1.
Baseball cap
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A baseball cap is a type of soft cap with a rounded crown and a stiff peak projecting in front. The front of the cap typically contains designs or logos of sports teams, the back of the cap may be fitted to the wearers head size or it may have a plastic, Velcro, or elastic adjuster so that it can be quickly adjusted to fit different wearers. The baseball cap is a part of the traditional uniform worn by players. The cap is seen in everyday casual wear. In 1860, the Brooklyn Excelsiors wore the ancestor of the modern baseball cap, which featured a long peak and a button on top, and by 1900. During the 1940s, latex rubber became the material inside the hat. The peak, also known in areas as the bill or brim, was designed to protect a players eyes from the sun. Typically, the peak was much shorter in the days of the baseball hat. Also, the hat has become more structured, versus the overall cap of the 19th. The baseball cap was and still is an important means by which to identify a team, often the logo, mascot, or teams initial was placed on the cap. Usually, the cap was also fashioned in the colors of a particular team. The basic shape, including curved peak, is similar to styles of 19th century sun bonnets. Fitted baseball caps, those without an adjuster, are sewn in six sections. Metal grommets or fabric eyelets are often sewn or attached near the top of each of the six sections of fabric to provide ventilation, in some cases, the rear sections of the crown are made of net-like mesh material for extra ventilation. The peak is typically stiffened by a piece of paperboard or stiff plastic. Baseball caps are made of many types of material and shaped in various styles for different purposes, major and minor league baseball players wear classic-style caps made of wool with their teams simple logo and colors, the logo is usually embroidered into the fabric. Formerly, baseball caps only came in standard hat sizes, since 1980, they have also been available in a one-size-fits-all form, with an adjustment strap in the back. The style, commonly called snapback, has become popular as fashion accessories
2.
Jason Isaacs
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Jason Isaacs is an English actor. He is known for playing Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter films, Colonel William Tavington in The Patriot, in December 2016, he played the lead antagonist in the Netflix supernatural hit series The OA. He starred in the NBC drama Awake as Detective Michael Britten from March to May 2012, Jason Isaacs was born in Liverpool to Jewish parents. The third of four sons, Isaacs attended a Jewish school, known then as King David High school and he describes the bullying and intolerance he observed during his childhood as preparation for portraying the unattractive, villainous characters whom he has most often played. After graduating from Bristol he went immediately to train at Londons Central School of Speech, Isaacs parents eventually emigrated to Israel. After completing his training as an actor, Isaacs almost immediately began appearing on the stage and on television and he also played Michael Ryan in ITVs adaptation of Martina Coles novel Dangerous Lady, directed by Jack Woods and produced by Lavinia Warner in 1995. When auditioning for that role, he told the producers, Look, I play all these guys and thugs and strong. In real life, I am a cringing, neurotic Jewish mess, cant I for once play that on stage. Subsequently, he appeared in the Bruce Willis blockbuster Armageddon and he then shone as memorable villain, Colonel William Tavington, in Roland Emmerichs American Revolutionary War fictional film epic The Patriot. Starring opposite Mel Gibson as the hero, and Heath Ledger as Gibsons screen son, Isaacs portrays a sadistic British Army officer who kills Ledgers character. Isaacs has appeared in other films, most notably as Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter series of films. Regarding the Harry Potter books by J. K, I suddenly understood why my friends, who Id thought were slightly backward, had been so addicted to these childrens books. Prior to the making of the film, when asked whether or not he would be in Harry Potter, I cant bear the idea that somebody else would get to wear my Paris Hilton wig, but you never know. I fell to my knees and begged, Im sure she doesnt need plot ideas from me. Like everybody else, Im holding my breath to July to see whats in there, I just want to bust out of prison, thats all. I dont want to stay in Azkaban most of my life, ultimately Isaacs did reprise the role of Malfoy as a cameo appearance in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, where he is seen in a moving portrait. Afterwards, Isaacs reprised the role again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, on British television, he also portrayed actor Harry H. On American television, Isaacs appeared in three episodes of The West Wing in 2004, prior to developing his most notable TV serial role, Isaacs appeared in one episode of the TV show Entourage in the autumn of 2008 as Fredrick Line
3.
Tweed (cloth)
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Tweed is a rough, woollen fabric, of a soft, open, flexible texture, resembling cheviot or homespun, but more closely woven. It is usually woven with a weave, twill or herringbone structure. Colour effects in the yarn may be obtained by mixing dyed wool before it is spun, tweeds are an icon of traditional Irish and British country clothing, being desirable for informal outerwear, due to the material being moisture-resistant and durable. Tweeds are made to withstand harsh climate and are worn for outdoor activities such as shooting and hunting. Lovat is the given to the green used in traditional Scottish tweed. In Ireland, tweed manufacturing is most associated with County Donegal, the original name of the cloth was tweel, Scots for twill, the material being woven in a twilled rather than a plain pattern. A traditional story has the name coming about almost by chance, around 1831, a London merchant received a letter from a Hawick firm, Wm. Watson & Sons, Dangerfield Mills about some tweels. The merchant misinterpreted the handwriting, understanding it to be a taken from the river Tweed that flows through the Scottish Borders textile area. The goods were advertised as Tweed and the name has remained since. Traditionally used for country clothing like shooting jackets, tweed became popular among the Edwardian middle classes who associated it with the leisurely pursuits of the elite. Popular patterns include houndstooth associated with 1960s fashion, Windowpane, gamekeepers tweed worn by academics, Prince of Wales check originally commissioned by Edward VII, in modern times, cyclists may wear tweed when they ride vintage bicycles on a Tweed Run. This practise has its roots in the British young fogey and hipster subcultures of the late 2000s and early 2010s, some vintage Danemann upright pianos have a tweed cloth backing to protect the internal mechanism. Occasionally, Scottish bagpipes were covered in tweed as an alternative to tartan wool, Tweed is also sometimes found covering vintage or retro guitar amplifiers, such as the Fender tweed and Fender Tweed Deluxe. This was widely used by music and rock and roll artists of the 1950s and 60s, including Hank Thompson, Dick Dale, Creedence Clearwater Revivals John Fogerty. Tweed was worn by many characters from the Victorian and Edwardian periods. Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett both wore keepers tweed deerstalkers and Inverness capes, but more recent portrayals of Sherlock have abandoned the hat, although Robert Downey Jrs character wore a fedora, both he and Doctor Watson wore tweed overcoats, as was then fashionable in Victorian England. Due to the popularity of Benedict Cumberbatchs portrayal of Sherlock, the tweed overcoat entered high fashion in the 2010s, television actors playing intellectuals or older men often wear Harris tweed, including Anthony Head in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Mads Mikkelsen as Hannibal Lecter. Notable movie characters who have worn tweed include Sean Connery in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Harrison Ford himself in the scenes of Indiana Jones
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Leather
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Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry, people use leather to make various goods—including clothing, bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is produced in a variety of types and styles. Several tanning processes transform hides and skins into leather, Chrome-tanned leather, invented in 1858, is tanned using chromium sulfate and it is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. It is also known as wet-blue for its color derived from the chromium, more exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and it is reported that chrome-tanned leather adds up to 80% of the global leather supply. Vegetable-tanned leather is tanned using tannins and other found in different vegetable matter, such as tree bark prepared in bark mills, wood, leaves, fruits. It is supple and brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of chemicals and it is the only form of leather suitable for use in leather carving or stamping. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water, it tends to discolor, so if left to soak and then dried it shrinks, in hot water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals—becoming rigid, and eventually brittle. Boiled leather is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in hot water, historically, it was occasionally used as armour after hardening, and it has also been used for book binding. Aldehyde-tanned leather is tanned using glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine compounds and this is the leather that most tanners refer to as wet-white leather due to its pale cream or white color. It is the type of chrome-free leather, often seen in shoes for infants. Formaldehyde tanning is another aldehyde tanning method, brain-tanned leathers fall into this category, and are exceptionally water absorbent. Brain tanned leathers are made by a process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle. They are known for their softness and washability. Chamois leather also falls into the category of aldehyde tanning, and like brain tanning, produces a porous, chamois leather is made using marine oils that oxidize easily to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather to color it. Rose-tanned leather is a variation of oil tanning and brain tanning. Rose-tanned leather tanned leaves a powerful rose fragrance even years from when it is manufactured and it has been called the most valuable leather on earth, but this is mostly due to the high cost of rose otto and its labor-intensive tanning process
5.
Corduroy
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Corduroy is a textile composed of twisted fibres that, when woven, lie parallel to one another to form the cloths distinct pattern, a cord. Modern corduroy is most commonly composed of tufted cords, sometimes exhibiting a channel between the tufts, corduroy is, in essence, a ridged form of velvet. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other, the word corduroy is from cord and duroy, a coarse woollen cloth made in England in the 18th century. The interpretation of the word as corde du roi is a folk etymology, as a fabric, corduroy is considered a durable cloth. Corduroy is found in the construction of trousers, jackets and shirts, the width of the cord is commonly referred to as the size of the wale. The lower the number, the thicker the width of the wale. Corduroy’s wale count per inch can vary from 1.5 to 21, wide wale is more commonly used in trousers and furniture upholstery, medium, narrow, and fine wale fabrics are usually found in garments worn above the waist. Corduroy is made by weaving extra sets of fibre into the fabric to form vertical ridges called wales. The wales are built so that lines can be seen when they are cut into pile. The dye is applied to the surface of the fabric, then the garment is cut, when washed during the final phase of the manufacturing process, the pigment dye washes out in an irregular way, creating a vintage look. The colour of each garment becomes softer with each washing, other names are often used for corduroy. Alternative names include, corded velveteen, elephant cord, pin cord, Manchester cloth, in continental Europe, corduroy is commonly known simply as Manchester, Cord, rib cord or rib velvet. Corduroy is a traditionally used in making British country clothing, such as in coat
6.
Herringbone pattern
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The herringbone pattern is an arrangement of rectangles used for floor tilings and road pavement, so named for a fancied resemblance to the bones of a fish such as a herring. The blocks can be rectangles or parallelograms, the block edge length ratios are usually 2,1, and sometimes 3,1, but need not be even ratios. The herringbone pattern has a symmetry of wallpaper group pgg, as long as the blocks are not of different color, herringbone patterns can be found in wallpaper, mosaics, cloth and clothing, shoe tread, security printing, herringbone gears, jewellery, sculpture, and elsewhere. As a geometric tessellation, the pattern is topologically identical to the regular hexagonal tiling. This can be if the rectangular blocks are distorted slightly. In parquetry, more known as flooring, herringbone patterns can be accomplished in wood, brick. Subtle alternating colors may be used to create a distinctive pattern, or the materials used may be the same. Laying a herringbone floor is very challenging, since the multitude of small rows must be made to line up smoothly, small mistakes in a herringbone floor can be rather glaring because of the way the pattern lines up, so care must be taken. Masonry also utilizes herringbone, often as an accent pattern on the sides of buildings, a floor or outdoor walkway made from stone or brick may be made entirely from herringbone, or herringbone stripes may be integrated into other patterns. Just like with flooring, the rows must be aligned to maintain the integrity of the pattern. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list
7.
Northern England
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Northern England or the North of England, also known as the North Country or simply the North, is the northern part of England, when considered as a single cultural area. The area roughly spans from the River Trent and River Dee to the Scottish border in the north, Northern England roughly comprises three statistical regions, the North East, North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. These have a population of around 14.9 million as of the 2011 Census. The region has been controlled by groups from the Brigantes. After the Norman conquest in 1066, the Harrying of the North brought destruction, a Council of the North was in place during the Late Middle Ages until the Commonwealth after the Civil War. The area experienced Anglo–Scottish border fighting until the unification of Britain under the Stuarts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the economy of the North was dominated by heavy industry such as weaving, shipbuilding, steelmaking and mining. The deindustrialisation that followed in the half of the 20th century hit Northern England hard. For government and statistical purposes, Northern England is defined as the covered by the three statistical regions of North East England, North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber. This definition will be used in article, except when otherwise stated. Using historic county boundaries, the North is generally taken to comprise Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmorland, County Durham, Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Isle of Man is occasionally included in definitions of the North, although it is politically and culturally distinct from England. Additionally, some areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire have been associated with the North. The geographer Danny Dorling includes most of the West Midlands and part of the East Midlands in his definition of the North, conversely, more restrictive definitions also exist, typically based on the extent of the historical Northumbria, which exclude Cheshire and Lincolnshire. Personal definitions of the North vary greatly and are sometimes passionately debated, when asked to draw a dividing line between North and South, Southerners tend to draw this line further south than Northerners do. Various towns have been described as or promoted themselves as the gateway to the North, including Crewe, Stoke-on-Trent, through the North of England run the Pennines, an upland chain often referred to as the backbone of England. This stretches from the Cheviot Hills on the border with Scotland to the Peak District, the geography of the North has been heavily shaped by the ice sheets of the Pleistocene era, which often reached as far south as the Midlands. On the other side of the Pennines, a glacial lake forms the Humberhead Levels, a large area of fenland which drains into the Humber. This has left the North a region of contrasts, the Lake District includes Englands highest peak, Scafell Pike, which rises to 978 m, its largest lake, Windermere, and its deepest lake, Wastwater. However, dense areas have emerged along the coasts and rivers
8.
Bonnet (headgear)
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Bonnet is a term for a wide variety of styles of headgear for both sexes, but most often female, which has been in use from the Middle Ages to the present. However the term has also used, for example, for steel helmets. This was from Scotland, where the term has long been especially popular, Bonnet derives from the same word in French, where it originally indicated a type of material. In the 21st century, only a few kinds of headgear are still referred to as bonnets, most commonly worn by babies. The most common kind of bonnet worn today is a soft headcovering for babies and they are shaped similarly to the kind of bonnets women used to wear, that is they cover the hair and ears, but not the forehead. In the mid-17th and 18th century house bonnets worn by women and girls were generally brimless headcoverings which were secured by tying under the chin, and they were worn indoors, to keep the hair tidy, and outdoors, to keep dust out of the hair. From Waterloo, more structured fashionable bonnets made by milliners rapidly grew larger and this ornament is partially placed on one side, the edge of the bonnet finished by blond laid on strait. Straw was available again after 1815, the best straw bonnets came from Leghorn, as a bonnet developed a peak, it would extend from the entire front of the bonnet, from the chin over the forehead and down the other side of the face. Some styles of bonnets between ca 1817 and 1845 had a peak which effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Others had a peak which was angled out to frame the face. In the 1840s it might be crimped at the top to frame the face in a heart shape, as the bonnet became more complicated, under it might be worn a lace cornette to hold the hair in place. Bonnets remained one of the most common types of headgear worn by women throughout most of the 19th century, for a widow, a bonnet was de rigueur. Silk bonnets, elaborately pleated and ruched, were worn outdoors, or in places like shops, galleries, churches. Under the French Second Empire, parasols took the place of protection from sun, most middle-class women in the 19th century would have had at least two bonnets, one suitable for summer weather, often made from straw, and one made from heavier fabric for winter wear. This is where the tradition of an Easter bonnet originated, when women would switch from their winter bonnet to their summer bonnet, wealthier women would have many bonnets, suitable for different occasions. In some religious groups it has been customary for women to wear bonnets and this was the case among the Friends until well into the 20th century, and is still the case among the Old Order Mennonites and the Amish. Bonnets were adopted by The Salvation Army as part of regalia for women. Initially, bonnets were introduced as protection for women soldiers and were reinforced with black tar to turn them into helmets, later versions were smaller when there was no longer any need for protection
9.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
10.
Farthing (English coin)
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A farthing was a coin of the Kingdom of England worth one quarter of a penny, 1⁄960 of a pound sterling. Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century, early farthings were silver, but surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I, licences were subsequently given out until after the Commonwealth, when the Royal Mint resumed production in 1672. In the late 17th century the English farthing was minted in tin. For later farthings, minted in the 18th century and for use in Scotland as well as in England and Wales, little is known of the medieval silver farthing, for few remain. Furthermore, the coins are so small that few metal detectors can find them and it was long considered that the first silver farthings were produced in the reign of King Edward I. However in recent years five examples have been discovered dating from the reign of King Henry III, all are in the short-cross style of that period, produced between 1216 and 1247, and are similar in design to the pennies, but only a quarter the size. Due to the lack of examples and documentary evidence, these coins are thought to be trials rather than circulating coins. The production of farthings was authorised by the Patent Rolls of 1222, contemporary records show that over four million farthings were produced during the reign of King Edward I, but comparatively few have survived. The weight and fineness of Edwards farthings varies - the first three issues from the London mint weigh 6.85 grains /0.44 grams, while the later issues weigh 5.5 grains /0. Edwards farthings were of the long cross type reverse, and the legend on the obverse was EDWARDUS REX, or occasionally E R ANGLIE. Only two mints, London and Berwick, produced farthings in the reign of King Edward II, Edward IIIs farthings, though fairly similar to his predecessors, are fairly easy to distinguish as the more common inscription on the obverse was EDWARDUS REX A. Three mints produced farthings in this reign, London is most prolific, Berwick is rare, Edward IIIs farthings remain fairly rare. Although the normal fineness of silver used at this time was.925, King Richard IIs are rare in any condition. They were all struck at the London mint and bear the inscription RICARD REX ANGL, both issues are rare and carry the obverse inscription HENRIC REX ANGL and the reverse inscription CIVITAS LONDON, although on the light coinage it appears as CIVITAS LOIDOI. Henry Vs single issue of farthings is distinguishable from those of his father because his effigy shows his neck, Farthings of Henry V and Henry VI were produced in London and Calais, though Henry V Calais farthings are extremely rare. No farthings were produced during the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV. One exceedingly rare type of farthing was minted during the reign of Richard III, the obverse legend around the kings bust is RICAR DI GRA REX
11.
Bourgeoisie
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A legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the Ancien Régime in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city. This bourgeoisie destroyed aristocratic privilege and established civic equality after the French monarchy collapsed, the aristocracy crumbled because it refused to reform institutions and financial systems. An affluent and often opulent stratum of the class who stand opposite the proletariat class. In English, bourgeoisie identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, hence, since the 19th century, the term bourgeoisie usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society. The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in such as the drame bourgeois and bourgeois tragedy. The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the bourgs of Central and this urban expansion was possible thanks to economic concentration due to the appearance of protective self-organisation into guilds. Guilds arose when individual businessmen conflicted with their feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed. In English, the bourgeoisie is often used to denote the middle classes. In fact, the French term encompasses both the upper and middle classes, a misunderstanding which has occurred in other languages as well. The bourgeoisie in France and many French-speaking countries consists of four evolving social layers, petite bourgeoisie, moyenne bourgeoisie, grande bourgeoisie, the petite bourgeoisie consists of people who have experienced a brief ascension in social mobility for one or two generations. It usually starts with a trade or craft, and by the second and third generation, the petite bourgeois would belong to the British lower middle class and would be American middle income. They are distinguished mainly by their mentality, and would differentiate themselves from the proletariat or working class and this class would include artisans, small traders, shopkeepers, and small farm owners. They are not employed, but may not be able to afford employees themselves, the moyenne bourgeoisie or middle bourgeoisie contains people who have solid incomes and assets, but not the aura of those who have become established at a higher level. They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations, some members of this class may have relatives from similar backgrounds, or may even have aristocratic connections. The moyenne bourgeoisie is the equivalent of the British and American upper-middle classes, the grande bourgeoisie are families that have been bourgeois since the 19th century, or for at least four or five generations. Members of these tend to marry with the aristocracy or make other advantageous marriages. This bourgeoisie family has acquired an established historical and cultural heritage over the decades, the names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the regions history. These families are respected and revered and they belong to the upper class, and in the British class system are considered part of the gentry
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Tradesman
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In Victorian England, The terms skilled worker, craftsman, artisan, and tradesman were used in senses that overlap. All describe people with specialized training in the skills needed for a kind of work. Some of them produced goods that they sold from their own premises, still others were factory hands who had become experts in some complex part of the process and could command high wages and steady employment. Skilled workers in the trades were also referred to by one or another of these terms. One study of Caversham, New Zealand at the turn of the notes that a skilled trade was considered a trade that required an apprenticeship to entry. Skilled tradesmen worked either in traditional handicraft workshops or newer factories that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, tradesmen are contrasted with unskilled workers, agricultural workers, and professionals. Both types of work, however, are considered blue-collar, there is no definitive list of modern skilled trades, as definitions vary, with some lists being broader than others. Despite this, polling for the found that apprenticeships have a lower perceived value than bachelors degrees. Grey-collar worker Guild Journeyman List of construction trades Master craftsman Skilled worker Trade union Technician Vocational education Torpey, high wages after high school - without a bachelors degree
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Apprenticeship
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An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study. Apprenticeship also enables practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated profession, Apprenticeships typically last 3 to 7 years. People who successfully complete an apprenticeship reach the journeyman or professional level of competence. In early modern usage, the clipped form prentice was common, the system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as a form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in such as seamstress, tailor. Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, in Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city. Subsequently, governmental regulation and the licensing of technical colleges and vocational education formalized and bureaucratized the details of apprenticeship, Australian Apprenticeships encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They cover all sectors in Australia and are used to achieve both entry-level and career upskilling objectives. There were 470,000 Australian Apprentices in-training as at 31 March 2012, Australian Government employer and employee incentives may be applicable, while State and Territory Governments may provide public funding support for the training element of the initiative. Australian Apprenticeships combine time at work with formal training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based, Australian Apprentice and Traineeship services are dedicated to promoting retention, therefore much effort is made to match applicants with the right apprenticeship or traineeship. This is done with the aid of aptitude tests, tips, information and resources on potential apprenticeship and traineeship occupations are available in over sixty industries. The distinction between the terms apprentices and trainees lies mainly around traditional trades and the time it takes to gain a qualification, Australia also has a fairly unusual safety net in place for businesses and Australian Apprentices with its Group Training scheme. It is a safety net, because the Group Training Organisation is the employer and provides continuity of employment and it lasts two to four years – the duration varies among the 250 legally recognized apprenticeship trades. About 40 percent of all Austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion of compulsory education and this number has been stable since the 1950s. The five most popular trades are, Retail Salesperson, Clerk, Car Mechanic, Hairdresser, there are many smaller trades with small numbers of apprentices, like EDV-Systemtechniker which is completed by fewer than 100 people a year. The Apprenticeship Leave Certificate provides the apprentice with access to two different vocational careers, the person responsible for overseeing the training inside the company is called Lehrherr or Ausbilder. An Ausbilder must prove he has the qualifications needed to educate another person
14.
Tudor bonnet
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A Tudor bonnet is a traditional soft-crowned, round-brimmed cap, with a tassel hanging from a cord encircling the hat. As the name suggests, the Tudor bonnet was worn in England. Today the cap is associated with academic tradition. It is typically worn as part of dress by the holder of a research or professional doctoral degree or a full higher doctorate. It may also be worn by a person who has awarded an honorary doctorate. The cap is worn as traditional clothing with gowns and represents suitable headgear especially for livery, Tudor bonnets can be made of velvet or cloth, usually black, but can be produced in other colors. The cord and tassel may be in a variety of colors, gold is common in academic caps, but in Oxford and some other institutions a black ribbon is traditional. In many educational institutions it is traditional for faculty members to wear a soft tam or traditional mortarboard instead, the biretta also sometimes appears among holders of theology degrees or officers at religious institutions. The Burgon Society, dedicated to the study of academic dress
15.
Academic dress
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It is also known as academical dress, academicals, and, in the United States, as academic regalia. Contemporarily, it is seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was. Today the ensembles are distinctive in some way to each institution, and generally consists of a gown with a separate hood, Academic dress is also worn by members of certain learned societies and institutions as official dress. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a set of dress to be worn under the gown. In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba. In either case, the American Council of Education allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, in addition, it acknowledges cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk as appropriate. The materials used for academic dress vary and range from the economical to the very expensive. For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the time they wear academic regalia. These rented gowns are made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester while Russell cord, undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them. People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as poplin, grosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, Ottoman, taffeta, satin, alpaca, true silk, pure Ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive. Some gowns may be trimmed with lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration. In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods which range from rabbit to ermine, in the past, sheepskin was widely used. Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost, some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur. Doctors robes usually use wool flannel, panama, superfine cloth and they tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have a special undress version so adding to the cost of a full set, a full set may cost about $360 for cheap materials to as much as $5800 for high quality materials. Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower, many institutions whose dress includes gowns of varying lengths prescribe the appropriate length of each gown with reference to parts of the wearers body
16.
Knickerbockers (clothing)
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Knickerbockers or knickers are a form of mens or boys baggy-kneed trousers particularly popular in the early 20th century United States. Golfers plus twos and plus fours are breeches of this type, before World War II, skiers often wore knickerbockers too, usually ankle-length. Until after World War I, in many English-speaking countries, boys wore short pants in summer. At the onset of puberty, they graduated to long trousers, in that era, the transition to long pants was a major rite of passage. See, for example, the classic song Blues in the Night by Johnny Mercer, My mammy done told me, when I was in knee-pants, my mammy done told me, son. Baseball players wear a form of knickerbockers, although the pants have become less baggy in recent decades. The white trousers worn by American football officials are knickerbockers, and while they have become less baggy, in recent years, the NFL has equipped its officials with long trousers rather than knickers in cold weather. In fact, Washington Irving had a friend named Herman Knickerbocker. Herman Knickerbocker, in turn, was of the upstate Knickerbocker clan, Jansen van Wijhe invented the name upon arriving in New Amsterdam and signed a document with a variant of it in 1682. Knickerbocker became a byword for a New York patrician, comparable to a Boston Brahmin, the Knickerbocker name stayed with the team even after it moved its base of operations to Elysian Fields at Hoboken, N. J. in 1846. The baseball link may have prompted Casey Stengel to joyously exclaim, when he was named pilot of the newborn New York Mets in 1961. Hence also the locally-brewed Knickerbocker Beer brewed by Jacob Ruppert, the first sponsors of the TV show Tonight, the Knickerbocker name was an integral part of the New York scene when the Basketball Association of America granted a charter franchise to the city in the summer of 1946. As can best be determined, the decision to call the team the Knickerbockers was made by the clubs founder. The team is now referred to as the Knicks. Knickerbockers have been popular in other sporting endeavors, particularly golf, rock climbing, invariably referred to as knickers in the US, where the British definition of that term is unknown, they lived on as a just-past-the-knee variant of racing tights reserved for colder-weather riding. Knickers are still worn as part of the uniform in fencing. Knickerbockers are often worn in baseball as pants, a custom that has been practiced even since long pants became widely used in the U. S, the traditional knickerbockers of old were more like pants that had been folded back with long socks. However, by 1984 the style had waned as more top-heavy styles with snug pants rendered the style obsolete, in the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth nations, the term knickers is used for womens undergarments
17.
Fez
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The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era. Geography affects culture and Fez is situated in the Berber lands between the Atlas mountains and the Western Sahara desert which experiences both high wind, and strong sunlight, the traditional local headgear is a light turban that can be pulled over the neck and face to protect the skin. Because the area is defensible it has occupied since Roman times. The fez is a part of the clothing of Cyprus. Traditionally, women wore a red fez over their heads, instead of a headscarf, the fez was sometimes worn by men with material around the base. In his 1811 journey to Cyprus, John Pinkerton describes the fez, in the Karpass Peninsula, white caps are worn, a style considered to be based on ancient Cypriot Hellenic-Phoenician attire, thus preserving mens head-wear from 2,700 years earlier. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire suppressed the Janissaries and his modernized military adopted Western style uniforms and, as headdresses, the fez with a cloth wrapped around it. In 1829 the Sultan ordered his officials to wear the plain fez. The intention was to coerce the populace at large to update to the fez, although tradesmen and artisans generally rejected the fez, it became a symbol of modernity throughout the Near East, inspiring similar decrees in other nations. To meet escalating demand, skilled fez makers were induced to immigrate from North Africa to Constantinople, styles soon multiplied, with nuances of shape, height, material, and hue competing in the market. The striking scarlet and merlot colors of the fez were initially achieved through an extract of cornel, however, the invention of low-cost synthetic dyes soon shifted production of the hat to the factories of Strakonice, Czech Republic. Although the headdress survived, the year-long boycott brought the end of its universality in the Ottoman Empire as other styles became socially acceptable, the fez was initially a brimless bonnet of red, white, or black with a turban woven around. Later the turban was eliminated, the shortened, and the color fixed to red. Praying while wearing a fez—instead of a headdress with brim—was easier because Muslims put their foreheads on the many times during the prayer sessions. Initially a symbol of Ottoman modernity, the fez over time came to be seen as part of an Oriental cultural identity. Seen as exotic and romantic in the west, it enjoyed a vogue as part of mens luxury smoking outfit in the United States, the fez had become traditional to the point that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk banned it in Turkey in 1925 as part of his modernizing reforms. A version of the fez was used as a cap for the 1400–1700s version of the mail armour head protector. The red fez with blue tassel was the headdress of the Turkish Army from the 1840s until the introduction of a khaki service dress and peakless sun helmet in 1910
18.
Doctorate
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
19.
Graduates
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Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it, in which students become graduates. Before the graduation, candidates are referred to as graduands, the date of graduation is often called graduation day. The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement, convocation or invocation, in the United States and Canada, the term is additionally increasingly being used to refer to the advancement from a primary or secondary school level. When ceremonies are associated, they include a procession of the academic staff and candidates. At the college and university level the faculty will usually wear academic dress at the ceremonies, as will the trustees. After degree completion, graduates can be referred to by their graduating year, in some places, graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school, college or university are popular. In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States, $985 was the amount spent on graduation parties. When a student graduates without attending the ceremony, then it is called graduation in absentia, the procedures and traditions surrounding academic graduation ceremonies differ around the world. In a graduation ceremony the students dress up in special graduation caps, Graduation traditions are varied across universities observing different cultures. Most universities across Sweden are research-oriented and may present its students with bachelors, masters, universities across the country are based through the Higher Education Ordinance. A large number of candidates continue their education onto secondary and upper secondary education, most of the national programs provide Swedish, English, Math and Science among majors. In Zimbabwe, graduation ceremonies are associated with the guest of honor who most of is the ceremonial head of the institution. At state universities the President of Zimbabwe officiates as chancellor and guest of honor, every graduate of a state university in Zimbabwe can claim to have shaken the Presidents hand. The person most associated with graduation at those institutions is President Robert Gabriel Mugabe, at other State Institutions of higher learning the vice Presidents or any other Senior Government officials may preside. Ceremonies for graduating students date from the first universities in Europe in the 12th century, at that time Latin was the language of scholarship. A universitas was a guild of masters with licence to teach, degree and graduate come from gradus, meaning step. The first step was admission to a bachelors degree, the second step was the masters step, giving the graduate admission to the universitas and license to teach. The typical dress for graduation are gowns and hoods or hats adapted from the dress of university staff in the Middle Ages
20.
Crown (headgear)
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In art, the crown may be shown being offered to those on Earth by angels. In religious art, a crown of stars is used similarly to a halo, crowns worn by rulers often contain jewels. A crown is often an emblem of the monarchy, a monarchs government, the word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself, as distinct from the individual who inhabits it. A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules, costume headgear imitating a monarchs crown is also called a crown. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at parties, or ritual monarchs such as the king of a Carnival krewe. The nuptial crown, sometimes called a coronal, worn by a bride, in the present day, it is most common in Eastern Orthodox cultures. The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning, wherein the bride and groom are crowned as king, in Greek weddings, the crowns are diadems usually made of white flowers, synthetic or real, often adorned with silver or mother of pearl. They are placed on the heads of the newlyweds and are held together by a ribbon of white silk and they are then kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day. In Slavic weddings, the crowns are made of ornate metal, designed to resemble an imperial crown. A parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are more expensive than Greek-style crowns. This was common in Catholic countries in the past, a Crown of thorns according to the Bible, was placed on the head of Jesus before his crucifixion and has become a common symbol of martyrdom. According to Roman Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was crowned as Queen of Heaven after her assumption into heaven and she is often depicted wearing a crown, and statues of her in churches and shrines are ceremonially crowned during May. The Crown of Immortality is also common in historical symbolism, dancers of certain traditional Thai dances often wear crowns on their head. These are inspired in the worn by deities and by kings. Three distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia, coronation, worn by monarchs when being crowned. State, worn by monarchs on other state occasions, consort crowns, worn by queens consort, signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol. In Classical antiquity, the crown that was awarded to people other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes, was actually a wreath or chaplet. Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity, such as the Hedjet, Deshret, the Pschent double crown and it was referred to as the chaplet studded with sunbeams” by Lucian, about 180 AD
21.
Hat
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In the past, hats were an indicator of social status. In the military, hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank, Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats, such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Some hats have a protective function, some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard, which is worn during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs. Some hats have religious functions, such as the mitres worn by Bishops, while there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. Archaeologists think that the Venus of Brassempouy from 26,000 years ago may depict a hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a bronze age man whose body was frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where hed been since around 3,300 BC. He was found wearing bearskin cap with a strap, made of several hides stitched together. One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a painting from Thebes, Egypt. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt, many upper-class Egyptians shaved their head, then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include the Pileus, a skull like cap, the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome, and the Greek petasos. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples, like Otzi, Tollund Man was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement, the saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered wool felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet. In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status, the 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat, marking them as targets for anti-Semitism. The hats were usually yellow and were pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin, structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century
22.
Rope
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A rope is a group of yarns, plies, or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, as a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, fiber rope is made from fiber, whereas wire rope is made from wire. Rope may be constructed of any long, stringy, fibrous material, synthetic fibre ropes are significantly stronger than their natural fibre counterparts, but also possess certain disadvantages, including slipperiness. Common natural fibres for rope are manila hemp, hemp, feathers, linen, cotton, coir, jute, straw, synthetic fibres in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters, polyethylene, Aramids and acrylics. Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres, wire rope is made of steel or other metal alloys. Ropes have been constructed of fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair. Rayon is a fibre used to make decorative rope. The twist of the strands in a twisted or braided rope serves not only to keep a rope together, without any twist in the rope, the shortest strand would always be supporting a much higher proportion of the total load. Rope is of paramount importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports, theatre, and communications, to fasten rope, many types of knots have been invented for countless uses. Pulleys redirect the force to another direction, and can create mechanical advantage so that multiple strands of rope share a load. Winches and capstans are machines designed to pull ropes, such ropes normally use a kernmantle construction, as described below. Static ropes, used for example in caving, rappelling, and rescue applications, are designed for minimal stretch, the UIAA, in concert with the CEN, sets climbing-rope standards and oversees testing. Any rope bearing a GUIANA or CE certification tag is suitable for climbing, climbing ropes, however, do cut easily when under load. Keeping them away from sharp rock edges is imperative, rock climbing ropes come with either a designation for single, double or twin use. A single rope is the most common and it is intended to be used by itself, single ropes range in thickness from roughly 9mm to 11mm. Smaller ropes are lighter, but wear out faster, double ropes are thinner ropes, usually 9mm and under, and are intended for use as a pair. These ropes offer a margin or security against cutting, since it is unlikely that both ropes will be cut, but they complicate belaying and leading
23.
Tassel
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A tassel is a finishing feature in fabric and clothing decoration. It is an ornament that is seen in varying versions in many cultures around the globe. The religious Hebrew tassel, however, bears resemblance to the decorative one which eventually became popular in Europe. In the West, tassels were originally a series of windings of thread or string around a string until the desired curvature was attained. Later, turned wooden moulds, which were covered in simple wrappings or much more elaborate coverings called satinings, were used. This involved an intricate binding of bands of filament silk vertically around the mould by means of an internal lacing in the bore of the mould and these constructions were varied and augmented with extensive ornamentations that were each assigned an idiosyncratic term by their French creators. In sixteenth-century France these individuals were called passementiers, and an apprenticeship of seven years was required to become a master in one of the subdivisions of the guild. The French widely exported their very artistic work, and at low prices that no other European nation developed a mature trimmings industry. Many of the passementiers, however, were among the Protestant Hugenots who fled France in the 1600s to escape persecution, some of these designs are returning today from the European and American artisans, who may charge a thousand dollars for a single hand-made tassel. The majority of the worlds production, however, takes place in China which mass-produces. Today, only the Chancellor of Oxford wears a gold tassel, in the Middle East, tassels were worn as talismans, especially on headwear. In Egypt, Mesopotamia, and throughout the Arab world tassels were worn by children on hoods or caps to protect them from malevolent spirits and ward off demons. In the U. S. tassels, or liripipes, are found on mortarboards during university graduation ceremonies. Near the conclusion of the ceremony, the tassel that hangs from the graduates mortarboard is moved from the right to the left. Typically, the graduating class does this in unison. A basic key tassel is made by binding or otherwise gathering threads from cord protrudes on one end and this may have loose, dangling threads at the other end. A tassel is primarily an ornament, and was at first the casual termination of a cord to prevent unraveling with a knot. As time went on, various peoples developed variations on this, the tassel was its primary expression, but it also included fringes, ornamental cords, galloons, pompons, rosettes, and gimps as other forms
24.
Canterbury cap
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It is also soft and foldable, Constructed to fold flat when not in use. The Canterbury cap is the medieval birettum, descended from the ancient pileus headcovering and it is sometimes called the catercap. The cap is made of velvet for bishops and doctors. In 1899, Percy Dearmer wrote in The Parsons Handbook, ″The Cap, or ‘square cap, for the almuce was originally used to cover the head, and when it ceased to fulfil that function the cap seems to have been introduced. A similar cap called the Oxford soft cap is worn today as part of dress by some women undergraduates at Oxford University instead of the mortarboard. It has a flap at the back which is held up with buttons unlike the Canterbury cap, the Tudor bonnet is also a similar academic cap worn by a person who holds a doctorate
25.
Square academic cap
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In the UK and the US, it is commonly referred to informally in conjunction with an academic gown, as a cap and gown. It is also termed a square, trencher, or corner-cap. The adjective academical is also used, the cap, together with the gown and sometimes a hood, now form the customary uniform of a university graduate in many parts of the world, following a British model. The mortarboard is generally believed by scholars to have developed from the biretta, the biretta itself may have been a development of the Roman pileus quadratus, a type of skullcap with superposed square and tump. A reinvention of this type of cap is known as the Bishop Andrewes cap, the Italian biretta is a word derived from berretto, which is derived itself from the Latin birrus and the Greek pyrros, both meaning red. It is not casual that the headwear is found with such frequency in Renaissance paintings as the highly famous one by Piero della Francesca of Federico da Montefeltro with his red cap. Campano wrote about these hats in his Life of Niccolò Fortebraccio, he used to wear a red and high hat, the higher from the head the wider it became. The same cap is seen on Bartolomeo Colleoni, commander of the Venetian Armies in 1454, on the Duke Ludovico III Gonzaga and it was originally reserved for holders of masters degrees but was later adopted by bachelors and undergraduates. In the 16th and 17th centuries corner-cap was the term used and their invention and subsequent patent was the result of his idea to incorporate a fiberglass stiffener into the mortarboard thus making it more sturdy. Such mortarboards are very commonplace throughout the world today, doctorate holders of some universities wear the mortarboard, although the round Tudor bonnet is more common in Britain. The 4,6, or 8 cornered tam is gaining popularity in the US, in the US, the mortarboard is also worn by high school pupils during the presentation of their diplomas. In US graduation ceremonies, the side on which the tassel hangs can be important, in some ceremonies, the student wears the tassel on one side until reception of the diploma, then it is switched to the other. At the secondary level, the tassel is usually either the schools primary colour or a mix of the schools colours with as many as three colors in a tassel. Sometimes a tassel of a colour, such as gold, is worn by those graduating with Latin Honours or on the honour roll. Universities in the United States might use tassels in black or the schools colors, for bachelors degrees the tassel may be colored differently from the traditional black or school colors to represent the field in which the wearer obtained his or her education. In 1896 most colleges and universities in the United States adopted a code governing academic dress. The tassel may be adorned with a charm in the shape of the digits of the year. However, strictly speaking, the American Council on Education code states that The tassel should be black or the colour appropriate to the subject, the gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown, as is the use of velvet for headwear
26.
Culture of the United Kingdom
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland
27.
Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
28.
West Country
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Some usages of the term include wider areas, while others are more specific, though with little consistency of definition. The West Country is mostly rural, with only a few sizeable towns, tourism and agriculture, especially dairy farming, play a significant role in the economy. The landscape is principally granite moorland in the west, and chalk and limestone downland, historically, tin mining and the fishery were sources of income and employment in the west of the area, but less so today, although the latter still contributes to the economy. The region is famous for its production of cider, clotted cream, and pasties. Apart from the Bristol Channel and English Channel, the West Countrys boundaries are not precisely defined, some definitions are roughly synonymous with the administrative South West Region, while others use it more specifically to refer to just the southwestern part. The term is used, for example, to refer to sports matches between such cities as Bristol and Bath or Gloucester and Bath. West Country Carnival events take place in Somerset, Devon, Wiltshire, ITV Westcountry is an ITV franchise covering Devon, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and areas of Somerset and Dorset. Local news and sport website This is the Westcountry, part of the Newsquest group, similarly covers Devon, Cornwall, the West Country Clothing District was an area that made woollen cloth, but only part of the region described above. It covered east Somerset and parts of the counties of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, the clothing district around Tiverton and Exeter in Devon and west Somerset tended to make different kinds of cloth and is best regarded as distinct. Scrumpy and Western music South West Peninsula Wessex West of England West Country English West Country derby
29.
Fred Dibnah
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Frederick Fred Dibnah MBE, born in Bolton, was an English steeplejack and television personality, with a keen interest in mechanical engineering. When Dibnah was born, Britain relied heavily upon coal to fuel its industry, as a child he was fascinated by the steam engines which powered the many textile mills in Bolton, but he paid particular attention to chimneys and the men who worked on them. He began his life as a joiner, before becoming a steeplejack. From age 22, he served for two years in the forces, as part of his national service. Once demobilised, he returned to steeplejacking but met with limited success until he was asked to repair Boltons parish church, the resulting publicity provided a welcome boost to his business, ensuring he was almost never out of work. In 1978, while making repairs to Bolton Town Hall, Dibnah was filmed by a regional BBC news crew, the BBC then commissioned an award-winning documentary, which followed the rough-hewn steeplejack as he worked on chimneys, interacted with his family and talked about his favourite hobby—steam. His Lancastrian manner and gentle, self-taught philosophical outlook, proved popular with viewers, toward the end of his life, the decline of Britains industry was mirrored by a decline in his steeplejacking business and Dibnah increasingly came to rely on after-dinner speaking for his income. He died from cancer in November 2004, aged 66 and he is survived by his five children from three marriages. Fred Dibnah was the son of Frank and Betsy Dibnah, who were both employed at a bleach works. His mother later worked as a charwoman at a gas works, a popular pastime for local children was playing around the many mill lodges which once littered the area. An inventive child, Dibnah and some friends designed a diving suit from a crisp tin. After being told to remove it from the swimming baths, they tested it in one of the lodges. The Bolton arm of the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal was one of Dibnahs regular haunts, the canal was by then largely disused and Dibnah sometimes dredged it with an iron hook on a rope, for what he called plunder. Much of this was stored in the yard of his mothers house. Dibnah and his friend Alan Heap built a canoe from old bicycle wheels, slate laths, much to the consternation of his mother, Dibnah sailed the boat along the nearby River Croal. He once astonished his teachers when, following the theft of the school keys, on leaving college at 16 he was offered a job at a funeral parlour, but left quickly to begin work at a local joinery. Dibnah had watched the activities of steeplejacks throughout his childhood, the steeplejacks first removed the top of the chimney and then created a hole in its base, propped with blocks of wood. They then lit a fire, destroying the supports and causing the chimney to collapse, unfortunately, on this occasion the chimney fell in the wrong direction, onto the greyhound tracks dog kennels, a local cafe and a series of power cables
30.
East End of London
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The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
31.
Jim Branning
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Jim was temporarily written out of the show in August 2007 due to Bardon suffering a stroke. A storyline was created that Jim also suffered a stroke and it was reported on 10 March 2008 that Bardon would be returning to the role of Jim in summer 2008. Bardon returned to four episodes in the latter half of 2008. He returned permanently from the episode broadcast on 20 August 2009, on 1 April 2011 it was reported by the Daily Mirror that Bardon had filmed his final scenes and had left. Following Bardons death it was announced in March 2015 that EastEnders would pay tribute to him, Jim dated his first wife Reenie, with her giving birth to their oldest child Derek out of wedlock. When Reenie became pregnant again with eldest daughter April, Jim settled in a marriage to Reenie. A heavy drinker, Jim treated his children unfairly, favouring some, Jim first appears when his daughter April is supposed to marry her fiancé Nikos. When Nikos jilts April at the altar, Jims second daughter Carol marries her boyfriend Alan Jackson instead, Jim is racist and therefore is against Carol marrying a black man. He storms out, refusing to give her away and she becomes his second wife, marrying him in 2002 after a proposal in the London Eye. After a mishap with viagra, Dot decides that their marriage should remain purely platonic, Jim also has to fight off attention from several spinsters, including Maureen Carter and Doris Moisey, the latter who nearly causes the Brannings separation. Despite being overtly racist initially, these hostile feelings mellow, as shown through his friendship with the Trinidadian shopkeeper. Jim works as a potman, collecting glasses in The Queen Victoria public house and he is initially opposed to his granddaughter Sonias lesbian relationship with Naomi Julien but later gives his blessing. He clashes with Dot after she takes in an immigrant, Anya, whose baby, Tomas. He reports Anya to immigration and she is taken into custody, in their old age, the Brannings struggle to look after the child, and Dot eventually listens to Jims pleas and hands the baby over to social services. Jim goes to stay with Carol after she is taken ill, unable to take care of him, Dot has Jim admitted to a nursing home. Following rehabilitation, Jim is permitted to return to live at home in 2009, Jim can speak no more than a few words, but he communicates through gestures and facial expressions, and uses a walking stick and a wheelchair to get around. In February 2010, Dots granddaughter Dotty attempts to get Jim sent back to the home by pouring water on his lap to make it look like he has wet himself. However, Dotty is immediately caught out, as Dot and Jim celebrate their eighth wedding anniversary in The Queen Victoria, the police arrest Dot, ruining the party and distressing Jim
32.
EastEnders
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EastEnders is a long running British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in the East End of London in the fictional Bough of Walford the programme follows the stories of local residents, the series was initially screened as two 30-minute episodes per week however since 2001, episodes have been broadcast every day apart from Wednesdays and weekends. Same-day repeats and omnibus editions of the series were previously shown on BBC Three however as of 2016 these are broadcast on UK-based TV channel W. They gave the job of creating this new soap to script writer Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith and they created twenty-four original characters for the show, based upon Hollands own family, and people they remembered from their own experiences in the East End. Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to the Coronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense how a continuing drama was produced and they cast actors for their characters, and began to film the show at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Julia Smith thought Eastenders looked ugly written down, and capitalised the second e, the central focus of EastEnders is the fictional Victorian square Albert Square in the fictional London Borough of Walford. In the shows narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named after Prince Albert, thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoria Public House. Fans have tried to establish the location Walford would have within London if it were real, Walford has the postal district of E20. The postcode district was selected as if it were part of the actual E postcode area covers much of east London although the next unused postcode district in the area was. In 1917 the current postal districts in London were assigned according to the name of the main sorting office for each district. If Walford had been assigned in this scheme it would have been given E17, in March 2011, Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the 2012 Olympic Park. The postal district in EastEnders was entirely fictional up to that point, the shows creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better. In September 2011 the postal code for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ, there is also a market close to Fassett Square at Ridley Road. The postcode for the area, E8, was one of the titles for the series. The name Walford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and a blend of Walthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born, other parts of the Square and set interiors are based on other locations. The fictional local newspaper, the Walford Gazette, in local news events such as the arrests or murders of characters appear. EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families and this theme encompasses the whole Square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creator Tony Holland was from a large East End family, Pauline and Petes mother was the domineering Lou Beale, who lived with Pauline and her family
33.
Del Boy
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Derek Edward Del Boy Trotter is the fictional lead character in the popular BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses and one of the main characters of its prequel, Rock & Chips. He was played by David Jason in the series and was portrayed as a teenager by James Buckley in the prequel. Del is known for his broken French quotes which are completely out of context. This time next year well be millionaires, Lovely Jubbly and you know it makes sense and You plonker. Del Boy is a happy-go-lucky cheeky character, while not always successful, his general optimism and confidence often persuade people to believe in him. Del Boy is a liar, particularly to women, customers, policemen and even his family. In Fatal Extraction, it is revealed that Del is also frightened of dentists, avoiding visiting them whenever possible, Del presents himself as being able to speak some French, though few of his phrases make any sense in the context he uses them in. Another example of care is shown in May the Force be With You. Del, having refused to name the thief, makes a deal with Slater to guarantee their release. Once he is given immunity from prosecution, he himself as the thief. Del is later diagnosed with Irritable bowel syndrome caused by his diet of fast foods, cigars, although engaged many times, he never marries. He has had many girlfriends, a fact that is the subject of numerous harsh comments by Rodney and he finally meets his partner Raquel Turner in the 1988 special Dates. Dels mother Joan dies on 12 March 1964, apparently after a string of illnesses. He lives with Rodney, Cassandra, Raquel and their son Damien at door 368 on the floor of the fictional Nelson Mandela House in the Dockside Estate, Peckham. Before that, he lives in an old detached house in 39 Orchard Street with his mother, father and grandfather and his grandfather was an out of work lamp-lighter, waiting for gas to make a comeback. It was Dels father who also brought Freddie to his one night which led to an affair between him and Joan, and soon after, the birth of Rodney. When he was a youngster, Del always was told to call Freddie Uncle Fred, then, years later, when Uncle Albert got drunk one night at an old folks party, he told Del all about the affair. Del Boy has many girlfriends during the series and his friends include Trigger, Denzil, Boycie, Marlene and Mike
34.
Only Fools and Horses
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Only Fools and Horses is a British television sitcom created and written by John Sullivan. Seven series were originally broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom from 1981 to 1991, episodes are regularly repeated on UKTV comedy channel Gold and occasionally repeated on BBC One. After Pearces death in 1984, his character was replaced by Del, backed by a strong supporting cast, the series follows the Trotters highs and lows in life, in particular their attempts to get rich. The show achieved high ratings, and the 1996 episode Time on Our Hands holds the record for the highest UK audience for a sitcom episode. It was voted Britains Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll, the series influenced British culture, contributing several words and phrases to the English language. It spawned a range of merchandise, including books, videos, DVDs, toys. A spin-off series, The Green Green Grass, ran for four series in the UK from 2005 to 2009, a prequel, Rock & Chips, ran for three specials in 2010 and 2011. A special Sport Relief episode aired in March 2014, guest starring David Beckham, a new five-part documentary series titled The Story of Only Fools and Horses, will air later in 2017 on Gold. The new series features rare and unseen footage from the Trotter archives and specially re-created moments from Del Boys family and their mother, Joan, died when Rodney was young, and their father Reg absconded soon afterwards, so Del became Rodneys surrogate father and the family patriarch. Despite the difference in age, personality and outlook, the share a constant bond throughout. Initially, Del Boy, Rodney and Grandad were the only regulars, along with the occasional appearances of dopey roadsweeper Trigger. Over time, the cast expanded, mostly in the form of regulars at the local pub The Nags Head and these included pub landlord Mike, lorry driver Denzil, youthful spiv Mickey Pearce and Boycies flirtatious wife Marlene. Although the show centred on the Trotter family, these characters became popular in their own right, contributing to the plots. As the series progressed, the scope of the plots expanded, many early episodes were largely self-contained, with few plot-lines mentioned again, but the show developed a story arc and an ongoing episodic dimension. The character of Grandad died following the death of Lennard Pearce, after years of fruitless searching, both Del and Rodney find long-term love, in the form of Raquel and Cassandra respectively, Del also has a son with Raquel, Damien. Rodney and Cassandra marry, separate and then get together again. Cassandra miscarries, but then she and Rodney eventually have a baby, Rodney finds out who his real father was. The Trotters finally become millionaires, lose their fortune, and then some of it
35.
Hale and Pace
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Hale and Pace were an English comedy duo who performed in British light entertainment television shows doing comedy sketches in the 1980s–1990s. Gareth Hale and Norman Pace met at Avery Hill teacher training college in Eltham and they discovered much in common, particularly humour, and began playing clubs in a comedy band. One of the clubs that they most liked playing was The Tramshed in Woolwich and this developed into sketch writing, with a show entitled Dont Stop Now - Its Fundation. Before appearing on TV, they did a series of shows for Radio 4 based on their show at the Tramshed. Their early TV break came on The Entertainers, Pushing Up Daisies and they also appeared in The Young Ones three times, in the episodes Flood, Nasty and Time. After a single one-off special for London Weekend Television in Christmas 1986, the first series won the Silver Rose of Montreux, as well as the Press prize. Their relationship with ITV lasted a decade, with most of their programmes going out around 10pm on a Sunday and they are also famous for their ever-smiling and colourfully dressed childrens TV presenters Billy and Johnny. A number of their TV sketches caused controversy, especially the sketch in which they pretended to have microwaved a cat. This clip got them onto the top 50 on 50 most shocking comedy moments and they went one-up on this sketch in the first episode of the second series where Norman holds a baby and they both move aside to show the microwave behind them. Gareth flips a coin, then the baby upstages them by vomiting over Normans arm, other sketches were heavily criticised for being perverted or almost pornographic. One sketch showed a British couple staying with a Swedish couple, the Swedes were nudists who were constantly naked, with the man constantly asking for very intimate details of their sex lives. Although the British couple are shocked and offended, they finally claim that their Swedish hosts are boring. At one point, the Swedish couple are filmed with full frontal nudity and their genitals are only hidden by the very close positioning of the British couples heads. The series was notable for its amount of musical numbers. This series was released on video. They also made several specials, such as the 1996 Showcase Hale & Pace Down Under from Australia, from the first series, Hale and Pace had stars in their show. Initially, these were little known performers such as Ainsley Harriot, Annette Badland and Harry Enfield. Once Hale and Pace became more known, more widely known stars appeared in their shows
36.
Peaky Blinders (TV series)
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Peaky Blinders is a British television crime drama based upon the exploits of the Peaky Blinders gang, operating in Birmingham, England, during the aftermath of the First World War. The series was created by Steven Knight and produced by Caryn Mandabach Productions, the series centres around and stars Cillian Murphy as Tommy Shelby, the gangs leader, and Sam Neill as a commissioned detective tasked with the suppression of the gang. The first series aired on BBC Two on 13 September 2013, the second series premiered on 2 October 2014. The third series premiered on 5 May 2016, on 26 May 2016, the BBC announced that they had ordered a fourth and fifth series of the show. Series 4 will probably be released late 2017, Peaky Blinders is a gangster family epic set in Birmingham, England in 1919, just after the First World War. The story centres on the Romani/Irish Peaky Blinders gang and their ambitious, winston Churchill charged him with suppressing disorder and uprising in Birmingham and recovering a stolen cache of arms meant to be shipped to Libya. The second series is set two years after the first and sees the Shelby family expand their organization in the South and North while maintaining a stronghold in their Birmingham heartland. It begins in 1921 and ends with a climax at Epsom racecourse on Derby Day in June 1922, Series three is set two years after Series two, in 1924. It follows Tommy and his family as they enter a more dangerous world as they once again expand. Internet-based film and TV news company Screen Rant said The season revolves around the notion of classes and empires. As the show suggests, over time, empires become too big, too corrupt, essentially, Peaky Blinders embarked on a fish out of water story by moving outside its own comfort zone and taking the risk of expanding too much and too quickly. Cillian Murphy as Tommy Shelby, The overall leader of the Peaky Blinders, and brother of Arthur, John, Ada, Tommy served in World War I with the rank of Sergeant Major and was decorated for bravery. His experiences in World War I left him disillusioned and beset with ongoing nightmares, Sam Neill as C. I. Chester Campbell, An Ulster Protestant Irish Major drafted from Belfast to locate and recover a missing consignment of Lewis guns accidentally stolen by the Peaky Blinders. Campbell was illustrious for his work in ridding Belfast of its gang elements, Campbell also had developed a vendetta against the Peaky Blinders, in particular, Tommy Shelby, and vowed to destroy Tommy and the Peaky Blinders. Helen McCrory as Polly Gray, née Shelby, The aunt of Tommy and his siblings and she led the organisation when Tommy, Arthur, and John were fighting in World War I. Pollys two children, Anna and Michael, were away from her as infants. In series 2, Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died, paul Anderson as Arthur Shelby, Jr. The oldest Shelby sibling and the bulldog of the family and he also suffers from severe shell-shock or PTSD from his experiences in the war, and suffers from violent outbursts, constant mood swings, and attempts at suicide
37.
AC/DC
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AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. A hard rock/blues rock band, they have also considered a heavy metal band, although they have always dubbed their music simply rock. AC/DC underwent several changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975, Malcolm. Membership subsequently stabilised until bassist Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage, within months of recording the album Highway to Hell, lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption. The group considered disbanding, but buoyed by support from Scotts parents, decided to continue, ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson was auditioned and selected to replace Scott. Later that year, the released the new album, Back in Black. The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all-time best-seller, the bands next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, was their first album to reach number one in the United States. Drummer Phil Rudd was fired in 1983 and replaced by ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright, the band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge. Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade, who was with the band from 1989 to 1994, was asked to leave in favour of him, Stiff Upper Lip, released in 2000, was well received by critics. The bands line-up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Youngs retirement, in 2016, Johnson was advised to stop touring on account of worsening hearing loss and Guns N Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the bands vocalist for the remainder of that years dates. Long-term bass player Cliff Williams subsequently indicated that he would retire from the band on the completion of their current world tour, Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide, making it the second-highest-selling album by any artist – and the highest-selling album by any band. The album has sold 22 million units in the US alone, AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and were named the seventh Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time by MTV. In 2004, AC/DC ranked No.72 on the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Producer Rick Rubin, who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list, referred to AC/DC as the greatest rock, in 2010, AC/DC were ranked number 23 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Brothers Malcolm, Angus, and George Young were born in Glasgow, Scotland, George was the first to learn to play the guitar. He became a member of The Easybeats, one of Australias most successful bands of the 1960s, in 1966, they became the first local rock act to have an international hit, with the song Friday on My Mind. Malcolm followed in Georges footsteps by playing with a Newcastle, New South Wales and their oldest brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests. Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the name after their sister, Margaret Young
38.
Brian Johnson
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Brian Francis Johnson is an English singer and songwriter. In 1980, he became the lead singer of the Australian rock band AC/DC after the death of their second lead singer Bon Scott. He and the rest of the band were inducted into the Rock, in March 2016, Johnson stepped down from touring on the Rock or Bust World Tour due to hearing problems. On 20 May 2016, Johnson stated in an interview Ive had a pretty good run in AC/DC and implied that he not be returning by saying Im just thankful, really. Johnson was one of the members of the rock band Geordie formed in Newcastle in 1971. After a few hit singles, including UK Top 10 All Because of You, following the death of AC/DC lead singer Bon Scott on 19 February 1980, Johnson was asked to audition for the band in London. AC/DC lead guitarist and co-founder Angus Young recalled, I remember Bon playing me Little Richard and he says about that night, Theres this guy up there screaming at the top of his lungs and then the next thing you know he hits the deck. Hes on the floor, rolling around and screaming, I thought it was great, and then to top it off – you couldnt get a better encore – they came in and wheeled the guy off. Johnson was diagnosed with appendicitis later that night, which was the cause of his writhing around on stage, the band agreed immediately that Johnsons performing style fit AC/DCs music. Johnsons first album with AC/DC, Back in Black, became the second all-time best-selling album worldwide according to some estimates, a native of Tyneside, northeast England, Johnson is known for his strong Geordie accent. In July 2014 he was awarded a degree of Doctor of Music by Northumbria University in his home city Newcastle in recognition of his significant contribution to the music industry. Brian Francis Johnson was born in Dunston, Gateshead, North East England and he is of partial Italian descent and is the oldest of four siblings. His father, Alan, was a sergeant major in the British Armys Durham Light Infantry, Johnsons mother, Esther, was Italian from Frascati. When he was young, Johnson performed in shows with the Scouts, and appeared in a play which aired on television. Johnsons first band was the Gobi Desert Canoe Club and he was also in a band called Fresh. From 1970, Johnson played with cabaret/club band The Jasper Hart Band and he and other members of the band went on to form Geordie. His first and only single, I Cant Forget You Now. In 1982, a compilation including only Geordies 1973–1976 ten songs was issued as Brian Johnsons solo album Strange Man on the MCA label, following Bon Scotts death, the remaining members of the band briefly considered quitting
39.
Newcastle upon Tyne
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
40.
Upper class
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The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the aristocracy was widely used. The term is used in conjunction with terms like upper-middle class, middle class. Upper-class status commonly derived from the position of ones family. Much of the population that composed the upper consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people. These people were born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries. This is to say that it was harder for an individual to move up in class simply because of the structure of society. The Transatlantic Slave Trade also helped create a class of white Europeans while maintaining a lower class of black Europeans, Americans and Africans. This fact is often edited out of academic research both in publications and online ones such as Wikipedia. In many countries, the upper class was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often members of the titled nobility, though not necessarily. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the upper class traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War, the term has come to encompass rich, members of the English gentry organized the colonization of Virginia and New England and ruled these colonies for generations forming the foundation of the American upper class or East Coast Elite. In this respect, the US differs little from such as the UK where membership of the upper class is also dependent on other factors. The American upper class is estimated to less than 1% of the population
41.
David Beckham
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David Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE is an English former professional footballer. He is the first English player to win titles in four countries, England, Spain. He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career and he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008. A global ambassador for the sport, Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon, Beckhams professional club career began with Manchester United, where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17. With United, he won the Premier League title six times, the FA Cup twice, and he then played four seasons with Real Madrid, winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club. In July 2007 Beckham signed a contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy. While a Galaxy player, he spent two spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010. He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games, in international football, Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21. He was captain for six years, earning 58 caps during his tenure and he made 115 career appearances in total, appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments, in 1998,2002 and 2006, and two UEFA European Championship tournaments, in 2000 and 2004. Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football, and in 2013 he was listed as the player in the world. He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children and he has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005, and in 2015 he launched 7, The David Beckham UNICEF Fund. In 2014, MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own a team in Miami. Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in Leytonstone, London and he is the son of Sandra Georgina, a hairdresser, and David Edward Alan Ted Beckham, a kitchen fitter, who married at the London Borough of Hackney in 1969. He has a sister, Lynne Georgina, and a younger sister. He regularly played football in Ridgeway Park, Chingford, as a child, in a 2007 interview, Beckham said that, At school whenever the teachers asked, What do you want to do when youre older. Id say, I want to be a footballer, and theyd say, No, what do you really want to do, for a job. But that was the only thing I ever wanted to do, Beckhams maternal grandfather was Jewish, and Beckham has referred to himself as half Jewish and wrote in his autobiography Ive probably had more contact with Judaism than with any other religion. In his book Both Feet on the Ground, he stated that growing up he attended every week with his parents
42.
Guy Ritchie
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Guy Stuart Ritchie is an English filmmaker known for his crime films. He left secondary school and got jobs in the film industry in the mid-1990s. Ritchie eventually graduated to directing commercials and he directed his first film in 1995, a 20-minute short which impressed investors who backed his first feature film, the crime comedy Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. He then directed another comedy, Snatch. His next two films, the romantic comedy Swept Away and the crime drama Revolver were not commercial or critical successes, the next crime drama, RocknRolla, received mixed reviews and a modest box office return. In 2009, he directed his first films in the mystery genre, with Sherlock Holmes and its sequel Sherlock Holmes. Both films were box office successes, and the two films received positive, and moderately positive reviews, respectively. Ritchie has also directed the movie King Arthur, Legend of the Sword, Ritchie was born in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, the second of two children of Amber and Captain John Vivian Ritchie, former Seaforth Highlanders serviceman and advertising executive. Johns father was Major Stewart Ritchie, who died in France, in 1940, johns mother was Doris Margaretta McLaughlin, daughter of Vivian Guy McLaughlin and Edith Martineau, this last by whom she shares close common ancestors with Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. The McLaughlins have a going back to King Edward I of England. Ritchies mother, Amber, later married a baronet and his fathers second marriage was to Shireen Ritchie, Baroness Ritchie of Brompton, a former model and later Conservative politician and life peer. Ritchie, who is dyslexic, was expelled from Stanbridge Earls School at the age of 15. He has stated that use was the reason for the expulsion, his father has said that it was because his son was caught cutting class. In addition to his elder sister Tabitha, an instructor, Ritchie has a half-brother, Kevin Baynton. From 1973 until 1980, when they divorced, Ritchies mother was married to Sir Michael Leighton, as a divorcée, she is correctly styled as Amber, Lady Leighton. In 1998, Ritchie and his father contacted their friend Peter Morton, of the Hard Rock Cafe chain, mortons nephew, Matthew Vaughn, had been studying film production in Los Angeles. Peter informed Vaughn of Ritchies new film idea, and Vaughn agreed to produce, Matthew, John, Guy and Peter asked their mutual acquaintance, Trudie Styler, to invest in the production of Ritchies second film. Styler had seen The Hard Case, and decided that co-funding the project would be a worthwhile opportunity, the production of the film, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels was completed in about eight months
43.
Richard Blackwood
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Richard Clifford Blackwood is a British comedian, actor and rapper. He is currently playing Vincent Hubbard on the BBC soap opera EastEnders, Blackwood presented the hit UK version of Singled Out on mainstream television channel, Channel 5 and, in 1999, presented his own show called The Richard Blackwood Show. He was also a presenter on MTV television show, MTV Select with Donna Air, Blackwood scored a UK No.3 hit single in 2000, with the song Mama Who Da Man, based on Mama Used to Say by his uncle Junior. The 200, 000+ selling hit single was written and produced by Lucas Secon and Mickey P. He later followed it up with a couple more singles,1.2.3.4 Get with the Wicked and Someone There for Me and released the ironically titled album Youll Love to Hate This in late 2000. Blackwood appeared on Brass Eye in 2001, during which he was tricked into saying that Internet paedophiles can make computer keyboards emit noxious fumes in order to subdue children, Blackwood even sniffed a keyboard and claimed it made him feel suggestible. Blackwood also warned watching parents that exposure to the fumes would make their children smell like hammers and he had acting appearances in Holby City in 2003 and played the title character in the 2002 television series Ed Stone Is Dead. During May 2003, Blackwood appeared in Channel 5s Celebrity Detox Camp, in March 2007, he acted in the Bollywood smash-hit film Dont Stop Dreaming. In 2005, Blackwood appeared in Princes of Comedii DVD release, in March 2011, he played the role of Russell - the Store Manager, in Anuvahood, starring Adam Deacon. Also in 2011, he played the role of Donkey in the West End production of Shrek the Musical, the show opened at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane on 14 June 2011. He has starred alongside such performers as Amanda Holden, Nigel Lindsay, Nigel Harman, Kimberley Walsh, Blackwood appeared with the rest of the Shrek cast on Britains Got Talent for ITV on 31 May 2011. On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Blackwood would be joining the cast of EastEnders as mysterious character Vincent Hubbard and he made his first appearance on 17 February 2015, and had many connections to different characters before actually appearing on the Square. He had previously been interviewed in a 2003 EastEnders documentary on the return of Den Watts, in a 2000 interview, Blackwood claimed that if he had not made it in show business he would have been a graphic designer, designing buildings. Blackwood is a cousin of the actor Vas Blackwood and he became the step-brother of supermodel Naomi Campbell when his father married her mother in the 1980s, until their divorce several years later. Blackwood has said he attempted suicide after filing for bankruptcy in 2003. He has a son, Keaun, born in January 2001
44.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
45.
Newsboy cap
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The newsboy cap or newsy cap is a casual-wear cap similar in style to the flat cap. The style was popular in Europe and North America in the late 19th, as the name suggests, it is now associated with newspaper boys. This gives rise to a misunderstanding and it is true that many newspaper boys and other working boys wore flat caps along with other styles. This style was not, however, worn only by boys and this is also well attested in novels and films of this period and just after. Although traditionally a mens cap, it has seen a resurgence as it has become popular with affluent women. It has also become popular among the hipster subculture, Baker boy hats are now seen in many high street retailers. For summer, many girls and women are choosing soft cotton options as the brim offers sun protection, in winter, wool blend baker boy hats are a popular option for those who want to wear a natural material. In 2011, floral cottons are the current trend following a renewed interest in home sewing, roots Canada outfitted the Canadian Olympic team at the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan. The outfits most popular item was the red cap worn backwards. These caps became fashionable and were seen on such as Prince William. David Beckham is frequently photographed wearing his signature Baker Boy style hat from James Lock & Co, Boys flat caps Historical Boys Clothing website. American Newsie caps were one of names for the flat cap
