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves and these colours became entrenched as the national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada in 1962. The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag. 62539/0 Rieger Inks, No.25564 Sinclair and Valentine, No, the colours 0/100/100/0 in the CMYK process, PMS032, or PMS485 in the Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag. For the Federal Identity Program, the red tone of the flag has an RGB value of 255–0–0. In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for used in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the St Georges Cross carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497, in 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs-de-lis. His ship flew a red flag with a cross, the French naval flag at the time. New France continued to fly the evolving French military flags of that period, as the de jure national flag of the United Kingdom, the Union Flag was used similarly in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in Nova Scotia
Flag of Canada
–
The Canadian flag flying at the
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in
Halifax,
Nova Scotia
Flag of Canada
–
Canada
Flag of Canada
–
A Canadian postcard marking the coronation of King
George V and
Queen Mary in 1911, showing the Royal Union Flag (lower) and a version of the Red Ensign with a crowned composite shield of Canada (unapproved by the sovereign) in the fly
Flag of Canada
–
Unofficial Canadian Ensign used from 1870-1898
24.
Canadian Red Ensign
–
The Canadian Red Ensign is a former flag of Canada, used by the federal government though it was never officially adopted by the Parliament of Canada. It is a British Red Ensign, featuring the Union Flag in the canton, the Red Ensign bearing some sort of a Canadian emblem was used by Canadians both on land and at sea beginning as early as 1868 on an informal or extra-legal basis. As Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald constantly made use of it, promoting it by precept and example throughout Canada. In 1892, it was authorized by Admiralty Warrant for use on ships registered in Canada and this was enshrined in the Canada Shipping Act of 1934, yet the flag had no legal status on land. Despite its lack of any official status on land, the Red Ensign with Canadian arms was used on land. Various versions of the Red Ensign continued to be flown on land and it can be seen in numerous photographs of Canadian troops, on the prime ministers car, and in victory parades. The original Canadian Red Ensign had the arms of the four founding provinces on its shield, however, in the late 19th and early 20th century, flag manufacturers would often supplement this design with laurel wreaths and crowns. The design was placed on a white square or circle in the flags fly. There was no design for the Red Ensign until the early 1920s. In 1921, the Government of Canada asked King George V to order a new coat of arms for Canada, the College of Arms thus designed a suitable coat of arms of Canada. The new shield was displayed on the Red Ensign, thus producing a new version of the Canadian Red Ensign in 1922, in 1924, the Red Ensign was approved for use on Canadian government buildings outside Canada. So in 1945, the flag was approved for use by government buildings inside Canada as well, the Red Ensign served until 1965 when it was replaced by todays Maple Leaf flag. The flag bore various forms of the shield from the Canadian coat of arms in its fly during the period of its use, the picture shows the official form between 1957 and 1965. From 1921 until 1957, the Canadian Red Ensign was virtually the same, except that the leaves in the coat of arms were green, and there was a slight alteration to the Irish harp. A blue ensign, also bearing the shield of the Canadian coat of arms, was the jack flown by the Royal Canadian Navy and the ensign of other ships owned by the Canadian government until 1965. From 1865 until Canadian Confederation in 1867, the United Province of Canada could also have used a blue ensign, in O. R. Jacobis painting of the new Parliament Buildings in 1866, a Red Ensign flies from the tower of the East Block. The Red Ensign carried by the 5th Canadian Infantry Battalion at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 survives to this day, the Red Ensign flown at Vimy Ridge in 1917 had the arms of Canadas first four provinces. David Penn, Keeper of Exhibits and Firearms at the Imperial War Museum, the flag was returned to the United Kingdom in 2008
Canadian Red Ensign
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Memorial Stained Glass window, Class of 1934,
Royal Military College of Canada showing Canadian Red Ensign
Canadian Red Ensign
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The Canadian Red Ensign from 1957 until 1965
Canadian Red Ensign
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From left to right: the
Flag of France, the Maple Leaf
Canadian flag, and the Canadian Red Ensign fly at the
Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France.
25.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
Provinces and territories of Canada
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"
O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall,
Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories (1965)
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Alberta Legislature Building
Provinces and territories of Canada
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British Columbia Parliament Buildings
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Manitoba Legislative Building
26.
Flag of Alberta
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The flag of Alberta is an official symbol of the province of Alberta, Canada. In 1968, the legislature authorized the design of a flag. The flag has the proportions 1,2, with the shield of arms in the centre of an ultramarine blue background. The shields height is 7⁄11 that of the flags height, the flag was designed and approved as the official provincial flag by the Alberta legislature on June 1,1968. The Calgary Flames use the flag as a shoulder patch logo on their home, list of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols Coat of arms of Alberta Symbols of Alberta Franco, Guida. Legislative Assembly of Alberta – The Citizens Guide to the Alberta Legislature, Part V, The Emblems of Alberta Arms and flag of Alberta in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
Flag of Alberta
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The flag of Alberta flying alongside the flags of
Saskatchewan and
Canada in
Lloydminster
Flag of Alberta
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Flag of Alberta
27.
Flag of British Columbia
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The flag of British Columbia is based upon the shield of the provincial arms of British Columbia. From 1870 to 1906, British Columbia was occasionally represented by a modified British blue ensign featuring various forms of the seal of the Colony of British Columbia. The current flag of British Columbia was based upon the 1906 arms of the province, originally, the arms featured the Union Flag on the bottom. This was changed as it conflicted with the expression The sun never sets on the British Empire, based upon Beanlands revised design, the flag of British Columbia was introduced on June 14,1960, by Premier W. A. C. Bennett, and was first flown on board the BC Ferries motor vessel Sidney, the four wavy white and three wavy blue lines symbolize the provinces location between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. The setting sun represents the fact that British Columbia is Canadas westernmost province, the sun may also reflect the provincial motto Splendor sine occasu —or, in other words, the sun that never sets. In Canada, it could be argued, the Empire lives on in the countrys symbols, the Union Flag on top reflects the provinces British heritage, while the King Edward crown in the centre represents the Canadian Royal Family. The flag has a ratio of 3,5. The flag of British Columbia is similar to the flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory and it also bears similarities to the flag of the county of Suffolk in the United Kingdom
Flag of British Columbia
Flag of British Columbia
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British Columbia
Flag of British Columbia
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Mile Zero of
Alaska Highway in
Dawson Creek.
28.
Flag of Manitoba
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The flag of Manitoba is a variation of the Red Ensign which bears the shield of the provincial coat of arms. This flag was approved by the passage of a bill in the Manitoba Legislative Assembly on May 11,1965 and was proclaimed on May 12,1966. Queen Elizabeth II gave permission for the use of the Union device the preceding year, the decision to adopt the flag was made after the federal government decided to replace the Canadian Red Ensign with the Maple Leaf flag, which was quite controversial at the time. The Manitoban flag, intentionally designed to resemble the Canadian red ensign, was seen as a way of preserving heritage that some felt was lost when the flag was changed. The flag of Ontario was adopted under similar circumstances, Flag of Ontario Symbols of Manitoba Provincial Flag Act of Manitoba - including the official description of the flag. Government of Manitoba, Travel Manitoba, Official Emblems, the Flags of Canada - Manitoba 2001 Flag Contest Winner - winner of the Winnipeg Free Press contest to choose a possible replacement for Manitobas British red ensign. Good Flag, Bad Flag - the North American Vexillological Association uses Manitobas flag as an example of bad flag design, Flag of Manitoba in the online Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges
Flag of Manitoba
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The flag of Manitoba flying in
Downtown Winnipeg
Flag of Manitoba
.png)
