The Ottoman Empire used various flags and naval ensigns during its history. The crescent and star came into use in the second half of the 18th century. A buyruldu from 1793 required that the ships of
Various Ottoman flags and tughs displayed before the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566
Plain red banners for the Sultan's retinue. From the Turkish Costume Book by Lambert de Vos, 1574.
Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha leading in troops with a Zulfiqar flag in 1590. Divan of Mahmud Abd al-Baki, 1590–95
The conjoined representation of a star and a crescent is used in various historical contexts, including as a prominent symbol of the Ottoman Empire, and in contemporary times, as a national symbol by
Flags of the Ottoman Empire
…The Ottoman Empire used various flags and naval ensigns during its history. The crescent and star came into use in the second half of the 18th century. A buyruldu (decree) from 1793 required that the ships of the Ottoman Navy were to use a red flag…
The natural phenomenon of a conjunction of the crescent Moon and, in this case, Venus; respectively the second and third brightest natural objects in Earth's sky
Sealing depicting the Neo Sumerian King, Ibbi-Sin seated with a star or Dingir and crescent adjacent to him
Depiction of the emblems of Ishtar (Venus), Sin (Moon), and Shamash (Sun) on a boundary stone of Meli-Shipak II (12th century BC)
Venus, Sun and Moon on the Stele of Nabonidus (r. 556–539 BC) found at Harran (Şanlıurfa Museum)