1.
Glossary of vexillology
–
Flag terminology is the nomenclature, or system of terms, used in vexillology, the study of flags, to describe precisely the parts, patterns, and other attributes of flags and their display. Badge A coat of arms or simple heraldic symbol, canton Any quarter of a flag, but commonly means the upper hoist quarter, such as the field of stars in the flag of the United States or the Union Jack in the Australian Flag. Charge A figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag, emblem A device often used as a charge on a flag. It may be heraldic in origin or modern, for example the maple leaf on the Canadian Flag, field The background of a flag, the color behind the charges. Fimbriation A narrow edging or border, often in white or gold, for example the white and gold lines of the South African Flag. Fly The half or edge of a flag farthest away from the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the horizontal length of a flag. Hoist The half or edge of a flag nearest to the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the vertical width of a flag. Length The span of a flag along the side at right angles to the flagpole, width The span of a flag down the side parallel to the flagpole. Flags often inherit traits seen in traditional European heraldry designs and as a result patterns often share names, banderole or bannerol A small flag or streamer carried on the lance of a knight, or a long narrow flag flying from the mast-head of a ship. Banner Generically, a synonym for a flag of any kind, in heraldry, a flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms, but usually in a square or rectangular shape, also known as a banner of arms. Burgee A distinguishing flag of a recreational boating organisation, Civil ensign, merchant flag or merchant ensign A version of the national flag flown by civil ships to denote nationality. Civil flag A version of the flag flown by civilians on non-government installations or craft. Colour or color The flag of a military unit, courtesy flag or courtesy ensign A flag flown by a visiting ship in foreign waters as a token of respect. Ensign The flag of a ship or military unit, may also be used generically as a synonym for a flag of any kind. Fanion A small flag used by the French military, gonfalon, gonfanon or gonfalone A type of heraldic flag suspended from a crossbar. Guidon A small flag borne by a military unit, in Scots heraldry, a smaller version of the Standard. Pennon or pennant A flag larger at the hoist than at the fly, pipe banner A decorative flag for the Scottish Highland bagpipes. Prayer flag A type of flag found strung along mountain ridges and peaks in the Himalayas, rank flag or distinguishing flag The flag flown by a superior naval officer on his flagship or headquarters
Glossary of vexillology
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Contents
2.
National flag
–
A national flag is a flag that symbolizes a country. The flag is flown by the government, but usually can also be flown by citizens of the country, historically, flags originate as military standards, used as field signs. The practice of flying flags indicating the country of origin outside of the context of warfare became common with the flag, introduced during the age of sail. Most countries of Europe adopted a flag in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The specifications of the flag of Denmark were codified in 1748, the flag of Switzerland was introduced in 1889, also based on medieval war flags. The Netherlands introduced two national flags in 1813, the Ottoman flag was adopted in 1844. Other non-European powers followed the trend in the late 19th century, the flag of Japan being introduced in 1870, the Flag of the United States is not defined in the constitution but rather in a separate Flag Resolution passed in 1777. Minor design changes of national flags are passed on a legislative or executive level. A change in national flag is due to a change of regime. In such cases, the origins of the national flag. In such cases national flags acquire the status of a political symbol, the flag of Germany, for instance, was a tricolour of black-white-red under the German Empire, inherited from the North German Confederation. The Weimar Republic that followed adopted a black-red-gold tricolour, nazi Germany went back to black-white-red in 1933, and black-red-gold was reinstituted by the two successor states, West Germany and East Germany following World War II. Similarly the flag of Libya introduced with the creation of the Kingdom of Libya in 1951 was abandoned in 1969 with the coup led by Muammar Gaddafi. It was used again by National Transitional Council and by anti-Gaddafi forces during the Libyan Civil War in 2011 and officially adopted by the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration. There are three types of national flag for use on land, and three for use at sea, though many countries use identical designs for several of these types of flag. On land, there is a distinction between civil flags, state flags, and war or military flags, state flags are those used officially by government agencies, whereas civil flags may be flown by anyone regardless of whether they are linked to government. War flags are used by organisations such as Armies, Marine Corps. In practice, many countries have identical flags for these three purposes, national flag is used as a vexillological term to refer to such a three-purpose flag
National flag
National flag
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The world's third tallest
flagpole flying a 270 kg (595 lb)
Flag of North Korea. It is 160 m (525 ft) in height, over
Kijŏng-dong ("Peace village") near
Panmunjom, the border of
North Korea and
South Korea.
National flag
–
Distribution of colours in national flags
3.
State flag
–
There are two separate meanings for the term of state flag in vexillology, the flag of the government of a sovereign state and the flag of an individual subnational state. A state flag is a variant of a national flag specifically designated and restricted by law or custom to use by a government or its agencies. For this reason they are referred to as government flags. Scandinavian countries also use swallowtailed state flags, to differentiate them from civil flags. In addition, some countries have state ensigns, separate flags for use by government ships such as guard vessels. For example, government ships in the United Kingdom fly the blue ensign, state flags should not be confused with the national flag as used by military organisations, these are referred to as war flags and naval ensigns. To avoid confusion with the first meaning of the term, however, such a flag would be more referred to as the flag of the state of X. For this usage, see also, Flags of the Australian states and territories Flags of Brazilian states Flags of the U. S. states Flags of German states Znamierowski, the world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards and ensigns
State flag
–
The
Flag of Massachusetts on display in the
Financial District of
Boston.
4.
Civil ensign
–
Civil ensign is the ensign used by civilian vessels to denote nationality. It can be the same or different from the state ensign and its also known as the merchant ensign or merchant flag. Some countries have civil ensigns for yachts, and even for specific yacht clubs. Most countries have one national flag and ensign for all purposes. In other countries, a distinction is made between the flag and the civil, state and naval ensigns. The civil ensigns that are different from the flag can be grouped into a number of categories. Several countries use red flags with, in most cases, either the national flag or the Union Flag in the canton. British overseas territories fly the plain Red Ensign or a Red Ensign with the colonial arms in the fly. Saudi Arabia puts its national flag in the canton of an otherwise-green flag, Ghana stopped using its Red Ensign in 2003 with the adoption of a new merchant shipping act, which made the Ghanaian flag the proper national colors for Ghana ships. Similarly, Sri Lanka stopped using its Red Ensign in 1969, several countries have civil ensigns that are very different from the national flag, for instance Malta and Luxembourg. Well-known examples are the Italian civil ensign showing the shield with the arms of the sea republics or the Polish civil ensign with the arms of Poland, most of these emblems were added to distinguish the ensign from similar flags of other countries or from other signal flags. In several countries there are two versions of the flag, a simpler one and a more elaborate one with the national arms. The simpler one is used as ensign, whereas the version with the arms is mainly used by the government. In Spain and Argentina the flag without the arms is only a variant for civil use, in El Salvador, the civil ensign also differs from the national flag in the proportions. France is a case, the overall proportion is the same. Civil and merchant ensigns Civil air ensign
Civil ensign
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United Kingdom
5.
State ensign
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Ensign is the national flag flown on a vessel to indicate nationality. The ensign is the largest flag, generally flown at the stern of the ship, the naval ensign, used on warships, may be different from the civil ensign or the yacht ensign. Large versions of naval ensigns called battle ensigns are used when a warship goes into battle, the ensign differs from the jack which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. In its widest sense, an ensign is just a flag or other standard, the European military rank of ensign, once responsible for bearing a units standard derives from it. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, liwa, derives from the command of a unit or units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a units ensign, and is a general officer. In Arab armies, ensign is a title equivalent to a Western brigade. In nautical use, the ensign is flown on a ship or boat to indicate its appartenance, while this includes its nationality, it may well indicate more information rather than being the national flag itself. This is particularly common for commonwealth and European countries, ensigns are usually at the stern flagstaff when in port, and may be shifted to a gaff or mast amidships when the ship is under way, becoming known as a steaming ensign. Vexillologists distinguish three varieties of a national flag used as an ensign, A civil ensign is worn by merchant. In some countries the yacht ensign, used on boats or ships instead of merchant vessels. A state ensign or government ensign is worn by government vessels, a naval ensign is used by a countrys navy. Such ensigns are strictly regulated and indicate if the vessel is a warship, a merchant ship, several Commonwealth countries national flags had their origin in the ensigns of their original colonising power, the United Kingdom. Most notable of these flags are those of Australia, New Zealand. It is also likely that the original design from which the flag of the United States developed was strongly influenced by the British Red Ensign or the flag of the East India Company. With the creation of independent air forces and the growth in aviation in the first half of the 20th century. These may be divided into air force ensigns and civil air ensigns, in heraldry, an ensign is the ornament or sign, such as the crown, coronet, or mitre, borne above the charge or arms. Distinguishing mark Maritime flag Znamierowski, Alfred, the world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards and ensigns
State ensign
–
National civil ensign of New Zealand flown from the stern of
Hikitia
State ensign
State ensign
6.
Defacement (flag)
–
Defacement is a term used in heraldry and vexillology to refer to the addition of a symbol or charge to another flag. For example, the New Zealand flag is the British Blue Ensign defaced with a Southern Cross in the fly, in the context of vexillology, the word deface carries no negative connotations, in contrast to general usage. It simply indicates differentiation of the flag from that of another owner by addition of elements, for example, many state flags are formed by defacing the national flag with a coat of arms. Such changing ideological emblems appeared over time, among others, on the flags of Italy, Hungary, Romania, Germany Ethiopia, an already defaced flag can be further defaced. For example, the Australian flag is already a defaced Blue Ensign, the Australian Border Force Flag is further defaced with the words border force. In the United States it is against the Flag Code to deface the flag with advertising or with any other sigil. Such flags are nevertheless available, depicting the seals of various branches of the U. S. military, Native American related objects such as tomahawks or war bonnets. It is common for football supporters travelling abroad for a match to bring a national flag defaced with the name of their home town or a similar local identifier
Defacement (flag)
–
The British
Blue Ensign.
7.
Coat of arms of Poland
–
The coat of arms of Poland is a white, crowned eagle with a golden beak and talons, on a red background. Legislation concerning the symbols is far from perfect. The Coat of Arms Act has been amended several times and refers extensively to executive ordinances, moreover, the Act contains errors, omissions and inconsistencies which make the law confusing, open to various interpretations and often not followed in practice. According to Chapter I, Article 28, paragraph 1 of the Constitution, the Coat of Arms Act, Article 4, further specifies that the crown, as well as the eagles beak and talons, are golden. The eagles wings are outstretched and its head is turned to its right, in English heraldic terminology, the arms are blazoned as Gules an Eagle Argent crowned, beaked and armed Or. In contrast to classic heraldry, where the same blazon may be rendered into varying designs, the official design may be found in attachment no.1 to the Coat of Arms Act. The nearly circular charge, i. e. the image of the eagle, is highly stylized. The heraldic bird is depicted with its wings and legs outstretched, its head turned to the right, the eagles plumage, as well as its tongue and leg scales are white with gradient shading suggestive of a bas-relief. Each wing is adorned with a band extending from the birds torso to the upper edge of the wing, terminating in a heraldic cinquefoil. Note that a cinquefoil is a stylized five-leafed plant, not a star, three of its leaves are embossed like a trefoil. In heraldic terms, the eagle is armed, that is to say, its beak and talons are rendered in gold, the crown on the eagles head consists of a base and three fleurons extending from it. The base is adorned with three roughly rectangular gemstones, the fleurons – of which the two outer ones are only partly visible – have the shape of a fleur-de-lis. The entire crown, including the gems, as well as spaces between the fleurons, is rendered in gold, the charge is placed in an escutcheon of the Modern French type. It is a rectangular upright isosceles trapezoid, rounded at the bottom, whose upper base is slightly longer than the lower one. Although the shield is an part of the coat of arms, Polish law stipulates, in certain cases. The shades of the tinctures, white and red, which are the national colors of Poland, are specified as coordinates in the CIE1976 color space. According to legend, the White Eagle emblem originated when Polands legendary founder Lech saw a white eagles nest. When he looked at the bird, a ray of sunshine from the red setting sun fell on its wings, so they appeared tipped with gold and he was delighted and decided to settle there and placed the eagle on his emblem
Coat of arms of Poland
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Tapestry with the coats of arms of the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, ca. 1555
Coat of arms of Poland
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Coat of arms of Poland
Coat of arms of Poland
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A silver heraldic base for King
John Casimir 's
crown, ca. 1666
Coat of arms of Poland
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King of Poland in tournamental attire
8.
Poland
–
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
Poland
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Reconstruction of a
Bronze Age,
Lusatian culture settlement in
Biskupin, c. 700 BC
Poland
–
Flag
Poland
–
Earliest known contemporary depiction of a Polish ruler; King
Mieszko II Lambert of Poland being presented with a
Liturgical book by
Matilda of Swabia, 1025–1031
Poland
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Drawing of the
Battle of Grunwald, which was fought against the
German Order of Teutonic Knights, 15 July 1410
9.
Constitution of Poland
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The current Constitution of Poland was adopted on 2 April 1997. It was adopted by the National Assembly of Poland on 2 April 1997, approved by a referendum on 25 May 1997. Poland has had numerous previous constitutional acts during its history, historically, the most significant is probably the May Constitution adopted on 3 May 1791. The five years after 1992 were spent in dialogue about the new character of Poland, the nation had changed significantly since 1952 when the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Poland was instituted. Mindful of the experiences of the times when fundamental freedoms. Many articles were written explicitly to rectify the wrongs of previous governments, in response to communist-era collective farming, Article 23 established the family farm as the basis of the agricultural economy. Article 74 requires public officials to pursue ecologically sound public policy and those involved in drafting the document were not interested in creating a de facto Catholic Poland. That said, nods were given in the direction of the church, for example, in Article 18, marriage is granted the protection of the state, and in Article 53, freedom of religion, religious education, and religious upbringing are protected. The first major privilege was granted in Košice by Louis Andegavin on September 17,1374, in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga, he agreed to abolish all but one tax the szlachta was required to pay. On May 2,1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as possessed by the Polish szlachta. In September and October 1454 Casimir IV granted the Cerkwica and Nieszawa Privileges which forbade the king to set new taxes and these privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years War. In the spring of 1505 king Alexander signed a bill adopted by the Diet of Radom known as Nihil novi nisi commune consensu, the Nihil novi act transferred legislative power from the king to the Diet, or Polish parliament. This date marked the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run republic, until the death of Sigismund Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could only be elected from within the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish-Lithuanian monarch, every newly elected king was required sign two documents - the Pacta conventa - a confirmation of the kings pre-election promises, and Henrican articles. Sejm Constitution of 1590 In the 18th century, the introduction of Cardinal Laws in 1768 was an important step towards codifying the existing Polish law, the Polish Constitution of May 3,1791 is called the first constitution of its kind in Europe by historian Norman Davies. It was instituted by the Government Act adopted on that date by the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and it was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of serfdom. The May 3rd Constitution sought to supplant the existing anarchy fostered by some of the countrys reactionary magnats, with a more egalitarian, the adoption of the May 3rd Constitution provoked the active hostility of the Polish Commonwealths neighbors
Constitution of Poland
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May 3rd Constitution (painting by
Jan Matejko, 1891). King Stanisław August (left, in regal
ermine -trimmed cloak), enters
St. John's Cathedral, where
Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new
Constitution; in background,
Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.
Constitution of Poland
–
Poland
10.
Naval ensign of Poland
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The naval ensign of the Republic of Poland is a swallowtailed horizontal bicolor of white and red with the national coat of arms in the middle of the white stripe. It has been used by the Polish Navy since 1919, list of Polish naval and maritime flags Russocki Stanisław, Kuczyński Stefan, Willaume Juliusz. Ustawa z dnia 19 lutego 1993 r, O znakach Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Dz. U
Naval ensign of Poland
–
An unofficial construction sheet of the naval ensign
11.
Heraldry
–
The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived
Heraldry
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See
Roll of arms).
Heraldry
–
Shields of Magister Militum Praesentalis II. Page from the
Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands
Heraldry
–
An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the
Grenville Armorial at
Stowe.
Heraldry
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
12.
Tincture (heraldry)
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Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The need to define, depict, and correctly blazon the various tinctures is therefore one of the most important aspects of heraldic art, the colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as metals, colours, and furs. In its original sense, tincture refers only to the group referred to as colours. Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given, the basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates to the formative period of heraldry, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, in the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French. The metals are or and argent, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are depicted as yellow. Or derives its name from the Latin aurum, gold and it may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artists discretion, yellow has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. Argent is similarly derived from the Latin argentum, silver, notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry and these are, gules, or red, sable, or black, azure, or blue, vert, or green, and purpure, or purple. Two more were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities, sanguine or murrey, a red or mulberry colour, and tenné. Gules is of uncertain derivation, outside of the heraldic context, Sable is named for a type of marten, known for its dark, luxuriant fur. Azure comes through the Arabic lāzaward, from the Persian lāžavard both referring to the mineral lapis lazuli, used to produce blue pigments. Vert is from Latin viridis, green, the alternative name in French, sinople, is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor, which was famous for its pigments. Purpure is from Latin purpura, in turn from Greek porphyra and this expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour, and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. Sanguine or Murrey, from Latin sanguineus, blood red, and Greek morum, mulberry, although long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer, it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Tenné or tenny, from Latin tannare, to tan, is the second of the so-called stains and it is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was used in continental heraldry
Tincture (heraldry)
–
Canons from the
chapter of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur
13.
Pahonia
–
The Pahonia was the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Belarusian Democratic Republic in 1918 and of the Republic of Belarus from 1991 to 1995. On May 14,2007 Pahonia was declared heritage of Belarus. The charging knight first emerged as an emblem in the region in 1329 on the seal of duke Alexander Michailovich of Pskov. He was deputy of Gediminas of Lithuania to Pskov which was a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania at that time, at the same time duke Hlieb of Polacak used Pahonia on his seal as well. These facts illustrate that it is the most probable that Pahonia was already in use as a symbol of Lithuania at least in 1329. The symbol of the knight on horseback passed down through the generations, from Algirdas to his son, Grand Duke Jogaila, then to Grand Duke Vytautas. By the 14th century, the knight on horseback with a sword had begun to feature in an heraldic shield, first in Jogailass seal in 1386 or 1387. As early as the 15th century, the charging knight on horseback became the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 16th century documents refer to it using the Polish term Pogoń, at first, the charging knight might appear riding either left or right, and sometimes he held a lance. But as of the first half of the 15th century, all show him riding towards the left, with a sword in his raised hand. In the 15th century, the colors of the seal became uniform, the livery colors became fixed, a white charging knight on a red field of the heraldic shield. The charging knight at this time bore a shield. The coat of arms featured the Grand Dukes headgear on the crest, such an understanding became especially popular in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. The explanation has a historical foundation. The Pahonia then became incorporated into the state emblem. The motive for this was that this territory belonged to Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Pahonia appeared on the seal of the Belarusian Democratic Republic for a short period between 1918 and 1919. It was also used by West Belarusian separatist organizations, during Soviet times the emblem was forbidden and used only by Belarusian emigrant communities in the USA, Canada, and elsewhere
Pahonia
–
An appearance of the coat of arms in the 16th century
Pahonia
Pahonia
–
The Pahonia as depicted on the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1588
Pahonia
–
A postal stamp of
Belarus in 1918
14.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
–
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 13th century until 1795. The state was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija, the Grand Duchy later expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus and other Slavic lands, including territory of present-day Belarus, parts of Ukraine, Poland and Russia. At its greatest extent in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe and it was a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage. Consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century, Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in the crusade by the Teutonic Knights. The multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state emerged only at the reign of Gediminas. The reign of Vytautas the Great marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and it also marked the rise of the Lithuanian nobility. After Vytautass death, Lithuanias relationship with the Kingdom of Poland greatly deteriorated, Lithuanian noblemen, including the Radvila family, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. However, the unsuccessful Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow forced the union to remain intact, eventually, the Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania maintained its political distinctiveness and had separate government, laws, army, shortly after, the unitary character of the state was confirmed by adopting the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations. The newly reformed Commonwealth was invaded by Russia in 1792 and partitioned between the neighbours, with a truncated state remaining only nominally independent, after the Kościuszko Uprising, the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria in 1795. The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania name the name of the state as Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia. The title of Grand Duchy was consistently applied to Lithuania from the 14th century onward, in the 12th century, Slavic chronicles refer to Lithuania as one of the areas attacked by the Rus. Pagan Lithuanians initially paid tribute to Polotsk, but they grew in strength. The sudden spark of military raids marked consolidation of the Lithuanian lands in Aukštaitija, the Livonian Order and Teutonic Knights, crusading military orders, were established in Riga in 1202 and in Prussia in 1226. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, the peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia of 1219 provides evidence of cooperation between Lithuanians and Samogitians. This treaty lists 21 Lithuanian dukes, including five senior Lithuanian dukes from Aukštaitija, although they had battled in the past, the Lithuanians and the Žemaičiai now faced a common enemy. Likely Živinbudas had the most authority and at least several dukes were from the same families, the formal acknowledgment of common interests and the establishment of a hierarchy among the signatories of the treaty foreshadowed the emergence of the state
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
–
Navahrudak Castle
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
–
Trakai Island Castle
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
–
Gediminas Tower in Vilnius
15.
Cockade
–
A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colors which is usually worn on a hat. In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, their rank, military uniforms would use cockades as well. A cockade was pinned on the side of a mans tricorne or cocked hat, women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair. In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white, in the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade. During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British, the black-and-white cockade thus became known as the Union Cockade. Instead revolutionaries would wear cockades with the colours of the arms of Paris, red. Later the Bourbon white was added to this cockade - thus producing the original Tricolore cockade, later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearers faction—although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and varied somewhat by region and period. From the 15th century various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their military and their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. During the Napoleonic wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos. The Second German Empire used two cockades on each army headgear, one for the empire, the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army and their only cockades were either white and blue or black and yellow. The Weimar Republic removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again and these colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich, Prussia and the Hanseatic City States of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now termed a roundel. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft and these designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade. Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution, because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March
Cockade
–
A woman fastening a
red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped
rogatywka cap during the
January Uprising of 1863–64
Cockade
–
Hat with a white cockade (Prince
Charles Edward Stuart).
Cockade
–
John of Austria wearing as a
brassard the red cockade of the Spanish armies.
Cockade
–
A metal cockade on the swivel of a
Pickelhaube helmet.
16.
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
–
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland is the lower house of the Polish parliament. It consists of 460 deputies elected by ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland. In the Kingdom of Poland, Sejm referred to the entire three-chamber parliament of Poland, comprising the house, the upper house. It was thus a three-estate parliament, since the Second Polish Republic, Sejm has referred only to the lower house of the parliament, the upper house is called the Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Sejm stems from an Old Slavic word meaning gathering and its origin was the Kings Councils, which gained power during the time of Polands fragmentation. The Sejm in Łęczyca was the most notable of these councils and it forbade arbitrary sequestration of supplies in the countryside and takeover of bishopric lands after the death of a bishop. These early Sejms were not an event, they convened at the Kings behest. After the 1493 Sejm in Piotrków, it became a regularly convening body, the bicameral system was also established there. The Sejm now comprised two chambers, the Senat of 81 bishops and other dignitaries, and the Chamber of Envoys, over time, the envoys in the lower chamber grew in number and power as they pressed the king for more privileges. The Sejm eventually became more active in supporting the goals of the privileged classes when the King ordered that the landed nobility. Its chambers reserved the final decisions in legislation, taxation, budget, and treasury matters, foreign policy, until the end of the 16th century, unanimity was not required, and the majority-voting process was the most commonly used system for voting. Later, with the rise of the Polish magnates and their increasing power, additionally, if the envoys were unable to reach a unanimous decision within six weeks, deliberations were declared void and all previous acts passed by that Sejm were annulled. From the mid-17th century onward, any objection to a Sejm resolution, by either an envoy or a senator, automatically caused the rejection of other, previously approved resolutions. This was because all resolutions passed by a session of the Sejm formed a whole resolution. It is estimated that between 1493 and 1793, a Sejm was held 240 times, the total sum of which was 44 years. The Chamber of Envoys, despite its name, consisted not only of 77 envoys from the hereditary nobility, all deputies were covered by Parliamentary immunity, with each individual serving for a term of office of six years, with half of the deputies being elected every two years. Candidates for deputy had to be able to read and write, the legal voting age was 21, except for those citizens serving in the military, the personnel of which were not allowed to vote. Parliamentary sessions were initially convened every two years, and lasted for 30 days, however, after many clashes between liberal deputies and conservative government officials, sessions were later called only four times
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
–
Sejm of the Republic of Poland Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
–
A
wiec (King's Council) in the time of King
Casimir III of Poland, 14th century
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
–
Sejm under the reign of
Sigismund III Vasa (1622)
17.
Presidential Palace, Warsaw
–
The Presidential Palace in Warsaw, Poland, is the elegant classicist latest version of a building that has stood on the Krakowskie Przedmieście site since 1643. Over the years, it has rebuilt and remodeled many times. For its first 175 years, the palace was the property of several aristocratic families. In 1791 it hosted the authors and advocates of the Constitution of May 3,1791 and it was in 1818 that the palace began its ongoing career as a governmental structure, when it became the seat of the Viceroy of the Polish Kingdom under Russian occupation. Following Polands resurrection after World War I, in 1918, the building was taken over by the newly reconstituted Polish authorities, during World War II, it served the countrys German occupiers as a Deutsches Haus and survived intact the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. After the war, it resumed its function as seat of the Polish Council of Ministers and it was said that he owned so much landed property that he could cross the breadth of the Commonwealth while spending every night in one of his own manors. The palace was not completed in the Hetmans lifetime, as he died unexpectedly in 1646 at his Brody residence, the palace was completed by Koniecpolskis son Aleksander in the style of a baroque residence, imitating those of northern Italy and Genoa. A view of the palace in a Warsaw panorama of 1656 by Erik Dahlberg confirms this, in 1674 the palace became, for the next 144 years, the property of the Radziwiłł family. After her death, her son Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł I began renovation of the palace and he entrusted this task to the kings architect, Augustyn Locci. The next-to-last heir in tail of Nieśwież and Ołyka was Karol Stanisław Panie Kochanku Radziwiłł, Voivode of Vilnius, son of Michał Kazimierz Rybeńko Radziwiłł. He had inherited huge estates from his father and uncle which made him the wealthiest magnate in Poland in the half of the 18th century. He leased out the palace to Franciszek Ryx to house a theater which staged plays, during the Four-Year Sejm of 1788-1792, he invited all the members of the four deliberating estates to dine there daily. Two meals were served every day, breakfast before the session, for 300 people. Four thousand guests were invited, and the feast cost over 2 million złotys and this document is called the first constitution of its kind in Europe by historian Norman Davies. Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł II died a sick and blind man at age 56 and his property was inherited by Dominik, son of his half-brother Hieronim. Dominik, who had been wounded at the Battle of Hanau, the line of the Nieśwież–Ołyka heirs in tail died out with him. In 1818 the palace became the seat of the Viceroy of the Polish Kingdom, at the last he adopted a servile attitude toward Alexander I, King of Poland and Tsar of Russia, who created him a duke in 1818. Zajączek had lost a leg at the Berezina River and was carried about by his valets in an armchair, beginning in 1818 the palace was rebuilt in classicist style by the architect Chrystian Piotr Aigner
Presidential Palace, Warsaw
–
Bertel Thorvaldsen 's
statue of Prince
Józef Poniatowski in front of the Presidential Palace
Presidential Palace, Warsaw
–
Koniecpolski Palace in 1656; it was burned down during the
Deluge
Presidential Palace, Warsaw
–
Radziwiłł Palace in 1762
Presidential Palace, Warsaw
–
Carmelite Church and Radziwiłł Palace (right) in 1780, painting by
Bernardo Bellotto
18.
Flag of Indonesia
–
The Flag of Indonesia is a simple bicolour with two equal horizontal bands, red and white with an overall ratio of 2,3. It was introduced and hoisted in public at the Indonesian Independence declaration ceremony on 17 August 1945 in Pegangsaan Timur street, the design of the flag has remained the same since. The flag of Indonesia is graphically identical to the Flag of Monaco, the Naval Jack of Indonesia is reserved for sole use by the Indonesian Navy. It flies from every active Indonesian war ship mast, the design of the jack is described as nine alternating stripes of red and white. It is nicknamed Ular-ular Perang, probably due to the stripes design, the naval jack dates to the age of Majapahit Empire. The Majapahit Empire, renowned for its maritime strength, flew similar jacks on its vessels. The flags colours are derived from the banner of the 13th century Majapahit Empire, however it has been suggested that the red and white symbolism can trace its origin to the older common Austronesian mythology of the duality of Mother Earth and Father Sky. This is why these colours appear in so many flags throughout Austronesia and this suggests that even before the Majapahit era, the red and white colours were already revered and used as the kingdoms banner in the Kediri era. Red and white textile colouring was available in ancient Indonesia and it was not only the Javanese kingdoms that used red and white. The battle flag of King Sisingamangaraja IX of Batak lands bore an image of white twin swords called piso gaja dompak against a red background. During the Aceh War of 1873-1904, Aceh warriors used a flag with the image of a sword, star and crescent, sun. The red and white flag of of the Buginese Bone kingdom in South Sulawesi is called Woromporang, the Balinese Badung royal banner is red, white, and black, probably of Majapahit origin. During the Java War Prince Diponegoro also used a red and white banner, in the early 20th century these colours were revived by students and then nationalists, as an expression of nationalism against the Dutch. The modern red and white flag which was first flown in Java in 1928, was prohibited under Dutch rule, upon Indonesias declaration of independence on 17 August 1945 it was adopted as the national flag, and has been in use ever since. There is another story about the flag of Indonesia, which is related to the flag of the Netherlands. Under the colonial rule of the Dutch, the Netherlands flag was flown over Indonesia, while the flag of Indonesia, the blue element in the Dutch flag was understood as representing the blue-blooded aristocracy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The official name of the flag is Sang Merah-Putih according to Article 35 of the 1945 Constitution, the flag is commonly called Bendera Merah-Putih. Occasionally, it is also called Sang Dwiwarna, Sang Saka Merah-Putih refers to the historical flag called Bendera Pusaka and its replica
Flag of Indonesia
–
Hoisting of the
original flag moments after the
declaration of independence on 17 August 1945.
Flag of Indonesia
–
Republic of Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia
–
The
National Monument with a row of Indonesian flags
19.
Flag of Monaco
–
The national flag of Monaco has two equal horizontal bands of red and white, both of which have been the heraldic colors of the House of Grimaldi since at least 1339. The present bicolor design was adopted on April 4,1881 and it is identical with the flag of Indonesia, albeit accidentally. Another design, the banner of the arms, was used at various times, particularly in the 17th century, as an unofficial flag. However, it has no designated use, and does not represent any Monegasque official in particular and it is often seen with a gold fringe on the top, bottom, and right, which is one-ninth the height of the white field. Sources disagree as to the flags usage, according to Flags of the World it is, according to the World Flag Database it is, and according to Whitney Smiths Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, it is. Explanation of the use of Monacos various flags World Flag Database Monacos flags at the World Flag Database
Flag of Monaco
–
Monaco
20.
Constitution of the Republic of Poland
–
The current Constitution of Poland was adopted on 2 April 1997. It was adopted by the National Assembly of Poland on 2 April 1997, approved by a referendum on 25 May 1997. Poland has had numerous previous constitutional acts during its history, historically, the most significant is probably the May Constitution adopted on 3 May 1791. The five years after 1992 were spent in dialogue about the new character of Poland, the nation had changed significantly since 1952 when the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Poland was instituted. Mindful of the experiences of the times when fundamental freedoms. Many articles were written explicitly to rectify the wrongs of previous governments, in response to communist-era collective farming, Article 23 established the family farm as the basis of the agricultural economy. Article 74 requires public officials to pursue ecologically sound public policy and those involved in drafting the document were not interested in creating a de facto Catholic Poland. That said, nods were given in the direction of the church, for example, in Article 18, marriage is granted the protection of the state, and in Article 53, freedom of religion, religious education, and religious upbringing are protected. The first major privilege was granted in Košice by Louis Andegavin on September 17,1374, in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga, he agreed to abolish all but one tax the szlachta was required to pay. On May 2,1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as possessed by the Polish szlachta. In September and October 1454 Casimir IV granted the Cerkwica and Nieszawa Privileges which forbade the king to set new taxes and these privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years War. In the spring of 1505 king Alexander signed a bill adopted by the Diet of Radom known as Nihil novi nisi commune consensu, the Nihil novi act transferred legislative power from the king to the Diet, or Polish parliament. This date marked the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run republic, until the death of Sigismund Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could only be elected from within the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish-Lithuanian monarch, every newly elected king was required sign two documents - the Pacta conventa - a confirmation of the kings pre-election promises, and Henrican articles. Sejm Constitution of 1590 In the 18th century, the introduction of Cardinal Laws in 1768 was an important step towards codifying the existing Polish law, the Polish Constitution of May 3,1791 is called the first constitution of its kind in Europe by historian Norman Davies. It was instituted by the Government Act adopted on that date by the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and it was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of serfdom. The May 3rd Constitution sought to supplant the existing anarchy fostered by some of the countrys reactionary magnats, with a more egalitarian, the adoption of the May 3rd Constitution provoked the active hostility of the Polish Commonwealths neighbors
Constitution of the Republic of Poland
–
May 3rd Constitution (painting by
Jan Matejko, 1891). King Stanisław August (left, in regal
ermine -trimmed cloak), enters
St. John's Cathedral, where
Sejm deputies will swear to uphold the new
Constitution; in background,
Warsaw's Royal Castle, where the Constitution has just been adopted.
Constitution of the Republic of Poland
–
Poland
21.
CIE 1931 color space
–
The CIE1931 color spaces were the first defined quantitative links between physical pure colors in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiological perceived colors in human color vision. The CIE1931 RGB color space and CIE1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination in 1931 and they resulted from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright and John Guild. The experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB color space, the CIE1931 color spaces are still widely used, as is the 1976 CIELUV color space. The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cells, which sense light, with spectral sensitivity peaks in short, middle. These cone cells underlie human color perception under medium- and high-brightness conditions, thus, three parameters, corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three types of cone cells, can in principle describe any color sensation. The tristimulus values associated with a space can be conceptualized as amounts of three primary colors in a tri-chromatic additive color model. In some color spaces, including LMS and XYZ spaces, the colors used are not real colors. The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all color sensations that a person can experience. That is why CIE XYZ is a device invariant color representation and it serves as a standard reference against which many other color spaces are defined. Consider two light sources made up of different mixtures of various wavelengths, such light sources may appear to be the same color, this effect is called metamerism. Such light sources have the apparent color to an observer when they produce the same tristimulus values. Most wavelengths stimulate two or all three types of cell, because the spectral sensitivity curves of the three types of cone cells overlap. Certain tristimulus values are thus physically impossible, to avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, imaginary primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions have been formulated. The resulting tristimulus values are defined by the CIE1931 color space, in which they are denoted X, Y, and Z. When judging the relative luminance of different colors in well-lit situations, humans tend to perceive light within the green parts of the spectrum as brighter than red or blue light of equal power. The luminosity function that describes the perceived brightnesses of different wavelengths is thus analogous to the spectral sensitivity of M cones. The CIE model capitalises on this fact by defining Y as luminance, Z is quasi-equal to blue stimulation, or the S cone response, and X is a mix of cone response curves chosen to be nonnegative. The XYZ tristimulus values are thus analogous to, but different from, defining Y as luminance has the useful result that for any given Y value, the XZ plane will contain all possible chromaticities at that luminance
CIE 1931 color space
–
The normalized
spectral sensitivity of human
cone cells of short-, middle- and long-wavelength types
22.
Color space
–
A color space is a specific organization of colors. In combination with physical device profiling, it allows for reproducible representations of color, for example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB color model. When defining a color space, the reference standard is the CIELAB or CIEXYZ color spaces. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the RGB color model, colors can be created in printing with color spaces based on the CMYK color model, using the subtractive primary colors of pigment. The resulting 3-D space provides a position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments. Colors can be created on computer monitors with color spaces based on the RGB color model, a three-dimensional representation would assign each of the three colors to the X, Y, and Z axes. Note that colors generated on given monitor will be limited by the medium, such as the phosphor or filters. Another way of creating colors on a monitor is with an HSL or HSV color space, based on hue, saturation, with such a space, the variables are assigned to cylindrical coordinates. Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used, by far the most common general-used incarnation as of 2006 is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per channel. Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is limited to a range of 256×256×256 ≈16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total and this is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces, or when a large number of digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for any color space based on the color model. CIE1931 XYZ color space was one of the first attempts to produce a space based on measurements of human color perception. The CIERGB color space is a companion of CIE XYZ. Additional derivatives of CIE XYZ include the CIELUV, CIEUVW, RGB uses additive color mixing, because it describes what kind of light needs to be emitted to produce a given color. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue, RGBA is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. Common color spaces based on the RGB model include sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB, scRGB, one starts with a white substrate, and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image
Color space
–
Comparison of some RGB and CMYK colour gamuts on a
CIE 1931 xy
chromaticity diagram
23.
Color difference
–
The difference or distance between two colors is a metric of interest in color science. It allows quantified examination of a notion that formerly could only be described with adjectives, quantification of these properties is of great importance to those whose work is color critical. Common definitions make use of the Euclidean distance in an independent color space. As most definitions of distance are distances within a color space. If one presently has an RGB tuple and wishes to find the color difference, the International Commission on Illumination calls their distance metric ΔE*ab where delta is a Greek letter often used to denote difference, and E stands for Empfindung, German for sensation. Use of this term can be traced back to the influential Hermann von Helmholtz, different studies have proposed different ΔE values that have a JND. Unempirically, a value of 1.0 is often mentioned and these non-uniformities are important because the human eye is more sensitive to certain colors than others. A good metric should take this account in order for the notion of a just noticeable difference to have meaning. Otherwise, a certain ΔE that may be insignificant between two colors that the eye is insensitive to may be conspicuous in another part of the spectrum, the 1976 formula is the first color-difference formula that related a measured to a known set of CIELAB coordinates. This formula has been succeeded by the 1994 and 2000 formulas because the CIELAB space turned out to be not as uniform as intended. This means that this formula rates these colors too highly as opposed to other colors, using and, two colors in L*a*b*, Δ E a b ∗ =2 +2 +2 Δ E a b ∗ ≈2.3 corresponds to a JND. ΔE is defined in the L*C*h* color space with differences in lightness, chroma, the kL, kC, and kH are usually unity. The inverse tangent is indeterminate if both a′ and b are zero, in case, set the hue angle to zero. See Sharma 2005, eqn.7 and p.23 stating most implementations on the internet at the time had an error in the computation of average hue, named after the developing committee, their metric is called CMC l, c. The quasimetric has two parameters, lightness and chroma, allowing the users to weight the difference based on the ratio of l, c that is deemed appropriate for the application, commonly used values are 2,1 for acceptability and 1,1 for the threshold of imperceptibility. The formula is not a metric but rather a quasimetric because it violates symmetry and this reference color means that the color difference from the first color to the second color is different than the color distance from the second color is to the first. Tolerancing concerns the question What is a set of colors that are close to a given reference. If the distance measure is perceptually uniform, then the answer is simply the set of points whose distance to the reference is less than the just-noticeable-difference threshold and this requires a perceptually uniform metric in order for the threshold to be constant throughout the gamut
Color difference
–
A MacAdam diagram in the
CIE 1931 color space
24.
CIELUV
–
It is extensively used for applications such as computer graphics which deal with colored lights. CIELUV is an Adams chromatic valence color space, and is an update of the CIE1964 color space. The differences include a slightly modified lightness scale, and a uniform chromaticity scale in which one of the coordinates. CIELUV and CIELAB were adopted simultaneously by the CIE when no clear consensus could be formed only one or the other of these two color spaces. CIELUV uses Judd-type white point adaptation and this can produce useful results when working with a single illuminant, but can predict imaginary colors when attempting to use it as a chromatic adaptation transform. The translational adaptation transform used in CIELUV has also shown to perform poorly in predicting corresponding colors. For typical images, u* and v* range ±100, by definition,0 ≤ L* ≤100. CIELUV is based on CIEUVW and is another attempt to define an encoding with uniformity in the perceptibility of color differences, in reflection mode, this is often taken as the of the perfect reflecting diffuser under that illuminant. Furthermore, the saturation correlate can be defined as, s u v = C ∗ L ∗ =132 +2 Similar correlates of chroma and hue, see Colorfulness for more discussion on saturation. The color difference can be calculated using the Euclidean distance of the co-ordinates and it follows that a chromaticity distance of 2 +2 =1 /13 corresponds to the same ΔE*uv as a lightness difference of ΔL* =1, in direct analogy to CIEUVW. The Euclidean metric can also be used in CIELCH, with component of ΔE*uv attributable to difference in hue as ΔH* = √C*1C*22 sin. YUV Chromaticity diagrams, including the CIE1931, CIE1960, CIE1976
CIELUV
–
(u ′, v ′) chromaticity diagram, also known as the CIE 1976 UCS (uniform chromaticity scale) diagram.
25.
CIE xyY
–
The CIE1931 color spaces were the first defined quantitative links between physical pure colors in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiological perceived colors in human color vision. The CIE1931 RGB color space and CIE1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination in 1931 and they resulted from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright and John Guild. The experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB color space, the CIE1931 color spaces are still widely used, as is the 1976 CIELUV color space. The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cells, which sense light, with spectral sensitivity peaks in short, middle. These cone cells underlie human color perception under medium- and high-brightness conditions, thus, three parameters, corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three types of cone cells, can in principle describe any color sensation. The tristimulus values associated with a space can be conceptualized as amounts of three primary colors in a tri-chromatic additive color model. In some color spaces, including LMS and XYZ spaces, the colors used are not real colors. The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all color sensations that a person can experience. That is why CIE XYZ is a device invariant color representation and it serves as a standard reference against which many other color spaces are defined. Consider two light sources made up of different mixtures of various wavelengths, such light sources may appear to be the same color, this effect is called metamerism. Such light sources have the apparent color to an observer when they produce the same tristimulus values. Most wavelengths stimulate two or all three types of cell, because the spectral sensitivity curves of the three types of cone cells overlap. Certain tristimulus values are thus physically impossible, to avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, imaginary primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions have been formulated. The resulting tristimulus values are defined by the CIE1931 color space, in which they are denoted X, Y, and Z. When judging the relative luminance of different colors in well-lit situations, humans tend to perceive light within the green parts of the spectrum as brighter than red or blue light of equal power. The luminosity function that describes the perceived brightnesses of different wavelengths is thus analogous to the spectral sensitivity of M cones. The CIE model capitalises on this fact by defining Y as luminance, Z is quasi-equal to blue stimulation, or the S cone response, and X is a mix of cone response curves chosen to be nonnegative. The XYZ tristimulus values are thus analogous to, but different from, defining Y as luminance has the useful result that for any given Y value, the XZ plane will contain all possible chromaticities at that luminance
CIE xyY
–
The normalized
spectral sensitivity of human
cone cells of short-, middle- and long-wavelength types
26.
Flag terminology
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Flag terminology is the nomenclature, or system of terms, used in vexillology, the study of flags, to describe precisely the parts, patterns, and other attributes of flags and their display. Badge A coat of arms or simple heraldic symbol, canton Any quarter of a flag, but commonly means the upper hoist quarter, such as the field of stars in the flag of the United States or the Union Jack in the Australian Flag. Charge A figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag, emblem A device often used as a charge on a flag. It may be heraldic in origin or modern, for example the maple leaf on the Canadian Flag, field The background of a flag, the color behind the charges. Fimbriation A narrow edging or border, often in white or gold, for example the white and gold lines of the South African Flag. Fly The half or edge of a flag farthest away from the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the horizontal length of a flag. Hoist The half or edge of a flag nearest to the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the vertical width of a flag. Length The span of a flag along the side at right angles to the flagpole, width The span of a flag down the side parallel to the flagpole. Flags often inherit traits seen in traditional European heraldry designs and as a result patterns often share names, banderole or bannerol A small flag or streamer carried on the lance of a knight, or a long narrow flag flying from the mast-head of a ship. Banner Generically, a synonym for a flag of any kind, in heraldry, a flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms, but usually in a square or rectangular shape, also known as a banner of arms. Burgee A distinguishing flag of a recreational boating organisation, Civil ensign, merchant flag or merchant ensign A version of the national flag flown by civil ships to denote nationality. Civil flag A version of the flag flown by civilians on non-government installations or craft. Colour or color The flag of a military unit, courtesy flag or courtesy ensign A flag flown by a visiting ship in foreign waters as a token of respect. Ensign The flag of a ship or military unit, may also be used generically as a synonym for a flag of any kind. Fanion A small flag used by the French military, gonfalon, gonfanon or gonfalone A type of heraldic flag suspended from a crossbar. Guidon A small flag borne by a military unit, in Scots heraldry, a smaller version of the Standard. Pennon or pennant A flag larger at the hoist than at the fly, pipe banner A decorative flag for the Scottish Highland bagpipes. Prayer flag A type of flag found strung along mountain ridges and peaks in the Himalayas, rank flag or distinguishing flag The flag flown by a superior naval officer on his flagship or headquarters
Flag terminology
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Contents
27.
Inescutcheon
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In heraldry, an escutcheon is a shield that forms the main or focal element in an achievement of arms. The word is used in two related senses, firstly, as the shield on which a coat of arms is displayed. Escutcheon shapes are derived from actual shields used by knights in combat, other shapes are in use, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Secondly, a shield can itself be a charge within a coat of arms, more often, a smaller shield is placed over the middle of the main shield as a form of marshalling. In either case, the shield is usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is one such shield, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon. The word escutcheon is derived from Middle English escochon, from Anglo-Norman escuchon, from Vulgar Latin scūtiōn-, from Latin scūtum, from its use in heraldry, escutcheon can be a metaphor for a familys honour. The idiom a blot on the escutcheon is used to mean a stain on somebodys reputation, by about 1250 the shields used in warfare were almost triangular in shape, referred to as heater shields. That on the monument to the latters grandfather Geoffrey V. This almost equilateral shape is used as a setting for armorials from this classical age of heraldry. In the Tudor era the heraldic escutcheon took the shape of an inverted Tudor arch, continental European designs frequently use the various forms used in jousting, which incorporate mouths used as lance rests into the shields, such escutcheons are known as à bouche. The mouth is correctly shown on the side only, as jousting pitches were designed for right-handed knights. Heraldic examples of English shields à bouche can be seen in the spandrels of the timber roof of Lincolns Inn Hall. In this case the lozenge is without crest or helm, again objects of manly warfare, however, for the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. In general a female was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon, in modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on a lozenge, an oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husbands arms differenced with a mascle, the lozenge shape of quasi-escutcheon is also used for funerary hatchments for both men and women. Pretoria High School for Girls in South Africa is one of the few schools that was granted permission to use the lozenge as part of its coat of arms
Inescutcheon
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Effigy of
William II Longespee (d.1250) in Salisbury Cathedral, showing an early triangular
heater shield, the shape used as the "canvas" for the display of arms during the classical age of heraldry
Inescutcheon
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Points of an escutcheon or heraldic shield: A – Chief B –
Dexter C –
Sinister D – Base E – Dexter Chief F – Middle Chief G – Sinister Chief H – Honour Point I – Fess Point J – Nombril Point K – Dexter Base L – Sinister Base M – Middle Base (seldom used)
28.
Fine (penalty)
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A fine or mulct is money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, the most usual use of the term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement of a claim. A synonym, typically used in civil law actions, is mulct, one common example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. Currently in English common law, relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. For instance, fraud is often punished by very large fines since fraudsters are typically banned from the position or profession they abused to commit their crimes, fines can also be used as a form of tax. Money for bail may be applied toward a fine, a day-fine is a fine that, above a minimum, is based on personal income. Some fines are small, such as for loitering, for which range from about $25 to $100. In some areas of the United States, fines for petty crimes, in section 32 of that Act, the expression fine includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation. In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977, while technically not a fine, which, under the Bill of Rights 1689, may be levied only following a conviction, it serves the same purpose of punishment. Early examples of fines include the weregild or blood money payable under Anglo-Saxon common law for causing a death, the murderer would be expected to pay a sum of money or goods dependent on the social status of the victim. See also English criminal law#General power to impose a fine on indictment, the Dutch Criminal Code doesnt contain specific amounts for fines for every violation of the law. Instead of that the Criminal Code provides six fine categories, every penalty clause of the Criminal Code contains a fine category. The categories are, These sums are only an upper limit, however, the amount of the fine must be at least €3. The sums of catogories are always 1,10,20,50,200 and 2000 times the amount of the first catogory, in addition to the fine, the convict also does have to pay an administration fee of €9. The amounts are established by the government, via a royal order, when the judge convicts an individual to a fine, the judge must also set a term of substitute imprisonment. This substitute imprisonment will be executed in the case that the fine remains unpaid, the judge may count one day imprisonment for every unpaid €25, however normally judges reckon one day for every €50 which stays unpaid. Though, the substitute imprisonment must be at least one day, once a person is irrevocable convicted to a fine, its up to the public prosecutor to collect the fine. To do so, the cjib is established, first, the cjib will send the convict the fine
Fine (penalty)
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A warning sign in Singapore that states the fine for releasing vehicles that are immobilized with wheel clamps by Singapore Police Force officers.
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