Flaying
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Flaying, also known as skinning, is a method of slow torture or execution in which skin is removed from the body.
Michelangelo's The Last Judgment - St Bartholomew holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin; it is conjectured that Michelangelo included a self-portrait depicting himself as St Bartholomew after he had been flayed alive.
Assyrians flaying their prisoners alive
Shield showing three flaying knives, symbol of Bartholomew the Apostle
Anthropodermic bibliopegy
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Anthropodermic bibliopegy is the practice of binding books in human skin. As of April 2022, The Anthropodermic Book Project has examined 31 out of 50 books in public institutions supposed to have anth
Flaying
…The Zhengde Emperor flayed six rebels, and Zhang Xianzhong also flayed many people. Lu Xun said the Ming dynasty was begun and ended by flaying. Anthropodermic bibliopegy (books bound in human skin) Degloving…
A book bound in the skin of the murderer William Burke, on display in Surgeons' Hall Museum in Edinburgh
A 17th-century book on female virginity at the Wellcome Library, rebound in human skin by Dr. Ludovic Bouland around 1865
Bound in 1863 by Josse Schavye, the same binder of the genuine anthropodermic Vesalius' De Humani Corporis Fabrica in Brown University, and who bound at least four books with human leather in his lifetime.
Panel with Latin inscription in the book: Hic liber femineo corio convestitus est ("This book has been bound with the skin of a woman")