1.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
2.
Charles Louis Fleischmann
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Charles Louis Fleischmann was an innovative manufacturer of yeast and other consumer food products during the 19th Century. A native of Jägerndorf, Moravian Silesia, Charles Fleischmann was the son of Alois Fleischmann, a distiller and yeast maker and he was educated in Budapest, Hungary, Vienna and Prague. He was Hungarian and spoke Magyar, and married Prussian girl Henriette Robertson in New York and he then managed a distillery in Vienna, where he produced spirits and yeast. In 1865, Fleischmann came to the United States, and was disappointed in the quality of locally baked bread in the Cincinnati, the brothers, along with another business partner named James Gaff, founded what became the Fleischmann Yeast Company in Riverside, Cincinnati, in 1868. Eventually, Fleischmann would own 14 manufacturing facilities, max commuted to New York headquarters from his home in Santa Barbara, California by private railcar. The company still exists today as a St. Louis-based producer of yeast, the Fleischmann Yeast Company eventually became the worlds leading yeast producer and the second largest in the production of vinegar. It was also a producer of gin, under the Fleischmann brand name. They hired the J. Walter Thompson Company, who created a health food fad for yeast cakes, Charles Fleischmann is responsible for numerous mechanical patents involving yeast production machinery. He helped to organize the Market National Bank and became its president from 1887 until his death in 1897 and he was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in a mausoleum based on the Parthenon. His son, Julius Fleischmann, later served as the mayor of Cincinnati and his great-great-great-granddaughter is businesswoman Elizabeth Holmes. Charles Fleischmann was inducted into the American Society of Baking’s Baking Hall of Fame on March 3,2008, at the Society’s annual meeting in Chicago, Fleischmann Vienna bread Fleischmanns Yeast home page Charles Louis Fleischmann at Find a Grave
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
Delaware County, New York
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Delaware County is a county located in the US state of New York. As of 2010 the population was 47,980, the county is named after the Delaware River, which was named in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, appointed governor of Virginia in 1609. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present area of Delaware County was divided between Albany and Ulster Counties. Albany County was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. In 1791, Otsego was one of three counties that were split off from Montgomery, Delaware County was formed in 1797 by combining portions of Otsego and Ulster counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,467 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in New York by land area, Delaware County is located in the southern part of the state, separated from the state of Pennsylvania by the Delaware River. It is east of Binghamton and southwest of Albany, the county contains part of the Catskill Mountains. The county is within a region called the Southern Tier of New York State, the highest point is an approximately 3, 520-foot summit of Bearpen Mountain along the Greene County line. The lowest point is along the Delaware River, the county is drained by the headwaters of the Delaware. It has a surface, and the soil in the valleys is exceedingly fertile. The Delaware and Susquehanna rivers are navigable by boats. The population density was 13/km², making it the least densely populated in the state outside of the Adirondacks, there were 28,952 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 44% White,1. 18% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 53% from other races, and 0. 99% from two or more races
6.
Skene Memorial Library
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The Skene Memorial Library is located on Main Street in Fleischmanns, New York, United States. It is also used as the village hall, the frame building, combining elements of the Queen Anne and Shingle architectural styles, dates to the early 20th century. Its exterior incorporates aspects of train station architecture. It was built by the widow of prominent gynecologist Alexander Skene, who summered in the area, in addition to her own contributions and contributions from villagers, she raised money from Andrew Carnegie, making it one of the many Carnegie libraries. Later it was deeded to the village, in 2001 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The library currently features a collection of books on the Catskills, the library is on an 0. 9-acre lot on the north side of Main Street in Fleischmanns small downtown. The neighborhood is a mix of commercial and residential buildings, behind the lot is woodlands, rising slightly to a low hill behind a small parking lot. In front is a lawn with stone monuments to local war veterans. The building itself is an L-shaped one-story structure on a stone foundation sided in wood shingles, four narrow wood moldings run around the eave, lintel, sill and water table levels. The high hipped roofs are shingled in asbestos with broad overhanging eaves supported by brackets, stone chimneys rise from the west side and the east rear. At the center of the facade is a porch supported by Doric columns. The words SKENE MEMORIAL LIBRARY are on the entablature and its overhang is also supported by narrow brackets. Three wide stone steps with iron railings climb up to it, above the porch is an octagonal tower with round-arched windows in alternating facets above the roofline. Its top stage has louvered vents in all but the front facet and it is topped by a rounded roof with the same bracketed eaves. All windows are in pairs, with a pattern in the upper pane. A similar pattern is in the transoms on the two entrances, both on the north end of the rear. A modern wheelchair ramp goes up to these from the parking lot, the double wood and glass doors at the main entrance lead into a small vestibule where stairs provide access to the tower and cellar. From there doors open into the reading room, rectangular with an elliptical arched ceiling
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area code 845
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Area code 845 is a telephone area code straddling the Hudson Valley region of the U. S. state of New York. 845 serves Rockland, Putnam, Orange, and Ulster counties, and parts of Dutchess and Sullivan, Delaware, Greene, Area code 845 was created on June 5,2000, from most of area code 914, which was retained by Westchester County. It was the first new area code in upstate New York since 1954, NANPA Area Code Map of New York
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
Middletown, Delaware County, New York
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Middletown is a town in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 3,759 at the 2010 census, the town is in the southeast part of the county. The town was formed parts of the towns of Rochester. The area of the town has been reduced by the formation of new towns. The southeast town line is the border of Ulster County, the eastern part of the town is in the Catskill Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 97.3 square miles, of which 96.7 square miles is land and 0.62 square miles. The East Branch Delaware River flows from northeast to southwest across the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,051 people,1,672 households, and 1,034 families residing in the town. The population density was 42.0 people per square mile, there were 3,013 housing units at an average density of 31.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 11% White,0. 64% African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 72% Asian,2. 12% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 42% of the population. 31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 21. 0% under the age of 18,4. 8% from 18 to 24,22. 7% from 25 to 44,27. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males, the median income for a household in the town was $31,346, and the median income for a family was $36,818. Males had an income of $26,418 versus $24,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,635, about 12. 6% of families and 16. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 3% of those under age 18 and 9. 6% of those age 65 or over. Arkville – The Pakatakan Artists Colony Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, margaretville – village New Kingston – The New Kingston Historic District, New Kingston Presbyterian Church, and Thomson Family Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places
15.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
16.
Kingston, New York
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Kingston /ˈkɪŋstən/ is a city in and the county seat of Ulster County, New York, United States. It is 91 miles north of New York City and 59 miles south of Albany and it became New Yorks first capital in 1777, and was burned by the British on October 13,1777, after the Battles of Saratoga. In the 19th century, the city became an important transport hub after the discovery of cement in the region. As early as 1614 the Dutch had set up a factorij at Ponckhockie, at the junction of the Rondout Creek, the first recorded permanent settler in what would become the city of Kingston, was Thomas Chambers, who came from the area of Rensselaerswyck in 1653. The place was called Esopus after the local Esopus tribe, as more settlers arrived, tensions developed between the Esopus and the Dutch, in part due to the Dutch selling alcohol to the young Esopus men. In the spring of 1658 Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Amsterdam, arrived and advised the residents if they wished to remain they must re-locate to high ground. Tensions continued between the Esopus and the settlers, eventually leading to the Esopus Wars, in 1661 the settlement was granted a charter as a separate municipality, Stuyvesant named it Wiltwijck. It was not until 1663 that the Dutch ended the conflict with the Esopus through a coalition of Dutch settlers, Wappinger. Wiltwyck was one of three large Hudson River settlements in New Netherland, the two being Beverwyck, now Albany, and New Amsterdam, now New York City. With the English seizure of New Netherland in 1664, relations between the Dutch settlers and the English soldiers garrisoned there were often strained, in 1669 Wiltwyck was renamed Kingston, in honor of the family seat of Governor Lovelaces mother. In 1777, Kingston became the first capital of New York, during the summer of 1777, when the New York State constitution was written, New York City was occupied by British troops and Albany was under threat of attack by the British. The seat of government was moved to Kingston, which was deemed safer, however, the British never reached Albany, having been stopped at Saratoga, but they did reach Kingston. On October 13,1777, the city was burned by British troops moving up river from New York City, the denizens of Kingston knew of the oncoming fleet. By the time the British arrived, the residents and government officials had removed to Hurley, the area was a major granary for the colonies at the time, so the British burned large amounts of wheat and all but one or two of the buildings. Kingston celebrates and re-enacts the 1777 burning of the city by the British every other year, Kingston was incorporated as a village on April 6,1805. In the early 1800s four sloops plied the river from Kingston to New York, by 1829 steamers made the trip to Manhattan in a little over twelve hours, usually travelling by night. Columbus Point was the landing for Kingston and stage lines ran from the village to the Point. The Dutch cultural influence in Kingston remained strong through the end of the nineteenth century, prior to 1825 Rondout was a small farming village
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Pine Hill, New York
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Pine Hill is a hamlet in the western part of the town of Shandaken in Ulster County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 275. Pine Hill became an important tourist community when the Ulster and Delaware Railroad railroad reached it in 1872 and it was known as the Saratoga of the Catskills due to the local Crystal Springs bottling company. In 1895, Pine Hill became a village, but the village voted to dissolve its incorporation in 1985. 14, Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge, Mill Street Stone Arch Bridge, Morton Memorial Library, Pine Hill Historic District, and Ulster House Hotel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.1 square miles.5.5 km² of it is land and 0. 47% is water. The community is inside the Catskill Park, as of the census of 2000, there were 308 people,138 households, and 81 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 146.2 per square mile, there were 279 housing units at an average density of 132. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89. 94% White,2. 60% African American,0. 65% Native American,3. 57% Asian,2. 27% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 87% of the population. 29. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.77. In the CDP, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,6. 2% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,30. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $33,229, and the median income for a family was $40,625. Males had an income of $46,000 versus $25,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,858. About 10. 1% of families and 19. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, zephyr Restaurant on Main Street Morton Memorial Library
18.
Woodstock, New York
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Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 5,884 at the 2010 census, down from 6,241 at the 2000 census, Woodstock is in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston, and lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The first non-indigenous settler arrived around 1770, the Town of Woodstock was established in 1787. Later, Woodstock contributed some of its territory to form the towns of Middletown, Windham, Shandaken, Woodstock played host to numerous Hudson River School painters during the late 1800s. The Arts and Crafts Movement came to Woodstock in 1902, with the arrival of Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead, Bolton Brown and Hervey White, who formed the Byrdcliffe Colony. In 1906, L. Birge Harrison and others founded the Summer School of the Art Students League of New York in the area, ever since, Woodstock has been considered an active artists colony. From 1915 through 1931, Hervey Whites Maverick Art Colony held the Maverick Festivals, in hundreds of free spirits gathered each summer for music, art, theater. A series of Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged at Pan Copelands Farm just over the line in Saugerties from 1967 to 1970. These featured folk and rock acts like Richie Havens, Paul Butterfield, Dave van Ronk, Woodstock is also home to the Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery, situated at the top of Meads Mountain Road. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.8 square miles, of which 67.3 square miles is land and 0.54 square miles. The north town line is the border of Greene County, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,241 people,2,946 households, and 1,626 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.5 people per square mile, there were 3,847 housing units at an average density of 57.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 25% White,1. 30% Black or African American,0. 21% Native American,1. 57% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 79% from other races, and 1. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 56% of the population,35. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.71. In the town, the population was out with 18. 0% under the age of 18,3. 7% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,38. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $49,217, and the median income for a family was $65,938
19.
Ulster County, New York
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Ulster County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493, the county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster County comprises the Kingston, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley The area of present-day Ulster County was called Esopus by Dutch settlers, it was then part of the New Netherland Colony. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus, in 1683, the Duke of York created twelve counties in his province. Ulster County was one of them and its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County, and portions of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties. In 1777, the capital of New York State was established at Kingston, in 1797, portions of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, in 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County was split off from Ulster County, during the American Civil War volunteers were recruited from the more affluent families of the County to form the 139th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. Ulster County is in the southeast part of New York State, south of Albany, much of the county is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. The highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately 4,180 feet above sea level, the lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. The population density was 158 people per square mile, there were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile. 7. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 2% were of Italian,16. 8% Irish,15. 5% German,6. 8% English, and 4. 7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 3% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 2% Italian, of all households,27. 90% were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 23. 50% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.10 males
20.
Anti-Rent War
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The Anti-Rent War was a tenants revolt in upstate New York during the early 19th century. The incident began with the death of Stephen Van Rensselaer III in 1839, during his life, he preferred to allow rents to accumulate or to accept partial payment when tenants were in financial constraints. The patroons owned all the land on which the tenants in the Hudson Valley lived, when he died, Van Rensselaers will directed his heirs to collect outstanding rents to apply to the estate debts. When his heirs attempted to collect the rents which he had long deferred, the tenants could not pay the amounts demanded, could not secure favorable terms, and could not obtain relief in the courts, so they revolted. The first mass meeting of tenant farmers leading to the Anti-Rent War was held in Berne, in January 1845, one hundred and fifty delegates from eleven counties assembled in St. Pauls Lutheran Church, Berne to call for political action to redress their grievances. The Anti-Rent War led to the creation of the Antirenter Party, trials of leaders of the revolt, charged with riot, conspiracy and robbery, were held in 1845. Participants as counsel in the trials included Ambrose L. Jordan, as leading counsel for the defense, and John Van Buren, the attorney general. At the first trial, the jury came to no conclusion, during a re-trial in September 1845, the two leading counsels started a fist-fight in open court. Both were sentenced by the judge, Justice John W. Edmonds. At the conclusion of the trial, one defendant, Smith A. Boughton, was sentenced to life imprisonment, after the election of John Young as governor, who had the support of the Anti-Renters, he pardoned Boughton. Lawrence Van Deusen, president of the Anti-Rent Association of Albany County, anya Setons novel Dragonwyck is set during the Anti-Rent War. Ford, Eric, New Yorks Anti-rent War 1845–1846, Contemporary Review, kubik, Dorothy, A Free Soil — A Free People, The Anti-Rent War in Delaware County, New York, ISBN 0-935796-86-X. McCurdy, Charles W, The Anti-Rent Era in New York Law and Politics, 1839–1865, ISBN 0-8078-2590-5
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Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
22.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
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Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
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Fleischmann's Yeast
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Fleischmann’s Yeast is a brand of yeast sold to both consumer and industrial markets in the United States and Canada. It is available in a number of different forms with various qualities, Fleischmanns Active Dry Yeast is the best-known of their yeast products due to its innovative extended shelf life compared to fresh yeast. The brand is owned by Associated British Foods. The company was founded by Charles Louis Fleischmann, his brother Maximilian, standard Brands merged with Nabisco Brands, Inc. in 1981. In 1986, RJR Nabisco sold Fleischmanns to the Australian company Burns Philp, Burns Philp sold its yeast business to Associated British Foods in 2004. Charles Louis Fleischmann,1868 through 1897 Julius Fleischmann,1897 through 1925 Maximilian C, Fleischmann,1925 through 1929 Fleischmanns Vodka Official website Official website Official website
25.
Ulster and Delaware Railroad
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The Ulster and Delaware Railroad was a railroad located in the state of New York. It was often advertised as The Only All-Rail Route to the Catskill Mountains, during the early 19th century waterways formed the principal transportation network in New York. An important point on this network was Rondout, located at the confluence of Rondout Creek and the Hudson River, in 1828 it became the eastern terminus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Here cargo and passengers were transferred from boats to the larger vessels navigating the Hudson. By the end of the Civil War, railroads were pre-empting waterways as the method of transportation. Thomas Cornell, founder of the Cornell Steamboat Company and a resident of Rondout, was among those who noticed, although Cornell made plenty of money from shipping, he planned a railroad that would bring supplies from towns in central or western New York to his port in Rondout. So Cornell chartered the Rondout and Oswego on April 3,1866, with the work of surveying and acquiring rights of way completed, construction started in 1868. Cornell decided to construct this new railroad of 62- and 70-pound rail and it would go from Rondout to the busy city of Oneonta on the upper Susquehanna River, and then to Oswego on the shore of Lake Ontario. The R&O at 12 miles long reached the summer resort of Olive Branch, near the town of Shokan. By the next year, the first train was run and the railroad was finally operational, in 1870 the railroad was extended to Phoenicia, where the railroad built a stucco station across Esopus Creek from the village. The same year, ownership of the railroad was transferred to John C, brodhead and the line reached the small town of Big Indian. By 1871 construction reached Deans Corners, however, the R&O folded upon completing construction to Roxbury, and the task of constructing the remainder of the route was left to its newly organized successor, the New York, Kingston & Syracuse. It was a railroad, with plenty of passengers coming from surrounding towns. Steamboat passengers could dock at Rondout and transfer to the railroad, later, passengers could also transfer at Kingston, first via the Wallkill Valley Railroad, then via the West Shore Railroad, and much later via the New York, Ontario and Western Railway. From the boats, it was a walk to the R&O station to transfer to the train. Much of the income was made from coal shipped along the D&H Canal from the Moosic Mountains near Carbondale, Pennsylvania. There were also vegetables, fruit, and milk from the farms in the Catskills, while steadily grading to Moresville, the great number of curves and grades created a problem, as more digging, ties and rails meant greater costs to complete the remainder of the railroad. The railroad couldnt make enough money to pay the debt and continue building the railroad, Greene was expected to have the railroad finished to the town of Oneonta by 1874, pay all of the debts, and withstand future debts of as much as $700,000
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Julius Fleischmann
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Julius Augustus Fleischmann was an American businessman, the long-time president of Fleischmanns Yeast, and a former mayor of Cincinnati. A bon vivant, sailor, and sportsman, he was the son of yeast magnate Charles Louis Fleischmann, Fleischmann was born in Cincinnati to Austria-born Hungarian Charles Louis Fleischmann and his Prussian-born wife Henriette Robertson. Julius left college to become General Manager of Fleischmanns Yeast in 1894 when he was 22 years old and he became president of the company in 1897, overseeing the companys expansion. Among the many interests of the Fleischmann family was major league baseball, in 1898, Fleischman financed the semiprofessional baseball team, the Cincinnati Shamrocks, which included the future Hall of Fame manager Miller Huggins. In 1900, Huggins played for Fleischmanns semiprofessional team based in the Catskill Mountains, Julius Fleischmann was also involved in thoroughbred horses, along with his father and his brother Max, under the name Charles Fleischmann and Sons. He became Cincinnatis youngest mayor in 1900, at age 28 and he was re-elected once, and served until 1905. Under his mayorship, Cincinnatis police force known as one of the best in the nation. As mayor, Fleischmann promoted education, created parks. A staunch Republican, Fleischmann later served three times as a delegate to the Republican National Convention, in May 1914, Fleischmann gave Fleischmanns Park to the village of Fleischmanns, New York. The park, which dominated the north side of Wagner Avenue in Fleischmanns, was known as the Mountain Athletic Club. It was where the towns semiprofessional baseball players came to get in shape before the start of the regular season, Fleischmann was initiated as a national honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity in 1914. He died of disease on February 5,1925, while playing polo in Miami. Fleischmann was married three times, to Lily Ackerland from 1893–1920, with whom he had three children, Laura G. Hemingway from 1920 –1924, and a Mrs. OBrien. His son Julius Fleischmann, Jr. was among other things a philanthropist who founded World Art, in 1937, World Art financed the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, which launched its first season in 1938. Julius Fleischmann at Find a Grave
27.
Honus Wagner
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Johannes Peter Honus Wagner was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Wagner won eight batting titles, tied for the most in National League history with Tony Gwynn and he also led the league in slugging six times, and in stolen bases five times. Wagner was nicknamed The Flying Dutchman due to his superb speed and this name was a nod to the popular folk-tale made into a famous opera by another Wagner. In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Wagner as one of the first five members and he received the second-highest vote total, behind Ty Cobb and tied with Babe Ruth. Cobb himself called Wagner maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond, in addition, Wagner is the featured player of one of the rarest and most valuable baseball cards in the world. Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Wagner was one of nine children. As a child, he was called Hans by his mother, Hans was also an alternate nickname during his major league career. Wagner dropped out of school at age 12 to help his father, in their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well. Wagners older brother, Albert Butts Wagner, who had a major league career himself, is often credited with getting Honus his first tryout. Butts persuaded his manager to take a look at his younger brother, following his brother, Wagner trained to be a barber before becoming successful in baseball. In 1916, Wagner married Bessie Baine Smith, and the couple would have three daughters, Elva Katrina, Betty Baine, and Virginia Mae, Honus brother Albert Butts Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family. Albert suggested Honus in 1895 when his Inter-State League team was in need of help, Wagner would play for five teams in that first year, in three different leagues over the course of 80 games. In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox. Barrow proved to be a talent scout, as Wagner could play wherever he was needed. Wagner would hit.313 for Paterson in 1896 and.375 in 74 games in 1897, recognizing that Wagner should be playing at the highest level, Barrow contacted the Louisville Colonels, who had finished last in the National League in 1896 with a record of 38-93. They were doing better in 1897 when Barrow persuaded club president Barney Dreyfuss, club secretary Harry Pulliam, Pulliam, though, persuaded Dreyfuss and Clarke to take a chance on him. Wagner debuted with Louisville on July 19, and hit.338 in 61 games, by his second season, Wagner was already one of the best hitters in the National League although he came up short a percentage point from finishing the season at.300. Following the 1899 season, the NL contracted from twelve to eight teams, along with Wagner, owner Barney Dreyfuss, who had purchased half ownership in the Pirates, took many of his other top players with him to Pittsburgh
28.
Herbert H. Lehman
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Herbert Henry Lehman was a Democratic Party politician from New York. He served from 1933 until 1942 as the 45th Governor of New York and he was born to a Reform Jewish family in New York City, the son of Babetta and German-born immigrant Mayer Lehman, one of the three brothers who cofounded the Lehman Brothers investment banking firm. Herberts father arrived from Rimpar, Germany, in 1848, settling in Montgomery, Alabama, where he engaged in the cotton business and he attended The Sachs School, founded by Julius Sachs. In 1895, he graduated from Sachs Collegiate Institute in New York City, after college, Lehman worked in textile manufacturing, eventually becoming vice-president and treasurer of the J. Spencer Turner Company in Brooklyn. In 1908, he became a partner in the investment banking firm Lehman Brothers of New York City with his brother Arthur, during World War I, he became a colonel on the U. S. Army general staff. By 1928, when he entered service, he had withdrawn entirely from business. Lehman became active in politics in 1920 and became chairman of the committee of the Democratic Party in 1928 as a reward for having been a strong supporter of Alfred E. Smith. He was elected lieutenant governor of New York in 1928 and 1930 and he then served four terms as Governor of New York, elected in 1932 to replace Franklin D. Roosevelt, and re-elected in 1934,1936 and 1938. Unlike Smith, Lehman was a supporter of Roosevelts New Deal and he served as director-general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1943 to 1946. Lehman was the Democratic nominee for US Senator from New York in 1946 and also ran on the Liberal and American Labor tickets but was defeated by the Republican candidate, Irving Ives. In 1949, he ran again, this time in an election to serve the remainder of Robert F. Wagners term. Lehman defeated John Foster Dulles, who had appointed to temporarily fill the vacancy after Wagners resignation. In the campaign, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets, in 1950, Lehman was re-elected to a full term, running on Democratic and Liberal lines and opposed by the American Labor Party. Lehman was one of two US senators who were opposed to nominating Mississippi Senator James O. Eastland to be chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and he was also an early and vocal opponent of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Lehman was one of the most liberal senators and was not considered part of the Senates club of insiders. He retired from the Senate after his term and was not a candidate for renomination or re-election in 1956. On April 28,1910, Lehman married Edith Louise Altschul, the couple had three children, Hilda, Peter, and John. Hilda, Peter and John served in the United States military during World War II, according to a group history published April 6,1944, the governors son was to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross
29.
Anton Seidl
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Anton Seidl was a Hungarian conductor. He was born in Pest, Hungary and he began the study of music at a very early age, and when only seven years old could pick out at the piano melodies which he had heard in the theatre. At 15, he became a student of harmony in counterpoint under Nicolitsch at the Hungarian national musical academy and he attended the normal school at Pest for three years, the gymnasium eight years, and afterward attended the university for two years. At Bayreuth, he assisted in making the first fair copy of Der Ring des Nibelungen, wagner treated him as one of the chosen few, and it was natural that he should take a part in the first Bayreuth Festival in 1876. Wagner then sent him to Vienna to stage Siegfried and Götterdämmerung there and his chance as a conductor came in 1879 when, on Wagners recommendation, he was appointed to the Leipzig State Opera. In May 1881, he introduced in the Victoria Theatre, Berlin, in 1882, he went on tour with Angelo Neumanns Nibelungen Ring company. The critics attributed much of the success that attended the production of the Ring at Her Majestys Theatre in London in June of that year to his conducting. He became conductor of the New York Philharmonic in 1891 where he remained until his death in 1898, while in New York, he conducted the premiere performance of Antonín Dvořáks Symphony No. 9, From the New World, which influenced the direction of American classical music. Dvořák had added that subtitle to the page of his autograph score in Carnegie Hall just before turning it over to Seidl. He also had a significant role in the genesis of Edvard Griegs Lyric Suite and it started as Seidls orchestrations of four pieces from Book V of Griegs Lyric Pieces, which he put together as Norwegian Suite. He died in 1898, aged only 47, excerpts from Memoirs of Anton Seidl Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Seidl, Anton. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John. Finck, Henry Theophilus and Krehbiel, Henry Edward, Anton Seidl, a memorial by his friends. Works by or about Anton Seidl at Internet Archive Media related to Anton Seidl at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Amelita Galli-Curci
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Amelita Galli-Curci was an Italian coloratura soprano. She was one of the most popular singers of the 20th century. She was born as Amelita Galli into a family in Milan. She was inspired to sing by her grandmother, operatic composer Pietro Mascagni also encouraged Galli-Curcis singing ambitions. By her own choice, Galli-Curcis voice was largely self-trained and she honed her technique by listening to other sopranos, reading old singing-method books, and doing piano exercises with her voice instead of using a keyboard. She was seen by critics as an antidote to the host of squally. The soprano had toured widely in Europe, Russia and South America, in 1915, she sang two performances of Lucia di Lammermoor with Enrico Caruso in Buenos Aires. These were to be her only appearances with the great tenor, though they later appeared in concert. Galli-Curci and Caruso also acted as godparents for the son of the Sicilian tenor Giulio Crimi, Galli-Curci toured extensively throughout her career, including a 1924 Great Britain concert tour, where she appeared in 20 cities and a tour of Australia a year later. Galli-Curci arrived in the United States in the autumn of 1916 as a virtual unknown, also in 1916, Galli-Curci signed a recording contract with the Victor Talking Machine Company and recorded exclusively for the company until 1930. On 14 November 1921, While still under contract with the Chicago Opera and she was one of few singers who were contracted to both opera companies simultaneously. Galli-Curci remained at the Met until her retirement from the stage nine years later. Galli-Curci built and maintained an estate called Sul Monte in Highmount, New York, in the nearby village of Margaretville a theater was erected and named in her honor. She returned the favor by performing there on its opening night, weary of opera house politics and convinced that opera was a dying art form, Galli-Curci retired from the operatic stage in January 1930 to concentrate instead on concert performances. Throat problems and the pitching of top notes had plagued her for several years. Great care was taken during her surgery, which was performed under local anesthesia, a nerve to her larynx, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, is thought to have been damaged, resulting in the loss of her ability to sing high pitches. This nerve has become known as the nerve of Galli-Curci. In 1908 Galli-Curci wed an Italian nobleman, the Marchese Luigi Curci, the Marchese Curci petitioned the papal council in Rome for an annulment of the marriage in 1922
31.
Julia Marlowe
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Julia Marlowe was an English-born American actress known for her interpretations of William Shakespeare. Marlowe was born as Sarah Frances Frost at Caldbeck, Cumberland, England, to clogger and shoemaker John Frost, when she was four her family emigrated to the United States. Her father, who was an fan of local sports. He changed his name to Brough and after first settling in Kansas he moved his family east to Portsmouth, Ohio, Marlowe obtained the nickname of Fanny and in her early teens began her career in the chorus of a juvenile opera company. While touring with the company for nearly a year performing Gilbert, pinafore, under the direction of Colonel Robert E. J. Miles she was given the part of Sir Joseph Porter. She later played in W. S. Gilberts Pygmalion and Galatea and her training and initial success was due primarily to Miless sister-in-law Ada Dow. Still in Cincinnati, Fanny played her first Shakespearean roles as Balthazar in Romeo and Juliet, soon after Ada Dow took Fanny to New York where for several years she received voice training by Parsons Price. Finished with the training she changed her name to Julia Marlowe. As an unknown, Marlowe was, at first, unable to get a Shakesperean role, but she was determined. Colonel Miles, the new manager of the New York Bijou Opera House and this gave Marlowe the repertoire she needed. On 20 October 1887, her mother hired the Bijou for a matinee of Ingomar, in early 1891, Marlowe came down with a severe case of typhoid fever while on tour in Philadelphia. The owner of the Philadelphia Times newspaper and his wife took Julia in and she made her Broadway debut in 1895 and went on to appear in more than seventy Broadway productions. With the money from her first Broadway success, she bought the townhouse known as River Mansion at 337 Riverside Drive and her first husband was Broadway actor Robert Taber. Their marriage lasted from 1894–1900 and produced no children, Taber and Marlowe were married in 1894. According to many who knew her, Marlowe sacrificed her own self-interests many times in order to promote Tabers career, despite this, however, professional jealousy ended their marriage in 1900. In a letter dated April 2nd,1895 from Taber he writes I herewith return your play, Mrs. Taber is grateful for your kindness in submitting it and notwithstanding its interest - She finds it unsuited for her present use. Taber was touring in England at the time of their divorce, in 1904, Marlowe starred as Mary Tudor in Paul Kesters adaptation of When Knighthood Was in Flower. This was an success, and made Marlowe financially independent
32.
Gertrude Berg
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Gertrude Berg was an American actress, screenwriter and producer. Her career achievements include winning a Tony Award and an Emmy Award, Berg was born Tillie Edelstein in 1899 in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, to Jacob and Diana Edelstein, natives of Russia and England, respectively. Bergs chronically unstable mother, Dinah, grieving over the death of her son, experienced a series of nervous breakdowns. Tillie, who lived with her family on Lexington Avenue, married Lewis Berg in 1918 and she learned theater while producing skits at her fathers Catskills Mountains resort in Fleischmanns, New York. After the sugar factory where her husband worked burned down, she developed a skit, portraying a Jewish family in a Bronx tenement. Though the household had a typewriter, Berg wrote her script by hand, when the executive she was meeting with protested that he could not read what Berg had written, she read the script aloud to him. Her performance not only sold the idea for the radio program, Berg continued to write the shows scripts by hand in pencil for as long as the program was on the air. On November 20,1929, a 15-minute episode of The Rise of the Goldbergs was first broadcast on the NBC radio network and she started at $75 a week. Less than two years later, in the heart of the Great Depression, she let the sponsor propose a salary and was told, Mrs. Berg, we cant pay a cent over $2,000 a week. Berg became inextricably identified as Molly Goldberg, the matriarch of her fictitious Bronx family who moved to Connecticut as a symbol of Jewish-American upward mobility. She wrote practically all the radio episodes plus a Broadway adaptation, Me. It took considerable convincing, but Berg finally prevailed upon CBS to let her bring The Goldbergs to television in 1949, early episodes portrayed the Goldberg family openly and personally struggling to adapt to American life. Just as Berg stated in her autobiography, she chose to depict her Jewish grandfathers worship to America and her characters Molly, Jake, Sammy and Rosie emphasized her day to day stories of Jewish immigration to America. Immigrant life and the Goldberg family struggle were familiar and relatable to many families during this point in American history, Radio seemed to lend a hand to new settlers and produced a common place to tie patriotism and families together. The programs victory is largely because of the feelings of the American people portrayed in the programs scripts. The first season script was published into a book form. The Goldbergs ran into trouble in 1951, during the McCarthy Era, co-star Philip Loeb was one of the performers named in Red Channels, The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television and blacklisted as a result. Loeb resigned rather than cause Berg trouble and he reportedly received a generous severance package from the show, but it didnt prevent him from sinking into the depression that ultimately drove him to suicide in 1955
33.
The Goldbergs (broadcast series)
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The Goldbergs is a comedy-drama broadcast from 1929 to 1946 on American radio, and from 1949 to 1956 on American television. It was adapted into a 1948 play, Me and Molly, a 1950 film Molly, the program was devised by writer-actress Gertrude Berg in 1928 and sold to the NBC radio network the following year. It was a comedy featuring the home life of a Jewish family, supposedly located at 1038 East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx. In addition to writing the scripts and directing each episode, Berg starred as bighearted, lovingly meddlesome, the show began as a portrait of Jewish tenement life before later evoking such growing pains as moving into a more suburban setting and struggling with assimilation while sustaining their roots. The Goldbergs began as a weekly 15-minute program called The Rise of the Goldbergs on November 20,1929, the series moved to CBS in 1936 with the title shortened to The Goldbergs. Like other 15-minute comedies of the day, such as Amos n Andy, Lum and Abner, Easy Aces, Vic and Sade and Myrt and Marge, Bergs usual introduction—in character as Molly, hollering, Yoo-hoo. In the 1940s, this was followed by Bud Collyer warbling, There she is, folks—thats Molly Goldberg, a woman with a place in every heart, when Gertrude Berg missed a couple of weeks due to illness, stations carrying the popular show were flooded with get-well mail. Even though it was the story of a poor Jewish family in the Bronx, New York, of the 15-minute serial comedies, only Amos n Andy enjoyed a longer radio life than The Goldbergs. The role of husband Jake Goldberg was first played by Himan Brown, when Waters died suddenly in 1945, Berg resisted recasting the role. Instead, she simply had Molly refer to Jake, occasionally setting up dialogue in which his reply was not heard when she spoke to him, Bergs portrayal of the Jewish mother stereotype emphasized the positive. This series has more to set us Jews right with the goyim than all the sermons ever preached by the Rabbis. Berg was not averse to incorporating serious real-world issues that affected Jewish families, one 1939 episode addressed Kristallnacht and Nazi Germany, other World War II-era episodes alluded to friends or family members trying to escape the Holocaust. But these were sporadic deviations from the main theme of family, neighborhood. Molly shows viewers the strong matriarch that she is by helping others with their dilemmas. The Goldbergs was so popular that performing stars in other arts sought to appear on it, Berg consented, for example, to cast Metropolitan Opera star Jan Peerce almost annually to sing on Yom Kippur and Passover. Another famous singer of the day, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, asked Berg directly if she could appear, in 1948, Berg wrote and staged a theatrical version of the show on Broadway, Me and Molly. A year later, she brought The Goldbergs to television, the television version ran on CBS Television from 1949 to 1951 and co-starred Philip Loeb as Jake Goldberg. He and Gertrude Berg reprised their roles in a 1950 film of the same name, the show almost didnt get to the small screen at all, CBS executives were uncertain that the show would work on television as well as it did on radio
34.
Alexander Skene
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Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene was a British gynaecologist from Scotland who described what became known as Skenes glands. Skene was born in Fyvie, Scotland, United Kingdom, on 17 June 1837, at the age of 19, he went to North America. He studied medicine at Kings College, then at the University of Michigan and he was professor of gynaecology in the post-graduate Medical School of New York in 1884, and was president of the American Gynaecological Society. Skene wrote over 100 medical articles and several textbooks and he contributed many surgical instruments and improved on surgical techniques. He performed the first successful operation of gastro-elytrotomy that is recorded, primarily, he is remembered for his description of the Skenes glands at the floor of the urethra. He also described their infection - skenitis, as a sculptor, Skene created a bust of J. Marion Sims, which is on display in the lobby of the Kings County Medical Society. A bust honoring him is located in Prospect Park Plaza and this statue was moved in 2011 to accommodate a statue of Abraham Lincoln, a former U. S. president. Skene died in his summerhouse in the Catskills, New York and he left behind a son, Jonathan Bowers. He is buried at Rockland Cemetery in Sparkill, NY.1981, wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds
35.
Shandaken, New York
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Shandaken is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 3,085. The name is from a phrase for land of rapid waters. The Town of Shandaken is located on the northern border. Shandaken is northwest of Kingston, New York, the town was first settled around the time of the American Revolution. Shandaken was established as a town in 1804 from part of the Town of Woodstock, in 1809, the town was increased by territory from the Town of Neversink. Later, some of Shandaken was used to form the Towns of Denning, Hardenburgh. By the final years of the 19th Century, Shandaken had developed the tourist industry which is still the most important part of its economy, the population of Shandaken in 1900 was 4,053. An alternate translation of the native word shandaken is the place of the hemlocks, the Mount Tremper Fire Observation Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 119.8 square miles. The total area is 0. 02% water, the town is inside the Catskill Park, and it is entirely mountainous. Within it lies Slide Mountain, the Catskill Mountains highest peak, the north town line is the border of Greene County, and the west town line is the border of Delaware County. The Esopus Creek flows across the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,235 people,1,463 households, and 829 families residing in the town. The population density was 27.0 people per square mile, there were 2,666 housing units at an average density of 22.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 65% White,1. 21% African American,0. 40% Native American,1. 17% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 1. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 06% of the population,34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the family size was 2.82. In the town, the population was out with 20. 2% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,24. 2% from 25 to 44,32. 6% from 45 to 64
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Andrew Carnegie
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He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
37.
Margaretville, New York
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Margaretville is a village in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 596 at the 2010 census, the village is in the town of Middletown, on the border of the Catskill Park. Margaretville is located near the center of the town of Middletown at 42°8′51″N 74°39′4″W. It is near the end of Delaware County, in the valley of the East Branch Delaware River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.70 square miles, of which 0.68 square miles is land and 0.02 square miles. New York State Route 30 runs through the center of the village, leading northeast 19 miles to Grand Gorge, NY28 passes through the southern part of the village, leading east 45 miles to Kingston and northwest 24 miles to Delhi. In 1708, Queen Anne of England gave the Hardenburgh Patent to Johannes Hardenbergh, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston divided 221,748 acres of the land among his family. In 1763 Harmanus DuMond was deeded 75 acres opposite Margaretville by Chancellor Livingston, a 1765 map by Will Cockburn shows a road from Marbletown to Pakatakan. In the 1770s, the settlers paid one hundred forty-nine pounds and 19 shillings to American Indians for the land. In 1778, the East Branch of the Delaware River valleys settlers were driven off by the American Indians, in June 1778, a combined force of Tories and Indians led by Joseph Brant raided the valley, including the Margaretville area. On August 26,1778, an evacuation was ordered, assisted by guard from Great Shandaken. Before the settlers were driven from their homes, they were given a timely and friendly warning by an Indian named Tunis, the settlers returned after the American Revolutionary War. It was during this time that Tom Quick and Timothy Murphy became famous for their Indian slayings, in 1779, a deed to a Lot No.39 was given to Livingstons sister, who married Morgan Lewis. A daughter named Margaret was born to them, in 1784 settlers returned to area, including Ignos DuMond, nephew of Harmanus DuMond. He sold his claim of land for $100 to John Tompkins, in 1820, the Old Stone Schoolhouse at Dunraven was built. By 1831, Orson M. Allaben had begun the practice of medicine, Dr. Allaben was also made first postmaster in June 1848, when Margaretville was designated as a post office station. It was actually an addition made onto the G. G. Decker store. In 1850, the village was named in honor of Margaret Lewis, until then, it had been known as Middletown Center, which took its name from its location, equidistant from the Hudson, Delaware and Susquehanna rivers
38.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
39.
Congregation B'nai Israel Synagogue
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Congregation Bnai Israel Synagogue is located on Wagner Avenue in Fleischmanns, New York, United States. It is a building dating to the 1920s, built two years after local farmers founded the congregation. Originally an Orthodox synagogue, it has since become Conservative and it is the only synagogue in the Catskills with an exposed truss roof. In 2002, the synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places, after an effort by Bernard Rosenberg. Congregation Bnai Israel Synagogue is the synagogue in Delaware County to be listed. The neighborhood is residential, with many old boardinghouses from the late 19th. Behind the houses across the street the ground slopes up to the NY28 state highway, to the west is the park created by Julius Fleischmann, son of Charles, after whom the village, originally called Griffin Corner, were renamed. Behind the synagogue, to its north, a grove of trees surrounds the rear of the building, buffering it from the Bush Kill. As a consequence of being on the flood plain, the synagogues lot is flat and grassy. The building itself is a one-and-a-half-story three-by-five-bay frame structure on a block foundation. It is sided in clapboard and topped by a roof with overhanging eaves supported by brackets. Along the south and side elevations the bays are divided by pilasters with Doric capitals supporting an architrave with wide frieze. On the south facade the windows are in deep molded lancet arch frames, below the sashes the eight panes are filled with colored glass, above them they have a Star of David design filled with yellow glass surrounded by blue. Larger versions of design are in the circular windows at each gable end. A set of steps leads up to the main entrance. Inside, a vestibule, with a kitchen on the side. It has a window to the kitchen on a rear wall that replicates the sanctuarys original rear wall. Another set of doors leads into the sanctuary, which occupies the rear third of the building
40.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
41.
New York State Route 28
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New York State Route 28 is a state highway extending for 281.69 miles in the shape of a C between the Hudson Valley city of Kingston and southern Warren County in the U. S. state of New York. Along the way, it intersects several major routes, including Interstate 88, U. S. Route 20, the southern terminus of NY28 is at NY32 in Kingston and the northern terminus is at US9 in Warrensburg. In Kingston, NY28 is co-designated as Interstate 587 from its terminus at NY32 to the roundabout linking it to the Thruway. NY28 was originally assigned in 1924 to an alignment extending from Colliersville in the south to Utica in the north via Ilion. From Colliersville to Cooperstown, the highway followed its current routing, north of Cooperstown, the route was extended south to Kingston and north to Warrensburg as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. At the same time, NY28 was realigned between Cooperstown and Mohawk to follow its modern routing, other than minor realignments in Kingston, Oneonta, and Oneida County, NY28 has remained the same to this day. NY 28s southern terminus is with NY32 in the city of Kingston, the route heads north, then northwest on Colonel Chandler Drive, a four-lane limited-access highway. The roadway is designated and signed as I-587, which begins at NY32 as well. Although Colonel Chandler Drive is built to Interstate Highway standards, it has no intermediary interchanges, after crossing over the Esopus Creek into Ulster, I-587 terminates at a roundabout that links I-587 and NY28 to the New York State Thruway at exit 19. West of I-87, the crosses the Blue Line of Catskill Park. Not long afterward, the highway meets US209 by way of a cloverleaf interchange, past US209, the highway enters a rural area as it heads northwest into the center of the state park. Near the eastern tip of the Ashokan Reservoir, in the town of Kingston, West of NY 28A, NY28 continues towards the north and west along the northern edge of the reservoir. In West Hurley, the route intersects the terminus of NY375. It proceeds along the reservoir to its end in the town of Olive community of Boiceville. At Phoenicia, the largest settlement since Kingston, NY214 reaches its terminus at the highway. Past Phoenicia, the slopes become steeper as the road and creek curve around Panther Mountain, one of the Catskill High Peaks. At Allaben, the Shandaken Tunnel crosses under the road, bringing water from Schoharie Reservoir into the creek. The road and creek start bending to the south to the hamlet of Shandaken, as NY28 continues trending southwest, the valley becomes less developed
42.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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