1.
Pescara
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Pescara Italian pronunciation, listen is the capital city of the Province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy. As of 1 January 2007 it was the most populated city within Abruzzo at 123,059 residents, the surrounding area was formed into the province of Pescara. The poet Gabriele DAnnunzio, a native of Pescara, was a sponsor for the creation of the new city. The main commercial street of the city is Corso Umberto I, the rectangle that it forms with Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Via Nicola Fabrizi encloses the main shopping district, where several of the best fashion shops are located. Corso Manthonè, the course of the old Pescara has, for many years, DAnnunzio University to the south, a business district has grown up over the years. To the immediate south of the mouth of the river is the marina, Pescara has also an important international airport, called Abruzzo Airport and one of the most important and major touristic ports of Adriatic Sea and Italy, the Port of Pescara. Pescara is situated at sea level on the Adriatic coast and has developed some centuries BC onwards at the strategic position around the mouth of the Aterno-Pescara River. The urban fabric of the city spreads over a flat T-shaped area, which occupies the valley around the river, to the northwest and the southwest, the city is also expanding into the surrounding hills which were first occupied in the Neolithic period. The whole city is affected by the presence of groundwater, the level of which varies by up to a metre, the city is very close to the mountains, and you can reach the ski slopes of Passo Lanciano in just 30 minutes. Pescara has a borderline Mediterranean climate and humid climate with hot summers. Since it has only one month with less than 40 millimetres of rainfall. Not to mention, although there is a dry tendency in summer, August is wetter than the winter month of February. The average temperature is around 7 °C in the coldest month and 24.5 °C in the warmest month, the lowest temperature recorded in the city was −13 °C on 4 January 1979. The highest was registered on 30 August 2007 at 45 °C, precipitation is low and concentrated mainly in the late autumn. Pescara is a city, but its climate is influenced by the surrounding mountains. Under northeasterly winds Pescara suffers precipitation which is weak. Also from the north east comes winter weather from Siberia that, on average, in summer the weather is mostly stable and sunny with temperatures that, thanks to the sea breeze, rarely exceed 35 degrees unless a southwesterly Libeccio is blowing. Particularly in summer, but also in winter, the high humidity leads to morning and evening mist or haze, even without a significant historical importance, Pescaras origins precede the Roman conquest
2.
Province of Pescara
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The province of Pescara is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Pescara, which has a population of 121,366 inhabitants. As of 2015, it has a population of 322,759 inhabitants over an area of 1,230.33 square kilometres. The provincial president is Antonio Di Marco and the province contains 46 comuni, pescaras first indicators of settlement date to 1500 BCE, but it is unknown which tribe first settled in the city. It was conquered by the Romans in 214 BCE and remained Aternum after the city allied itself with Punic Carthaginian military commander Hannibal. The Romans developed the city and it became an important location for shipping, during the barbarian raids it was almost completely destroyed, and it developed into a fishing village named Piscaria. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor turned Piscaria into a fort named Pescara during the sixteenth century. It was ruled by the Austrians for a period of the 1700s before falling under the control of the House of Bourbon. It joined the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 and was still mainly fortified, in World War II, 78% of the city was destroyed by bombers. The province of Pescara is the central of four provinces in the region of Abruzzo on the eastern coast of Italy and it is bounded to the northeast by the Adriatic Sea. The Province of Teramo lies to the north and the Province of LAquila to the west, to the south and east lies the Province of Chieti. The provincial capital is the city and port of Pescara, situated at the mouth of the Aterno-Pescara River, the city is divided in two by the river. The historic city center is located on the shore, where once stood the Piazzaforte. Today it houses the Museum of the Abruzzi people, the traces, towards 13 halls dedicated to the aspects of life, traditions. In the historic city center are the houses of Gabriele DAnnunzio and Ennio Flaiano. In the very part of the city, between the DAvalos Park and the beach, there is an elegant Art Nouveau villas district designed in 1912 by Antonino Liberi. There is also the Aurum, first headquarters of a club, then liquor factory. In 2007 was built the Ponte del Mare, the largest pedestrian, on the northern waterfront, close to the Salotto Square, the main square of the city, there is the Nave, a sculpture by Pietro Cascella
3.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
4.
OCAD University
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OCAD University, formerly the Ontario College of Art and Design, is a public university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school is within the Grange Park neighbourhood, and adjacent to the Art Gallery of Ontario, the school is Canadas largest and oldest educational institution for art and design. OCAD U offers courses through the Faculties of Art, Design, Liberal Arts and Sciences, the enabling legislation is Ontario College of Art and Design University Act,2002. The Universitys beginnings stretch back to the project of the Ontario Society of Artists whose objectives included the development of art education in Ontario, in 1971–72, Roy Ascott radically challenged the pedagogy and curriculum structure of the College. In 2008, OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy and she emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree. There was some controversy as two faculty resigned over the changes, in 2010, Tom Travis, then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax, was conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed. He found that the number of faculty and administrators was excessive. He recommended that deans be given more autonomy, Sara Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations, for example, giving department deans more power. OCAD University has had a number of names over time, Ontario School of Art, 1876–86 founded by the Ontario Society of Artists to provide professional training in art. The OCAD campus consists of a campus and a south campus. The south campus consists of buildings that are situated on Richmond Street West. Buildings at OCAD are referred to by their street addresses, some buildings are also assigned a building number that is encoded as the first digit in 4-digit room numbers. The Main Building traces its roots to the first building that the school constructed, now known as the George A. Reid Wing, the building was designed by the school’s principal George A. Reid in the Georgian style and opened on 30 September 1921. On 17 January 1957, the first extension, a modernist building known today as the A. J. Casson Wing, was completed and was opened, two more extensions to the building were subsequently added in 1963 and 1967. In 2000, funding was secured from Ontario’s SuperBuild program to build an extension to the Main Building. Through Rod Robbie of Robbie/Young + Wright Architects, Will Alsop of Alsop Architects was made aware of the project and was selected in 2002. A joint venture was formed between the two firms and the new building, now known as the Sharp Centre for Design, was completed in 2004, the main library on campus is the Dorothy H. Hoover Library, located in the Annex Building. The Learning Zone, also located in the Annex Building, houses the OCAD Zine Library, Art & Design Annuals, a number of galleries or exhibition spaces exist both on-campus and off-campus, a faculty gallery is also planned as part of the proposed Mirvish-Gehry development
5.
Photographer
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A photographer is a person who makes photographs. As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical, a professional photographer is likely to take photographs to make money, by salary or through the display, sale or use of those photographs. An amateur photographer may take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, as a person without a monetary motivation. A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a planned event such as a wedding or graduation. Others, including paparazzi and fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making a picture, some workers, such as crime scene detectives, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, an amateur may make considerable sums entering work in contests for prize money or through occasional inclusion of their work in magazines or the archive of a photo agency. The term professional may also imply preparation, for example, by academic study, Photographers are also categorized based on the subjects they photograph. Some photographers explore subjects typical of such as landscape, still life. The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright, countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees, an additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph. The contract may be for one year, or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, the contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph or for exclusive use of the photograph. The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. A royalty is also based on the size at which the photo will be used in a magazine or book. Photos taken by a photographer working on assignment are often work for hire belonging to the company or publication unless stipulated otherwise by contract. There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images, commercial photographers may also promote their work to advertising and editorial art buyers via printed and online marketing vehicles. Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites and those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses, the dictionary definition of photographer at Wiktionary Media related to Photographers at Wikimedia Commons
6.
The Runaways (film)
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The Runaways is a 2010 American drama film about the 1970s rock band of the same name written and directed by Floria Sigismondi. It is based on the book Neon Angel, A Memoir of a Runaway by the original lead vocalist Cherie Currie. The film stars Dakota Fanning as Currie, Kristen Stewart as rhythm guitarist and vocalist Joan Jett, the Runaways depicts the formation of the band in 1975 and focuses on the relationship between Currie and Jett until Curries departure from the band. The film grossed about $4.7 million worldwide and received favorable reviews from critics. Cherie Currie is a teenager in Los Angeles, California who desperately wants to be a rock star and she idolizes David Bowie and cuts her hair and dons make-up so she will resemble Bowies character Aladdin Sane. At her high school talent show, she lip syncs to Lady Grinning Soul and, despite some hecklers in the audience, Joan Jett is a teenager who also dreams of rock stardom. At a club one night, she meets record producer Kim Fowley and he introduces Joan to Sandy West, a drummer. Joan and Sandy become friends and start jamming when Kim suggests that they recruit a hot blonde in the vein of Brigitte Bardot, Kim and Joan comb Los Angeles clubs to look for hot blondes and discover Cherie. They invite her to audition at a park in the San Fernando Valley. Cherie learns Peggy Lees Fever instead and goes to audition, Kim and Joan then write Cherry Bomb on the spot for Cherie to audition with. Cherie sings it and, after improving, is part of the band, named the Runaways, joined by Lita Ford on lead guitar, Joan and Cherie share a passionate kiss but anything that ensues is left to the viewers imagination. The Runaways are soon signed to Mercury Records and release an album, due to the albums success, they travel to Japan to play a concert. After their performance, Lita throws magazines at Cherie because they have pictures of Cherie only, Cherie is shocked because she thought the articles were to cover the whole band. As Lita, Cherie and Joan argue, overenthusiastic fans break through the window and she overdoses in the hotel, collapses in an elevator and is sent to the hospital. Upon arriving back in the United States, Cherie begins to abuse her alcoholic fathers painkiller medication, at the studio recording their next album, Cherie has a mental breakdown and refuses to play. Lita insults her, and though Joan defends her, Cherie quits the band, Joan is outraged, and the Runaways are finished. Cherie returns home while Joan starts her own band, Joan Jett, Cherie collapses again in a phone booth in a supermarket parking lot. At the hospital, her twin sister Marie Currie visits her, a few years later, Cherie is working in a bakery and hears Joans cover of I Love Rock n Roll on the radio and calls the station, where Joan is visiting for interviews
7.
Kristen Stewart
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Kristen Jaymes Stewart is an American actress and model. Born in Los Angeles to parents working in business, Stewart began her acting career in 1997 with uncredited roles. She gained notice in 2002 for playing Jodie Fosters daughter in the thriller Panic Room and she went on to star in Speak, Catch That Kid, Zathura, and Into The Wild, for which she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. She received widespread recognition in 2008 for playing Bella Swan in The Twilight Saga film series, Stewart has appeared in a wide variety of films, including Adventureland, The Runaways, Snow White and the Huntsman, On the Road, Camp X-Ray, Still Alice and Equals. She won the BAFTA Rising Star Award in 2010 and was awarded the Milan International Film Festival Award for Best Actress in 2011 for Welcome to the Rileys. She starred in Personal Shopper, written for her by director Olivier Assayras, Stewart was listed as the highest-earning female actress in the Vanity Fair Hollywood Top Earners List of 2010, with an estimated earning of $28.5 million. In 2011, she was named number one on Forbes list of Hollywoods Best Actors for the Buck, Forbes also named her as the highest paid actress in 2012, with total earnings of $34.5 million. She is the face of Chanel and Balenciaga fashion brands, Stewart was born and raised in Los Angeles. Both of her parents work in the entertainment industry and her father, John Stewart, is a stage manager and television producer who has worked for Fox and currently works on Comedy Central show @midnight. Her mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is originally from Maroochydore, Queensland and she is a script supervisor and has also directed a film, the 2012 prison drama K-11. She has a brother, Cameron B. Stewart, and two adopted brothers, Dana and Taylor, Stewart attended local schools until the seventh grade. As she became involved in acting, she continued her education by correspondence until completing high school. As she grew up with a family who worked behind the camera, Stewart thought she would become a screenwriter/director and she recalled, I never wanted to be the center of attention — I wasnt that I want to be famous, I want to be an actor kid. I never sought out acting, but I always practiced my autograph because I love pens, Id write my name on everything. She began acting at 8, after an agent saw her perform in her elementary schools Christmas play, after auditioning for a year, Stewart gained her first role with a small, nonspeaking part in the Disney Channel TV-movie The Thirteenth Year. Her next film was The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, where she played the ring toss girl and she also appeared in the independent film The Safety of Objects, as the tomboy daughter of a troubled single mother. Stewart also played a tomboy, diabetic daughter of a mother in the film Panic Room
8.
Dakota Fanning
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Hannah Dakota Fanning is an American actress and model. At age seven, her performance in the 2001 film I Am Sam earned her a nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight in 2002, making her the youngest nominee in history. As a child actress, she went on to appear in films such as Man on Fire, War of the Worlds. Fanning then began the transition to adult roles with Hounddog. Her recent film roles have included the character in Coraline, Cherie Currie in The Runaways, Annie James in The Motel Life. Although the focus of Fannings career is acting, she also has fashion-related jobs and her debut in modeling came in 2009 when she made the cover of various magazines like Elle, Vanity Fair, and Cosmopolitan, among others. She also appeared in the week in New York in 2014. Fanning was born in Conyers, Georgia and she attended Montessori School of Covington. Her mother, Heather Joy, played professionally, and her father, Steven J. Fanning, played minor league baseball and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles. Her maternal grandfather is former American football player Rick Arrington, Dakota is the older sister of Elle Fanning, also an actress. Fanning has English, French, German and Irish ancestry and she and her family are Southern Baptist. Her first significant acting job was a guest role in the NBC prime-time drama ER, I got to wear a neck brace and nose tubes for the two days I worked. Fanning subsequently had several guest roles on series, including CSI, Crime Scene Investigation, The Practice. She also portrayed the characters of Ally McBeal and The Ellen Show as young girls. In 2001, Fanning was chosen to star opposite Sean Penn in the movie I Am Sam and her role in the film made Fanning the youngest person ever to be nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award, being seven years of age at the time. She also won the Best Young Actor/Actress award from the Broadcast Film Critics Association for her performance, in 2002, director Steven Spielberg cast Fanning in the lead child role of Allison Allie Clarke/Keys in the science fiction miniseries Taken. to carry a great weight. A year later, she starred in two prominent films, playing the child to an immature nanny played by Brittany Murphy in Uptown Girls. In 2004, she made an appearance on season ten of the television series Friends, playing the role of Mackenzie, in 2004, Fanning appeared in Man on Fire as Pita, a nine-year-old who wins over the heart of a retired mercenary hired to protect her from kidnappers
9.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
10.
Justin Timberlake
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Justin Randall Timberlake is an American singer-songwriter, actor and record producer. Born and raised in Tennessee, he appeared on the television shows Star Search, in the late 1990s, Timberlake rose to prominence as one of the two lead vocalists and youngest member of NSYNC, which eventually became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time. With his first two albums exceeding sales of 10 million copies worldwide, he was established as one of the most commercially successful singers of the decade, furthermore, he produced records and collaborated with other artists. For his live performances, including the concert tour for the albums, he began performing with his band The Tennessee Kids, composed by instrumentalists. Timberlake voiced the character in DreamWorks Animations Trolls, which soundtrack includes his fifth Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping single. Among numerous awards and accolades, Timberlake has won ten Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007 and 2013. His other ventures include record label Tennman Records, fashion label William Rast, Timberlake was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Lynn Harless and Charles Randall Timberlake, a Baptist church choir director. Timberlake grew up in Shelby Forest, a community between Memphis and Millington. He has two half-brothers, Jonathan and Stephen, from Charles second marriage to Lisa Perry and his half-sister Laura Katherine died shortly after birth on May 12,1997, and is mentioned in his acknowledgments in the album NSYNC as My Angel in Heaven. He was inspired to become a performer by Janet Jackson, saying She didnt just stand there and sing her song, fascinated by her energy, at the age of 11, Timberlake appeared on the television show Star Search, performing country music songs as Justin Randall. Timberlake then recruited Chasez to be in a singing group, organized by boy band manager Lou Pearlman. The boy band NSYNC formed in 1995, and began their career in 1996 in Europe, Timberlake and Chasez served as its two lead singers. In 1998, the rose to prominence in the United States with the release of their self-titled debut studio album. Their second album No Strings Attached sold 2.4 million copies in the first week, nSYNCs third album Celebrity was also financially successful. Upon the completion of the Celebrity Tour, the group went into hiatus in 2002, in late 1999, Timberlake appeared in the Disney Channel movie Model Behavior. He played Jason Sharpe, a model who falls in love with a waitress after mistaking her for another model and it was released on March 12,2000. The rise of his own stardom and the decline in the popularity of boy bands led to the dissolution of NSYNC. Band member Lance Bass was openly critical of Timberlakes actions in his memoir Out of Sync and his debut solo studio album Justified was released in November and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 439,000 copies, fewer than previous N Sync releases
11.
Rihanna
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Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a Barbadian singer, songwriter, and actress. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, she first entered the industry by recording demo tapes under the direction of record producer Evan Rogers in 2003. She ultimately signed a contract with Def Jam Recordings after auditioning for its then-president. She assumed creative control for her studio album Good Girl Gone Bad. Its successful lead single Umbrella became a breakthrough in her career. After releasing four consecutive platinum albums, including the Grammy Award winner Unapologetic. Her eighth studio album Anti and its lead single Work reached number-one on the Billboard 200, with sales exceeding 230 million records worldwide, Rihanna is one of the best-selling artists of all time. Widely recognized for reinventing her style, she received the Fashion Icon lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. Forbes ranked Rihanna the fourth most powerful celebrity of 2012, and was named one of Times 100 Most Influential People in the World later that year, Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on February 20,1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica, is an accountant of African American background. Rihanna has two brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty, and two half-sisters and a half-brother from her fathers side, each born to different mothers from his previous relationships. She grew up in a bungalow in Bridgetown and sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street. Rihannas childhood was affected by her fathers addiction to crack cocaine. As a child, she went through a lot of CT scans for the excruciating headaches she suffered, even thought it was a tumor, by the time she was fourteen, Rihanna’s parents had divorced and her health began to improve. Rihanna grew up listening to music and began singing at around the age of seven. She attended Charles F. Broome Memorial Primary School and Combermere High School, Rihanna was an army cadet in a sub-military programme, the singer-songwriter Shontelle was her drill sergeant. Although she initially wanted to graduate high school, she chose to pursue a musical career instead. In 2003, Rihanna formed a trio with two of her classmates
12.
The White Stripes
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The White Stripes were an American rock duo formed in 1997 in Detroit, Michigan. The group consisted of Jack White and Meg White, after releasing several singles and three albums within the Detroit music scene, The White Stripes rose to prominence in 2002, as part of the garage rock revival scene. The band recorded two albums, Get Behind Me Satan in 2005 and Icky Thump in 2007. The White Stripes used a low-fidelity approach to writing and recording and their music featured a melding of garage rock and blues influences and a raw simplicity of composition, arrangement, and performance. The bands discography consists of six albums, one live album. Their last three albums each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, as a senior in high school, Jack Gillis, met Megan White at the Memphis Smoke—the restaurant where she worked and where he would read his poetry at open mic nights. The two became friends, and began to frequent the shops, local music venues. By this time, Gillis was already playing drums with friends, including his upholstery apprenticeship mentor. In 1994, he got his first professional job as the drummer for the Detroit cowpunk band Goober & the Peas, after a courtship, Gillis and White got married on September 21,1996, contrary to convention, he took his wifes surname. Shortly after, Goober and the Peas broke up, but Jack continued to play in bands, such as the garage punk band The Go, The Hentchmen. In 1997—allegedly on Bastille Day—Meg first began to learn to play the drums, in Jacks words, When she started to play drums with me, just on a lark, it felt liberating and refreshing. There was something in it opened me up. The couple then became a band and, while they considered calling themselves Bazooka and Soda Powder, Jack explained the band names origin this way, Meg loves peppermints, and we were going to call ourselves The Peppermints. But since our last name was White, we decided to call it The White Stripes and it revolved around this childish idea, the ideas kids have—because they are so much better than adult ideas, right. White has explained that used these colors to distract from the fact that they were young. They were also noted for their lack of a bass player, the White Stripes had their first live performance on August 14,1997, at the Gold Dollar bar in Detroit. They began their career as part of the Michigan underground garage rock scene, playing with bands such as The Hentchmen, The Dirtbombs, The Gories. In 1998, Dave Buick—owner of an independent, Detroit-based, garage-punk label called Italy Records—approached the band at a bar, Jack initially declined, believing it would be too expensive, but he eventually reconsidered when he realized that Buick was offering to pay for it
13.
David Bowie
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David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a figure in music for over five decades, regarded by critics and musicians as an innovator. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music, during his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million worldwide, made him one of the worlds best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, in the US, he received five platinum and seven gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child, eventually studying art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969, after a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust. The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, in 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth and released Station to Station. Heroes and Lodger followed, each reached the UK top five. He then reached his peak in 1983 with Lets Dance. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with styles, including industrial. He stopped concert touring after 2004, and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006, in 2013, Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day. He remained musically active until he died of cancer two days after the release of his final album, Blackstar. David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947, in Brixton, south London and his mother, Margaret Mary Peggy, was born in Kent, and had Irish ancestry, she worked as a waitress. His father, Haywood Stenton John Jones, from Yorkshire, was an officer for the childrens charity Barnardos. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, near the border of the south London areas of Brixton, Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler. In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to the suburb of Bromley and his voice was considered adequate by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the recorder. Upon listening to Little Richards song Tutti Frutti, Bowie would later say, presleys impact on him was likewise emphatic, I saw a cousin of mine dance to. Hound Dog and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything and it really impressed me, the power of the music
14.
Pink (singer)
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Alecia Beth Moore, known professionally as Pink, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. She was signed to her first record label with original R&B girl group Choice in 1995, the label, LaFace Records saw potential in only Pink, offering her a solo deal. Pink rose as an artist with her solo album, Cant Take Me Home. It was certified double-platinum in the United States and spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top-ten hits, There You Go and Most Girls and she gained further recognition with the Moulin Rouge. Soundtrack Lady Marmalade, which gave Pink her first Grammy Award as well as her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, Pink took control in early 2001 insisting she wanted to work with her childhood hero, Linda Perry. Pink took more control and pursued a pop direction for her second album. It sold more than 15 million copies worldwide and yielded three United States top-ten singles, Get the Party Started, Dont Let Me Get Me, Pinks third album, Try This, generated considerably lower sales, but earned her the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Pink revived her popularity with her fourth and fifth albums, Im Not Dead and Funhouse, with the latter containing her second United States number-one hit. Pink concluded the first decade of her career with the compilation album Greatest Hits, so Far. which featured Fuckin Perfect and the chart-topping single Raise Your Glass. In 2014 Pink recorded an album, Rose Ave. with Canadian musician Dallas Green under a folk music duo named You+Me. Recognized for her signature vocals and acrobatic performances, Pink has sold over 60 million albums worldwide. Her career accolades include three Grammy Awards, a Brit Award, a Daytime Emmy Award and six MTV Video Music Awards, in 2009, Billboard named Pink the Pop Songs Artist of the Decade. Pink was also the second most-played female solo artist in the United Kingdom during the 2000s decade, vH1 ranked her number 10 on their list of the 100 Greatest Women in Music, while Billboard awarded her the Woman of the Year award in 2013. At the 63rd annual BMI Pop Awards, she received the BMI Presidents Award for her achievement in songwriting and global impact on pop culture. Alecia Beth Moore was born on September 8,1979, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, to nurse Judy and insurance salesman Jim Moore and she has described her background as Irish-German-Lithuanian-Jew. Although a healthy baby at birth, she developed asthma that plagued her through her early years. Pink attended Central Bucks High School West, when Moore was a toddler, her parents began having marital problems, and before she was 10 her parents had divorced. Pink developed her voice early in life, in high school, Pink joined her first band, Middleground, but it disbanded upon losing a battle of the bands competition
15.
Marilyn Manson (band)
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Marilyn Manson is an American rock band formed by singer Marilyn Manson and guitarist Daisy Berkowitz in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1989. Originally named Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids, they gained a cult following in South Florida in the early 1990s with their theatrical live performances. In 1993, they were the first act signed to Trent Reznors Nothing Records label. Until 1996, the name of each member was created by combining the first name of a female sex symbol. In the past, band members dressed in outlandish makeup and costumes and their lyrics often received criticism for their anti-religious sentiment and references to sex, violence and drugs, while their live performances were frequently called offensive and obscene. On several occasions, protests and petitions led to the group being blocked from performing and they released a number of platinum-selling albums, including Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals. These albums, along with their music videos and worldwide touring. In 1999, news media blamed the band for influencing the perpetrators of the Columbine massacre. As this controversy began to wane throughout the 2000s, so did the mainstream popularity. Despite this, Jon Wiederhorn of MTV, in June 2003, vH1 ranked Marilyn Manson as the seventy-eighth best rock band on their 100 Great Artists of Hard Rock. They were inducted into the Kerrang, hall of Fame in 2000, and have been nominated for four Grammy Awards. In the US, the band has eight of its releases debut in the top ten. Marilyn Manson have sold in excess of 50 million records worldwide and it was in this capacity that he met several of the musicians to whom his own band would later be compared, including My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. That December, he met Scott Putesky, who proposed that the two form a band together after reading some lyrics and poems written by the singer, bundy left the band soon after, and was replaced by Gidget Gein, born Brad Stewart. They were later joined on keyboard by Stephen Bier, who called himself Madonna Wayne Gacy, in 1991, drummer Fred Streithorst joined the band under the name Sara Lee Lucas. The stage names adopted by each member were representative of a concept the band considered central, the dichotomy of good and evil, Marilyn Monroe had a dark side, explained Manson in his autobiography, just as Charles Manson has a good, intelligent side. Images of both Monroe and Manson, as well as of other famous and infamous figures, were common in the early promotional materials. Band members variously performed in clothing or bizarre costumes, and, for lack of a professional pyrotechnician
16.
Katy Perry
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Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson, known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer and songwriter. After singing in church during her childhood, she pursued a career in music as a teenager. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001. She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard, Dr. Luke. After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records, the album became the first by a female artist to produce five number-one songs in the U. S. and the second overall after Michael Jacksons album Bad. In March 2012, she re-issued the album as Teenage Dream, The Complete Confection and her fourth album, Prism, was released in 2013, and is influenced by pop and dance. She became the first artist with multiple videos to one billion views on Vevo with the videos for its songs Roar. Perry has received awards, including four Guinness World Records, a Brit Award, and a Juno Award. Her estimated net worth as of 2016 is $125 million and she is one of the best-selling musical artists of all time, having sold 100 million records globally throughout her career. In film, she released a documentary titled Katy Perry, Part of Me in 2012. Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson was born in Santa Barbara, California, to Pentecostal pastors Mary Christine and her parents are born again Christians, each having turned to religion after a wild youth. Perry has English, German, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry, through her mother, she is a niece of film director Frank Perry. She has a brother named David, who is a singer. From ages 3 to 11, Perry often moved across the country as her parents set up churches before settling again in Santa Barbara. Growing up, she attended schools and camps, including Paradise Valley Christian School in Arizona. Her family struggled financially, sometimes using food stamps and eating from the bank intended to feed the congregation at her parents church. Growing up, Perry and her siblings were not allowed to eat Lucky Charms as the term luck reminded their mother of Lucifer, Perry primarily listened to gospel music, as secular music was generally discouraged in the familys home. She discovered popular music through CDs she sneaked from her friends, while not strictly identifying as religious, Perry has stated, I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility
17.
The Cure
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The Cure are an English rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976. The band has experienced several changes, with vocalist, guitarist. During the early 1980s, the increasingly dark and tormented music was a staple of the emerging gothic rock genre. After the release of Pornography in 1982, the future was uncertain. The band is estimated to have sold 27 million records as of 2004 and have released thirteen albums, ten EPs. The 1989 album Disintegration is regarded as the commercial and critical peak. That band consisted of Robert Smith on piano, Michael Mick Dempsey on guitar, Laurence Lol Tolhurst on percussion, Marc Ceccagno on lead guitar and Alan Hill on bass guitar. In January 1976 while at St. Wilfrids Comprehensive School Ceccagno formed a 5-piece rock band with Smith on guitar and Dempsey on bass and they called themselves Malice and rehearsed David Bowie, Jimi Hendrix and Alex Harvey songs in a local church hall. By late April 1976, Ceccagno and the two school friends had left, and Tolhurst, Martin Creasy, and Porl Thompson had joined the band. This lineup played all three of Malices only documented live shows during December 1976, both Malice and Easy Cure auditioned several vocalists before Smith assumed the role of Easy Cures frontman in September 1977. That year, Easy Cure won a talent competition with German label Hansa Records, although the band recorded tracks for the company, none were ever released. Following disagreements in March 1978 over the direction the band should take, Smith later recalled, We were very young. They just thought they could turn us into a teen group and they actually wanted us to do cover versions and we always refused. Thompson was dropped from the band in May, and the trio were soon renamed The Cure by Smith. Later that month, the recorded their first sessions as a trio at Chestnut Studios in Sussex. The demo found its way to Polydor Records scout Chris Parry, the Cure released their debut single Killing an Arab in December 1978 on the Small Wonder label as a stopgap until Fiction finalised distribution arrangements with Polydor. The band placed a label that denied the racist connotations on the singles 1979 reissue on Fiction. The Cure released their debut album Three Imaginary Boys in May 1979, because of the bands inexperience in the studio, Parry and engineer Mike Hedges took control of the recording
18.
Christina Aguilera
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Christina María Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. Born in Staten Island, New York and raised in Rochester and Wexford, Pennsylvania, she appeared on the television series Star Search, after recording Reflection, the theme for Disneys 1998 film Mulan, Aguilera signed with RCA Records. She rose to prominence with her 1999 self-titled debut album spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, Genie in a Bottle, What a Girl Wants. The following year, Aguilera released two albums, the Spanish-language album Mi Reflejo and the holiday album My Kind of Christmas. She assumed creative control for her studio album, Stripped, which produced Dirrty, Beautiful. Aguileras fifth studio album, Back to Basics, debuted at one on the album charts of ten countries and spawned the tracks Aint No Other Man. In 2010, Aguilera released her studio album Bionic and starred in the film Burlesque. The following year, she debuted as a coach on the reality television series The Voice. Her seventh studio album, Lotus, was released in 2012, Aguilera has also been featured on several successful collaborations during her career, including Lady Marmalade, Moves like Jagger, and Say Something. Aguilera has been recognized as a pop icon and earned the title Pop Princess in her early years and her work has earned her five Grammy Awards, one Latin Grammy Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has sold over 17.9 million albums in the United States as of 2014 and 50 million albums worldwide as of 2015. In 2009, she ranked at number 58 on Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, thereby becoming the youngest and the only artist under 30 to be named. Billboard recognized her as the 20th most successful artist of the 2000s, aside from her work in the entertainment industry, Aguilera is involved in charitable activities through human rights, world issues, and her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme. Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, on December 18,1980, to Shelly Loraine, a musician, and Fausto Xavier Aguilera and her father is Ecuadorian, while her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry. Her family moved frequently because of her fathers service, and lived in places including New Jersey, Texas, New York. Aguilera and her mother alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive, claims which he denied, Aguilera used music as a form of escape from her turbulent household. Following her parents divorce when she was six years old, Aguilera, her younger sister Rachel, after several years of being estranged, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012. Growing up, Aguilera, known locally as the girl with the big voice, aspired to be a singer, singing in local talent shows
19.
Ellie Goulding
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Elena Jane Ellie Goulding is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Her career began when she met record producers Starsmith and Frankmusik, and she was spotted by Jamie Lillywhite. After signing to Polydor Records in July 2009, Goulding released her extended play, An Introduction to Ellie Goulding. In 2010, she became the second artist to top the BBCs annual Sound of, poll and win the Critics Choice Award at the Brit Awards in the same year. She released her studio album, Lights, in 2010. The albums title track, Lights, was released in the US in March 2011, Gouldings second studio album, Halcyon, was released in October 2012. Anything Could Happen preceded the album as the lead single, Halcyon debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and after 65 weeks reached number one. Halcyon debuted at nine on the US Billboard 200. Halcyon Days, an edition of Halcyon, was released on 23 August 2013, it included new singles including Burn. At the 2014 Brit Awards, she received the award for British Female Solo Artist, Goulding released her third studio album, titled Delirium, on 6 November 2015, with On My Mind as the albums lead single. In December 2015, she received her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance for her single Love Me like You Do. Elena Jane Goulding was born on 30 December 1986 in Hereford and raised in Lyonshall, a village near Kington, Herefordshire. Her father, Arthur Goulding, came from a family of undertakers, while her mother, Tracy, when she was 5, her parents separated, later she had a stepfather who was a lorry driver, whom she considered horrible. At 9, she playing the clarinet and at 14 began learning guitar. Goulding attended Lady Hawkins High School in Kington where she won the role of the Scarecrow in a production of The Wizard of Oz. At 15, she started songwriting and while at Hereford Sixth Form College entered a competition and won. After she successfully showcased for Turn First head Sarah Stennett, she was told to leave university and was set up in a house in West London, Lillywhite became her manager and introduced her to the producer Starsmith who would become her chief collaborator and the primary producer of Lights. The single peaked at number fifty-three on the UK Singles Chart following an appearance on Later
20.
Fiona Apple
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Fiona Apple McAfee-Maggart is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and record producer. Classically trained on piano as a child, Apple began composing her own songs when she was 8 years old. Her debut album, Tidal, written when Apple was 17, was released in 1996 and she followed with When the Pawn. produced by Jon Brion, which was also critically and commercially successful and was certified platinum. For her third album, Extraordinary Machine, Apple again collaborated with Brion, however, Apple was reportedly unhappy with the production and opted not to release the record, leading fans to erroneously protest Epic Records, believing that the label was withholding its release. The album was eventually re-produced without Brion and released in October 2005 to critical acclaim, in 2012, she released her fourth studio album, The Idler Wheel. which received universal critical praise and was followed by an extensive tour of the USA. Born in New York City in 1977, Apple is the daughter of singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart and her maternal grandparents were dancer Millicent Green and big band vocalist Johnny McAfee. Her sister sings cabaret under the stage name Maude Maggart, Apple grew up in Morningside Gardens in Harlem with her mother and sister, but spent summers with her father in Los Angeles. Apple was classically trained on piano as a child, and began composing her own pieces by the age of eight, when learning to play piano, she would often take sheet music and translate guitar tablature into the corresponding notes. Apple later began to play along with jazz standard compositions after becoming proficient, through which she discovered Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald, at age 12, Apple was raped outside the apartment she shared with her mother and sister. She then developed an eating disorder, purposely slimming her developing body, in 2000, she insisted that she did not write songs about the trauma, It doesnt get into the writing. Its such a fuckin old pain that, you know, theres nothing poetic about it, schenker then passed the tape along to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Apples abilities captured his attention, and Slater signed her to a record deal, in 1996, Apples debut album, Tidal, was released by Work Records and Columbia Records. The album sold 2.7 million copies and was certified three times platinum in the U. S. Criminal, the single, became a hit. The songs controversial Mark Romanek-directed music video played on MTV, other singles from Tidal included Shadowboxer, Sleep to Dream, and Never Is a Promise. Apple accepted MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist for her song Sleep to Dream in 1997 The New Yorker, when I have something to say, Ill say it, she said, responding to these criticisms in an article in Rolling Stone in January 1998. During this period, Apple also made recordings of The Beatles Across the Universe and she later canceled the last twenty-one dates on a tour in support of her album due to personal family problems. Apples second album, When the Pawn. was released in 1999 and its full title is a poem Apple wrote after reading letters that appeared in Spin regarding an article that had cast her in a negative light in an earlier issue. The titles length earned it a spot in the Guinness Book of Records for 2001
21.
Muse (band)
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Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed in 1994. The band consists of Matt Bellamy, Chris Wolstenholme and Dominic Howard, Muse released their debut album, Showbiz, in 1999, showcasing Bellamys falsetto and a melancholic alternative rock style. Their second album, Origin of Symmetry, expanded their sound, incorporating wider instrumentation and romantic classical influences, Absolution saw further classical influence, with orchestra on tracks such as Butterflies and Hurricanes, and became the first of five consecutive UK number-one albums. Black Holes and Revelations incorporated electronic and pop elements, influenced by 1980s groups such as Depeche Mode, the album brought Muse wider international success. The Resistance and The 2nd Law explored themes of government oppression and civil uprising and their seventh album, Drones, was a concept album about drone warfare and returned to a harder rock sound. They have sold over 20 million albums worldwide, the members of Muse played in separate school bands during their stay at Teignmouth Community College in the early 1990s. Guitarist Matt Bellamy successfully auditioned for drummer Dominic Howards band, Carnage Mayhem and they renamed the band Gothic Plague. They asked Chris Wolstenholme – at that time the drummer for Fixed Penalty – to join as bassist, he agreed, the band was renamed Rocket Baby Dolls and adopted a goth-glam image. In 1994, Rocket Baby Dolls won a battle of the bands. Bellamy said, It was supposed to be a protest, a statement, so, when we won, it was a real shock. After that, we started taking ourselves seriously, the band quit their jobs, changed their name to Muse, and moved away from Teignmouth. The name Muse was supposedly inspired by Matthew Bellamys art teacher Samuel Theoun, the band liked that it was short and thought that it looked good on a poster. After a few years building a fanbase, Muse played their first gigs in London and they had a significant meeting with Dennis Smith, the owner of Sawmills Studio, situated in a converted water mill in Cornwall. He had seen the three boys grow up as he knew their parents, and had a company with their future manager Safta Jaffery. The meeting led to their first serious recordings and the release of the Muse EP on 11 May 1998 on Sawmills in-house Dangerous label and their second EP, the Muscle Museum EP, also produced by Reeve, was released on 11 January 1999. It reached number 3 in the singles chart and attracted the attention of British radio broadcaster Steve Lamacq. Later in 1999, Muse performed on the Emerging Artists stage at Woodstock 1999 and signed with Smith, despite the success of their second EP, British record companies were reluctant to sign Muse. After a trip to New Yorks CMJ Festival, Nanci Walker, director of A&R at Columbia Records, flew Muse to the US to showcase for Columbia Records then-Senior Vice-President of A&R, Tim Devine, as well as for American Recordings Rick Rubin
22.
Interpol (band)
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Interpol is an American rock band from New York City. Formed in 1997, the bands original line-up consisted of Paul Banks, Daniel Kessler, Carlos Dengler, Drudy left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Sam Fogarino. In 2010, shortly after recording finished for the fourth album. The bands sound is generally a mix of staccato bass and rhythmic, harmonized guitar, with a mix, drawing comparisons to post-punk bands such as Joy Division. Aside from the lyrics, each member contributes to songwriting. Interpols debut album Turn on the Bright Lights was critically acclaimed, making it to position on the NMEs list of top albums in 2002. Subsequent records Antics and Our Love to Admire brought greater critical and commercial success, the band released its fourth, self-titled album on September 7,2010. They went on hiatus from 2011 through 2012 while they focused on other projects and their fifth studio album El Pintor was released on September 9,2014. The band was formed by Kessler and Drudy, Kessler had been looking to put a band together for a while when he met Drudy. Kessler had a hard time finding musicians to play with—musicians at all. Kessler met Dengler in a class at New York University. Later, Kessler ran into Banks in New York Citys East Village, Banks admitted that he and Dengler butted heads early on in the bands history, but told Spin that now the two are really tight, in a spiritual way. The band had trouble choosing a name at first, I got to the point where I was like, Guys, were getting decent crowds, but like. We dont have a name so no one knows who to go see again, furthermore, the band considered Las Armas and The French Letters as names before adopting Interpol. In 2000, after releasing the Fukd ID No.3 extended-play album, Drudy left the band to focus on Hot Cross, Kessler recruited Fogarino, who worked at a local vintage clothing store and at the time considered retiring from music, to replace Drudy. While a member of Interpol, Drudy was also a member of seminal first-wave screamo act Saetia, after self-releasing several EPs between 1998 and 2001, the band signed with Matador Records, a member of the independent Beggars Group, in early 2002. The first release, a self-titled EP containing re-recorded versions of PDA, Turn On the Bright Lights was released on August 19,2002. The record was a success, selling 300,000 copies by 2004
23.
Leonard Cohen
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Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ was a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, poet, novelist, and painter. His work mostly explored religion, politics, isolation, sexuality, Cohen was inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame as well as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nations highest civilian honor, in 2011, Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize. Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s, and did not launch a music career until 1967, at the age of 33. His first album, Songs of Leonard Cohen, was followed by three albums of folk music, Songs from a Room, Songs of Love and Hate. His 1977 record Death of a Ladies Man was co-written and produced by Phil Spector, in 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences. Hallelujah was first released on Cohens studio album Various Positions in 1984, Im Your Man in 1988 marked Cohens turn to synthesized productions and remains his most popular album. In 1992, Cohen released its follow-up, The Future, which had dark lyrics, Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, which was a major hit in Canada and Europe. His eleventh album, Dear Heather, followed in 2004, Cohen was born on September 21,1934 in Westmount, Quebec, an English-speaking area of Montreal, into a middle-class Canadian Jewish family. His mother, Marsha Klonitsky, was the daughter of a Talmudic writer, Rabbi Solomon Klonitsky-Kline and his paternal grandfather, whose family had moved from Poland to Canada, was Lyon Cohen, the founding president of the Canadian Jewish Congress. His father, Nathan Cohen, owned a clothing store. The family observed Orthodox Judaism, and belonged to Congregation Shaar Hashomayim, on the topic of being a Kohen, Cohen told Richard Goldstein in 1967, I had a very Messianic childhood. I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest and he became especially interested in the poetry of Federico García Lorca. During all of that period, Cohen taught himself to play the acoustic guitar, after a young Spanish guitar player taught him a few chords and some flamenco, Cohen switched to a classical guitar. He has attributed his love of music to his mother, who, he said, had such a voice, Cohen frequented Saint Laurent Boulevard for fun. According to journalist David Sax, Cohen and one of his cousins would go to the Main Deli to watch the gangsters, pimps, in that period and that place, Cohen wrote the lyrics to some of his most famous songs. Cohen published his first poems in March 1954 in the magazine CIV/n, the issue also included poems by Cohens poet–professors, Irving Layton and Louis Dudek. Cohen graduated from McGill the following year with a B. A. degree and his literary influences during this time included William Butler Yeats, Irving Layton, Walt Whitman, Federico García Lorca, and Henry Miller
24.
The Dead Weather
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The Dead Weather is an American rock supergroup, formed in Nashville, Tennessee in 2009. Composed of Alison Mosshart, Jack White, Dean Fertita and Jack Lawrence, the band performed live for the first time at the event, immediately before releasing their debut single Hang You from the Heavens. The bands second album, Sea of Cowards, was released first in Ireland on May 7,2010, then on May 10 and 11 in the United Kingdom. Dodge and Burn, their studio album, was released in September 2015. When The Raconteurs were performing in Memphis, Tennessee, Jack White lost his voice and she sang lead vocals on Steady as She Goes and Salute Your Solution. White later asked her if she would record a song with him and they met Dean Fertita at the studio and they ended up performing more than one song that night. Ultimately they decided to form a band with Mosshart as their singer, Lawrence on bass, Fertita on guitar and keyboard. White claims he wanted to play the drums in the band and he had played drums as a child, and for Goober & the Peas before forming the White Stripes. White said he felt that playing lead guitar in another band would be too redundant, in January 2009, Mosshart, Fertita, Lawrence and White got together for an impromptu jam at Whites Third Man studio. The session was followed by two and a weeks of song writing and recording, during which The Dead Weather formed. Things just started to happen, said White and we just went a song a day, two songs a day, whatever we could do and recorded them on the fly. There was no time to think about what it was, the Dead Weathers debut album, Horehound, was released on July 14,2009 in North America, and July 13 in Europe. It entered the U. S. Billboard 200 Album Charts at No.6, three tracks from Horehound were made available as downloadable content for the Rock Band video game series on the same day as the North American release. Jack White co-directed a short documentary about The Dead Weather called Full Flash Blank and it contains exclusive interviews of the band members and performances of 60 Feet Tall, I Cut Like A Buffalo, and Treat Me Like Your Mother. Full Flash Blank aired on Channel 4 straight after the showing of Later, with Jools Holland which featured The Dead Weather performing their first three singles. On October 16,2009, Mosshart confirmed that an album was halfway done. White later announced that the first single from the new album would be called Die By The Drop and he commented that it was bluesier and heavier than we ever thought we could be. Sea of Cowards was first released on May 7,2010, in Ireland, and then released on May 10 and May 11 in the U. S. and the U. K. respectively
25.
Alice Glass
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Alice Glass is a Canadian singer-songwriter. Formerly the frontwoman of electronic band Crystal Castles, she embarked on a career in mid-late 2014. Alice Glass was born in Toronto, Ontario and she was raised Catholic, attending parochial school up until junior high. At the age of fourteen she ran away home to live in a squat community of punks under the name Vicki Vale. Though she continued going to school, she dropped out before graduating, Ethan Kath, impressed by Glasss performance with the band, gave her CD-Rs with 60 instrumental tracks of which she chose 5 to write vocals for. In 2008, before the interview with Now Magazine, Glass disappeared. Crystal Castles was infamously shut down at Glastonbury 2008 after Glass climbed a speaker stand just before Alice Practice and was swallowed by the crowd during Yes No, Glass has been known to be a dedicated performer. Glass also performed five months worth of shows on crutches after falling and putting a strain on an ankle injury in 2011. At the 2013 Glastonbury Festival, Crystal Castles began their set 20 minutes past the time, with Glass visibly sick. According to NME, Glass had been suffering from food poisoning, alices vocal style ranges from singing, whispering, shouting, and screaming. In October 2014, Glass announced that she was leaving Crystal Castles due to her own professional and personal reasons, in this announcement she noted that working within the band compromised her efforts towards sincerity, honesty, and empathy for others. She later had a number of disagreements with her former bandmate. Glass released her single, Stillbirth, in July 2015. The release was largely an effort to increase awareness of domestic/sexual abuse, Glass worked with anti-sexual assault organization RAINN, donating all proceeds of the song to the aid of victims of such abuse. Alice Glass topped NMEs Cool List in 2008 and responded by criticizing the idea of the cool list itself, in 2011 Rolling Stone Magazine named Crystal Castles as one of ten icons in 20 Years of Lollapalooza moments. Crystal Castles received the John Peel Award For Innovation at the 2011 NME Awards, Crystal Castles debut album was included in NMEs Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade list at #39. Stillbirth Interview with the Independent newspaper
26.
Perfume Genius
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Perfume Genius is the stage name for Seattle-based solo artist Mike Hadreas. Hadreas is of Greek descent and was born in the suburbs of Seattle, Hadreas studied painting in school and took piano lessons as a child. His mother was a special teacher, and his parents divorced when he was a teenager. Growing up, Hadreas was the openly gay student at his school. He dropped out of school during his senior year. Two years after dropping out, he was attacked by young men in his neighborhood. He moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn and worked as a doorman for a club in the East Village, in 2005, Hadreas returned home to Seattle and began recording music. In 2008, Hadreas set up a MySpace page under the name Perfume Genius, Hadreass music explores topics including sexuality, his personal struggle with Crohns disease, domestic abuse, and the dangers faced by gay men in contemporary society. Hadreass debut album, Learning, was released on June 21,2010, through Turnstile Records in Europe, many of the tracks for Learning were recorded in Hadreass home. The album quickly received critical acclaim, Pitchfork gave the album an 8.2 He performed his first live show at The Vera Project in Seattle, where he opened for A Sunny Day in Glasgow. Hadreass second album, Put Your Back N2 It, was released on February 20,2012, again, Hadreas received praise from music critics and fans alike for the sonic intimacy his music achieved. The promotional video for the album, featuring Hadreas and pornographic actor Arpad Miklos embracing each other, was deemed unsafe for family viewing by YouTube. Hadreas was one of several Seattle-area artists and musicians featured in the exhibit Mw at the Frye Art Museum, as part of the exhibit, he performed at the museum on October 27,2012. On September 23,2014, Hadreas released his album, Too Bright. The album was a leap for Hadreas and marked a new trajectory in his career. The album received reviews from an array of publications. Pitchfork gave the album a 8.5 and commented that these songs feel less like songs and more like treasures, ones that fill you with power, following the release of the album Hadreas toured the album and played sold out headline shows. On October 30,2014 Perfume Genius appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman performing Queen from the album Too Bright, Hadreass cover was a collaboration with Sharon Van Etten
27.
Gucci
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Gucci is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by the French holding company Kering. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921, Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand. Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009, in the year 2013, the brand was valued at US$12.1 billion, with sales of US$4.7 billion. In the Forbes Worlds Most Valuable Brands list, Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand, as of January 2015, the creative director is Alessandro Michele. With beginnings at the end of the 19th century, the Gucci company became one of the world’s most successful manufacturers of leather goods, clothing. As an immigrant hotel worker in Paris and later London, young Guccio Gucci was impressed with the luggage he saw urbane guests bring with them. Before leaving, he visited the manufacturer, H. J. Cave & Sons, upon returning to his birthplace of Florence, a city distinguished for high-quality materials and skilled artisans, he established a shop in 1920 that sold fine leather goods with classic styling. Although Gucci organized his workrooms for industrial methods of production, he maintained traditional aspects of fabrication, initially, Gucci employed skilled workers in basic Florentine leather crafts, attentive to finishing. With expansion, machine stitching was a method that supported construction. Together with three of his sons, Aldo Gucci, Vasco Gucci, and Rodolfo Gucci, Gucci expanded the company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence. Guccis stores featured such finely crafted leather accessories as handbags, shoes, the company made handbags of cotton canvas rather than leather during World War II as a result of material shortages. The canvas, however, was distinguished by a signature double-G symbol combined with prominent red, after the war, the Gucci crest, which showed a shield and armored knight surrounded by a ribbon inscribed with the family name, became synonymous with the city of Florence. Aldo and Rodolfo Gucci further expanded the horizons in 1953 by establishing offices in New York City. Film stars and jet-set travelers to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s brought their glamour to Florence, movie stars posed in Guccis clothing, accessories, and footwear for lifestyle magazines around the world, contributing to the company’s growing reputation. Guccis distinctive lines made its products among the most frequently copied in the world in the early 2000s, pigskin, calf, and imported exotic animal skins were subjected to various methods of fabrication. Waterproof canvas and satin were used for evening bags, bamboo was first used to make handbag handles by a process of heating and molding in 1947, and purses made with a shoulder strap and snaffle-bit decoration were introduced in 1960. In 1964 Gucci’s lush butterfly pattern was custom-created for silk foulards, the original Gucci loafer was updated by a distinctive snaffle-bit ornament in 1966, while the Rolls-Royce luggage set was introduced in 1970. Watches, jewelry, ties, and eyewear were then added to the product lines
28.
MAC Cosmetics
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MAC Cosmetics, stylized as M·A·C, is a cosmetics manufacturer founded in Toronto in 1984 by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo. The company is headquartered in New York City and became part of the Estée Lauder Companies in 1998, MAC is an abbreviation for Make-up Art Cosmetics. Further, he realized how limited conventional products in the industry were to responding to the needs of the modern woman. For the first time ethnicity in makeup was addressed, Toskan began to craft a niche market in the world of makeup. Family joined forces including brother-in-law and chemist Victor Casale, MAC very quickly cultivated a following in both the fashion and the retail markets. Initially sold exclusively at the BAY in Canada it quickly expanded to Henry Bandel in New York, Nordstrom department stores welcomed the brand soon after marking MACs first foray into the mass North American retail market. Sachs, Macys, Dillards, and Bloomingdales rapidly followed suit as well as dozens of MAC owned stand alone stores. Unsolicited celebrity endorsement was key to MACs success as Madonna, Lady Diana, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, Cher, MAC continues to be the leader in creative cosmetic innovation worldwide. The companys products were intended for makeup professionals, but are sold directly to consumers worldwide. Frank Toskan stated that he first manufactured makeup for models, but then the models wanted this makeup for their sisters, friends, today, the brand continues to work with in fashion show professionals, From a niche brand, MAC has become a global brand. In the 1990s, the brand had over a hundred stores worldwide, in 1994, the company Estée Lauder took control of 51% of shares of MAC Cosmetics and began managing the business end while the two founders retained creative control. In 1997, co-founder Frank Angelo died of cardiac arrest during surgery at the age of 49, at that time, MAC had a revenue of US $250 million, which doubled ten years later. Estée Lauder Inc. completed the acquisition in 1998, and Frank Toskan decided to sell his shares shortly thereafter before leaving the company at the end of the same year. MAC Cosmetics is named one of the top three global brands, with an annual turnover of over $1 billion, and 500 independent stores. All stores are run by professional makeup artists, in September 2016, MAC Cosmetics launched the MAC Selena collection in collaboration with the estate of Selena Quintanilla Perez. A petition on Change. org proposed the idea of collaboration to MAC Cosmetics. Selenas sister, Suzette Quintanilla, worked with MAC to create the collection that really represented Selena. The collection sold out within hours not only at MAC stores but also at other retailers that carried the collection such as Nordstrom, Bloomingdales, fans stood in line for hours to get their hands on the collection but some did walk away empty handed
29.
Target Corporation
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Target Corporation is the second-largest discount store retailer in the United States, behind Walmart, and a component of the S&P500 Index. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota in 1962 while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967, the company has found success as a cheap-chic player in the industry. The parent company was renamed the Target Corporation in 2000 and divested itself of its last department store chains in 2004, as of 2017, Target operates 1,806 locations throughout the United States. Target is often recognized for its emphasis on the needs of its younger, image-conscious shoppers, the Westminster Presbyterian Church from downtown Minneapolis burned down during the Panic of 1893. Without insurance coverage to cover the loss, the congregation found itself unable to rebuild. The store was renamed the Dayton Dry Goods Company in 1903, Dayton died in 1938 and was succeeded by his son Nelson as the president of the $14 million business. Nelson died in 1950 and was replaced by his own son Donald, the company acquired the Lipmans department store company during the 1950s and operated it as a separate division. John F. Geisse developed the concept of upscale discount retailing while working for the Dayton Company. Using his concepts, the company opened its first Target discount store at 1515 West County Road B in the Saint Paul suburb of Roseville, Minnesota, Douglas Dayton was its first president. The name Target originated from publicity director Stewart K. Widdess and it opened three additional units in the first year, and reported its first gain in 1965 with sales reaching $39 million. Later that decade, B. Dalton Bookseller was formed as a subsidiary of the Dayton Company, the parent company acquired the jewelers Shreve & Co. and J. E. Caldwell, the Pickwick Book Shops, and the electronics and appliances chain Lechmere. It also went public with its first offering of common stock, in 1969, the Dayton Company itself merged with the Detroit-based J. L. Hudson Company, and together formed the Dayton-Hudson Corporation. The new company, at the time the 14th-largest retailer in the United States, consisted of Target and the department stores Daytons, Diamonds, Hudsons, John A. Brown, Target reached $200 million in sales while Dayton-Hudson acquired Team Electronics and the jewelers C. D. Peacock, Inc. and Jessop and Sons in the 1970s, Target reported a decrease in profits in 1972, due to the rapid pace of expansion with the purchase and conversion of several former Arlans department store locations. New management marked down merchandise to reduce its overstock and only opened one new location that year, Dayton-Hudson was established as the seventh-largest general merchandise retailer in the United States with its acquisition of Mervyns in 1978. It sold the Dayton-Hudson Jewelers subsidiary to Henry Birks & Sons of Montreal, Target was established as the dominant retailer in southern California after purchasing fifty Gemco stores in the state in 1986, that year, Dayton-Hudson sold B. Dalton Bookseller to Barnes & Noble. The acquisition of several Gold Circle and Richway stores assisted its expansion into northwestern and southeastern United States, later that year, Dayton-Hudson sold Lechmere to a group of investors. In 1990, Dayton-Hudson acquired Marshall Fields and opened its first Target Greatland store in Apple Valley and it started the Everyday Hero clothing specialty store with two locations in Minneapolis in 1992, although they were closed in 1997
30.
Samsung
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Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics, in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance, Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has an influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media. Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Koreas total exports, Samsungs revenue was equal to 17% of South Koreas $1,082 billion GDP. On 17 February 2017, Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong was arrested for bribery, embezzlement, hiding assets overseas, according to Samsungs founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is tri-star or three stars. The word three represents something big, numerous and powerful, in 1938, Lee Byung-chull of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and made noodles, the company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul and he started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong and it was the largest woollen mill ever in the country. Samsung diversified into different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of such as insurance, securities. President Park Chung Hee placed great importance on industrialization and he focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung groups founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, the trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation
31.
Absolut Vodka
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Absolut Vodka is a brand of vodka, produced near Åhus, in southern Sweden. Absolut is owned by French group Pernod Ricard, it bought Absolut for €5.63 billion in 2008 from the Swedish state, Absolut is the third largest brand of alcoholic spirits in the world after Bacardi and Smirnoff, and is sold in 126 countries. Absolut was established in 1879 by Lars Olsson Smith and is produced in Åhus, Smith challenged the city of Stockholms liquor marketing monopoly with his vodka. It was sold just outside the city border at a lower price than the monopolys product, Smith even offered free boat rides to the distillery and Rent Brännvin made Smith a fortune. In 1917, the Swedish government monopolized the countrys alcohol industry, Vodka was then sold nationwide under the name Absolut Rent Brännvin. The name changed with intervals, Renat Brännvin or Absolut Rent Brännvin, in 1979, the old name Absolut was picked up when the upper-price range ABSOLUT VODKA was introduced. Renat is still a euphemism for spirits in Sweden, and the name of another vodka product by Vin & Sprit, Absolut Vodka was introduced to the global market in 1979. Since its launch, Absolut has grown to sell over 90 million litres of vodka annually by 2008, the vodka is made from winter wheat. Approximately 80,000 metric tons of wheat are used annually to produce Absolut Vodka, over one kilogram of grain is used in every one-liter bottle. Media outlets reported on some American consumers reactions at the ads perceived insensitivity to immigration issues, Absolut responded that the ads were purely whimsical, with no political or nationalist agenda, but its critics were adamant. Absolut later issued an apology and withdrew the ad
32.
Old Navy
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Old Navy is an American clothing and accessories retailing company owned by American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It has corporate operations in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco, the largest of the Old Navy stores are its flagship stores, located in New York City, the Mall of America, Seattle, Chicago, and San Francisco. In March 1994, Gap Warehouse was renamed Old Navy Clothing Co. in order to establish an image from its parent. It was named after a bar in Paris, the new stores were about 15,000 square feet, compared less than 10,000 square feet for Gap Warehouse stores. Later that year,42 other Old Navy stores opened, Old Navy had campy television ads featuring Morgan Fairchild and its mascot, Magic the dog. This mascot was changed in 2001 to Adam the Greaser due to his love for the classic Old Navy graphic t-shirts. The Old Navy division grew quickly, in 1997, it became the first retailer to pass $1 billion in its first four years in business, in 2001, Old Navy began its international expansion with the opening of 12 stores in Ontario, Canada. The brand also experimented, opening a shop inside one location in San Francisco in December 1995. This in turn did not work out for the company, and was terminated the following September and this may have been due to Adam wearing the shirts too often. In 2005, Old Navys then-president Dawn Robertson looked to address the competition she saw in Hollister Co. in addition to a new logo, several locations were built or remodeled to reflect the New Old Navy. One such location in St. Petersburg, Florida cost roughly $5 million to develop, also, advertisements began to be created in-house, and substituted the original kitschy and humorous feel for a high fashion and feminine directive. These stores proved to be an investment and Robertson was asked to leave the company. In 2011, Old Navy began a rebranding to emphasize a family-oriented environment. It targets Old Navys target customer and features better lighting, vibrant colors, layouts that make shopping easier, quick-change stations, by July 12, one third of the companys North American locations had adopted the redesign. In 2012, after years of Old Navy losing sales to rival retailer H&M. Larsson instituted a number of changes, including hiring designers away from Coach, Nike, Reebok, by 2015, Old Navys yearly sales had reached $6 billion per year in the United States, almost equaling those of Gaps Gap and Banana Republic divisions combined. Flagship stores also have collection business clothes for women, and maternity sections, previously, Old Navy attempted to launch a bath and body line, called ONbody. Old Navy is known for their signature denim wall of styles that never change, the styles are super skinny, skinny, original, and boot-cut, and are available in four different washes
33.
Motorola
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Motorola was an American multinational telecommunications company founded on September 25,1928, based in Schaumburg, Illinois. After having lost $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola Solutions is generally considered to be the direct successor to Motorola, as the reorganization was structured with Motorola Mobility being spun off. Motorola Mobility was acquired by Lenovo in 2014, Motorola designed and sold wireless network equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems and these businesses are now part of Motorola Solutions. Google sold Motorola Home to the Arris Group in December 2012 for US$2.35 billion, Motorolas wireless telephone handset division was a pioneer in cellular telephones. Also known as the Personal Communication Sector prior to 2004, it pioneered the mobile phone with DynaTAC and it had staged a resurgence by the mid-2000s with the RAZR, but lost market share in the second half of that decade. Later it focused on smartphones using Googles open-source Android mobile operating system, the first phone to use the newest version of Googles open source OS, Android 2.0, was released on November 2,2009 as the Motorola Droid. The handset division was spun off into the independent Motorola Mobility. On May 22,2012, Google CEO Larry Page announced that Google had closed on its deal to acquire Motorola Mobility. On January 29,2014, Page announced that pending closure of the deal, on October 30,2014, Lenovo finalized its purchase of Motorola Mobility from Google. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation set up shop in a section of a rented building. The company had $565 in working capital and five employees, the first weeks payroll was $63. The companys first products were battery-eliminators, devices that enabled battery-powered radios to operate on household electricity, due to advances in radio technology, battery-eliminators soon became obsolete. Paul Galvin learned that some radio technicians were installing sets in cars and his team was successful, and Galvin was able to demonstrate a working model of the radio at the June 1930 Radio Manufacturers Association convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He brought home enough orders to keep the company in business. g, the company sold its first Motorola branded radio on June 23,1930, to H. C. Wall of Fort Wayne, Indiana, for $30, the Motorola brand name became so well-known that Galvin Manufacturing Corporation later changed its name to Motorola, Inc. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation began selling Motorola car-radio receivers to police departments, the companys first public safety customers included the Village of River Forest, Village of Bellwood Police Department, City of Evanston Police, Illinois State Highway Police, and Cook County Police. In the same year, the company built its research and development program with Dan Noble, a pioneer in FM radio and semiconductor technologies, the company produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II, which was vital to Allied communication
34.
Adidas
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Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Germany, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second biggest in the world, Adidas revenue for 2016 was listed at €19.29 billion. Adidas was registered on 18 August 1949 by Adolf Dassler, following a feud at the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik company between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf had earlier established Puma, which became the business rival of Adidas. The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo. The brand name is uncapitalized and is stylized with a case a. Christoph Von Wilhelm Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, after leaving school, their son, Rudolf Rudi Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World War I, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, Adolf Adi Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mothers wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach after his return from World War I. In July 1924, his brother Rudolf returned to Herzogenaurach to join his brothers business. Following Owens haul of four medals, his success cemented the good reputation of Dassler shoes among the worlds most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the desks. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of every year before World War II. After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, American occupying forces subsequently became major buyers of the Dassler brothers shoes. Although it is a urban myth that the name is an acronym for All Day I Dream About Sports. Puma and Adidas entered into a fierce and bitter rivalry after the split. Indeed, the town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, even the towns two football clubs were divided, ASV Herzogenaurach club was supported by Adidas, while 1 FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolfs footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolfs home, they would deliberately wear Adidas shoes, Rudolf would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Pumas. The two brothers were never reconciled and although both are now buried in the cemetery, they are spaced as far apart as possible
35.
Thierry Mugler
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Thierry Mugler is a French fashion designer and creator of several perfumes. Mugler was born in Strasbourg, France and his passion led him to focus more on drawing than on school, and at the age of 9, he began to study classical dance. By 14, he joined the corps for the Rhin Opera. At the same time, Mugler began formal interior design training at the Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts, at the age of 24, Mugler moved to Paris, France. He began designing clothes for Parisian boutique, Gudule, at 26, Mugler, who was working as a freelance designer, began to design for a variety of large ready-to-wear fashion houses in Paris, Milan, London and Barcelona. In 1973, Mugler created his first personal collection called Café de Paris, the style of the collection was both sophisticated and urban. Melka Tréanton, a fashion editor, helped to launch his career. In 1976, she asked him to show his work in Tokyo for an event organized by Shiseido, in 1978, he opened his first Paris boutique at the Place des Victoires in the 1er Arrondissement). At the same time, Thierry Mugler launched a collection for men. For this collection, he reworked classical masculinity, giving it a modern style. A clean, precise, structured cut which outlined a highly recognizable silhouette, prominent shoulders, during the 1980s and 1990s, Thierry Mugler became an internationally recognized designer, and his collections garnered much commercial success. At the request of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture and he created the famous black dress worn by Demi Moore in the 1993 movie, Indecent Proposal. His clothes are identified by their style and their structure, Mugler, over the next two decades created a style that was very much of its time, it was strong, angular, and sometimes almost cruel. Shoulders were wide and padded, waists were wasp like, prints were banished, Mugler”s clothes came in solid, dominating colors. Collars had exaggerated points, or flame like cutouts, the insect kingdom was a constant influence, as were the ladies and gentlemen of film noir. PVC was often used as his material for his pieces, used to create space. Mugler published his first photography book in 1988, Thierry Mugler and this was followed by a monograph in 1999 entitled, Fashion Fetish Fantasy which assembles photos of his creations. Mugler also directs films, advertising films and video clips
36.
Eaton's
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Eaton Company Ltd. was a Canadian department store retailer, and once Canadas largest. It was founded in 1869 in Toronto by Timothy Eaton, a Presbyterian Ulster Scot immigrant from what is now Northern Ireland. Eatons grew to become a retail and social institution in Canada, with stores across the country, buying offices around the globe, a changing economic and retail environment in the late 20th century and mismanagement culminated in the chains bankruptcy in 1999. In an era when haggling for goods was the norm, the chain proclaimed We propose to sell our goods for CASH ONLY – In selling goods, in addition it had the long-standing slogan Goods Satisfactory or Money Refunded. In 1869 Timothy Eaton sold his interest in a small store in the market town of St. Marys, Ontario and bought a dry-goods. The first store was only 24 by 60 feet, with two windows, and was located a fair distance from Torontos then fashionable shopping district of King Street West. The business prospered, and Eaton moved the store one block north in August 1883 into much larger premises at 190 Yonge Street, the store’s first telephone, with phone number 370, was installed in 1885. In 1886, the first elevator in an establishment in Toronto was installed in the Eaton store. Eaton maintained the lease on the empty store at 178 Yonge Street until its expiry in 1884 in order to delay the plans of one of his competitors. Over time, the competition between the Simpsons and Eaton’s department stores, facing each other across Queen Street West, became one of Toronto’s great business rivalries, by 1896, Eatons was billing itself as Canada’s Greatest Store. The store continued to expand in size, and new buildings were constructed to house the mail order division, the number of people employed in Eatons operations numbered 17,500 in 1911. In 1919, the Eatons buildings in Toronto contained a space of over 60 acres. At the beginning of the 20th century, Eatons conducted a business in Western Canada through its catalogue. Eatons considered Winnipeg, Manitoba as the most logical location for a new mail order warehouse to serve its western customers. A store was not originally part of the plans, John Craig Eaton, the son of Timothy Eaton, became an early proponent of building a combined store and mail order operation in Winnipeg. Although Timothy Eaton initially had misgivings over the difficulties involved in managing a store 2,100 kilometres from Toronto, Eatons acquired a city block on Portage Avenue at Donald Street, and the five-storey Eatons store opened to much fanfare on July 15,1905. The landmark red brick store, known as the Big Store to Winnipeggers, was a success, the initial staff of 750 grew to 1200 within a few weeks of the opening. By 1910, three storeys were added to the store and other buildings were constructed
37.
Hamilton, Ontario
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Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Residents of the old city are known as Hamiltonians, since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario. Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 94th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2015-16 and has a well-known medical school. Possibly because of its environment, numerous TV and film productions have been filmed in Hamilton, regulated by the Hamilton Film. A growing arts and culture community garnered media attention in 2006 when the Globe and Mail published an article called Go West, the article highlighted local art galleries, recording studios and independent film production. In pre-colonial times, the Neutral Indians used much of the land but were driven out by the Five Nations who were allied with the British against the Huron. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for Mohawk Road, which originally included King Street in the lower city. In 1784, about 10,000 United Empire Loyalists settled in Upper Canada, chiefly in Niagara, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. They were soon followed by many more Americans, some of not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of inexpensive. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario. The town of Hamilton was conceived by George Hamilton, when he purchased farm holdings of James Durand, nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamiltons property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site, Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly. Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District, a permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Princes Square. Subsequently, the first police board and the limits were defined by statute on February 13,1833. Official City status was achieved on June 9,1846, by an act of Parliament,9 Victoria Chapter 73, the city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co. Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, allan Skyway in 1958, and the first Tim Hortons store in 1964. Since then, many of the industries have moved or shut down operations and the economy has shifted more toward the service sector, such as transportation, education
38.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
39.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
40.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Brescia
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Brescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometres from the lakes Garda, with a population of 196,480, it is the second largest city in the region and the fourth of northwest Italy. The urban area of Brescia extends beyond the city limits and has a population of 672,822. The city is the capital of the Province of Brescia, one of the largest in Italy. Founded over 3,200 years ago, Brescia has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times, Brescia is considered the industrial capital of Italy. The metallurgy and the production of tools and firearms are of particular economic significance, along with mechanical. In addition, Brescia is the setting for most of the action in Alessandro Manzonis 1822 play Adelchi, Brescia and its territory will be the European Region of Gastronomy in 2017. Various myths relate to the founding of Brescia, one assigns it to Hercules while another attributes its foundation as Altilia by a fugitive from the siege of Troy. According to another myth, the founder was the king of the Ligures, Cidnus, colle Cidneo was named after that version, and it is the site of the medieval castle. Others scholars attribute the founding of Brescia to the Etruscans, the Gallic Cenomani, allies of the Insubres, invaded in the 7th century BC, and used the town as their capital. The city became Roman in 225 BC, when the Cenomani submitted to the Romans, during the Carthaginian Wars, Brixia was allied with the Romans. During a Celtic alliance against the city remained fateful to the Romans, with their Roman allies the city remain and attacked and destroyed the Insubres by surprise. Subsequently, the city and the tribe entered the Roman world peacefully as faithful allies, in 89 BC, Brixia was recognized as civitas and in 41 BC, its inhabitants received Roman citizenship. Augustus founded a colony there in 27 BC, and he. Roman Brixia had at least three temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, a forum with another temple built under Vespasianus, when Constantine advanced against Maxentius in 312, an engagement took place at Brixia in which the enemy was forced to retreat as far as Verona. In 402, the city was ravaged by the Visigoths of Alaric I, during the 452 invasion of the Huns under Attila, the city was besieged and sacked. Forty years later, it was one of the first conquests by the Gothic general Theoderic the Great in his war against Odoacer, in 568, Brescia was taken from the Byzantines by the Lombards, who made it the capital of one of their semi-independent duchies. The first duke was Alachis, who died in 573, later dukes included the future kings of the Lombards Rothari and Rodoald, and Alachis II, a fervent anti-Catholic who was killed in battle at Cornate dAdda in 688
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Gothenburg
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Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, the city has a population of approximately 550,000 in the urban area, Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. At a key location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavias largest drainage basin enters the sea. Gothenburg is home to students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927, the original, parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca, Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport,15 km from the city center, was closed to airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia, the Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a variety of music festivals are held in the city, such as Way Out West. The city was named after the Geats, the inhabitants of Gothia, the river on which the city sits is the Göta älv or Gothia River. Göta borg Gothia Fortress is the fort on the Göta Älv, in Dutch, Scots, and English, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is used for the city. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, Gothenburg can also be seen in some older English texts. In Spanish the city is called Gotemburgo and these traditional forms are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, the Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts. Other old variations in Swedish are Götheborgh, and the more common Götheborg, one English text, written in the late 15th century, states the name as Guthaeborg. In 2009, the city launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name Göteborg contains the Swedish letter ö the idea was to make the more international. As of 2015, the name is spelled Go, teborg on a number of signs in the city
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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Joel-Peter Witkin
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Joel-Peter Witkin is an American photographer who lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His work often deals with themes as death, corpses, and various outsiders such as dwarves, transsexuals, intersex persons. Witkins complex tableaux often recall religious episodes or classical paintings, Witkin was born to a Jewish father and Roman Catholic mother. His twin brother, Jerome Witkin, and son Kersen Witkin, are also painters, Witkins parents divorced when he was young because they were unable to overcome their religious differences. He attended grammar school at Saint Cecelias in Brooklyn and went on to Grover Cleveland High School, in 1961 Witkin enlisted in the United States Army with the intention of capturing war photography during the Vietnam war. However, due to scheduling conflicts, Witkin never saw combat in Vietnam, Witkin spent his military time at Fort Hood, Texas, and was mostly in charge of Public Information and classified photos. In 1967, he became the photographer for City Walls Inc. He attended Cooper Union in New York, where he studied sculpture, columbia University granted him a scholarship for graduate school, but his Master of Fine Arts degree is from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. Witkin claims that his vision and sensibility spring from an episode he witnessed as a young child and he says his familys difficulties also influenced his work. His photographic techniques draw on early Daguerreotypes and on the work of E. J. Bellocq and those of Witkins works which use corpses have had to be created in Mexico in order to get around restrictive US laws. Because of the nature of the contents of his images. His techniques include scratching the negative, bleaching or toning the print and this experimentation began after seeing a 19th-century ambrotype of a woman and her ex-lover who had been scratched from the frame. In July 2011, filming began on the documentary, Joel-Peter Witkin. The film, directed by Thomas Marino, examines Witkin’s life, filming took place in Albuquerque, Los Angeles, New York, and Paris. The film was released on July 6,2013 for digital download, the film will be part of the permanent collections at the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, France, and the Biblioteca Nacional de Chile in Santiago, Chile. Those in attendance of this premiere included Joel-Peter Witkin, his wife Barbara,1939, Born in Brooklyn September 13,1939 to Max and Mary Witkin. One child, Kersen Ahanu Witkin, m, Exhibited in Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris 1983, Exhibited in Kansas City Art Institute. Exhibited in Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco, Exhibited in Pace Wildenstein MacGill Gallery, NYC1984, Exhibited in Fraenkel Gallery
