1.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
2.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
3.
Barrios of Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires, autonomous city and capital of Argentina, is composed of forty-eight neighbourhoods. The city is also divided into communes, each one including one or more barrios. Among the most visited and populated barrios are Palermo, Recoleta, Puerto Madero, Belgrano, San Telmo, La Boca, Monserrat, in alphabetical order, with the corresponding population and the commune they are grouped in. The name Barrio Norte refers to the area around Avenida Santa Fe, encompassing parts of Retiro, Recoleta, the name Barrio Sur was used in the past to encompass the southern neighborhoods. Abasto is sometimes used to refer to the zone around the Abasto market and it encompasses north-western Balvanera and north-eastern Almagro. Congreso is the area around Congress square, encompassing southeastern Balvanera, northern San Cristóbal, Catalinas Norte is the high-rise district next to Retiro transportation center and to the financial district, while Catalinas Sur is used for the lowlands south of San Telmo. Las Cañitas refers to a few blocks around the Campo Argentino de Polo, crowded with trendy bars, fancy restaurants, Palermo Queens is used sometimes to refer to the parts of Villa Crespo close to Palermo Viejo. Other than Palermo Viejo and Palermo Chico, these names are of recent vintage and are related to the process that Palermo. Parque Centenario is sometimes used to refer to the area around Centenario park, at the limit of Almagro, Caballito, the southern parts of Flores were reclaimed from swampland, and the names Bajo Flores and Bañado de Flores are used for these areas. Within Belgrano, there are Belgrano C and R and Bajo Belgrano, a tango song named Cien barrios porteños, sung by Alberto Castillo, is sometimes invoked to support the claim that there are indeed a hundred neighbourhoods in the city. This number may be reached by including some suburbs in the tally, barrios History Government of the Buenos Aires city
4.
Buenos Aires Province
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Buenos Aires is the largest and most populous Argentinian province. It takes the name from the city of Buenos Aires, which used to be the capital until it was federalized in 1880. The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata, the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region. The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires, the metropolitan area surrounding the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The area of the province,307,571 km2, makes it the largest in Argentina with around 11% of the total area. The inhabitants of the province before the 16th century advent of Spanish colonisation were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived, the survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentinas European ethnic majority. Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536, even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541, Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de los Buenos Aires. Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century, the end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert in which the aboriginals where almost completely exterminated. After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires fueled periodic hostilities, the province was declared independent on September 11,1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in the 1859 Pact of San José de Flores, intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province. La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital, the equivalent of a billion dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the population, like Argentinas, nearly doubled to one million by 1895. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914 and this era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations
5.
Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Juan Manuel de Rosas, nicknamed Restorer of the Laws, was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune. Rosas enlisted his workers in a militia, as was common for rural proprietors. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and he eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the Argentine army, and became the undisputed leader of the Federalist Party. In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires, in 1831, he signed the Federal Pact, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier to wage war on the indigenous peoples, after his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed parapolice that killed thousands of citizens, elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a cult of personality and his regime became totalitarian in nature, Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina, Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of Uruguay and Paraguay. When the Empire of Brazil began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851 and this short conflict ended with the defeat of Rosas and his flight to Britain. His last years were spent in living as a tenant farmer until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered a public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote unity, seeking forgiveness for him. Rosas remains a figure in Argentina in the 21st century. Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his familys house in Buenos Aires. He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Agustina López de Osornio, León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos. A military officer with a career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy Criollo family
6.
Italianate architecture
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The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. The style of architecture that was created, though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance, was essentially of its own time. The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash and this small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barrys Italianate style drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, the style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved popularity in the United States. A late intimation of Nashs development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor, unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and his most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden. Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, on occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, the Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunels atmospheric railway pumping houses. An example that is not very known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christophers Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with the Medicis, upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed an industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style, the influence of these buildings, such as the ones in Deir el Qamar, influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time
7.
Romanticism
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Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism, the decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that the feeling is his law. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creators own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism. This idea is called romantic originality. Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief, however, this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the voice of the artist. So, in literature, much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves. In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman, meaning the new literary form of the novel, had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages. It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place roughly between 1770 and 1848, and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, however, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier
8.
Mythology
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Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths. Myths are the people tell to explain nature, history. Myth is a feature of every culture, mythologizing continues, as shown in contemporary mythopoeia such as urban legends and the expansive fictional mythoi created by fantasy novels and comics. A cultures collective mythology helps convey belonging, shared and religious experiences, behavioral models, the study of myth began in ancient history. Rival classes of the Greek myths by Euhemerus, Plato and Sallustius were developed by the Neoplatonists, the nineteenth-century comparative mythology reinterpreted myth as a primitive and failed counterpart of science, a disease of language, or a misinterpretation of magical ritual. Recent approaches often view myths as manifestations of psychological, cultural, or societal truths, the term mythology predates the word myth by centuries. It first appeared in the fifteenth-century, borrowed from the Middle French term mythologie, the word mythology, comes from Middle French mythologie, from Late Latin mythologia, from Greek μυθολογία mythología from μῦθος mythos and -λογία -logia. The word mythología appears in Plato, but was used as a term for fiction or story-telling of any kind, combining mỹthos. From Lydgate until the seventeenth or eighteenth-century, mythology was similarly used to mean a moral, fable, from its earliest use in reference to a collection of traditional stories or beliefs, mythology implied the falsehood of the stories being described. It came to be applied by analogy with similar bodies of traditional stories among other cultures around the world. The Greek loanword mythos and Latinate mythus both appeared in English before the first example of myth in 1830, in present use, mythology usually refers to the collected myths of a group of people, but may also mean the study of such myths. For example, Greek mythology, Roman mythology and Hittite mythology all describe the body of myths retold among those cultures, dundes defined myth as a sacred narrative that explains how the world and humanity evolved into their present form. Lincoln defined myth as ideology in narrative form, scholars in other fields use the term myth in varied ways. In a broad sense, the word can refer to any traditional story, due to this pejorative sense, some scholars opted for the term mythos. Its use was similarly pejorative and now commonly refers to its Aristotelian sense as a plot point or to a collective mythology. The term is distinguished from didactic literature such as fables. Main characters in myths are usually gods, demigods or supernatural humans, however, many exceptions or combinations exist, as in the Iliad, Odyssey and Aeneid. Myths are often endorsed by rulers and priests and are linked to religion or spirituality
9.
Alejandro Dolina
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Alejandro Ricardo Dolina is an Argentine broadcaster, who also achieved fame as a musician, writer, radio host and television actor. He studied Law, Music, Literature and History and he is most famous for his classic radio show La venganza será terrible, which is the most tuned radio program of late nights in Argentina. Crónicas del Ángel Gris, illustrations of Nine, edición corregida y aumentada, illustrations of Hermenegildo Sábat. El libro del fantasma, illustrations of Nine, bar del Infierno Cartas marcadas Lo que me costó el amor de Laura
10.
Tango music
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Tango is a style of music in 2/4 or 4/4 time that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. It is traditionally played on a guitar, guitar duo, or an ensemble, known as the orquesta típica. Sometimes guitars and a clarinet join the ensemble, Tango may be purely instrumental or may include a vocalist. Tango music and dance have become popular throughout the world, the first Tango ever recorded was made by Angel Villoldo and played by the French national guard in Paris. Villoldo had to record in Paris because in Argentina at the time there was no recording studio, early tango was played by immigrants in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The first generation of players was called Guardia Vieja. It took time to move into wider circles, in the early 20th century it was the music of thugs and gangsters who visited the brothels. The complex dances that arose from such rich music reflects how the men would practice the dance in groups, demonstrating male sexuality and causing a blending of emotion and aggressiveness. The music was played on instruments, flute, guitar and violin trios. The organito, a portable player-organ, broadened the popularity of certain songs, Eduardo Arolas was the major instrument of the bandoneóns popularization, with Vicente Greco soon standardizing the tango sextet as consisting of piano, double bass, two violins and two bandoneóns. Like many forms of music, tango was associated with the underclass. In spite of the scorn, some, like writer Ricardo Güiraldes, were fans, one song that would become the most widely known of all tango melodies also dates from this time. The first two sections of La Cumparsita were composed as an instrumental in 1916 by teen-aged Gerardo Matos Rodríguez of Uruguay. Besides the global influences mentioned above, early Tango was locally influenced by Payada, the Milonga from Argentine and Uruguay Pampas, in Argentina there was Milonga from the country since the mid eighteenth century. The first payador remembered is Santos Vega, the origins of Milonga seem to be in the Pampa with strong African influences, especially though the local Candombe. It is believed that this existed and was practised in Argentina since the first slaves were brought into the country. In 1876 a tango-candombe called El Merenguengué became very popular, after its success in the Afro-Argentines carnival held in February of that year and it is played with harp, violin and flute in addition to the Afro-Argentine Candombe drums. This has been considered as one of the strong points of departure for the birth
11.
Argentine rock
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Argentine rock is composed or made by Argentine bands or artists mainly in the Spanish language. For nearly half a century it has been a popular genre. Rock and roll itself, however, began in Argentina almost a decade before, during that time until the rise of Argentine rock, local groups recycled the hits of English-language rock & roll. Since then, Argentine rock started a continued and uninterrupted evolution through the 1970s and into the 1980s and it is widely considered one of the most prolific and successful forms of Rock en Español, and one of the most important non-English language forms of rock music in the world. In Argentina it is known as Rock Nacional, literally National Rock, a distinct trait of Argentine rock is its uncompromising stance to sing rock only in the Spanish language. Rock music is made in languages around the world. The Argentine rock movement was one of the first non-English forms of rock to be commercially successful overseas, today its rare for an Argentine rock band to sing in a foreign language as it happens in other nations, even within Latin America and Spain. Argentine rock today is a term describing a number of rock styles and sub-cultures within Argentina. Argentine garage bands sprung up in the wake of the days of rock. Most notable among them was Sandro y Los de Fuego, who recorded a series of Spanish language covers of rock and roll hits from that time. Sandro would soon embark on his own contemporary pop standards career that would make him popular internationally, the first few years of rock music in Argentina were confined to cover bands. In 1964, as most of the world, Argentina was shaken by The Beatles phenomenon, there was a development unique to Argentina which may help to explain, in retrospect, why the country would become a very important rock producing nation. The historians call a parallel development curve with the United States in certain aspects of culture, both countries were the destination for millions of Europeans, and their musical heritage were heavily influenced by Pan-European folk and traditional marches. These similar musical infusions yielded related results in both, a grass-roots rural guitar-based musical tradition, becoming Bluegrass and Country in the US, in Argentina Folklore, Country music is an important pillar of Rock & Roll. In Argentina folklore, was crossing over to popular musical trends by the late 1950s. By 1965, rock music was making rapid developments in Argentina, but it was in the underground where the most fundamental figures of early Argentine rock would emerge. Los Beatnicks, of which Moris and Martinez where members, began the transition that would slowly take Argentine rock from imitator to a creative state. Forming in quiet beaches of Villa Gesell, they recorded the first Spanish language single in 1966 called Rebelde, the definitive breakthrough of Spanish-language, original material rock would be up to the band Los Gatos
12.
Almendra (band)
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Almendra was one of the most important rock groups from Buenos Aires, Argentina in the late 1960s. Almendra was formed in 1968 after the breakup of three teenage school groups, Los Sbirros, Los Mods and Los Larkins, the initial rehearsals were held at Spinettas house in Belgrano. By mid-1968, they met producer Ricardo Kleiman, who signed them for a single, Kleiman was the owner of an important clothing shop -Modart- and ran a radio show -Modart en la Noche/Modart at Night- that aired the latest editions of beat and rock music of the world. On September 20,1968, Tema de Pototo b/w El mundo entre las manos was released, Tema de Pototo is a beautiful beat ballad about a friend they thought was dead. Both sides feature orchestral arrangements by Rodolfo Alchourrón, a request by the producer, by the end of the year, Hoy todo el hielo en la ciudad with a great fuzz guitar work by Edelmiro, hit the stores. The b-side features Campos verdes from which a film was made. Almendra played during the summer at the beginning of 1969 in Mar del Plata a resort city 400 km south of Buenos Aires and their debut in Buenos Aires was on March 24, at the DiTella Institute, the avant-garde cultural centre of the 60s. Almendra spent the rest of the year performing at different venues, until September 21, first day of Spring and Student’s Day in Argentina, Pinap was the name of a beat magazine, and this Festival was the first major event of Argentine rock. Meanwhile, the group was recording their debut album, an odd event marked the completion of it. Spinetta had drawn an original enigmatic face character for the cover, days afterward, the record company told the boys that the drawing had been lost, so they were planning to use a photo of the group instead. Obviously upset, the musicians looked for the lost drawing and eventually found it discarded in the garbage, Spinetta had stayed up all night reproducing his original artwork and took it to the record company the following day. The company offered no excuses the second time, the extraordinary debut album was finally released on November 29,1969. Along with the drawing, it included an insert with lyrics. The black & white back cover pictured the group live at the Pinap Festival, by the end of 1969 the record company released a new single featuring Tema de Pototo and Final. The latter was originally scheduled to end their debut album, the group wanted Gabinetes espaciales to be the a-side of this single but RCA wished to promote Pototo instead. Gabinetes. was eventually included on the compilation LP Mis conjuntos preferidos, in early 1970 another single was released with two songs from the album. Meanwhile, Spinetta was working on a highly ambitious -though not original at that time- project, but while they were working on this new album the group split. On 19 December 1970, Almendra was released, along with a new single taken from it, the 2-LP set included only traces of the unfinished opera but was full of songs that previewed what the members of the group would do next
13.
Level crossing
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A level crossing, or grade crossing, is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel. The term also applies when a rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway crossing, road through railroad, railroad crossing, early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later introduced, intended to be a barrier against intrusion of any road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic was horsedrawn or included livestock, when opened to allow road users to cross the tracks, the gates were swung across the width of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto the tracks. The first US patent for such crossing gates was awarded on 27 August 1867, to J. Nason and J. F. Wilson, later, as motor vehicles appeared, this type of barrier became less effective, while the need for a barrier to livestock diminished dramatically. Many countries therefore replaced the fully gated crossings with weaker but more-visible barriers, Railroad trains have a much larger mass relative to their braking capability, and thus a far longer braking distance than road vehicles. In general, trains do not stop at level crossings but rely on vehicles, Level crossings constitute a significant safety concern internationally. On average, each year 400 people are killed in the European Union, collisions can occur with vehicles as well as pedestrians, pedestrian collisions are more likely to result in a fatality. Among pedestrians, young people, older people and males are considered to be high risk users, fewer collisions take place at level crossings with active warning systems. Modern radar sensor systems can detect if level crossings are free of obstructions as trains approach and these improve safety by not lowering crossing barriers that may trap vehicles or pedestrians on the tracks, while signalling trains to brake until the obstruction clears. At railway stations, a level crossing is sometimes provided to allow passengers to reach other platforms in the absence of an underpass or bridge. Level crossings in Thailand, and Malaysia are largely manually operated, a significant number of crossings are without barriers. But there are some that are used on the line between Port Klang - Westport. However, it seems like only the crossing near Port Klang Komuter Station has the barrier. Speed up campaigns have largely eliminated many crossings on heavily used main lines though some still do exist. Most at-grade crossings in China are for smaller industrial spur and access lines which may or may not have crossing gates, chinas level crossing barriers are the fastest in the world. Most of Hong Kongs railway network is either underground or on elevated viaducts, however, level crossings continue to exist on the MTR Light Rail network, and one such level crossing was the site of a level crossing accident in 1994
14.
2011 Flores rail crash
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The train, operated by Trenes de Buenos Aires, derailed and crashed into a second train, heading for Once in the Balvanera barrio, which was standing at the station. The accident, which occurred during the rush hour, resulted in 11 deaths and 228 injuries. The bus, owned by Empresa de Transportes Microomnibus Saenz Peña, was working a service on route 92. Video evidence revealed that the bus driver, who was killed in the accident, ignored warning lights, the impact carried the bus into the station, where it was crushed against a platform. The front carriages of the train derailed, and hit the Once train and it took firefighters two hours to release one of the train drivers from the wreckage. A total of 100 ambulances and 10 fire engines attended the incident, at the time, it was the deadliest rail crash within the city since the Villa Soldati level crossing tragedy in 1962. Centro Información Judicial, Video of the accident Policia Metropolitana
15.
Sarmiento Line
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The Sarmiento line is a broad gauge commuter rail service in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, run by the state-owned Trenes Argentinos since 11 Sep 2013. This line had previously run by the state-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos since nationalisation of the Argentine railways in 1948. FA operated the trains until 1991 when residual company FEMESA temporarily took over all the urban services prior to be privatized, after the Government of Carlos Menem privatized the urban railways services private company Trenes de Buenos Aires took over Mitre Line. TBA operated the line until the 2012 Once station rail disaster happened. A, in 2014 the Government announced the acquisition of new trains to replace the existing Sarmiento Line rolling stock. The cars were manufactured by Chinese company CSR Corporation Limited, with the first arriving in June 2014, the incorporation of the rolling stock was also accompanied by the replacement of rails between Once and Moreno. During 2015 a series of improvement works were conducted and completed on the line and these included remodelling stations, new signaling and other infrastructure improvements such as replacing track and third rail segments, as well as the refurbishing of workshops. The line has two underground segments not currently in use for passenger services, in May 2014, this connection was being restored with tracks replaced in order to restore the lines service to the Underground. The second is a tunnel runs directly from Once railway station to Puerto Madero in the centre of the city. Today this is used for freight to the Port of Buenos Aires. The tunnel is around 5 km long and runs through the middle of the city below Line A, construction of the tunnel had been initiated by the Buenos Aires Western Railway in 1912, however it was not completed until 1916 due to delays caused by the First World War. The restoration of this tunnel is currently under way according to SOFSE, the performance of the Sarmiento line will be greatly improved by drilling a new tunnel. Under plans announced in 2006, a 33 km tunnel is to be bored between Moreno and Caballito in order to replace the alignment of the Sarmiento commuter route. According to the Minister of the Interior and Transport, the first stage will cost 11.5 billion pesos, removing many level crossings which would avoid many accidents and much loss of life. The new underground alignment should increase the frequency to every 3 min. The tunnel segment will have 13 underground stations, during the construction, service on the surface line will continue. Rail transport in Argentina Sarmiento Railway CSR EMU Official website Tren Sarmiento Line Mitre-Sarmiento
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Trenes de Buenos Aires
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Trenes de Buenos Aires was a private company that operated commuter rail services over 5 ft 6 in broad gauge Sarmiento and Mitre lines of Buenos Aires. In more recent years, the company has become synonymous with the collapse of the railways in Argentina under privatisation, the company took over both lines on 27 May. During the first two years of concession, TBA met the requirements specified on the contract, about the frequency of the service, by February 1999 the consortium had invested USD200 million, which included the reconstruction of 220 Toshiba carriages and the remodelling of 13 stations and workshops. In addition, a new ticket selling system was introduced with the installation of automated counters, one of the most notable improvements was the introduction of Puma coaches in the Retiro-Tigre branch. Those coaches had been built by local factory Emprendimientos Ferroviarios S. A. and featured air conditioning, ABS brakes, in 1997 the Government decided to modify the contracts of concession with a plan of modernisation for USD2.5 billion. Nevertheless, the Government of Fernando De la Rúa made changes to the original project, as compensation to the companies, the State granted subsidies to TBA as a way to compensate losses. After the cancellation of the contact, both lines were taken over by the consortium Unidad de Gestión Operativa Mitre Sarmiento and later Trenes Argentinos, putting them back in state hands. In October 2015, an Exposé in the daily newspaper La Nación highlighted the firms apparent mismanagement while in charge of the commuter rail lines. The article revealed large expenditures by the company on luxury items like jewellery and champagne, as well as trips to Doha. At the same time, the company is still under investigation due to the Once Tragedy and it has also been revealed that the company had bribed the former transport minister Ricardo Jaime, who is also under investigation. Sergio Cigliano, one of the owners of TBA, has been convicted to 9 years in prison for negligence surrounding the accident which had resulted in the revocation of concession. Rail transport in Argentina Railway privatisation in Argentina Official website Feb 1,2012
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Moreno, Buenos Aires
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Moreno is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the town of Moreno Partido. It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation and is located around 36 km to the west of the city of Buenos Aires. According to the 2001 census, the population was 148,290, Moreno is bordered by Paso del Rey, Trujui and Cuartel V, Francisco Álvarez and Merlo and Reconquista River. The area once had a German school, Deutsche Schule Moreno, Municipal information, Municipal Affairs Federal Institute, Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina
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Once railway station
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Once railway station, IPA, ) is a large railway terminus in central Buenos Aires, Argentina in the barrio of Balvanera. The station, inaugurated on December 20,1882, is located in the barrio of Balvanera immediately north of Plaza Miserere, the station is named after the September 11,1852, rebellion of Buenos Aires against the Federal government of General Justo José de Urquiza. Coincidentally President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento also died on September 11, but contrary to belief in Argentina. The Buenos Aires Western Railway was the first railway line of Argentina, the first intermediate stop was named Once de Septiembre. That first Once de Septiembre station was a modest building made of wood and it had only one platform and some warehouses to store wood and other materials. The increasing growth of Buenos Aires as a consequence of mass immigration to Argentina meant the closure of Del Parque railway station, a new building was built for that purpose, which was inaugurated on January 1,1883. The building was made of wood, the continuous expansion of Buenos Aires produced a growth of road traffic with a large number of trams and carriages in the city. By the 1890s new groups of immigrants established near Once station, the original terminal, an unassuming clapboard structure, was ordered to be replaced by larger facilities following its 1890 purchase by the Buenos Aires Western Railway. A similar, though severe, incident took place on the morning of October 19,2013. The conductor, Julio Benítez, was arrested after he was found with the event recorder hidden in his backpack. Estación Once handles both long-distance and local passenger trains, the publicly owned provincial railway company Ferrobaires operates trains over four principal rail lines which fan out west over the surrounding Buenos Aires Province. Destinations include Pehuajó, Bragado, Bahia Blanca and points between, the station is accessible by numerous public bus services and by the A line of the Buenos Aires Underground via its Plaza Miserere station. Estación Once underwent extensive renovations prior to 2007, when the new H line of the reached the heavily transited terminal. Rail transport in Argentina Sarmiento Line Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Railway Balvanera Del Parque railway station Trenes Argentinos Ferrobaires
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Rush hour
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A rush hour is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday—once in the morning and once in the afternoon-evening, the term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour. By analogy to vehicular traffic, the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage, resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets. The name is sometimes a misnomer, as the period often lasts more than one hour. Rush hour may be 6–10 am and 4–8 pm, Peak traffic periods may vary from city to city, from region to region, and seasonally. The frequency of public service is usually higher in the rush hour. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board, if there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads. Transport demand management, such as road pricing or a charge, is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion. Similarly, public transport fares may be higher during peak periods, season tickets or multi-ride tickets, sold at a discount, are commonly used in rush hours by commuters, and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials. Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a time span, for example in Rush Hour. In Australia, Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne and in New Zealand, Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in the morning 6–9am, in Melbourne the Monash Freeway, which connects Melbournes suburban sprawl, to the city is usually heavily congested each morning and evening. In Perth, Mitchell Freeway, Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours, making movement between suburbs and the city quite slow, efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis. In Melbourne, congestion is managed by means including, Inbound transit lanes on busy freeways which are limited to motorcycles, free travel on metropolitan trains before 7am. Passengers must exit the system at their station before 7am. Dedicated bus lanes on major city roads such as Hoddle Street. Introduction of dedicated lanes in the inner city area to encourage cyclists. Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak periods to create an extra lane for traffic. In São Paulo, Brazil, each vehicle is assigned a day of the week in which it cannot travel the roads during rush hour
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Retiro, Buenos Aires
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Retiro is a barrio in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located in the northeast end of the city, Retiro is bordered on the south by the Puerto Madero and San Nicolás barrios, and on the west by the Recoleta barrio. Retiro is one of the largest hubs of transportation services in Argentina, about 26,000 of its people, however, including thousands of illegal immigrants, live in the Villa 31 shantytown built along the Port of Buenos Aires from the 1930s onwards. A major thoroughfare is Avenida del Libertador, which becomes Avenida Leandro N. Alem past the Retiro train terminal, other principal streets and avenues in Retiro are Santa Fe, Córdoba, and Libertador Avenues, pedestrian Florida Street, and Avenida 9 de Julio. Another Retiro landmark spared demolition was the Ortiz Basualdo Palace, completed in 1912 as a private residence, it was acquired by the French Government for use as its Embassy in Argentina in 1939. The neighboring Pereda Palace, built in 1920, serves as the residence of the Ambassador of Brazil. Retiro is home to a number of five hotels, including the Four Seasons, Marriott Plaza, Sheraton. Across the street opposite Retiro train terminal is the leafy Plaza San Martín, surrounded by great palaces and hotels. The most significant landmark opposite the plaza is the Kavanagh building, district of Retiro Unofficial Retiro guide with pictures and sightseeings
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Pope Francis
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Pope Francis is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He chose Francis as his name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and he was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentinas provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II and he led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina, and the administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, throughout his public life, Pope Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on Gods mercy, concern for the poor, populist causes and commitment to interfaith dialogue. He maintains that the church should be open and welcoming. He does not support unbridled capitalism, Marxism, or Marxist versions of liberation theology, Francis maintains the traditional views of the church regarding abortion, euthanasia, contraception, homosexuality, ordination of women, and priestly celibacy. He opposes consumerism, irresponsible development, and supports taking action on climate change, in international diplomacy, he helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the U. S. and Cuba. Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born on 17 December 1936 in Flores and he was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio and Regina María Sívori. Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro in Italys Piedmont region, Regina Sívori was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian origin. Mario Josés family left Italy in 1929, to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, María Elena Bergoglio, the Popes only living sibling, confirmed that their emigration was not for economic reasons. His other siblings were Alberto Horacio, Oscar Adrián and Marta Regina, two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in a traffic collision. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles and he attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial N°27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past President of Argentina, and graduated with a chemical technicians diploma. He worked for a few years in that capacity in the section at Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory where his boss was Esther Ballestrino. Before joining the Jesuits, Bergoglio worked as a bar bouncer and as a janitor sweeping floors, in the only known health crisis of his youth, at the age of 21 he suffered from life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts. He had part of a lung excised shortly afterwards, Bergoglio has been a lifelong supporter of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club. Bergoglio is also a fan of the films of Tita Merello, neorealism, Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day. He passed by a church to go to confession, and was inspired by the priest
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San Lorenzo de Almagro
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Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro, known as San Lorenzo de Almagro or San Lorenzo, is an Argentine sports club based in the Boedo, neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. It is best known for its team, which plays in the Primera División. San Lorenzo is also considered one of the big five of Argentine football by Argentine press, with Independiente, River Plate, Boca Juniors, San Lorenzo plays its home games at Estadio Pedro Bidegain, popularly known as Nuevo Gasómetro. The stadium and sports facilities are located in Bajo Flores, neighborhood of the city of Buenos Aires, Clubs previous stadium was the Viejo Gasómetro, located in Boedo neighborhood. After the match was played there in 1979, the Gasómetro was expropriated by the de facto Government of Argentina, the club currently has five headquarters, three in Boedo, one in Monserrat, and one at Bajo Flores, all of them in the city of Buenos Aires. San Lorenzo also plans to expand its main seat on La Plata Avenue, San Lorenzos historical rival is Huracán, located in Parque Patricios. The two clubs play one of the older derbies in Argentina, some supporters consider this derby as the third most important after Superclásico and Clásico de Avellaneda, in addition to being one of the most uneven derbies of Argentine Soccer. Other sports practised at the club are artistic roller skating, basketball, field hockey, futsal, handball, martial arts, roller hockey, swimming, tennis, some years ago, San Lorenzo had also opened a rugby union section, but it is no longer active. San Lorenzo gained international recognition in March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis, the players played with the Popes photo on their shirts during a league match against Colón de Santa Fe on 16 March 2013. The institution is known because of the actor Viggo Mortensen, supporter of the team. The roots of the institution can be found in a formed by a group of kids that used to play football in the corner of México. Due to the traffic in the city, playing football at the streets became a risky activity for the boys. Lorenzo Massa, the catholic priest of the church, saw how a tram almost knocked down one of the boys while they were playing in the streets. As a way to prevent more accidents, he offered the boys to play in the churchs backyard, on 1 April 1908, an assemble was held in the Almagro district of Buenos Aires with the purpose of establishing a club. During the meeting, several names were proposed, the first option was Los Forzosos de Almagro, which did not sound good to Father Massa. The other proposal was to name the club San Lorenzo as an homage to Massa, other founder member, Federico Monti, suggested to add the name of the neighbourhood, Almagro where most of the members lived in, which was accepted by the assemble. Due to the not having its own a stadium, San Lorenzo began to play its home games in a field property of the Club Martínez. The squad played its first match on 26 April 1914, and this title allowed San Lorenzo to dispute the playoffs in order to promote to the Argentine Primera División, which finally obtained after beating Club Honor y Patria by a score of 3–0
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Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires, autonomous city and capital of Argentina, is composed of forty-eight neighbourhoods. The city is also divided into communes, each one including one or more barrios. Among the most visited and populated barrios are Palermo, Recoleta, Puerto Madero, Belgrano, San Telmo, La Boca, Monserrat, in alphabetical order, with the corresponding population and the commune they are grouped in. The name Barrio Norte refers to the area around Avenida Santa Fe, encompassing parts of Retiro, Recoleta, the name Barrio Sur was used in the past to encompass the southern neighborhoods. Abasto is sometimes used to refer to the zone around the Abasto market and it encompasses north-western Balvanera and north-eastern Almagro. Congreso is the area around Congress square, encompassing southeastern Balvanera, northern San Cristóbal, Catalinas Norte is the high-rise district next to Retiro transportation center and to the financial district, while Catalinas Sur is used for the lowlands south of San Telmo. Las Cañitas refers to a few blocks around the Campo Argentino de Polo, crowded with trendy bars, fancy restaurants, Palermo Queens is used sometimes to refer to the parts of Villa Crespo close to Palermo Viejo. Other than Palermo Viejo and Palermo Chico, these names are of recent vintage and are related to the process that Palermo. Parque Centenario is sometimes used to refer to the area around Centenario park, at the limit of Almagro, Caballito, the southern parts of Flores were reclaimed from swampland, and the names Bajo Flores and Bañado de Flores are used for these areas. Within Belgrano, there are Belgrano C and R and Bajo Belgrano, a tango song named Cien barrios porteños, sung by Alberto Castillo, is sometimes invoked to support the claim that there are indeed a hundred neighbourhoods in the city. This number may be reached by including some suburbs in the tally, barrios History Government of the Buenos Aires city
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Almagro, Buenos Aires
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Almagro is a mostly middle-class barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Almagro features strong commercial activity along its avenues, and has a population density due to the many high-rise buildings erected along the railway line. The sectional government of the 6th circuit, which includes Almagro, in the 18th century, what is now the western part of Almagro belonged to Portuguese merchant Carlos de los Santos Valente and then to his estate. The eastern and northern sections were in the possession of Spaniard Juan María de Almagro y de la Torre, the Argentine revolutionary government confiscated Almagros lands, only to return them to him in 1820. Both Santos Valente and Almagro managed agricultural establishments, and did not favor any kind of urban development, during the 19th century, most of the neighbourhood was occupied by dairy farms and brick factories. Almagro and Caballito were located on the road between Buenos Aires and the city of Flores, in 1880, Almagro was officially incorporated into the Federal district. The neighbourhood came into its own around 1900, following the erection of the San Carlos parish church in 1878, the introduction of the tramway, rapid urbanization brought about the conventillos. The assimilation of immigrants into the culture was quick. Due to its proximity to the Abasto market, singer Carlos Gardel was a frequent visitor, the Las Violetas coffee house, opened in 1884, was a renowned meeting-place. Closed down in 1998 and reopened in 2001, it preserves the glamour of its golden days, the Argentine Boxing Federation hall on Castro Barros street was the venue of many important matches. To accommodate the number of students, the faculty of Humanities of Buenos Aires University was relocated to Puán street during the 1980s. Hospital Italiano on Gascón street is one of the private hospitals in the city. The citys Dentistry Hospital is located on Muñiz street, there is also a Library for blind people on the intersection of Lezica and Medrano. Although many music and dance venues cater to all tastes, Almagro is a stronghold of tango, during his last years, composer and bandleader Osvaldo Pugliese relocated to Almagro and oversaw the creation of the Casa del Tango complex on Guardia Vieja street. Among Almagros residents of note were boxer Luis Ángel Firpo, poet Alfonsina Storni, westbound traffic is served by Independencia, Rivadavia, and Córdoba/Estado de Israel avenues. Eastbound traffic is served by Corrientes, Díaz Vélez, and Belgrano avenues, there are no major north-south avenues, even though Medrano, Salguero and Boedo streets carry heavy traffic. Almagro has access to two lines of the subte, the along Rivadavia and the along Corrientes, the westbound Sarmiento train line crosses Almagro but does not stop within the limits of the neighbourhood. Important bus lines are the 19,128,160, and 168, the neighbourhood was the birthplace of San Lorenzo de Almagro, which relocated to nearby Boedo
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Balvanera
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Balvanera is a neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The official name, Balvanera, is the name of the parroquia centered around the church of Nuestra Señora de Balvanera, the zone around Corrientes avenue is known as Once after Plaza Once de Setiembre, the alternative name of Plaza Miserere. The south-eastern part of Balvanera is often called Congreso, as it contains the Congress building, the north-western part of Balvanera is referred to as Abasto after the landmark Abasto market. Until the 1860s, Balvanera was considered an outskirt of Buenos Aires proper, in 1836, a census set its population at 3,635. Most inhabitants lived in quintas, and the zone was known as las quintas, the Camino Real was the main road from the city to the west. In the late 19th century, Balvanera had a political tradition, identifying first with Adolfo Alsina and then with UCR leaders Leandro Alem. Natural growth and railroad development eventually assimilated the neighbourhood into the city, a number of Jewish institutions are located in Balvanera, including the Gran Templo Paso and the AMIA community center. The southern part of Balvanera is home to some institutions of the Galician community. In the late 1970s, Balvanera became a location for electronics import shops which co-exist with the more traditional fabrics. Newly arrived Korean and Chinese immigrants have become a presence in several fields of commerce. Balvanera is located to the west of downtown Buenos Aires, the elegant northern neighbourhood of Recoleta is located north of Balvanera, crossing Córdoba avenue. Most dwellers of Balvanera live in apartment buildings erected on small lots, population density is very high, and the amount of green space is deemed insufficient. The meager green space of Plaza Miserere is usually taken up by illegal peddlers, people queuing for their bus, as in most of Buenos Aires, the streets are laid out in a checkboard pattern. Most streets and avenues are one-way, the main streets of Balvanera are arguably Rivadavia, which crosses the entire city from East to West, and Corrientes, which is the main thoroughfare of commerce and entertainment in Buenos Aires. The kilómetro cero reference, from which all Argentine routes count the distance to Buenos Aires, is marked by a monolith in Plaza Congreso. The mausoleum of President Rivadavia in Plaza Miserere used to be covered in graffiti, after a fence was erected around it, many private universities have facilities in Balvanera. The Ramos Mejía general hospital and the Santa Lucía ophthalmology hospital are located in southern Balvanera, many private health-care institutions are located in Balvanera, mostly around the Faculty of Medicine complex. Among the architectural features in Balvanera are the neo-classical Congress building, the El Molino tea room is located across the street in a building that has seen several rounds of restoration since its heyday
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Barracas, Buenos Aires
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Barracas is a barrio, or district, in the southeast part of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The name Barracas comes from the word barraca, which refers to a construction of houses using rudimentary materials. In the 18th century, Barracas began to grow on the banks of the Riachuelo River, becoming a slave quarter, as well as an area for leather tanneries, and abbatoirs. On March 24,1791, a bridge was built that gave the neighborhood an important strategic value during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, in 1858, part of this bridge was destroyed by flood and was replaced by a new iron bridge in 1871. There were a series of problems with new bridge until the inauguration of its replacement in 1931 that still stands today. Throughout most of the 19th century, the neighbourhood was home to some of the wealthiest families of the city, santa Lucía avenue was the principal centre of activity and contained many of the citys most famous stores at the time. A number of wealthy Argentine families retained properties in Barracas during much of the 20th century, immigrants, especially Italians, started to settle here and it became popular with the working-class. Modest cafés were opened, attracting people with a lower financial status, factories dominated the economy of the area up until around 1980, although they continue to provide an important source of employment. The factories of Barracas began to close afterwards, and fewer train services were operated through the area, freeway construction during the 1980s resulted in the loss of over 20 residential buildings and two public parks. The barrio set the stage for activist director Fernando Pino Solanass 1987 film Sur, inside one of the sector of the neighborhood there is a Design District, an initiative tending to create a design and manufacture center. Between the strategies for this there are preferred loans, tax exceptions. Casa de Esteban de Luca Barracas Barrio Guide and Map Barrios Porteños
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Belgrano, Buenos Aires
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Belgrano is a leafy, northern barrio or neighborhood of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The barrio of Palermo is to the southeast, Nuñez is to the northwest, Coghlan, Villa Urquiza, Villa Ortúzar, Belgrano was named after Manuel Belgrano, a politician and military leader who created the national flag of Argentina. In 1820, at Belgranos death, Buenos Aires legislature introduced a law to name the town to be founded after him. It was in Belgrano that the law declaring Buenos Aires as Argentinas federal capital was issued, in 1887, the federal district was enlarged by the annexation of the towns of Belgrano and Flores. Belgranodeutsch or Belgrano-Deutsch is a mixture of German and Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, Belgrano is an upper-middle-class neighborhood that can be roughly divided into Belgrano R, Belgrano C, central Belgrano, and Lower Belgrano. The heart of the pulses with life on its main thoroughfare, Avenida Cabildo, which runs Northwest to Southeast. Avenida Cabildo carries heavy traffic, and features corner cafés, grocery stores, movie theaters, specialty shops, clothing boutiques, bookstores. Pedestrians are especially numerous on weekend afternoons as Porteños from various areas of the city come to shop, most of the neighborhoods densest housing is located in the vicinity of Cabildo. High-rise luxury apartment buildings are clustered on the streets surrounding the Universidad de Belgrano. West of Crámer avenue, Belgrano R is chiefly residential and lower-density in nature, characterized by calm streets lined with large, most buildings in this section are detached single-family homes that follow Anglo-Saxon architectural styles, some residences have sizable backyards with swimming pools. This section is favored by wealthy Argentines and expatriate businesspeople, Belgrano C is also home to Buenos Airess small Chinatown. The district is crowded with restaurants and specialty grocery stores catering to Asian-Argentines, Belgranos sidewalks are often busy with dogwalkers. Even though city ordinances forbid more than ten dogs to a person, Belgrano is served by the Buenos Aires metro line D, many bus lines, and two commuter rail lines. Approximately 1.5 km to the west of Belgrano lies Avenida General Paz, beyond this avenue lie the suburbs of Vicente Lopez, Florida and Olivos. International schools include, Belgrano Day School, several blocks north of the Belgrano University, Barrancas de Belgrano spans several city blocks and is overlooked by highrise upper-middle class apartment buildings. On Manuel Belgrano square, a local fair is held regularly. It features a small bust of Manuel Belgrano on its middle spot, in the edge of the plaza lies the Inmaculada Concepción church, called La Redonda by locals because of its circular plan. Many weddings are celebrated in church in the afternoon hours
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Boedo
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Boedo is a working class barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The neighborhood and one of its streets were named after Mariano Boedo. It is the home of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club, the corner of San Juan and Boedo is mentioned in the opening verse of the tango Sur, one of the best-loved songs about Buenos Aires. The corner is now known as Esquina Homero Manzi after the author of the lyrics, the Boedo group were a group of left-leaning Argentine and Uruguayan writers in the 1920s. Notable members of the Boedo group included Enrique Amorim, Leónidas Barletta, Elías Castelnuovo, Roberto Mariani, Nicolás Olivari, Lorenzo Stanchina, César Tiempo, magazines associated with the Boedo group included Dínamo, Extrema Izquierda and Los Pensadores, and Antonio Zamoras publishing house Claridad. Olivari, who was a founder of the Boedo group, later became a member of the less political Florida group, Boedo has access to many bus lines to the center and to the nearby Primera Junta transportation hub. It has also access to the E Line of the subte, the main streets of the neighborhood are, Boedo to the South, San Juan/Directorio to the east, and Independencia/Alberdi to the West
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Caballito, Buenos Aires
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Caballito is a barrio of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. It is the barrio in the administrative division Comuna 6. It is located in the centre of the city, limited by the following streets and avenues, Rio de Janeiro. The name is said to come from the weather vane from a local pulpería. Opened to the public in 1910, Parque Centenario was so christened in honor of the anniversary of 25 May 1810. The park, in 2006, underwent extensive refurbishment, as well as the installation of a lake in replacement of the two existing smaller ones. Neighbourhood commuters are served by Underground Line A, opened in 1913 as the citys first Underground line, the neighbourhood has a long historical connection with the Underground, since it is the site of the Polvorín Workshop, where the lines famous La Brugeoise rolling stock was repaired. The workshop is now the site of the Buenos Aires Heritage Tramway, similarly, there is the Sarmiento Line, a commuter rail service which takes passengers westward to Greater Buenos Aires or eastward to Once railway station and closer to the city centre. Www. infocaballito. com www. caballitoenlinea. com www. vivecaballito. com Historic Tramway in Caballito – Asociación Amigos del Tranvía
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Chacarita, Buenos Aires
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Chacarita is a barrio or district in the north-central part of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located between Colegiales, Palermo, Villa Crespo, La Paternal and Villa Ortúzar, this is a neighbourhood with tree-lined streets. Locally, its probably best known for the 95 hectare Chacarita Cemetery, the territories of this district belonged formerly to the Jesuits, who had small farms. Its name comes from the small farm or chácara in old Spanish. Following the Suppression of the Jesuits in 1767, they were expelled, one of the few and most important remaining residences from the era is that of the Comastri family, which at the moment is the Escuela Nacional de Educación Técnica N°34. The areas principal park is Los Andes, which was inaugurated in 1941, Chacarita is the namesake for both the Chacarita Cemetery and the Chacarita Juniors football club. The meeting place of the neighbourhood is the “Club Chacarita Juniors”, jorge Newbery Avenue is characterized for being the only way funeral cars are allowed to go towards the cemetery, the main entrance of which is on Avenida Guzmán. Federico Lacroze Station commuter rail terminal, which local and long-distance services, is also located in Chacarita
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Colegiales
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Colegiales is a barrio or district in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is located between Alvarez Thomas av and this neighborhood offers a vast amount of contrast and opportunities. There are large and tall buildings that go from the Crámer street to Avenida Cabildo and this district has become a busy one with lots of pedestrians and cars that go about on the streets. The history of Colegiales is the same as the barrio of Chacarita because it used to be called Chacarita de los Colegiales and this neighborhood had chacras and quintas, where the Jesuits hosted retreats with their students. When this order was expelled in 1767, the lands were expropriated by the Spanish Crown, beginning with the government of Bernardino Rivadavia in 1826, workers and immigrants from Europe settled in the area that later became the two neighborhoods of Chacarita and Colegiales. In this district the Club Atlético Colegiales developed, a club that plays in the regionalized third tier of Argentine football. Today, however, it is in the city of Munro, Colegiales is one of Buenos Aires smallest districts. Its main thoroughfare is Federico Lacroze avenue, where most neighborhood traffic, Alvarez Thomas avenue is a study in contrasts, lined with single-family rowhouses along one side and almost entirely with apartment blocks along the other. The avenue also separates Colegiales with its neighbor to the south, the Pasaje General Paz attracts visitors near and far, with its mature trees, bridgepath streams and ornate, balconied Andalusian-style patio. The Colegiales Athletic and Social Club is probably the favorite social venue. Located on 2860 Teodoro García Street, it was famous in decades past for Roberto Polaco Goyeneches frequent Tango recitals there, Colegiales was also home to the citys first cinema, Las Familias. The cinema was probably better-known, however, for the people who had it built than for its distinction as a historical first, though now a distant memory, the colorful Anselmis entertained generations of locals with their namesake circus on Lacroze and Cabildo Avenues. Today, sadly, none of these establishments exist, as they shut down or relocated to the more upscale Belgrano. The Argos Cinema was long the most popular in Colegiales, as it included a cinema, theatre, meeting hall and it was renovated and reopened in May 2012 as the Vorterix Theater, a music venue with a 1500 capacity theater which also houses the radio station Vorterix Rock. Another radio station, Radio Metro, is based in Colegiales. Colegiales cafés, many open, are often not unlike pool halls, frequented by night owls. Perhaps the best-known is the Café Argos, which boasts its period decor. The Federico Lacroze Area Development Council, on 3955 Maure Street, publishes its own periodical, socially and culturally invested, it provides a forum for literary circles like the Enrique Banchs Literary Society and the Chacarita-Colegiales Historical Society
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Floresta, Buenos Aires
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Floresta is a neighbourhood located to the west of Buenos Aires. The district was named after a locomotive called La Floresta, the neighborhood developed following the arrival to the area of Argentinas first rail line, in 1857. Avellaneda Park, the neighborhoods most important, was built in 1914 on grounds that belonged to a monastery. An early Italian immigrant to Argentina, Felix Barabino, built his home in Floresta, today, it is home to the Floresta Cultural and Historical Society, which maintains a valuable library there. The district is home to All Boys football club who play at Estadio Islas Malvinas and it was also the original home of Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield, which is now based in the Liniers district of Buenos Aires. Roberto Arlt Gabino Ezeiza Eduardo Gudiño Kieffer Floresta history site
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La Boca
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La Boca is a neighborhood, or barrio of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. It retains a strong European flavour, with many of its early settlers being from the Italian city of Genoa, in fact the name has a strong assonance with the Genoese neighborhood of Boccadasse, and some people believe that the Buenos Aires barrio was indeed named after it. The conventional explanation is that the neighborhood sits at the mouth of the Matanza-Riachuelo River, as one of Buenos Airess 48 barrios, La Boca is located in the citys south-east near its old port. The barrio of Barracas is to the west, San Telmo, in 1882, after a lengthy general strike, La Boca seceded from Argentina, and the rebels raised the Genoese flag, which was immediately torn down personally by then President Julio Argentino Roca. Among sports fans, Boca is best known for being the home of world-renowned football club Boca Juniors, the club plays their home matches in the Estadio Alberto J. Armando, popularly known as La Bombonera. La Boca is a destination for tourists visiting Argentina, with its colourful houses and pedestrian street, the Caminito. Other attractions include the La Ribera theatre, many tango clubs, the actual area visited by tourists is only a few blocks long and has been built up for tourism very actively over the last few years. Outside this tourist area, it is a poor neighborhood that has had many regular occurrences of petty crimes reported. It has also been a centre for politics, having elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress and was home to many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001. As of 2016, the health of over 1,000 La Boca citizens is threatened by the pollution of the Matanza-Riachuelo River, a Flags of the World article about flags used in La Boca Caminito Street at La Boca neighbourhood A Brief Look into the History of La Boca
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La Paternal, Buenos Aires
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La Paternal or Paternal is a barrio or district in the centre of Buenos Aires city, Argentina. It was founded in 1904 by a city decree and was named La Paternal after the station in the neighbourhood. La Paternal neighbours the following barrios, Agronomía, Chacarita, Villa Crespo, Villa General Mitre, Villa Santa Rita, primarily a residential quarter, it has mostly condos and single-family homes, and a shopping district on its main venue, Avenida San Martín. The barrio is traditionally associated with Argentinos Juniors football team, whose headquarters is at the northern part of the neighbourhood. Barriada. com. ar El Paternalense Nuestro Barrio Web
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Liniers
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Liniers is a barrio of Buenos Aires on the edge of the city, centered on Rivadavia Avenue. It is also an important train station and bus hub, connecting western Gran Buenos Aires with the Buenos Aires Metro, the neighborhood developed around the Liniers railway station following its inaugural in 1872. The neighborhood is home to football club Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield, whose stadium, liners is also the site of the Church of San Cayetano, consecrated in 1900 and elevated to a parish in 1913. The Church of San Cayetano hosts thousands of faithful who gather each feast day to pray for employment or to give thanks for their livelihood, the ward is named after Santiago de Liniers, a colonial administrator who resisted the British Invasions of the Río de la Plata
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Mataderos
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Mataderos is a neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, belonging to the 9th Comuna. Located in the west end of the city, its name stem from the livestock market and slaughterhouses. For much of its history, the area was a point between the city and the countryside, and thus became a hub for rural commerce. Many famous payadas took place in the neighborhood bars, the courtyard facing the headquarters is known for Emilio Sarniguets monument, El Resero, completed in 1931 and moved to its present location in 1934. Block parties at the old marketplace on Avenida de los Corrales, sometimes featuring tango, one of the citys largest public housing developments, Los Perales, was built just south of the Liniers Market by Juan Peróns administration in 1949. The neighborhood football club, Club Atlético Nueva Chicago, are currently in the Argentine Primera División after promotions in two successive seasons, justo Suárez, El Torito de Mataderos, boxer. Fought for the Lightweight world title in 1931, and lost to Billy Petrolle, ernesto Bessone, Argentine stock-car race driver. Alberto Castillo, singer and actor Nicolás Cabré, actor
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Monte Castro
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Monte Castro is a western barrio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, belonging to the 10th comuna. Its borders are, Alvarez Jonte Ave, lope de Vega Ave. Juan Agustín García St. Joaquín V. González St. Baigorria St. and Irigoyen St. It is located in one of the highest zones in the city and is currently a middle-income neighborhood, however, at the end of 1930, many low-rent houses were built by the Compañía General de Construcciones, which have been rebuilt since. It is mainly a single-family neighborhood and its name comes from an old owner of these lands, Pedro Fernández de Castro, who bought these in 1703. He died few days later, and his daughter Ana inherited these fields, presently, the area is now referred to as Chacra de Castro or Montes de Castro. The barrios most important sports club is All Boys which was founded in 1913 in the neighborhood of Floresta. Festivity Day of the neighborhood is on May 14, commemorating the land deed in 1703. Barrio Monte Castro Barriada Monte Castro Asociación Comerciantes Monte Castro
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Monserrat, Buenos Aires
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Monserrat or Montserrat is a neighbourhood in the east of the Buenos Aires CBD. Avenida de Mayo runs through the Monserrat district, connecting Plaza de Mayo, a block, or two, south of the Plaza de Mayo, the older section of Monserrat begins. The Monserrat area traces its origins to the foundation of Buenos Aires itself, the Fort of Juan Baltazar of Austria, the marginal settlements first, was built in 1594 and, in 1608, newly arrived Jesuits were granted a 2-hectare lot, nearby. The Jesuits began work on the Saint Ignatius Church in 1686, consecrated in 1734, it is the oldest existing church in Buenos Aires. Possessing the finest school and library at the time and offering colonial Buenos Aires only truly classical education there, land reclamation and the creation of docks parallel to the area led to the construction of Paseo Colón along Monserrats eastern edge. The areas two adjoining squares became the Plaza de Mayo in 1884, a joined by the completion of the presidential executive building. This was followed by the razing of colonial architecture to make way for the Avenida de Mayo, opened in 1894 and Congressional Plaza. The avenue became home to the Buenos Aires Metros first stations, map of Monserrat The Illuminated Block The Casa Rosada Official city web site Avenida de Mayo Unofficial Monserrat guide with pictures and sightseeings
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Nueva Pompeya
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Nueva Pompeya is a neighbourhood in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located in the South side, it has long been one of the citys proletarian districts steeped in the tradition of tango and one many of the first tangos were written. Nueva Pompeya was given its name by the faithful of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompeya, until then, it was often referred to as the district of the Frogs. The term “frog”, in the Buenos Aires vernacular, refers to the street-wise man, Nueva Pompeya was largely built on the alluvial plain north of the Riachuelo and, at the time, it was subject to frequent flooding. It was consequently thinly populated, and was notorious for its poverty, until the 1930s, when industries began setting up in the area, most locals worked in the large slaughterhouse in neighboring Parque Patricios. The area was well known for its many pulperías, seedy saloons frequented by cutlers, carriers. Over the course of the century the district developed its present urban aspect. In 1938 a bridge adorned with arcs and columns of rubblework in neo-colonial style was opened on the Matanza river, a district landmark, it was first called Valentín Alsina Bridge and renamed after de facto President José Félix Uriburu following his death in 1932. The original name was restored in 2002, the districts residential areas are mostly one-story rowhouses. Nueva Pompeya is served by a number of community services, in 1940 the Working Catholic Circle opened on a 2-acre lot on 1342 Sáenz Avenue, and in 1965 the city opened a Natatorium of 27 meters in length. The district is home to one of the citys largest slums. Swollen by migration from Argentinas impoverished rural areas in the north and from Argentinas northern neighbor, Bolivia, its inhabitants are mostly manual laborers, particularly seamstresses. The district is crossed by numerous divided along the middle by Sáenz Avenue, nevertheless, many factories remain and others still function as warehouses and factory outlets. Next to Doctor Antonio Sáenz railway station, on the corner of Sáenz and Moreno Avenues, the fair is renowned for its variety of songbirds, particularly canoras. The Chinese Bar, on Beazley Street, is an institution of the district. It was installed by tango vocalist Jorge “Chino” Garcés and is frequented tango fans in search of an authentic atmosphere, among the bars regulars is the Spanish actor José Sacristán, who divides his time between Buenos Aires and Spain. The tango heritage of the district is owed to an extent to lyricist Homero Manzi. Neighborhood artists designed an emblem for Nueva Pompeya and it shows the church, Alsina bridge, bandoneón and the figure of an intellectual who tightens with his hand, in greeting signal, the arm of a worker
Argentina
