1.
Baseball cap
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A baseball cap is a type of soft cap with a rounded crown and a stiff peak projecting in front. The front of the cap typically contains designs or logos of sports teams, the back of the cap may be fitted to the wearers head size or it may have a plastic, Velcro, or elastic adjuster so that it can be quickly adjusted to fit different wearers. The baseball cap is a part of the traditional uniform worn by players. The cap is seen in everyday casual wear. In 1860, the Brooklyn Excelsiors wore the ancestor of the modern baseball cap, which featured a long peak and a button on top, and by 1900. During the 1940s, latex rubber became the material inside the hat. The peak, also known in areas as the bill or brim, was designed to protect a players eyes from the sun. Typically, the peak was much shorter in the days of the baseball hat. Also, the hat has become more structured, versus the overall cap of the 19th. The baseball cap was and still is an important means by which to identify a team, often the logo, mascot, or teams initial was placed on the cap. Usually, the cap was also fashioned in the colors of a particular team. The basic shape, including curved peak, is similar to styles of 19th century sun bonnets. Fitted baseball caps, those without an adjuster, are sewn in six sections. Metal grommets or fabric eyelets are often sewn or attached near the top of each of the six sections of fabric to provide ventilation, in some cases, the rear sections of the crown are made of net-like mesh material for extra ventilation. The peak is typically stiffened by a piece of paperboard or stiff plastic. Baseball caps are made of many types of material and shaped in various styles for different purposes, major and minor league baseball players wear classic-style caps made of wool with their teams simple logo and colors, the logo is usually embroidered into the fabric. Formerly, baseball caps only came in standard hat sizes, since 1980, they have also been available in a one-size-fits-all form, with an adjustment strap in the back. The style, commonly called snapback, has become popular as fashion accessories
2.
Jason Isaacs
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Jason Isaacs is an English actor. He is known for playing Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter films, Colonel William Tavington in The Patriot, in December 2016, he played the lead antagonist in the Netflix supernatural hit series The OA. He starred in the NBC drama Awake as Detective Michael Britten from March to May 2012, Jason Isaacs was born in Liverpool to Jewish parents. The third of four sons, Isaacs attended a Jewish school, known then as King David High school and he describes the bullying and intolerance he observed during his childhood as preparation for portraying the unattractive, villainous characters whom he has most often played. After graduating from Bristol he went immediately to train at Londons Central School of Speech, Isaacs parents eventually emigrated to Israel. After completing his training as an actor, Isaacs almost immediately began appearing on the stage and on television and he also played Michael Ryan in ITVs adaptation of Martina Coles novel Dangerous Lady, directed by Jack Woods and produced by Lavinia Warner in 1995. When auditioning for that role, he told the producers, Look, I play all these guys and thugs and strong. In real life, I am a cringing, neurotic Jewish mess, cant I for once play that on stage. Subsequently, he appeared in the Bruce Willis blockbuster Armageddon and he then shone as memorable villain, Colonel William Tavington, in Roland Emmerichs American Revolutionary War fictional film epic The Patriot. Starring opposite Mel Gibson as the hero, and Heath Ledger as Gibsons screen son, Isaacs portrays a sadistic British Army officer who kills Ledgers character. Isaacs has appeared in other films, most notably as Lucius Malfoy in the Harry Potter series of films. Regarding the Harry Potter books by J. K, I suddenly understood why my friends, who Id thought were slightly backward, had been so addicted to these childrens books. Prior to the making of the film, when asked whether or not he would be in Harry Potter, I cant bear the idea that somebody else would get to wear my Paris Hilton wig, but you never know. I fell to my knees and begged, Im sure she doesnt need plot ideas from me. Like everybody else, Im holding my breath to July to see whats in there, I just want to bust out of prison, thats all. I dont want to stay in Azkaban most of my life, ultimately Isaacs did reprise the role of Malfoy as a cameo appearance in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, where he is seen in a moving portrait. Afterwards, Isaacs reprised the role again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, on British television, he also portrayed actor Harry H. On American television, Isaacs appeared in three episodes of The West Wing in 2004, prior to developing his most notable TV serial role, Isaacs appeared in one episode of the TV show Entourage in the autumn of 2008 as Fredrick Line
3.
Tweed (cloth)
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Tweed is a rough, woollen fabric, of a soft, open, flexible texture, resembling cheviot or homespun, but more closely woven. It is usually woven with a weave, twill or herringbone structure. Colour effects in the yarn may be obtained by mixing dyed wool before it is spun, tweeds are an icon of traditional Irish and British country clothing, being desirable for informal outerwear, due to the material being moisture-resistant and durable. Tweeds are made to withstand harsh climate and are worn for outdoor activities such as shooting and hunting. Lovat is the given to the green used in traditional Scottish tweed. In Ireland, tweed manufacturing is most associated with County Donegal, the original name of the cloth was tweel, Scots for twill, the material being woven in a twilled rather than a plain pattern. A traditional story has the name coming about almost by chance, around 1831, a London merchant received a letter from a Hawick firm, Wm. Watson & Sons, Dangerfield Mills about some tweels. The merchant misinterpreted the handwriting, understanding it to be a taken from the river Tweed that flows through the Scottish Borders textile area. The goods were advertised as Tweed and the name has remained since. Traditionally used for country clothing like shooting jackets, tweed became popular among the Edwardian middle classes who associated it with the leisurely pursuits of the elite. Popular patterns include houndstooth associated with 1960s fashion, Windowpane, gamekeepers tweed worn by academics, Prince of Wales check originally commissioned by Edward VII, in modern times, cyclists may wear tweed when they ride vintage bicycles on a Tweed Run. This practise has its roots in the British young fogey and hipster subcultures of the late 2000s and early 2010s, some vintage Danemann upright pianos have a tweed cloth backing to protect the internal mechanism. Occasionally, Scottish bagpipes were covered in tweed as an alternative to tartan wool, Tweed is also sometimes found covering vintage or retro guitar amplifiers, such as the Fender tweed and Fender Tweed Deluxe. This was widely used by music and rock and roll artists of the 1950s and 60s, including Hank Thompson, Dick Dale, Creedence Clearwater Revivals John Fogerty. Tweed was worn by many characters from the Victorian and Edwardian periods. Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett both wore keepers tweed deerstalkers and Inverness capes, but more recent portrayals of Sherlock have abandoned the hat, although Robert Downey Jrs character wore a fedora, both he and Doctor Watson wore tweed overcoats, as was then fashionable in Victorian England. Due to the popularity of Benedict Cumberbatchs portrayal of Sherlock, the tweed overcoat entered high fashion in the 2010s, television actors playing intellectuals or older men often wear Harris tweed, including Anthony Head in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Mads Mikkelsen as Hannibal Lecter. Notable movie characters who have worn tweed include Sean Connery in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Harrison Ford himself in the scenes of Indiana Jones
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Leather
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Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry, people use leather to make various goods—including clothing, bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is produced in a variety of types and styles. Several tanning processes transform hides and skins into leather, Chrome-tanned leather, invented in 1858, is tanned using chromium sulfate and it is more supple and pliable than vegetable-tanned leather and does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water as vegetable-tanned. It is also known as wet-blue for its color derived from the chromium, more exotic colors are possible when using chrome tanning. The chrome tanning method usually only takes a day to finish, and it is reported that chrome-tanned leather adds up to 80% of the global leather supply. Vegetable-tanned leather is tanned using tannins and other found in different vegetable matter, such as tree bark prepared in bark mills, wood, leaves, fruits. It is supple and brown in color, with the exact shade depending on the mix of chemicals and it is the only form of leather suitable for use in leather carving or stamping. Vegetable-tanned leather is not stable in water, it tends to discolor, so if left to soak and then dried it shrinks, in hot water, it shrinks drastically and partly congeals—becoming rigid, and eventually brittle. Boiled leather is an example of this, where the leather has been hardened by being immersed in hot water, historically, it was occasionally used as armour after hardening, and it has also been used for book binding. Aldehyde-tanned leather is tanned using glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine compounds and this is the leather that most tanners refer to as wet-white leather due to its pale cream or white color. It is the type of chrome-free leather, often seen in shoes for infants. Formaldehyde tanning is another aldehyde tanning method, brain-tanned leathers fall into this category, and are exceptionally water absorbent. Brain tanned leathers are made by a process that uses emulsified oils, often those of animal brains such as deer, cattle. They are known for their softness and washability. Chamois leather also falls into the category of aldehyde tanning, and like brain tanning, produces a porous, chamois leather is made using marine oils that oxidize easily to produce the aldehydes that tan the leather to color it. Rose-tanned leather is a variation of oil tanning and brain tanning. Rose-tanned leather tanned leaves a powerful rose fragrance even years from when it is manufactured and it has been called the most valuable leather on earth, but this is mostly due to the high cost of rose otto and its labor-intensive tanning process
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Corduroy
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Corduroy is a textile composed of twisted fibres that, when woven, lie parallel to one another to form the cloths distinct pattern, a cord. Modern corduroy is most commonly composed of tufted cords, sometimes exhibiting a channel between the tufts, corduroy is, in essence, a ridged form of velvet. The fabric looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other, the word corduroy is from cord and duroy, a coarse woollen cloth made in England in the 18th century. The interpretation of the word as corde du roi is a folk etymology, as a fabric, corduroy is considered a durable cloth. Corduroy is found in the construction of trousers, jackets and shirts, the width of the cord is commonly referred to as the size of the wale. The lower the number, the thicker the width of the wale. Corduroy’s wale count per inch can vary from 1.5 to 21, wide wale is more commonly used in trousers and furniture upholstery, medium, narrow, and fine wale fabrics are usually found in garments worn above the waist. Corduroy is made by weaving extra sets of fibre into the fabric to form vertical ridges called wales. The wales are built so that lines can be seen when they are cut into pile. The dye is applied to the surface of the fabric, then the garment is cut, when washed during the final phase of the manufacturing process, the pigment dye washes out in an irregular way, creating a vintage look. The colour of each garment becomes softer with each washing, other names are often used for corduroy. Alternative names include, corded velveteen, elephant cord, pin cord, Manchester cloth, in continental Europe, corduroy is commonly known simply as Manchester, Cord, rib cord or rib velvet. Corduroy is a traditionally used in making British country clothing, such as in coat
6.
Herringbone pattern
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The herringbone pattern is an arrangement of rectangles used for floor tilings and road pavement, so named for a fancied resemblance to the bones of a fish such as a herring. The blocks can be rectangles or parallelograms, the block edge length ratios are usually 2,1, and sometimes 3,1, but need not be even ratios. The herringbone pattern has a symmetry of wallpaper group pgg, as long as the blocks are not of different color, herringbone patterns can be found in wallpaper, mosaics, cloth and clothing, shoe tread, security printing, herringbone gears, jewellery, sculpture, and elsewhere. As a geometric tessellation, the pattern is topologically identical to the regular hexagonal tiling. This can be if the rectangular blocks are distorted slightly. In parquetry, more known as flooring, herringbone patterns can be accomplished in wood, brick. Subtle alternating colors may be used to create a distinctive pattern, or the materials used may be the same. Laying a herringbone floor is very challenging, since the multitude of small rows must be made to line up smoothly, small mistakes in a herringbone floor can be rather glaring because of the way the pattern lines up, so care must be taken. Masonry also utilizes herringbone, often as an accent pattern on the sides of buildings, a floor or outdoor walkway made from stone or brick may be made entirely from herringbone, or herringbone stripes may be integrated into other patterns. Just like with flooring, the rows must be aligned to maintain the integrity of the pattern. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list
7.
Northern England
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Northern England or the North of England, also known as the North Country or simply the North, is the northern part of England, when considered as a single cultural area. The area roughly spans from the River Trent and River Dee to the Scottish border in the north, Northern England roughly comprises three statistical regions, the North East, North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. These have a population of around 14.9 million as of the 2011 Census. The region has been controlled by groups from the Brigantes. After the Norman conquest in 1066, the Harrying of the North brought destruction, a Council of the North was in place during the Late Middle Ages until the Commonwealth after the Civil War. The area experienced Anglo–Scottish border fighting until the unification of Britain under the Stuarts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the economy of the North was dominated by heavy industry such as weaving, shipbuilding, steelmaking and mining. The deindustrialisation that followed in the half of the 20th century hit Northern England hard. For government and statistical purposes, Northern England is defined as the covered by the three statistical regions of North East England, North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber. This definition will be used in article, except when otherwise stated. Using historic county boundaries, the North is generally taken to comprise Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmorland, County Durham, Lancashire and Yorkshire, the Isle of Man is occasionally included in definitions of the North, although it is politically and culturally distinct from England. Additionally, some areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire have been associated with the North. The geographer Danny Dorling includes most of the West Midlands and part of the East Midlands in his definition of the North, conversely, more restrictive definitions also exist, typically based on the extent of the historical Northumbria, which exclude Cheshire and Lincolnshire. Personal definitions of the North vary greatly and are sometimes passionately debated, when asked to draw a dividing line between North and South, Southerners tend to draw this line further south than Northerners do. Various towns have been described as or promoted themselves as the gateway to the North, including Crewe, Stoke-on-Trent, through the North of England run the Pennines, an upland chain often referred to as the backbone of England. This stretches from the Cheviot Hills on the border with Scotland to the Peak District, the geography of the North has been heavily shaped by the ice sheets of the Pleistocene era, which often reached as far south as the Midlands. On the other side of the Pennines, a glacial lake forms the Humberhead Levels, a large area of fenland which drains into the Humber. This has left the North a region of contrasts, the Lake District includes Englands highest peak, Scafell Pike, which rises to 978 m, its largest lake, Windermere, and its deepest lake, Wastwater. However, dense areas have emerged along the coasts and rivers
8.
Bonnet (headgear)
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Bonnet is a term for a wide variety of styles of headgear for both sexes, but most often female, which has been in use from the Middle Ages to the present. However the term has also used, for example, for steel helmets. This was from Scotland, where the term has long been especially popular, Bonnet derives from the same word in French, where it originally indicated a type of material. In the 21st century, only a few kinds of headgear are still referred to as bonnets, most commonly worn by babies. The most common kind of bonnet worn today is a soft headcovering for babies and they are shaped similarly to the kind of bonnets women used to wear, that is they cover the hair and ears, but not the forehead. In the mid-17th and 18th century house bonnets worn by women and girls were generally brimless headcoverings which were secured by tying under the chin, and they were worn indoors, to keep the hair tidy, and outdoors, to keep dust out of the hair. From Waterloo, more structured fashionable bonnets made by milliners rapidly grew larger and this ornament is partially placed on one side, the edge of the bonnet finished by blond laid on strait. Straw was available again after 1815, the best straw bonnets came from Leghorn, as a bonnet developed a peak, it would extend from the entire front of the bonnet, from the chin over the forehead and down the other side of the face. Some styles of bonnets between ca 1817 and 1845 had a peak which effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Others had a peak which was angled out to frame the face. In the 1840s it might be crimped at the top to frame the face in a heart shape, as the bonnet became more complicated, under it might be worn a lace cornette to hold the hair in place. Bonnets remained one of the most common types of headgear worn by women throughout most of the 19th century, for a widow, a bonnet was de rigueur. Silk bonnets, elaborately pleated and ruched, were worn outdoors, or in places like shops, galleries, churches. Under the French Second Empire, parasols took the place of protection from sun, most middle-class women in the 19th century would have had at least two bonnets, one suitable for summer weather, often made from straw, and one made from heavier fabric for winter wear. This is where the tradition of an Easter bonnet originated, when women would switch from their winter bonnet to their summer bonnet, wealthier women would have many bonnets, suitable for different occasions. In some religious groups it has been customary for women to wear bonnets and this was the case among the Friends until well into the 20th century, and is still the case among the Old Order Mennonites and the Amish. Bonnets were adopted by The Salvation Army as part of regalia for women. Initially, bonnets were introduced as protection for women soldiers and were reinforced with black tar to turn them into helmets, later versions were smaller when there was no longer any need for protection
9.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
