1.
Floorplan (microelectronics)
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In electronic design automation, a floorplan of an integrated circuit is a schematic representation of tentative placement of its major functional blocks. In modern electronic design process floorplans are created during the design stage. Depending on the methodology being followed, the actual definition of a floorplan may differ. Floorplanning takes in some of the constraints in a design. In some approaches the floorplan may be a partition of the chip area into axis aligned rectangles to be occupied by IC blocks. This partition is subject to constraints and requirements of optimization, block area, aspect ratios, estimated total measure of interconnects. Finding good floorplans has been an area in combinatorial optimization. Most of the related to finding optimal floorplans are NP-hard. Therefore, the most common approach is to use various optimization heuristics for finding good solutions, another approach is to restrict design methodology to certain classes of floorplans, such as sliceable floorplans. A sliceable floorplan is a floorplan that may be defined recursively as described below, a floorplan that consists of a single rectangular block is sliceable. If a block from a sliceable floorplan is cut in two by a vertical or horizontal line, the floorplan is sliceable. Sliceable floorplans have been used in a number of early Electronic Design Automation tools for a number of reasons, sliceable floorplans may be conveniently represented by binary trees, which correspond to the order of slicing. More importantly, a number of NP-hard problems with floorplans have polynomial time algorithms restricted to sliceable floorplans. The Chip Planner of the PLAYOUT System
2.
Single-family detached home
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A single-family detached home, also called a single-detached dwelling, single-family residence or separate house is a free-standing residential building. It is defined in opposition to a residential dwelling. The definition of this type of house may vary between legal jurisdictions or statistical agencies and it does exclude, however, any short-term accommodation, large-scale rental accommodation, or condominia. Garages can also be found on most lots, houses with an attached front entry garage that is closer to the street than any other part of the house is often derisively called a snout house. It is important to note that In the United States, that the term Single Family Residence specifically refers to the not the occupants. Historically, Homeowners Associations have used the term to limit non-nuclear families, presently, these types of HOA policies are subject to Fair Housing Lawsuits, heavy penalties, and possibly personal liability for board members. Terms corresponding to single-family detached home in common use are single-family home, single-detached dwelling, detached house, in the United Kingdom, the term single-family home is almost unknown, except through Internet exposure to U. S. media. In pre-industrial societies most people live in multi-family dwelling for most of their lives and this type of arrangement also saves on the effort and materials used for construction and, in colder climates, heating. If people had to move to a new place or were wealthy enough, they could build or buy a home for their own family, of course and this has produced a cultural preference in settler societies for privacy and space. A countervailing trend has been industrialization and urbanization, which as seen more and more people around the world move into apartment blocks. Single-family homes are now common in rural and suburban and even urban areas across the New World and Europe. They are most common in low-density, high-income regions, for example, in Canada according to the 2006 Census 55. 3% of the population lived single-detached houses but this varied substantially by region. In the Ville of Montreal, Canadas second most populous municipality, only 7. 5% of the lived in a single-detached house, while in the city of Calgary. Note that this includes the city limits only, not the wider region. The term single-family detached describes how a house is built and who lives in it and it does not indicate size, shape, or location. Because they are not surrounded by buildings, the potential size of a single-family house is limited only by the budget of the builder. They can range from a country cottage or cabin or a small suburban prefabricated home to a large mansion. Sizes in real estate advertising are given in area, or by the number of bedrooms or bathrooms/toilets, the choice in materials used or the shape chosen will depend on what is common to the vernacular architecture of that region, or the lasted trends in professionally designed tract housing
3.
Graphical projection
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Graphical projection is a protocol, used in technical drawing, by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface without the aid of numerical calculation. The projection is achieved by the use of imaginary projectors, the projected, mental image becomes the technician’s vision of the desired, finished picture. By following the protocol the technician may produce the picture on a planar surface such as drawing paper. The protocols provide a uniform imaging procedure among people trained in technical graphics, the orthographic projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry and is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. It is the type of choice for working drawings. Within parallel projection there is a known as Pictorials. Pictorials show an image of an object as viewed from a direction in order to reveal all three directions of space in one picture. Parallel projection pictorial instrument drawings are used to approximate graphical perspective projections. Because pictorial projections inherently have this distortion, in the instrument drawing of pictorials, great liberties may then be taken for economy of effort, parallel projection pictorials rely on the technique of axonometric projection. Axonometric projection is a type of projection used to create a pictorial drawing of an object. There are three types of axonometric projection, isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projection. In isometric pictorials, the direction of viewing is such that the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, and there is an angle of 120° between them. As the distortion caused by foreshortening is uniform the proportionality of all sides and lengths are preserved, and this enables measurements to be read or taken directly from the drawing. Approximations are common in dimetric drawings, in trimetric pictorials, the direction of viewing is such that all of the three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened. The scale along each of the three axes and the angles among them are determined separately as dictated by the angle of viewing, approximations in Trimetric drawings are common. In oblique projections the parallel projection rays are not perpendicular to the plane as with orthographic projection. In both orthographic and oblique projection, parallel lines in space appear parallel on the projected image, because of its simplicity, oblique projection is used exclusively for pictorial purposes rather than for formal, working drawings. In an oblique pictorial drawing, the angles among the axes as well as the foreshortening factors are arbitrary
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Multiview projection
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Along the y-axis, The top and bottom views, which are known as plans. Along the z-axis, The front and back views, which are known as elevations. Orthographic projections show the views of an object, each viewed in a direction parallel to one of the main coordinate axes. These primary views are called plans and elevations, sometimes they are shown as if the object has been cut across or sectioned to expose the interior, these views are called sections. Auxiliary views are taken from an angle that is not one of the primary views. A plan is a view of a 3-dimensional object seen from vertically above and it may be drawn in the position of a horizontal plane passing through, above, or below the object. The outline of a shape in this view is called its planform. The plan view from above a building is called its roof plan, a section seen in a horizontal plane through the walls and showing the floor beneath is called a floor plan. An elevation is a view of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a vertical plane beside an object, in other words, an elevation is a side-view as viewed from the front, back, left or right. An elevation is a method of depicting the external configuration. Building façades are shown as elevations in architectural drawings and technical drawings, elevations are the most common orthographic projection for conveying the appearance of a building from the exterior. Perspectives are also used for this purpose. A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the direction it faces. E. g. the North Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true north on the compass, interior elevations are used to show detailing such as millwork and trim configurations. In the building elevations are a non-perspective view of the structure. These are drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any aspect necessary, Drawing sets include front, rear and both side elevations. A developed elevation is a variant of a regular elevation view in several adjacent non-parallel sides may be shown together. For example, the north and west views may be shown side-by-side, sharing an edge, a section, or cross-section, is a view of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object
5.
Axonometric projection
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There are three main types of axonometric projection, isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projection. Axonometric means to measure along axes, axonometric projection shows an image of an object as viewed from a skew direction in order to reveal more than one side in the same picture. With axonometric projections the scale of distant features is the same as for near features, so such pictures will look distorted and this distortion is especially evident if the object to view is mostly composed of rectangular features. Despite this limitation, axonometric projection can be useful for purposes of illustration, in German literature, oblique projection is also considered an axonometric view, per Pohlkes theorem, the fundamental theorem of axonometry. In some English literature, axonometric projection is considered a sub-class of orthographic projection, farish published his ideas in the 1822 paper On Isometrical Perspective, in which he recognized the need for accurate technical working drawings free of optical distortion. This would lead him to formulate isometry, isometry means equal measures because the same scale is used for height, width, and depth. S. The popular acceptance of axonometry came in the 1920s, when modernist architects from the Bauhaus, De Stijl architects like Theo van Doesburg used axonometry for their architectural designs, which caused a sensation when exhibited in Paris in 1923. Since the 1920s axonometry, or parallel perspective, has provided an important graphic technique for artists, architects, like linear perspective, axonometry helps depict 3D space on the 2D picture plane. It usually comes as a feature of CAD systems and other visual computing tools. According to Jan Krikke axonometry originated in China and its function in Chinese art was similar to linear perspective in European art. Axonometry, and the grammar that goes with it, has taken on a new significance with the advent of visual computing. The three types of projection are isometric projection, dimetric projection, and trimetric projection, depending on the exact angle at which the view deviates from the orthogonal. Typically in axonometric drawing, one axis of space is shown as the vertical, as the distortion caused by foreshortening is uniform the proportionality of all sides and lengths are preserved, and the axes share a common scale. This enables measurements to be read or taken directly from the drawing, another advantage is that 120° angles are more easily constructed using only a compass and straightedge. In trimetric projection, the direction of viewing is such that all of the three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened, the scale along each of the three axes and the angles among them are determined separately as dictated by the angle of viewing. Approximations are common in dimetric and trimetric drawings, as with all types of parallel projection, objects drawn with axonometric projection do not appear larger or smaller as they extend closer to or away from the viewer. It also can result in situations where depth and altitude are difficult to gauge. In this isometric drawing, the sphere is two units higher than the red one
6.
Isometric projection
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Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is a projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees. The term isometric comes from the Greek for equal measure, reflecting that the scale along each axis of the projection is the same. An isometric view of an object can be obtained by choosing the viewing direction such that the angles between the projections of the x, y, and z axes are all the same, or 120°. For example, with a cube, this is done by first looking straight towards one face, next, the cube is rotated ±45° about the vertical axis, followed by a rotation of approximately ±35. 264° about the horizontal axis. Note that with the cube the perimeter of the resulting 2D drawing is a regular hexagon, all the black lines have equal length. Isometric graph paper can be placed under a piece of drawing paper to help achieve the effect without calculation. In a similar way, a view can be obtained in a 3D scene. Starting with the camera aligned parallel to the floor and aligned to the axes, it is first rotated vertically by about 35. 264° as above. Another way isometric projection can be visualized is by considering a view within a cubical room starting in a corner and looking towards the opposite. The x-axis extends diagonally down and right, the y-axis extends diagonally down and left, depth is also shown by height on the image. Lines drawn along the axes are at 120° to one another, the term isometric is often mistakenly used to refer to axonometric projections generally. From the two angles needed for a projection, the value of the second may seem counterintuitive. Let’s first imagine a cube with sides of length 2, and we can calculate the length of the line from its center to the middle of any edge as √2 using Pythagoras theorem. By rotating the cube by 45° on the x-axis, the point will become as depicted in the diagram. The second rotation aims to bring the point on the positive z-axis. There are eight different orientations to obtain a view, depending into which octant the viewer looks. 264°. As explained above, this is a rotation around the axis by β
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Media related to floor plans at Wikimedia Commons
