1.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
2.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
3.
Hutchinson Island (Florida)
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Hutchinson Island is a barrier island on the coast of Martin and St. Lucie counties, Florida. The southern one-third of Hutchinson Island is in Martin County while the northern two-thirds is in St. Lucie County, north Hutchinson Island extends into Indian River County, but it is rarely called that north of the county line. In fact the Indian River county portion which extends to the Sebastian Inlet is usually called Orchid Island, the Martin County portion of the island is all unincorporated. Its southern part, which is sometimes called Stuart Beach, receives its mail from Stuart Zip Code 34996, Martin County has successfully limited buildings on the island to four stories and thus has no highrise or midrise buildings, unlike St. Lucie County to the north. The closest incorporated places to the Martin County portion are the towns of Ocean Breeze, the city of Stuart is west of Sewalls Point. The House of Refuge, on the National Register of Historic Places, is located on S. E, MacArthur Boulevard near the southern end of the island. The Elliott Museum is on N. E, the Florida Oceanographic Coastal Center is across the road from the Elliott Museum. Large full service beaches, Martin County has two public beaches with lifeguard stations, pavilions, concessions, restrooms, outdoor showers. Jensen Sea Turtle Beach is located at the intersection of N. E, Ocean Boulevard and the Jensen Beach Causeway, while Stuart Beach is located east of the Elliott Museum off N. E. Bathtub Beach is the one of these to have any amenities beyond the standard wooden stairs over the dunes. It is very popular with families with children because of the calm, shallow pools at waters edge warmed by the suns rays, the smallest beach strip is the Park-N-Fish located just north of the House of Refuge. In 2004 the island was hit by two hurricanes made landfall on the Martin County portion of the island. On September 5,2004, Hurricane Frances made landfall with winds of 105 miles per hour, on September 25,2004, Hurricane Jeanne made landfall with winds of 120 miles per hour. The Jensen Beach post office has a postal contract substation known as Hutchinson Beach located at 11007 South Ocean Drive, the ocean front is lined with mid-rise luxury condominium apartment buildings with a few hotels or motels mixed in. In the middle of the St. Lucie County portion is the large St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, which runs from ocean to river. D. P. in Indian River County called South Beach, Florida. A1A exits the island via the South Bridge in Fort Pierce, at the Fort Pierce Inlet, A1A turns west onto Seaway Drive for the short distance to the South Bridge. The only other access to the island is in Martin County on State Road 732. Causeway Boulevard, which crosses the Indian River from Jensen Beach on the mainland over the Frank A. Wacha Bridge, State Road 732 intersects with A1A at the entrance to Jensen Sea Turtle Public Beach
4.
White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
5.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
6.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
7.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
8.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
9.
Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
10.
Congressional district
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A congressional district is an electoral constituency that elects a single member of a congress. Countries with congressional districts include the United States, the Philippines, a congressional district is based on population, which, in the United States, is taken using a census every ten years. There are 435 congressional districts in the United States House of Representatives, in addition to the 435 congressional districts, the five inhabited U. S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D. C. each send a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. The Census Bureau within the United States Department of Commerce conducts a decennial census whose figures are used to determine the number of districts within each state. The 2012 elections were the first to be based on the districts which were defined based on the 2010 Census data. List of electoral districts by nation House of Representatives House of Representatives of the Philippines United States House of Representatives
11.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
12.
Fort Pierce, Florida
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Fort Pierce is a city in and the county seat of St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is also known as the Sunrise City, sister to San Francisco, California, the population was 41,590 at the 2010 census. As of 2012, the population recorded by the U. S. Census Bureau was 42,645 and it is named after the army installation of Fort Pierce built in the area in 1838 during the Second Seminole War. Fort Pierce is located at 27°26′20″N 80°20′8″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.8 mi², of which 14.7 square miles is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water. The project is on a two-year renourishment cycle due to impacts to the beach from the navigation project at Fort Pierce Inlet. This two-year renourishment cycle is a much shorter renourishment interval than what is typical for other projects along the east coast of Florida, the initial construction of the project occurred in 1971 and the ninth nourishment was completed in May 2013. Completion of plans and specifications, advertisement and award for the 10th renourishment contract were completed in FY2014, the project was scheduled to start mid-February 2015. Sand for the project is dredged from an approved offshore borrow area known as the Capron Shoal, the sponsor, St. Lucie County, is preparing a General Reevaluation Report for the project at their own expense that will evaluate extending Federal participation for an additional 50 years. Current Federal participation expires in 2020, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers estimates the total cost of the project to be $75.9 million, with an estimated U. S. Federal Government share of $46.4 million. No funding for the project was requested by the U. S. President from the U. S. Congress in Fiscal Year 2016, the Experimental Oculina Research Reserve preserves the Oculina Banks, a reef of ivory bush coral off the coast of Fort Pierce, Florida. In 1984, a 92 square-nautical-mile portion of these reefs was designated the Oculina Habitat Area of Particular Concern, in 1994, the area was closed to all manner of bottom fishing and was redesignated as a research reserve. In 2000, the protected area was expanded to 300 square nautical miles. The city is known for its large manatee population. Starting in 2012, construction began to create 12 artificial barrier islands including oyster beds, lime rock artificial reefs, mangrove fringes, the project was completed in 2013 after six years of planning, permitting and construction and a cost of $18 million. As of the census of 2010, there were 41,910 people,15,170 households, the population density was 2,021.9 people per square mile. There were 17,170 housing units at a density of 1,164. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 40. 9% African American,45. 3% White,0. 6% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino were 21. 6% of the population. 32. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.50
13.
Palm Beach, Florida
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The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the cities of West Palm Beach. In 2000, Palm Beach had a population of 10,468. Prior to Flagler, Palm Beach was sparsely populated, and was a part of Lake Worth, Palm Beach was established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler, who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway. The nucleus of the community was established by Flaglers two luxury hotels, the Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel. West Palm Beach was built across Lake Worth as a town and has become a major city in its own right. The town was incorporated on 17 April 1911, an area known as the Styx housed many of the servants, most of whom were black. The workers rented their houses from the landowners. In the early 1900s the landowners agreed to all of the residents of the Styx. The houses were razed, according to the Palm Beach Daily News, the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is not native to Florida. Its presence in Palm Beach is due to the shipwreck of the Spanish ship Providencia in 1878 and it was traveling from Havana to Cádiz, Spain with a cargo of coconuts. Since the shipwreck was near the shore, the coconuts were salvaged, a lush grove of palm trees soon grew on what was later named Palm Beach. Palm Beach is the easternmost town in Florida, located on a 16-mile long barrier island, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.4 square miles. 3.9 square miles of it is land and 6.5 square miles of it is water, the total area is 62. 45% water. Palm Beach has a tropical rainforest climate and this is a Köppen climate classification of Af where it is tropical and there is no dry season. It is wetter in the summer, from May to October, when convective thunderstorms and tropical downpours are common, average high temperatures in Palm Beach are 86 to 90 °F with lows of 70 to 75 °F. During this period, more than half of the days bring occasional afternoon thunderstorms. The winter brings drier, sunnier, and much less humid weather, average high temperatures of 75 to 82 °F and lows of 57 to 66 °F
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St. Lucie County, Florida
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St. Lucie County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 277,789, the county seat is Fort Pierce. As of the 2015 Census Estimate, St. Lucie County is at a population of 298,563. St. Lucie County is included in the Port St. Lucie, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, the area was originally inhabited by the Ais tribe, a hunter-gatherer culture whose territory extended from south of the St. Johns river to the St. Lucie Inlet. Spanish explorers frequently encountered the tribe as the Spanish treasure routes ran parallel in order to take advantage of the strong Gulfstream current. The area was given names by the Spanish including Rio de Ays as well as Santa Lucia. The fabled 1715 Spanish treasure fleet sank off the area that is now St. Lucie County, during the early 19th century, the Spanish government issued several land grants in the area, one of which went to settler James Hutchinson. The grant contained 2,000 acres and today the barrier island Hutchinson Island still retains his name, during the mid-1800s, Seminoles and runaway slaves sought refuge in the virtually uninhabited area. By 1837 the Second Seminole war had broken out in Florida, in December 1837, a group of soldiers under the command of Lt. Colonel Benjamin K. Pierce sailed down the Indian River and established a fort, naming it after their commander. Today the county seat of St. Lucie County is still known as Fort Pierce, in 1841, the United States government began issuing land grants under the Armed Occupation Act to Americans who were willing to settle the area. Several of these grants were within the boundaries of todays St. Lucie County, the Third Seminole War in 1851 saw the building of a second major American fort in the area, Fort Capron, located in the area that is todays St. Lucie Village. From this point on the area became more populated as settlers ventured down for health. The Flagler railroad reached the area in the 1890s, major industries at the end of the 19th century in the area included pineapple, fishing and seafood canning and cattle. Citrus would not become a crop until the early 1900s. The city of Fort Pierce was chartered in 1901, up until 1905 the area had been under Brevard County. During the summer of 1905, St. Lucie County was created from the part of Brevard County with the county seat being at Fort Pierce. Other settlements at the time in St. Lucie Countys boundaries included Jensen, Eden, Anknona, Walton, Eldred, White City, Viking, St. Lucie, Oslo, Vero, Quay, Sebastian and others. Much of western St Lucie County had already gone in 1917 to form Okeechobee County, the 1920s saw increased land speculation and planned developments such as Indrio and San Lucie that never came to fruition due to the bust in 1929
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Martin County, Florida
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Martin County is a county located in the Treasure Coast region in the state of Florida, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 146,318, Martin County is in the Port St. Lucie, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Martin County was created in 1925 with the portion coming from St. Lucie County. It was named for John W. Martin, Governor of Florida from 1925 to 1929, when the county was created, the western contour followed the shore of Lake Okeechobee, as did the borders of Glades, Okeechobee, and Hendry counties. Palm Beach County had historically claimed all of the surface of the lake as part of its area, to its benefit for the distribution of state, all bordering counties confirmed the justice of this change and supported its ratification, with the exception of Palm Beach County. Representatives from Palm Beach County later presented Representative William Scott with a jug of water, the jug is in the possession of Stuart Heritage. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 753 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in Florida by land area, included in the project is restoration of the primary dune and a 35-foot-wide protective berm. The renourishment interval for this project is every 7 years, the next renourishment event is scheduled for 2019. The estimated total cost of project is $69.9 million. In Fiscal Year 2015, no funding was appropriated to the project by the U. S. Congress, in the Fiscal Year 2016 U. S. Presidents Budget Request to the U. S. Congress, no funding dollars was requested for the project. As of the census of 2000, there were 126,731 people,55,288 households, the population density was 228 per square mile. There were 65,471 housing units at a density of 118 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 88% White,5. 27% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 60% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,2. 72% from other races, and 1. 14% from two or more races. 7. 50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the family size was 2.71. In the county, the population was out with 18. 60% under the age of 18,5. 30% from 18 to 24,22. 90% from 25 to 44,24. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 96.40 males
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Palm Beach County, Florida
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Palm Beach County is a county located in the state of Florida, directly north of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,320,134, the largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach. Named after one of its oldest settlements, Palm Beach, the county was established in 1909, the countys modern-day boundaries were established in 1963. Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida and is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. In 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane struck West Palm Beach and caused thousands of deaths, since then, a number of other tropical cyclones have impacted the area. More recently, the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election, as of 2004, Palm Beach County is Floridas wealthiest county, with a per capita personal income of $44,518. It leads the state in agricultural productivity, agriculture is Palm Beach Countys 2nd largest industry, approximately 10,200 years ago, Native Americans began migrating into Florida. The tribes settling in modern-day Palm Beach County included the Ais, Calusas, Jaegas, Mayaimis, an estimated 20,000 Native Americans lived in South Florida when the Spanish arrived. Their population diminished significantly by the 18th century, due to warfare, enslavement, and diseases from Europe. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León, who led a European expedition to Florida earlier that year, became the first non-Native American to reach Palm Beach County, after landing in the modern day Jupiter area. Runaway African slaves started coming to what was then Spanish Florida in the late 17th century, during the Seminole Wars, these African-American slaves fought with the Seminoles against White settlers and bounty hunters. Portions of the Second Seminole War occurred in Palm Beach County, the oldest surviving structure, the Jupiter Lighthouse, was built in 1860, after receiving authorization to the land from President Franklin Pierce in 1854. During the American Civil War, Florida was a member of the Confederate States of America, to aid the cause of their state, Augustus O. Lang and James Paine removed the lighting mechanism, dimming the lighthouse and assisting their blockade runners. Lang was also the first white settler in Palm Beach County and he built a palmetto shack along the eastern shore of Lake Worth in 1863 after abandoning the cause of the Confederacy. After the Civil War ended, the Jupiter Lighthouse was re-lit in 1866, thirteen years later, a National Weather Service office was established at the lighthouse complex. However, the office was moved to Miami after that citys population began to rapidly grow, in October 1873, a hurricane caused a shipwreck between Biscayne Bay and the New River. The crew survived, but nearly died due to starvation because of the desolation of the area. An Act of Congress on June 20,1874, resulted in the establishment of five houses of Houses of Refuge along the east coast of Florida from the Fort Pierce Inlet southward to Biscayne Bay
17.
Gated community
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Gated communities usually consist of small residential streets and include various shared amenities. For smaller communities, this may be only a park or other common area, for larger communities, it may be possible for residents to stay within the community for most daily activities. Gated communities are a type of common interest development, but are distinct from intentional communities, some gated communities, usually called guard-gated communities, are staffed by private security guards and are often home to high-value properties, and/or are set up as retirement villages. Some gated communities are secure enough to resemble fortresses and are intended as such, amenities available in a gated community depend on a number of factors including geographical location, demographic composition, community structure, and community fees collected. When there are subassociations that belong to associations, the master association may provide many of the amenities. In general, the larger the association the more amenities that can be provided, amenities also depend on the type of housing. For example, single-family-home communities may not have a swimming pool. A condominium, on the hand, may offer a community pool. Such a place is a town with its own infrastructure. The purpose of such a community is to protect its residents from exterior violence, the same philosophy is seen on closed buildings and most shopping centres. In Pakistan, gated communities are located in big as well as cities and are considered standard of high quality living. Defence Housing Authority and Bahria Town are major private gated community developers and administrators, the assets of Bahria Town itself are worth $30 billion. Most gated communities in Pakistan have public parks, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, gymnasiums, in Argentina, they are called barrios privados or just countries and are often seen as a symbol of wealth. However, gated communities enjoy dubious social prestige, while most gated communities have only houses, some bigger ones, such as Nordelta, have their own hospital, school, shopping mall, and more. In post-segregation South Africa, gated communities have mushroomed in response to levels of violent crime. They are broadly classified as security villages or enclosed neighborhoods, some of the newest neighborhoods being developed are almost entirely composed of security villages, some with malls and few other essential services. In part, property developers have adopted this response to counter squatting, which local residents due to associated crime. They are popular in southern China, namely the Pearl River Delta Region, in Saudi Arabia, gated communities have existed since the discovery of oil, mainly to accommodate families from Europe or North America
18.
Country club
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A country club is a privately owned club, often with a closed membership, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming, a country club is most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, and is distinguished from an urban athletic club by having substantial grounds for outdoor activities. Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s, Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development. Country clubs can be exclusive organizations, in small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join, for example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community. Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930, by 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class. ”The number of country clubs increased exponentially with industrialization, the rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers, however, the number of country clubs decreased drastically during the Great Depression for lack of membership funding. Historically, many country clubs refused to admit members of minority groups as well those of specific faiths, such as Jews. This was known as being “restricted”, discrimination was not limited to clubs founded by Protestants. Beginning in the 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies, the Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest country club in the United States. Country Club Of Salisbury is also one of the oldest country clubs in the U. S, Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club in Sydney, the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, Elanora Country Club, in Japan, almost all golf clubs are called Country Clubs by their owners. Private ski area Gentlemens club, a social club Gymkhana
19.
Treasure Coast
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Port St. Lucie is the most populous municipality of St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. The population of Port St. Lucie was 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its growth during the 2000s. In 2013, the state of Florida estimated the population at 171,016. Port St. Lucie forms part of an area called the Port St. Lucie. As of 2015, the city had 179,413 residents, Port St. Lucie was a largely uninhabited tract of land south of White City in the 1950s, composed of a fishing camp, a few farms and businesses near U. S.1. In 1958, with a budget of $5, the General Development Corporation purchased the River Park development and 40,000 acres along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River. In 1959, the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River, by February 25,1961 there were 250 homes in the new city. GDC requested the legislature to incorporate 70 miles, along with the River Park settlement. River Park did not incorporate into the city at the request of its residents, Port St. Lucie became a city on April 27,1961 with the passage of House Bill No. 953, proposed by State Representative Rupert Smith and approved by Florida Governor C, in the early 1990s, Core Communities, acquired and began planning what would become St. Lucie West. Originally, St. Lucie West was to have contained about 14,000 homes over a 20-year period on 7 square miles, but after realizing the communitys strategic position, they began developing it into more than just a residential area. CC began building business sectors and places of entertainment and leisure and that resulted in 7,000 jobs being brought to the small town, helping it into its boom during most of the early 2000s. In 2006, CC started development of its newest community, Tradition, the community, which sits west of the Interstate 95 intersection of Gatlin Blvd. was a large cattle ranch before CC began to develop it. There they built around 13,000,000 square feet of commercial area, according to CCs website, Tradition is the largest fully entitled residential development area from the tip of Interstate 95 to the Canada–U. S. It is modeled after a 1950s-era town, according to its website, Tradition Square, the town center of the community, holds festivities year-round. It was also chosen as the site of HGTVs Green Home 2009, in 2007, the housing market began to collapse and unemployment started to rise. As of February 2009, unemployment was at 10½ percent and in 2008 and this prompted the county government to consider declaring itself a disaster area. Doing so would have given county administrators access to $17 million in county emergency reserve funds and this campus alone is projected to bring more than 30,000 jobs to the city of Port St. Lucie
20.
Palm City, Florida
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Palm City is a census-designated place in Martin County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,120 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 16.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 20,097 people,8,458 households, the population density was 1,373.4 people per square mile. There were 9,228 housing units at a density of 630. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96. 56% White,1. 08% African American,0. 13% Native American,1. 03% Asian,0. 40% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 77% of the population. 21. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.72. In the CDP, the population was out with 21. 1% under the age of 18,3. 3% from 18 to 24,22. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $62,362, and the median income for a family was $69,688. Males had an income of $48,852 versus $33,699 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,213, about 2. 6% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 3% of those under age 18 and 1. 6% of those age 65 or over. Palm City is a town located in Martin County, governed by Board of County Commissioners. Martin County is divided into 5 districts, palm City is represented by Ed Ciampi as part of District 5. All governmental functions are carried out by the county offices, police protection is provided by the Eastern County Operations Division of the Martin County Sheriffs Office. The Sheriffs Office has approximately 250 sworn officers and provides coverage for most of the county, palm City comprises Patrol Zone 6. S
21.
Claude Pepper
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Claude Denson Pepper was an American politician of the Democratic Party, and a spokesman for left-liberalism and the elderly. In foreign policy he shifted from pro-Soviet in the 1940s to anti-Communist in the 1950s, in 2000, the United States Postal Service issued a 33¢ Distinguished Americans series postage stamp honoring Pepper. Pepper was born in Chambers County, Alabama, in a shack belonging to poverty-stricken sharecroppers and he was the son of Lena Corine and Joseph Wheeler Pepper. Pepper attended school in Camp Hill and became a schoolteacher in Dothan and he then worked in an Ensley steel mill before beginning studies at the University of Alabama. While in college he joined the Army for World War I and served in the Student Army Training Corps, after graduating in 1921 Pepper attended Harvard Law School, receiving his degree in 1924. He briefly taught law at the University of Arkansas and then moved to Perry, Florida and he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1928 and served from 1929 to 1931. After being defeated for reelection in 1930 he moved his law practice to Tallahassee, Pepper served on the Florida Board of Public Welfare from 1931 to 1932, and was a member of the Florida Board of Bar Examiners in 1933. Pepper received the most votes in the Democratic primary for United States Senate in 1934 and he was unopposed in the 1936 special election following the death of Senator Duncan U. Fletcher, and succeeded William Luther Hill, who had been appointed pending the special election, in the Senate, Pepper became a leading New Dealer and close ally of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was unusually articulate and intellectual, and, collaborating with labor unions and his reelection in a heavily fought primary in 1938 solidified his reputation as the most prominent liberal in Congress. His campaign based on a bill, which soon became the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. He filibustered a bill in 1937. In 1943, an analysis by Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office described Pepper as. Before Pearl Harbor, he was a most ardent interventionist and he is equally Russophile and apt to be critical of British Imperial policy. He is an out and out internationalist and champion of labour and negro rights and he is occasionally used by the President for the purpose of sending up trial balloons in matters of foreign policy. With all these qualities, he is, in his methods, because of the power of the Conservative Coalition, he usually lost on domestic policy. He was, however, more successful in promoting an international policy based on friendship with the Soviet Union. In 1946, Pepper appeared frequently in the press and began to eye the 1948 presidential race
22.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
23.
98th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1983 to January 3,1985, during the third and fourth years of Ronald Reagans Presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, the Republicans controlled the Senate, while the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives. February 24,1983, A special commission of the Congress released a critical of the practice of Japanese internment during World War II. March 23,1983, President Ronald Reagan made his Strategic Defense Initiative proposal, april 18,1983, U. S. Embassy bombed in Beirut, killing 63 people. 98–21 November 2,1983, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day law, 98–399 July 17,1984, Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–365 July 17,1984, National Minimum Drinking Age Act, 98–363 September 28,1984, Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, Pub. L. 98–435 October 12,1984, Comprehensive Crime Control Act, Pub. L, 98–473, title II October 19,1984, National Archives and Records Administration Act, Pub. L. 98–497 October 19,1984, Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984, 98–499 October 30,1984, Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–575 President, George Bush President pro tempore, Strom Thurmond Majority Leader, Howard Baker Majority Whip, Ted Stevens Republican Conference Chairman, Democratic Caucus Chairman, Gillis William Long Caucus Secretary, Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman, Tony Coelho Minority Leader, Robert H. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Bob Dove Secretary, W. F. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 98th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 98th Congress
24.
99th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1985 to January 3,1987, during the fifth and sixth years of Ronald Reagans presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, the Republicans maintained control of the Senate, while the Democrats maintained control of the House of Representatives. January 20,1985, Ronald Reagan was privately sworn in for a term as U. S. President. January 28,1986, Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Destruction of the shuttle, April 15,1986, Operation El Dorado Canyon, At least 15 people die after United States planes bomb targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region. October 21,1986, The Marshall Islands achieved independence from U. S. -administered UN Trusteeship, November 3,1986, The Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence from U. S. -administered UN Trusteeship and became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association. November 4,1986, United States general elections,1986, Congressional Democrats regained their Senate majority, December 12,1985, Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 Pub. L. 99–177 December 17,1985, Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985, 99–185 April 7,1986, Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 Pub. L. 99–272 May 19,1986, Firearm Owners Protection Act, Pub. L, 99–308 October 1,1986, Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–433 October 2,1986, Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, Pub. L, 99–440 October 17,1986, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Pub. L. 99–499 October 21,1986, Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, 99–508 October 22,1986, Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514 October 27,1986, Anti-Drug Abuse Act, Pub. L, 99–570 October 31,1986, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Pub. L. 99–592 November 6,1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 99–603, S.1200 November 17,1986, Water Resources Development Act of 1986, Pub. L. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 99th Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 99th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 99th Congress
25.
100th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1987, to January 3,1989, during the last two years of Ronald Reagans presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, both chambers had a Democratic majority. L. 100–17,101 Stat.132 July 22,1987 — McKinney-Vento Act, 100–77,101 Stat.482 August 20,1987 — Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–107,101 Stat.724 September 29,1987 — Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987, 100–119, title I January 7,1988 — Computer Security Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–235,101 Stat.1724 March 22,1988 - Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Pub. L, 100–259 June 27,1988 — Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–352,102 Stat.662 July 1,1988 — Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 100–360,102 Stat.683 August 4,1988 — Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, Pub. L. 100–379,102 Stat.890 August 10,1988 — Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 100–383, title I,101 Stat.904 October 13,1988 — Family Support Act, Pub. L. 100–485,102 Stat.2343 October 17,1988 — Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 100–497,102 Stat.2467 October 24,1988 — Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988, Pub. L. 100–517,102 Stat.2578 October 25,1988 — Department of Veterans Affairs Act, 100–527,102 Stat.2635 November 4,1988 - AIDS amendments of 1988, Pub. L. 100–607,102 Stat.3048 November 17,1988 — Water Resources Development Act of 1988, 100–676 November 18,1988 — Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub. L. Sergeant at Arms, Henry K. Giugni Parliamentarian, William H. Brown Historian, Richard A. Baker Chaplain, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 100th Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 100th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 100th Congress
26.
101st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1989, to January 3,1991, during the first two years of the administration of U. S. President George H. W. Bush. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, both chambers had a Democratic majority. January 20,1989, George H. W. L, 101–12,103 Stat.16 October 28,1989, Flag Protection Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101–131,103 Stat.777 May 22,1990, Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, 101–298,104 Stat.201 July 26,1990, Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub. L. 101–336,104 Stat.327 August 18,1990, Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 101–380,104 Stat.484 September 25,1990, Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–391,104 Stat.747 October 30,1990, Native American Languages Act of 1990, 101–477,104 Stat.1152 November 5,1990, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508,104 Stat.1388 November 12,1990, Water Resources Development Act of 1990, 101–640 November 15,1990, Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, Pub. L. 101–552,104 Stat.2736 November 16,1990, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 101–601,104 Stat.3048 November 29,1990, Negotiated Rulemaking Act, Pub. L. 101–648,104 Stat.4969 November 29,1990, Immigration Act of 1990, 101–649,104 Stat.4978 December 1,1990, Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–650,104 Stat.5128 October 22,1990, Civil Rights Act of 1990, override attempt failed in Senate, 66-34. March 1,1989, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Jr. Sergeant at Arms, Henry K. Giugni Chaplain, James David Ford Clerk, Donnald K. Anderson Doorkeeper, James T. Molloy Historian, Ray Smock Parliamentarian, William H. Brown Postmaster, Robert V. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 101st Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 101st Congress
27.
Florida's 14th congressional district
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NOTE, This districts boundaries were changed in 2016. This map is not presently accurate, Floridas 14th congressional district is an electoral district for the U. S. Congress and was reassigned in 2012, effective January 2013, to western Hillsborough County, Florida and Manatee County. The district includes downtown St. Petersburg and most of Tampa, the former 14th district, in 2003–2012, was located in the Gulf Coast region in Southwestern Florida and included all of Lee County and portions of Charlotte and Collier counties. Fort Myers, Naples, Cape Coral and part of Port Charlotte were located in the district, the district is currently represented by Democrat Kathy Castor. The district was created in 1973, as of January 2017, there are three former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 14th congressional district who are currently living at this time. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
28.
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
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Ileana Ros-Lehtinen /ˌɪliˈɑːnə ˈrɒs ˈleɪtənən, -tnən/ is the most senior U. S. Representative from Florida, representing Floridas 27th congressional district and she served as Chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee from 2011–2013. In 1989, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Cuban American and Latina elected to Congress and she was also the first Republican woman elected to the House from Florida, and is currently the most senior Republican woman in the U. S. House. Ros-Lehtinen gave the first Republican response to the State of the Union address in Spanish in 2011, in September 2011, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Republican member of the U. S. Congress to co-sponsor the Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act. In July 2012, Ros-Lehtinen became the first Republican in the House to support same-sex marriage, also, she said she would propose legislation making U. S. funding for the UN contingent on extensive reform. Ileana Ros y Adato was born in Havana, Cuba, one of two born to Enrique Ros, now a Cuban American businessman and anti-Fidel Castro activist. The family immigrated to the United States when Ileana was seven years old and she received her Bachelor of Arts in education and her Master of Arts in educational leadership from Florida International University. She attended the University of Miami where she earned an Ed. D in higher education, Ros-Lehtinen was raised Catholic and is now an Episcopalian. Ros-Lehtinens maternal grandparents were Sephardic Jews, originally from the Ottoman Empire and her maternal grandfather left the city of Kırklareli for Cuba in 1913, fleeing the devastation and economic collapse caused by the First Balkan War. Her mother later converted to Catholicism to marry her father, Ros-Lehtinen was an educator and the owner/operator of a private school in Miami-Dade County. She was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1982 and they married on June 9,1984, after Dexter switched parties. They both served in the State House until 1986 and that year, they were both elected to the Florida Senate, where he was elected to District 40 and she was elected in District 34. In 1988, Dexter Lehtinen resigned his seat to become U. S. Attorney of South Florida, in 1989, Ros-Lehtinen resigned her seat to become a U. S. Representative. Ros-Lehtinen has two children, Rodrigo, a transgender LGBT rights activist, and Patricia Marie and she is also step-mother to Katherine and Douglas Lehtinen. Congressman Claude Pepper died on May 30,1989, there was an election scheduled for August 29,1989. State Senator Ros-Lehtinen defeated Democrat Gerald Richman 53%–47% and she was the first Cuban American elected to the United States Congress and the first Republican woman elected from Florida. Ros-Lehtinen was unaware that she was also the first Latina elected to Congress until after she was elected, in 1990, she won re-election to a full term with 60% of the vote. In total, she has elected to ten full terms
29.
102nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1991, to January 3,1993, during the last two years of the administration of U. S. President George H. W. Bush. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States Census, both chambers had a Democratic majority. L. 102–4,105 Stat.11 November 21,1991, Civil Rights Act of 1991, 102–166,105 Stat.1071 December 9,1991, High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–194 December 12,1991, Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, 102–228,105 Stat.1691 October 9,1992, Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102–404,106 Stat.1969 October 23,1992, Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 Pub. L, 102–484,106 Stat.2315 October 23,1992, Weapons of Mass Destruction Control Act, Pub. L. 102–484,106 Stat.2567 October 28,1992, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 102–548,106 Stat.3646 October 28,1992, Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, Pub. L. 102–555,106 Stat.4163 November 2,1992, High Seas Driftnet Fisheries Enforcement Act of 1992, 102–582,106 Stat.4900 November 4,1992, Abandoned Barge Act of 1992, Pub. L. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 102nd Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 102nd Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 102nd Congress
30.
103rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1993, to January 3,1995, during the first two years of Bill Clintons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, both chambers had a Democratic majority. This is the last Congress which the Democratic Party had both house majorities in the 20th Century, January 20,1993, Bill Clinton succeeded George H. W. Bush as President of the United States. February 26,1993, World Trade Center bombing, In New York City, four agents and 5 Davidians died in the raid. April 19,1993, Waco siege, The 51-day standoff ended with a fire that killed 76 people, including Koresh. January 17,1994,1994 Northridge earthquake, A magnitude 6.7 quake hit the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4,31 a. m. killing 72 and leaving 26,029 homeless. February 22,1994, Aldrich Ames and his wife were arrested for spying for the Soviet Union, february 28,1994,4 United States fighter jets shot down 4 Serbian jets over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violating Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone. September 19,1994, Operation Uphold Democracy, American troops staged an invasion of Haiti to restore the elected President to power. October 1,1994, Palau achieved independence and became a state under the Compact of Free Association. February 5,1993, Family and Medical Leave Act, Pub. L, 103–3,107 Stat.6 May 20,1993, National Voter Registration Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–31,107 Stat.77 August 10,1993, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 103–66,107 Stat.312 November 16,1993, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Pub. L. 103–141,107 Stat.1488 November 30,1993, Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, 103–159, title I,107 Stat.1536 November 30,1993, Dont ask, dont tell, Pub. L. 103–160,107 Stat.1670 December 8,1993, North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, 103–182,107 Stat.2057 May 26,1994, Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, Pub. L. 103–259,108 Stat.694 September 13,1994, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 103–322,108 Stat.1796 September 23,1994, Community Development, Credit Enhancement, and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, Pub. L. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 103rd Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 103rd Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 103rd Congress
31.
104th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1995, to January 3,1997, during the third and fourth years of Bill Clintons presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census, both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s. January 3,1995, Republicans gained control of both houses for the first time since 1954, January 31,1995, President Clinton invoked emergency powers to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse. April 10,1995, Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995, 104–6,109 Stat.73 November 28,1995, National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–59,109 Stat.568 December 19,1995, Lobbying Disclosure Act,691,2 U. S. C. ch.26 December 22,1995, Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. 104–67,109 Stat.737 February 8,1996, Telecommunications Act of 1996,56,47 U. S. C. §609 March 12,1996, Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996, Pub. L. §§ 6021–6091 April 9,1996, Line Item Veto Act, 104–130,110 Stat.1200 April 24,1996, Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub. L. 104–132,110 Stat.1214 July 30,1996, Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, 104–168,110 Stat.1452 August 3,1996, National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act, Pub. L. 104–169,110 Stat.1482 August 3,1996, Food Quality Protection Act of 1996,1489,7 U. S. C. §136 August 20,1996, Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188,110 Stat.1755 August 21,1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 104–191,110 Stat.1936 August 22,1996, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 104–193,110 Stat.2105 September 21,1996, Defense of Marriage Act, 104–199,110 Stat.2419 September 30,1996, Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, Pub. L. 104–208,110 Stat.3001 October 1,1996, Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, 104–210,110 Stat.3011 October 12,1996, Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–303,110 Stat. Fazio Caucus Vice-Chairman, Barbara B, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Ford Chief Administrative Officer, Scott Faulkner Clerk, Robin H. Carle Historian, Christina Jeffrey,1995 Parliamentarian, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 104th Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 104th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 104th Congress
32.
105th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1997, to January 3,1999, during the fifth and sixth years of Bill Clintons presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, both chambers had a Republican majority. President Clinton was impeached by the 105th Congress, may 18,1998, United States v. Res. 611 There was no change in the parties during this Congress, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. There were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress, four members of the House of Representatives died, and four resigned. Casey Chaplain, James David Ford Chief Administrative Officer, Jeff Trandahl Clerk, Robin H. Carle Parliamentarian, Charles W. Johnson Sergeant at Arms, Wilson Livingood Inspector General, John W. S. House of Representatives Statistics & Lists from the U. S. Senate Legislative information from THOMAS at the Library of Congress House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 105th Congress, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 105th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 105th Congress
33.
106th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1999, to January 3,2001, during the last two years of Bill Clintons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, both chambers had a Republican majority. April 20,1999, Columbine High School massacre December 31,1999, Y2K bug April 3,2000, United States v. Gore litigation May 21,1999, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, Pub. L. 106–31,113 Stat.57 August 17,1999, Water Resources Development Act of 1999, 106–53 November 12,1999, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act, Pub. L. 106–102,113 Stat.1338 November 29,1999, American Inventors Protection Act, 106–113,113 Stat.1536 March 14,2000, Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–178,114 Stat.38 April 5,2000, Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, 106–181,114 Stat.61 May 18,2000, African Growth and Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 106–200,114 Stat.251 June 30,2000, Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 106–229,114 Stat.464 August 7,2000, Oceans Act, Pub. L. 106–256,114 Stat.644 September 22,2000, Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 106–274,114 Stat.803 October 17,2000, Childrens Health Act, Pub. L. 106–310,114 Stat.1101 October 28,2000, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, 106–386,114 Stat.1464 October 30,2000, Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Pub. L. 106–390,114 Stat.1552 October 30,2000, Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, 106–398 December 11,2000, Water Resources Development Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–541,114 Stat.2572 December 21,2000, Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, 2763A October 13,1999, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Rejected Membership changed with two deaths. There were two resignations and three deaths, House of Representatives Statistics & Lists from the U. S. Senate Legislative information from THOMAS at the Library of Congress House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 106th Congress. Senate Session Calendar for the 106th Congress, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 106th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress
34.
107th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,2001 to January 3,2003, during the final weeks of the Clinton presidency and the first two years of the George W. Bush presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, the House of Representatives had a Republican majority, and the Senate switched majorities from Democratic to Republican and back to Democratic. By the end of term, Republicans had regained the majority in the Senate, a rare even split in the United States Senate and the defection of a single Senator led to three changes in majorities. The September 11 attacks were highly disruptive, some Senators were targeted by anthrax attacks. The Congress voted to allow the President to invade Iraq, January 3,2001, Senate was evenly split between the two parties. Hillary Clinton, wife of President Bill Clinton, became the first presidential spouse to serve in Congress, trent Lott becomes Senate Majority Leader. June 6,2001, Senator Jim Jeffords, previously a Republican, declared himself an independent and announced he would join the Democratic caucus, democrat Tom Daschle became Senate Majority Leader. The address was scheduled for September 12,2001, but was interrupted by the September 11 attacks. Already in Washington at the time, he sat in on Congressional sessions on September 12 instead, November 25,2002, Jim Talent wins special election for Senate in Missouri, effectively giving Republicans a majority. Reorganization delayed till Senate returned to session in the next term, November 30 - December 2,2002, Outgoing Sen. Phil Gramm resigns weeks before his final term expires, Sen. -elect John Cornyn appointed to finish Gramms term. June 7,2001, Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 107–16,115 Stat.38 October 26,2001, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, Pub. L. 107–56,115 Stat.272 January 8,2002, No Child Left Behind Act, 107–110,115 Stat.1425 January 11,2002, Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act, Pub. L. 107–118,115 Stat.2356 March 9,2002, Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act, 107–147,116 Stat.21 March 27,2002, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, Pub. L. 107–155,116 Stat.81 May 13,2002, Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, 107–171,116 Stat.134 July 30,2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Pub. L. 107–204,116 Stat.745 August 6,2002, Trade Act of 2002, 107–210,116 Stat.933 October 16,2002, Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, Pub. L. 107–243,116 Stat.1497 October 21,2002, Sudan Peace Act, 107–245,116 Stat.1504 October 29,2002, Help America Vote Act, Pub. L. 107–252,116 Stat.1666 November 25,2002, Homeland Security Act, 107–296,116 Stat.2135 December 17,2002, E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. Many of the district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself
35.
108th United States Congress
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House members were elected in the 2002 general election on November 5,2002. Senators were elected in three classes in the 1998 general election on November 3,1998,2000 general election on November 7,2000, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-second Census of the United States in 2000. Both chambers had a Republican majority, United States Senate elections,2004 & United States House of Representatives elections,2004, Republicans increased their majorities in both houses. March 11,2003, Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003, Pub. L, 108–10 April 30,2003, PROTECT Act, including Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act, Pub. L. 108–21 May 28,2003, Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, 108–27 September 4,2003, Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003, Pub. L. 108–79 October 28,2003, Check 21 Act, Pub. L, 108–100 November 5,2003, Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Pub. L. 108–105 November 25,2003, Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, 108–173 December 4,2003, Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, Pub. L. 108–159 December 12,2003, Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act, 108–175 December 16,2003, CAN-SPAM Act, Pub. L. 108–187 March 25,2004, Unborn Victims of Violence Act, 108–212 June 30,2004, Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act, Pub. L. 108–264 July 7,2004, GAO Human Capital Reform Act of 2004, 108–271 July 21,2004, Project BioShield Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–276 October 16,2004, Global Anti-Semitism Review Act, Pub. L, 108–332 October 18,2004, North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–333 October 20,2004, Belarus Democracy Act of 2004, 108–347 December 17,2004, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, Pub. L. 108–458 H. R.2239, Voter Confidence and Increased Accessibility Act of 2003 The party summary for the Senate remained the same during the entire 108th Congress, due to resignations and special elections, Republicans lost a net of two seats to the Democrats. All seats were filled though special elections, the Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by the district number. Members who came and left during this Congress, hantman Attending Physician of the United States Congress, John F. Eisold Comptroller General of the United States, David M. Walker Director of the Congressional Budget Office, Barry B. Congress Congress. gov History, Art and Archives from the United States House of Representatives Statistics & Lists from the United States Senate United States 108th Congress Web Archive from the U. S, library of Congress House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 108th Congress. Senate Session Calendar for the 108th Congress, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 108th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 108th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 108th Congress
36.
109th United States Congress
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House members were elected in the 2004 elections on November 2,2004. Senators were elected in three classes in the 2000 elections on November 7,2000,2002 elections on November 5,2002, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-second Census of the United States in 2000. Both chambers had a Republican majority, the party as President Bush. In addition to the DeLay indictment, this Congress also had a number of scandals, Bob Ney, Randy Duke Cunningham, William J. Jefferson, Mark Foley scandal, and the Jack Abramoff scandals. This Congress met for 242 days, the fewest since World War II and 12 days fewer than the 80th Congress, the President vetoed only one bill, his first veto, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005. February 17,2005, Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 109–2 March 21,2005, Theresa Marie Schiavos law, Pub. L. 109–3 April 20,2005, Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, 109–8 April 27,2005, Family Entertainment and Copyright Act, Pub. L. 109–9 July 28,2005, Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, 109–53 July 29,2005, Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–58 August 10,2005, Transportation Equity Act of 2005, 109–59 October 26,2005, Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, Pub. L. 109–92 December 1,2005, Caribbean National Forest Act of 2005, 109–118 December 22,2005, Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–145 December 30,2005, Department of Defense Appropriations Act,2006, 109–148 February 8,2006, Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–171 May 17,2006, Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005, 109–222 May 29,2006, Respect for Americas Fallen Heroes Act, Pub. L. 109–228 July 27,2006, Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, 109–248 September 26,2006, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–282 October 13,2006, Safe Port Act, Pub. L, 109–347, including title VIII, Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 October 17,2006, Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–366 October 26,2006, Secure Fence Act of 2006, 109–367 December 20,2006, Stolen Valor Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–437 December 20,2006, Tax Relief and Health Act of 2006, on January 16,2006, Democrat Jon Corzine resigned, but Democrat Bob Menendez was appointed and took Corzines seat the next day. All seats were filled though special elections, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Members who came and left during this Congress, House of Representatives Statistics & Lists from the U. S. Senate Legislative information from Congress. gov at the Library of Congress House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 109th Congress
37.
110th United States Congress
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It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U. S. census, the Democratic Party controlled a majority in both chambers for the first time since the end of the 103rd Congress in 1995. Although the Democrats held fewer than 50 Senate seats, they had a majority because the two independent senators caucused with the Democrats for organizational purposes. No Democratic-held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections, democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman Speaker of the House. The House also received the first Muslim and Buddhist members of Congress, members debated initiatives such as the Democrats 100-Hour Plan and the Iraq War troop surge of 2007. Following President Bushs 2007 State of the Union Address, Congress debated his proposal to create a surge to increase security in Iraq. President Bush, however, vetoed the bill as promised, making this his second veto while in office, both houses of Congress subsequently passed a bill funding the war without timelines, but with benchmarks for the Iraqi government and money for other spending projects like disaster relief. January 23,2007, President Bush delivered the 2007 State of the Union Address August 2,2007 and this led to an investigation by the House Select Committee on Voting Irregularities. December 18,2007, The Senate set a record for the most cloture votes, November 4,2008, General elections - Democrats increased their congressional majorities and Senator Barack Obama was elected President. These are partial lists of prominent enacted legislation and pending bills, see also,2008 Congressional Record, Vol.154, Page D845, Resume of Congressional Activity February 2,2007 — House Page Board Revision Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–2,121 Stat.4 May 25,2007 — U. S, troop Readiness, Veterans Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act,2007, Pub. L. 112, including Title VIII, Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007,121 Stat.188 June 14,2007 — Preserving United States Attorney Independence Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–34,121 Stat.224 July 26,2007 — Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, 110–49,121 Stat.246 August 3,2007 — Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53,121 Stat.266 August 5,2007 — Protect America Act of 2007, 110–55,121 Stat.552 September 14,2007 — Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, Pub. L. 110–81,121 Stat.735 November 8,2007 — Water Resources Development Act of 2007, 110–114,121 Stat.1041 - Veto Overridden December 19,2007 — Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–140,121 Stat.1492 February 13,2008 — Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, 110–185,122 Stat.613 May 21,2008 — Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, Pub. L. 110–233,122 Stat.881 May 22,2008 — Food and Energy Security Act of 2007, 110–234,122 Stat.923 - Veto Overridden June 30,2008 — Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008, Pub. L. 2323, including Title V, Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 July 10,2008 — FISA Amendments Act of 2008, 110–261,122 Stat.2436 July 29,2008 — Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE Act of 2008, Pub. L
38.
111th United States Congress
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The One Hundred Eleventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3,2009, until January 3,2011. It began during the last two weeks of the George W. Bush administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obamas presidency and it was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U. S. Census, a new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands. This Congress has been considered one of the most productive Congresses in history in terms of legislation passed since the 89th Congress, roland Burris was appointed to the seat on December 31,2008 but his credentials were not accepted until January 12,2009. An election dispute over the Minnesota seat previously held by Norm Coleman, frankens admission gave the Senate Democratic caucus sixty votes, enough to defeat a filibuster in a party-line vote. January 8,2009, Joint session counted the Electoral College votes of the 2008 presidential election, January 20,2009, Inauguration of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. February 24,2009, Presidents speech to Joint Session April 28,2009, September 9,2009, President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress to promote health care reform, which Representative Joe Wilson interrupted by shouting at the President. January 25,2010,2010 State of the Union Address February 4,2010, April 20,2010, Deepwater Horizon oil spill November 2,2010,2010 general elections, in which Republicans regained control of the House while the Democrats remained in control of the Senate. January 29,2009, Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, 111–2 February 4,2009, Childrens Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, Pub. L. 111–3 February 17,2009, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 111–5 March 11,2009, Omnibus Appropriations Act,2009, Pub. L. 111–8 March 30,2009, Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, 111–11 April 21,2009, Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act, Pub. L. 111–13 May 20,2009, Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, 111–21 May 20,2009, Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009, Pub. L. 111–22 May 22,2009, Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009, 111–23 May 22,2009, Credit CARD Act of 2009, Pub. L. 111–24 June 22,2009, Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, 111–31 June 24,2009, Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 including the Car Allowance Rebate System, Pub. L. 111–32 October 28,2009, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, including the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, 111–84 November 6,2009, Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009, Pub. L. 111–92 December 16,2009, Consolidated Appropriations Act,2010, 111–117 February 12,2010, Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act, as Title I of Pub. L. 111–139 March 4,2010, Travel Promotion Act of 2009, 111–145 March 18,2010, Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act, Pub. L. 111–147 March 23,2010, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 111–148 March 30,2010, Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, including the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act, Pub. L
39.
112th United States Congress
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The One Hundred Twelfth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3,2011, until January 3,2013. It convened in Washington, D. C. on January 3,2011, senators elected to regular terms in 2006 completed those terms in this Congress. This Congress included the last House of Representatives elected from districts that were apportioned based on the 2000 census. In the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party won the majority in the House of Representatives, while the Democrats kept their Senate majority, it was reduced from the previous Congress. This was the first Congress in which the House and Senate were controlled by different parties since the 107th Congress, in this Congress, the House of Representatives had the largest number of Republican members,242, since the 80th Congress. January 6,2011, On the second day of the 112th Congress, the House of Representatives read a version of the U. S. Constitution. January 8,2011,2011 Tucson shooting, Representative Gabrielle Giffords and nineteen people were shot by a gunman in Tucson. Six of them, including a judge and a congressional aide. Votes on the House floor were suspended for one week, January 25,2011,2011 State of the Union Address March 19,2011, The United States initiated Operation Odyssey Dawn as part of the international military intervention in the Libyan Civil War. The intervention continued under the auspices of NATO as Operation Unified Protector until the end of operations in October 2011. May 2,2011, Navy Seals killed al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden in Operation Neptune Spear, April 9,2011, A last-minute deal between both parties averts a partial shutdown of the federal government. August 2,2011, The 2011 debt-ceiling crisis ends with the Budget Control Act of 2011, December 18,2011, The United States completed its withdrawal of troops from Iraq, formally ending the Iraq War. January 1,2013, United States fiscal cliff avoided, a failure to pass a 2011 federal budget nearly led to a shutdown of non-essential government services on April 9,2011, with the furlough of 800,000 government employees appearing imminent. President Obama met Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and House Speaker John Boehner in the preceding the deadline but was unable to come to an agreement to pass a budget. A one-week budget was proposed to avoid a government shutdown and allow time for negotiations, however. Obama said he would veto a proposed Republican budget over Republican social spending cuts and this was also backed by Senate Democrats who objected to such cuts as that of Planned Parenthood. However, an agreement was reached between the two parties for a budget to allow for more time to negotiate after Republicans dropped their stance on the Planned Parenthood issue. The two parties agreed on a 2011 federal budget the following week
40.
Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)
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Patrick Erin Murphy is an American businessman, accountant, politician and member of the Democratic Party who had served as the U. S. Representative for Floridas 18th congressional district from 2013 to 2017 and he is a former Republican, who resigned from the party in 2011 as he felt it had been dishonest about the Iraq War and that it has become politically extreme. Murphy was elected to the House of Representatives in 2012, defeating Republican incumbent Allen West by 0. 8% in the most expensive U. S. House race in history. Despite the narrow Republican lean of Murphys district, he was re-elected with 59. 8% of the vote in 2014, in March 2015, he announced his intentions to run in the 2016 United States Senate election in Florida, in August 2016 he won the Democratic primary. He faced Republican incumbent Marco Rubio in the November general election, Murphy was born in Miami and raised in Key Largo, the son of Tom Murphy Jr. a construction company CEO, and his second wife, Kathleen. Murphys parents divorced when he was a child, and Murphy was later adopted by his fathers third wife, Leslie. Murphy graduated from Palmer Trinity School in Miami and then went on to take a year at the Lawrenceville School. As a 19-year-old freshman college student in 2003, Murphy was arrested outside a Miami Beach nightclub on charges of disorderly intoxication, Murphy called the incident the biggest mistake of my life and the biggest learning experience of my life. Murphy studied business administration at the University of Miami, earning a degree with dual majors in finance. Murphy worked for his familys business as a construction laborer beginning at age 19. After college, Murphy worked for his fathers business, Coastal Construction, after passing the Certified Public Accountant examination, he chose to become certified in Colorado, because his degree had insufficient credits to meet Floridas higher education requirement. After obtaining certification in September 2009, he was promoted from assistant to audit senior at Deloitte. Politico reported that Murphy had overstated his experience as an accountant and he was hired, in May 2010, as vice president of his familys construction business. After the 2010 BP oil spill, he was tasked with creating a subsidiary of his fathers company, called Coastal Environmental, Murphy served as vice president of Coastal Environmental, and was one of its three directors from 2010 to 2012. As vice president, he ran the companys day-to-day operations for six months, until October 2010, PolitiFact. com found that Murphys description of his past employment is based on actual circumstances, but at times he omits a full explanation. A2011 gift of stock from his father boosted his personal net worth by $1–5 million and his father also gave $100,000 to key Democrats the same year he started to consider running for Congress. In 2012, Murphy moved from Fort Lauderdale to Jupiter and ran for the 18th congressional district, the district had previously been the 16th District, represented by Republican Tom Rooney. It had historically been one of the more Republican districts in South Florida, having been in Republican hands for all, however, it had been made significantly more compact in the 2010 round of redistricting, losing most of its heavily Republican western portion
41.
113th United States Congress
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The One Hundred Thirteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3,2013, to January 3,2015. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections, the seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census. It first met in Washington, D. C. on January 3,2013, senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress. Widespread public dissatisfaction with the institution increased over its second year, in October 2013, during the government shutdown, this decreased to 10% approval according to several polls. January 3,2013, Election of Speaker, incumbent Speaker John Boehner was re-elected despite the largest number of defections in the vote for speaker since at least 1991. January 4,2013, Joint session to count the Electoral College votes for the 2012 presidential election, January 20–21,2013, Second inauguration of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. The terms began January 20, but because that was a Sunday, February 12,2013, Joint session to hear the 2013 State of the Union Address. March 6–7,2013, Senator Rand Paul led a filibuster of the nomination of John O. Brennan for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency with a 12-hour, June 5,2013, The first media reports of Edward Snowdens surveillance disclosures surfaced in the media. July 16,2013, The Senate reached a deal to allow some presidential nominations to come to a vote, September 24–25,2013, Senator Ted Cruz delivered a 21-hour, 19-minute speech, one of the longest in Senate history, in opposition to the Affordable Care Act. Cruzs speech was not a filibuster, as it delayed no vote, the filibuster remained in place for Supreme Court nominees and for legislation. November 4,2014, United States elections,2014, including United States Senate elections,2014, March 7,2013, Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Pub. L. 113–4 March 13,2013, Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013, 113–5 March 26,2013,2013 United States federal budget, Pub. L. 113–6 June 3,2013, Stolen Valor Act of 2013, 113–12 August 9,2013, Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act of 2013, Pub. L. 113–23 August 9,2013, Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act of 2013, 113–28 September 30,2013, Pay Our Military Act, Pub. L. 113–39 November 27,2013, Drug Quality and Security Act, 113–54 December 26,2013, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, Pub. L. 113–66 January 17,2014, Consolidated Appropriations Act,2014, 113–76 February 7,2014, Agricultural Act of 2014, Pub. L. 113–79 March 21,2014, Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014, 113–89 April 3,2014, Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act, Pub. L. 113–94 April 3,2014, Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, 113–95 May 9,2014, Digital Accountability and Transparency Act, Pub. L
42.
114th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,2015, to January 3,2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obamas presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate for the first time since the 109th Congress, with 247 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929–1931. January 6,2015, Incumbent Speaker of the House John Boehner was re-elected despite the defections of 25 members from his own Republican caucus, twice the number from the previous Congress. January 20,2015,2015 State of the Union Address March 3,2015, Netanyahu was invited by Speaker John Boehner without consulting President Obama. March 9,2015, U. S. March 25,2015, April 29,2015, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe addressed a joint session of Congress, becoming the first Japanese leader to do so. September 24,2015, Pope Francis addressed a joint session of Congress, September 25,2015, House Speaker John Boehner announced that he would resign as Speaker and from the House at the end of October 2015. Subsequently, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, the favorite to succeed John Boehner. October 29,2015, Paul Ryan was elected to succeed John Boehner as Speaker of the House with 236 votes of the House in favor and he is the youngest Speaker since James G. Blaine in 1875. January 12,2016,2016 State of the Union Address June 8,2016, June 22–23,2016, In the wake of the 2016 Orlando attacks, Congress debated gun control reform. The U. S. House recessed for the July 4 holiday during a sit-in protest held by Democrats that halted business in the chamber for more than 24 hours. November 8,2016, Donald Trump and Mike Pence elected as president and vice-president in presidential elections, January 12,2015, Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114–1 April 16,2015, Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, 114–10 May 22,2015, Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114–17 June 2,2015, USA FREEDOM Act, Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015, 114–23 June 29,2015, Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114–27 July 6,2015, Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act, 114–29 November 5,2015, Librarian of Congress Succession Modernization Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114–86 November 25,2015, SPACE Act of 2015, Pub. L, 114–90 December 4,2015, Fixing Americas Surface Transportation Act, Pub. L. 114–94 December 10,2015, Every Student Succeeds Act, Pub. L, 114–95 December 18,2015, Consolidated Appropriations Act,2016, Pub. L. 114–113 February 8,2016, Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015, 114–120 February 24,2016, Internet Tax Freedom Act contained in Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, Pub. L. 114–125 July 20,2016, Global Food Security Act of 2016, 114–195 September 28,2016, Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, Pub. L
43.
United States Senate election in Florida, 2016
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The primary elections for both the Republicans and Democrats took place on August 30,2016. Incumbent Republican Senator Marco Rubio ran for another term but faced well-funded Republican primary opposition after initially announcing he would not seek re-election to his Senate seat and he had openly considered whether to seek re-election or run for President in 2016. In April 2015, Rubio announced that he was running for President, on June 22,2016, Rubio announced that he would seek re-election to the Senate, reversing his pledge not to run. On August 30, the Republican Party nominated Marco Rubio, Rubio won with the largest raw vote total in Florida history, taking a greater percentage of the popular vote than Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, who won the state in the election. He is the first Republican Senator from Florida since 1994, and only the second with Connie Mack, also, with Mel Martinezs victory in 2004, this marks the first time that Republicans have won one of Floridas Senate seats three times in a row. Carlos Beruff, real estate developer and Chair of the Florida Commission on Healthcare and Hospital Funding Ernie Rivera, businessman Marco Rubio, Senator Dwight Young, Pinellas County Sheriffs deputy Ron DeSantis, U. S. Representative Ben Carson, retired neurosurgeon and former candidate for President in 2016 Curt Clawson, Senate in 2012 George LeMieux, former U. S. Senator Connie Mack IV, former U. S, Representative Adam Putnam, Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and former U. S. Representative Francis Rooney, former United States Ambassador to the Holy See Tom Rooney, Representative Joe Scarborough, cable news personality and former U. S. Representative Will Weatherford, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Daniel Webster, Representative Allen West, former U. S. Representative. Representative Rocky De La Fuente, businessman, candidate for President in 2016, Representative Pam Keith, attorney, former Judge Advocate in the U. S. Navy, and daughter of former Ambassador Kenton Keith Reginald Luster, attorney Patrick Murphy, U. S. Representative Lateresa Jones, life coach and Independent candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2014 Bob Buckhorn, Mayor of Tampa Kathy Castor, U. S. Representative Charlie Crist, former Republican Governor of Florida, Independent candidate for the U. S. Senate in 2010 and Democratic nominee for Governor in 2014 Ted Deutch, U. S. S. According to Wyllie, Invictus had defended eugenics, called for a new Civil War, and brutally slaughtered a goat, Invictus has refuted these claims, calling Wyllies accusations, deliberate misrepresentation. Augustus Invictus, attorney Paul Stanton, IT technician and U. S
44.
115th United States Congress
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It is scheduled to meet in Washington, D. C. from January 3,2017, to January 3,2019, during the final weeks of the Obama presidency and the first two years of the Trump presidency. The elections of November 2016 maintained Republican control of both the House and Senate, January 5,2017, House of Representatives condemned United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334. The final vote was 51 to 48 to approve a resolution to allow broad swaths of the Affordable Care Act to be repealed through a process known as budget reconciliation. January 20,2017, Inauguration of President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence, february 7,2017, The Vice President cast the tie-breaking vote to confirm Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education. This was the first time in United States history that a cabinet confirmation was tied in the Senate, february 28,2017, Presidents speech to a Joint Session Resignations and new members are discussed in the Changes in membership section, below. All 435 seats were filled by election on November 8,2016, listed alphabetically by chamber, including Chairman and Ranking Member
45.
United States presidential election, 2000
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The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7,2000, Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and, despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, although foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior. This was the closest presidential election in the history, with a. 009% margin,537 votes. The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day, after which Gore requested recounts in four counties, including populous South Florida, litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts, ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Nationwide, this was the presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent. After the election, recounts conducted by news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote. Based on the review of these ballots, their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used, but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios. The Green Party gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader. Nader was vilified by some Democrats, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, Naders impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial. Until 2016, this was the last time a Republican candidate won a vote in the region of New England. As of 2017, this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire, traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Bill Clinton, a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment. In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at 12,00 noon EST on January 20,2001, Democratic candidates Al Gore, Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley, former U. S. Senator from New Jersey Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front-runner for the nomination, of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, the closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination, none of Bradleys delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention
Claude Pepper
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Patrick Murphy
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Brian Mast
