1.
Signal Flare (Transformers)
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This is a list of known Autobots in the Transformers fictional universe and toy line. The alternate modes of Autobots are usually cars, trucks, and various other ground-based civilian vehicles and they are referred to as Dinotrons in the Japanese version, and Dinobots in the Japanese dub of Transformers Animated. They were named among the top selling toys in 1985 by Playthings magazine, Aerialbots The Aerialbots are a subgroup of Autobots who turn in to combat aircraft. Superion - The Combined form of the Aerialbots, Superion is a fierce, Silverbolt – The reluctant leader of the Aerialbots who turns to a Concorde SST Jet Liner. While being renowned as the Aerialbot Commander, he suffers from Acrophobia and struggles to maintain a grimly determined, despite his irrational fear, Silverbolt is Optimus Primes top choice to lead the Aerialbots to keep him too busy worrying about others to worry about himself. Defensor - Living up to the modes of each of his components. He views humans as if they were his own children and will expend his last drop of fuel to protect them and he patiently seeks human friendship, but his hulking, mechanical form always strike fear to the humans he is sworn to protect. He can lift 300,000 pounds with one hand, is impervious to most artillery, hot Spot – He transforms to a Blue Mitsubishi Fuso Great Fire Engine. He is the Leader of the Protectobots and, as such, forms the head, torso, charismatic and inspiring, he likes to be where the action is and the other Protectobots have trouble keeping up with his non-stop pace. He believes in being maximally operational every moment of ones life, in great fire engine mode, his hose shoots high-pressure water of up to 1200 feet. In robot form, can press 60,000 pounds and can use fireball cannons that shoot bursts of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit blue flame from 1.5 miles awat, Computron - The combination of the five Technobots who can completely analyze input from the robots that comprise him. His great strengths lie in his data processing capbilities, communications, Scattershot – He transforms to a Cybertronian Jet and Artillery Cannon. As the Leader of the Technobots, he forms the head, torso, a brawling, bragging berserker, Scattershot prefers to attack with all barrels blazing and he continues to do so until hes out of ammo. While being the leader of a highly intelligent Autobot faction, he calls those who disapprove of his methods tinplated bucketheads. Rude, gruff and direct in vehicle and battle station modes he uses electric pulse cannon in nosecone as well as an array of sonic, thermal, in robot mode uses a 500 round-per-minute automatic acid-pellet gun. E. V. Lockheed Martin Littoral Combat Ship concept Optimus Prime – Lorry and Trailer Starscream - Modified Su-35 / Modified F-22 Jet Fighter Recolored as Skywarp, Jetfire – Space Shuttle Overload – Transport Trailer / Shoulder-Mounted Cannons Recolored in Transformers Energon as Ultra Magnus. Optimus Prime and Jetfire combine into Jet Optimus, Recolored in Transformers Energon as Ultra Magnus. Hot Shot – Audi TT Red Alert – Emergency SUV Smokescreen/Hoist – Crane / Steam Shovel Recolored in Transformers Cybertron as Longrack, Blurr – Futuristic Ferrari F50 Recolored in the Transformers Universe toyline as Swerve
2.
Pyrotechnics
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Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound. Its etymology stems from the Greek words pyro and tekhnikos, individuals responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functioning of pyrotechnic devices are referred to as pyrotechnicians. Proximate refers to the devices location relative to an audience. In the majority of jurisdictions, special training and licensing must be obtained from local authorities to legally prepare, many musical groups use pyrotechnics to enhance their live shows. Pink Floyd were without a doubt the innovators of pyrotechnic use in concerts, for instance, at the climax of their song Careful with That Axe, Eugene, a blast of smoke was set off at the back of the stage. Bands such as The Who, KISS and Queen, soon followed use of pyrotechnics in their shows, michael Jackson attempted using pyrotechnics in a 1984 Pepsi advertisement, where a stray spark caused a small fire in his hair. German industrial metal band Rammstein are renowned for their variety of pyrotechnics. Nightwish, Lordi and Green Day are also known for their vivid pyrotechnics in concert, many professional wrestlers have also used pyrotechnics as part of their entrances to the ring. Modern pyrotechnics are, in general, divided into categories based upon the type of effect produced or manufacturing method, the most common categories are, Airburst - Hanging charges designed to burst into spheres of sparks. Binary powders - Kits divided into separate oxidizer and fuel, intended to be mixed on site, comet - Brightly colored burning pellets resembling shooting stars. Mine - Tubes containing a lift charge intended to project stars, sparks, preloaded Smoke Pot - Cartridges designed to release a mushroom cloud of smoke. Concussion - Device designed to create a loud report, falls - Propellant with titanium burning in an open ended tube creating a falling spark effect. Fireballs / Mortar Hits - Short barreled device projecting smoky rolling ball of flame, flame Projector - Tube containing nitrocellulose granules that burn in pillars of colored flame. Flare - Short, high intensity flames or various colours, flash Cotton - Nitrated cotton string. Flashpaper - Sheets of nitrated paper resembling tissue paper, flash Pot - Short metal pot used with binary powders creating flash, smoke or sparks. Flash Tray - A long tube slit down one side to project a sheet of flash, gerb - A fountain of sparks. Lance - A Small colored flare tube used in making points of light lancework or pictures in fire, line Rockets - Whistling or colored rocket devices that travel along guide cables. Multi-Tube Article - Multiple effects chained together, pre-Mixed Powder - Powders intended to create various effects
3.
Explosion
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An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases. Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel via supersonic shock waves, subsonic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower burning process known as deflagration. When caused by a device such as an exploding rocket or firework. Most natural explosions arise from volcanic processes of various sorts, explosions also occur as a result of impact events and in phenomena such as hydrothermal explosions. Explosions can also occur outside of Earth in the universe in events such as supernova, explosions frequently occur during bushfires in eucalyptus forests where the volatile oils in the tree tops suddenly combust. Solar flares are an example of common explosion on the Sun, the energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Suns conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a large meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object. The most common artificial explosives are chemical explosives, usually involving a rapid, gunpowder was the first explosive to be discovered and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were Frederick Augustus Abels development of nitrocellulose in 1865, chemical explosions are often initiated by an electric spark or flame. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc, a high current electrical fault can create an electrical explosion by forming a high energy electrical arc which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This arc flash hazard is a danger to persons working on energized switchgear, also, excessive magnetic pressure within an ultra-strong electromagnet can cause a magnetic explosion. Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire. Note that the contents of the container may cause a subsequent chemical explosion, in such a case, to the effects of the mechanical explosion when the tank fails are added the effects from the explosion resulting from the released propane in the presence of an ignition source. For this reason, emergency workers often differentiate between the two events, in addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a man-made nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. Explosive force is released in a perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If a grenade is in mid air during the explosion, the direction of the blast will be 360°, if the surface is cut or shaped, the explosive forces can be focused to produce a greater local effect, this is known as a shaped charge. The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from a combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium
4.
Artillery
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Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantrys small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach fortifications, and led to heavy, as technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery developed for battlefield use. This development continues today, modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility providing the largest share of an armys total firepower, in its earliest sense, the word artillery referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. In common speech, the artillery is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings. However, there is no generally recognised generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth, the United States uses artillery piece, the projectiles fired are typically either shot or shell. Shell is a widely used term for a projectile, which is a component of munitions. By association, artillery may also refer to the arm of service that customarily operates such engines, in the 20th Century technology based target acquisition devices, such as radar, and systems, such as sound ranging and flash spotting, emerged to acquire targets, primarily for artillery. These are usually operated by one or more of the artillery arms, Artillery originated for use against ground targets—against infantry, cavalry and other artillery. An early specialist development was coastal artillery for use against enemy ships, the early 20th Century saw the development of a new class of artillery for use against aircraft, anti-aircraft guns. Artillery is arguably the most lethal form of land-based armament currently employed, the majority of combat deaths in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II were caused by artillery. In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a speech that artillery was the God of War, although not called as such, machines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first references in the historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC. From the Middle Ages through most of the era, artillery pieces on land were moved by horse-drawn gun carriages. In the contemporary era, the artillery and crew rely on wheeled or tracked vehicles as transportation, Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missiles replacing guns in surface warfare. The engineering designs of the means of delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, in some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery, the actions involved in operating the piece are collectively called serving the gun by the detachment or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The term gunner is used in armed forces for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery. The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either crews or detachments, several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a battery, although sometimes called a company
5.
Flare gun
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A flare gun is a firearm that launches flares. It is typically used for signalling, as distress signalling, for people at sea or from the ground to aircraft and it is not designed to function as a weapon. They have a single trigger mechanism, hammer action, center fire pin. Modern varieties are made out of brightly colored, durable plastic. The older type of Very pistol, typical of the used in the Second World War, are of one inch bore. These are still available and more recent longer barrel models can also fire parachute flares, many newer models fire smaller 12-gauge flares. In such locations, distress flares are commonly fired from single-shot tube devices which are then disposed of after use. In the Russian Federation, which also has controls on firearms. This is reusable but is designed in a way to avoid resemblance to a gun. Flare guns may be used whenever someone needs to send a distress signal, the flares must be shot directly above, making the signal visible for a longer period of time and revealing the position of whoever is in need of assistance. While not intended as a weapon, flare guns have used as such in some situations. Two-seater was first seen in the air, the first German aircraft since aerial fighting over Deraa on 16 and 17 September just prior to the beginning of the Battle of Sharon. The two-seater was forced to land and was destroyed after the German pilot, in 1942, a German pilot mistakenly landed at the Pembrey Airfield in Wales. Jeffreys, did not have a weapon, so he grabbed a Very pistol and used it to capture the German pilot. In World War II, Germany manufactured grenades designed to be fired from adapted flare guns known as the Kampfpistole, the weapon was designed to function as an anti-tank weapon but failed to perform to expectations due to the minuscule amount of TNT carried in the hollow charge projectiles. During the night of the 2nd-3rd, Chinese infantry launched several attacks against the spur, during the second attack, Mastronardi personally shot two Chinese soldiers with his Inglis Hi-Power pistol, and killed a third with his flare gun. 37 mm flare History of the Very pistol with many examples WW German signal-pistol grenades, firing Very Pistol, November 1942, Popular Science
6.
Song dynasty
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The Song dynasty was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties and it was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass, the Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, Northern and Southern. During the Northern Song, the Song capital was in the city of Bianjing. The Southern Song refers to the period after the Song lost control of its half to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song Wars. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze, the Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder, in 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and his younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. In 1271, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the Emperor of China, after two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khans armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The Mongol invasion led to a reunification under the Yuan dynasty, the population of China doubled in size during the 10th and 11th centuries. The Northern Song census recorded a population of roughly 50 million, much like the Han and this data is found in the Standard Histories. However, it is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of some 100 million people and this dramatic increase of population fomented an economic revolution in pre-modern China. The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and the emergence of a national economy led to the withdrawal of the central government from direct involvement in economic affairs. The lower gentry assumed a role in grassroots administration and local affairs. Appointed officials in county and provincial centers relied upon the gentry for their services, sponsorship. Social life during the Song was vibrant, citizens gathered to view and trade precious artworks, the populace intermingled at public festivals and private clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the expansion of woodblock printing. Technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, and engineering flourished over the course of the Song, although the institution of the civil service examinations had existed since the Sui dynasty, it became much more prominent in the Song period
7.
Yuan dynasty
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The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. His realm was, by point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others used their native language. The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty and it was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty, the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu. In addition to Emperor of China, Kublai Khan also claimed the title of Great Khan, supreme over the other khanates, the Chagatai, the Golden Horde. As such, the Yuan was also referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. However, while the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was at times recognized by the khans, their subservience was nominal. In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan, establishing the Yuan dynasty, dà Yuán is from the clause 大哉乾元 in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes section regarding Qián. The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus, in Mongolian, Dai Ön is often used in conjunction with the Yeke Mongghul Ulus, resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus, meaning Great Mongol State. Nevertheless, both terms can refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and he and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani and he sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedeis son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251 and he granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals and he adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu. Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin, two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima, and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan, Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols
8.
Yangzhou
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Yangzhou, formerly romanized as Yangchow, is a prefecture-level city in central Jiangsu Province, China. Its population was 4,414,681 at the 2010 census and its area is home to 2,146,980 inhabitants. Historically, Yangzhou was one of the wealthiest cities in China, known at various periods for its great merchant families, poets, artists and its name refers to its former position as the capital of the ancient Yangzhou prefecture in imperial China. Currently, the city of Yangzhou administers six county-level divisions. Accordingly, they are divided into 98 township-level divisions, including 87 towns and townships. Guangling, the first settlement in the Yangzhou area, was founded in the Spring, after the defeat of Yue by King Fuchai of Wu, a garrison city was built 12 metres above the water level on the north bank of the Yangtze c.485 BC. This city in the shape of a three by three li square was named Hancheng, the newly built Han canal formed a moat around the south and east sides of the city. The purpose of Hancheng was to protect Suzhou from naval invasion from Qi, in 590, the city began to be called Yangzhou, which was the traditional name of what was the entire southeastern part of China then. Under Emperor Yang of Sui, Yangzhou was the capital of China. It was called Jiangdu upon the completion of the Grand Canal until the fall of the Sui dynasty, as revolts spread across China in 616, the Emperor abandoned the North and meanwhile withdrew to Jiangdu, where he remained until his assassination in 618. The city has remained an economic and cultural center and major port of foreign trade. During the Tang dynasty, many merchants from Silla also lived in Yangzhou, the city, still known as Guangling, was briefly made the capital of Wu during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Yangzhou was briefly the seat of the Song dynasty government between 1128 and 1129, when most of North China had been conquered by the Jurchens during the Jin–Song Wars. The Song had retreated south to the city from their capital in Kaifeng after it was captured by the Jurchen in the Jingkang Incident of 1127. From Yangzhou, the Song moved to Hangzhou in 1129, later establishing it as the capital of the Southern Song, in 1280, Yangzhou was the site of a massive gunpowder explosion when the bomb store of the Weiyang arsenal accidentally caught fire. This blast killed over a hundred guards, hurled debris from buildings into the air that landed ten li away from the site of the explosion, marco Polo claimed to have served the Yuan dynasty in Yangzhou under Kubilai Khan in the period around 1282–1287. Although some versions of Polos memoirs imply that he was the governor of Yangzhou, it is likely that he was an official in the salt industry. Chinese texts offer no supporting evidence for his claim, there were also Arabic inscriptions from the 13th and 14th centuries, indicating the presence of a Muslim community
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