1.
Adams House (Harvard College)
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Adams House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located between Harvard Square and the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its name commemorates the services of the Adams family, including John Adams, the president of the United States, and John Quincy Adams. The residential halls of Adams House were originally private Gold Coast dormitories built from 1893-1902 to provide accommodation for rich Harvard undergraduates. Although officially inaugurated in 1931, Adams was not completed until 1932, because of its centuries-long architectural history, Adams is considered Harvards most historic undergraduate residence. Adams location, however, and its reputation for good food soon overcame any perceived architectural deficiencies, Adams is also home to one of two Presidential Suite Memorials at Harvard. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in Westmorly Court from 1900 to 1904, the Suite is open by appointment to University members, members of the press, and other accredited guests. Like all the other Houses at Harvard, Adams possesses its own coat of arms, Adams is derived from an 1838 seal ring of John Quincy Adams and its official heraldic designation is, Or, five sprigs of oak acorned in saltire, Gules. The House motto, Alteri Seculo, is taken from Ciceros Tusculan Disputations, at first, in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, Adams was the athletic house, then, during the late 1960s, that reputation changed, and Adams became a center for student activism. Adams, under the Kielys, was also the first Harvard House to become fully co-ed, House events like Carpe Noctem are coordinated weekly by the Adams House Committee. Effusive House spirit, architectural beauty, and convenient location continue to make Adams a highly desirable residence for undergraduates, the current masters of Adams House are Dr. Judith Palfrey and her husband Dr. John Sean Gorham Palfrey VI. They frequently host tea in Apthorp House for undergraduates, and open their house on Sunday evenings for students to work, alone among the Harvard Houses, Adams has its own alumni magazine, called the Gold Coaster. Published in e-zine format semi-annually, the Gold Coaster features stories on Adams House history, famous residents, alumni profiles, student submissions, other notable residents include John Brademas, Amy Brenneman, E. J. Dionne, Martin Feldstein, Lauren Greenfield, Andre Gregory, Fred Gwynne, Alan Keyes, Bernard Law, Donal Logue, William P. Perry, Alison Rogers, Peter Sellars, general John Burgoyne was imprisoned in Apthorp during the American Revolution. Additionally, John F. Kennedy met with his thesis adviser in the Coolidge Room. Aaron Copland lived in the House as a guest, bainbridge Bunting, Margaret Henderson Floyd, Harvard, An Architectural History, Harvard University Press,1985. Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Harvard University, An Architectural Tour, Princeton Architectural Press,2001 Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Elliot, ed
2.
Lowell House
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Lowell House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located on Holyoke Place facing Mount Auburn Street between Harvard Yard and the Charles River. Its majestic neo-Georgian design, centered on two landscaped courtyards, received the 1938 Harleston Parker Medal and might be considered the model for later Harvard houses nearby. Lowell House is simultaneously close to the Yard, Harvard Square, and other Harvard River houses and its first Master was Mathematics Department chairman Julian Lowell Coolidge, who also instituted Monday-night High Table. Historian Elliott Perkins was the first to hold the position of Resident Dean then was Master from 1942 to 1963, classicist Zeph Stewart was the third Master, and William and Mary Lee Bossert served from 1975 to 1998. Current co-Masters Diana Eck and Dorothy Austin are thus only the fifth Masters in Lowells 80 years, Lowells sister college at Yale University is Pierson College. House traditions include Masters Tea on Thursday afternoons, a May Day Waltz at dawn on the Weeks Footbridge, High Table, springtime brings the Bacchanalia Formal, often with a live swing band in the courtyard. There is a holiday dinner, and various sophomore, senior, Roundtable. Language tables and special-interest tables are common features of everyday lunches, many House events are organized by Lowells House Committee of elected undergraduates from within the House. The committee operates separately from the Harvard Undergraduate Council, to student events. The HoCo, as with the student government organizations in the Houses, are funded by the UC. Lowell House was the residence of Silas. The busts of President Abbott Lawrence Lowell and poet James Russell Lowell, are featured in the main courtyard. In the Dining Hall are portraits of Lowell and his wife Anna Parker Lowell, his sister, poet Amy Lowell, his brother, astronomer Percival Lowell, and his grandfather John Amory Lowell. Prior to the 1996 transition to randomized House assignments, Lowells central location, picturesque courtyard, elegant dining hall, and charming traditions made it a popular housing choice. The Lowell House arms are those of the Lowell family, blazoned, Shield, sable, crest, a stags head cabossed, between the attires a pheon azure. The house colors are blue and white, for three-quarters of a century, Lowell Houses bell tower was home to a set of authentic Russian zvon, one of the few complete sets of pre-revolutionary Russian bells surviving anywhere. Crane donated them to Harvard in 1930 just as plans for Lowell House were nearing completion, with word of Cranes gift, the planned tower was changed to the blue-capped bell tower seen today. The bells are consecrated, and are of significance to the Russian Orthodox Church. At Lowell, the bells were rung on Sundays at 1pm by resident Klappermeisters
3.
Harvard Lampoon Building
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The Harvard Lampoon Building is a historic building in Cambridge, Massachusetts that is best known as the home of The Harvard Lampoon and for its unusual design. The building was constructed at 44 Bow Street not far from Harvard Yard, designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright, who also oversaw the construction, it was first opened on February 19,1909. Wheelwright had attended Harvard University and was one of the founders of the Harvard Lampoon, wheelwrights design was inspired in part by an old church in Jamestown, Virginia, and by the Flemish Renaissance details of Auburn Street buildings in its vicinity. The building has been described as a Satirical Castle, seen from directly front, the building bears an obvious resemblance to a human face wearing a Prussian helmet, complete with spike. During the construction phase of the project he traveled to Europe to procure appropriate furnishings and he purchased leaded windows in Belgium and an Elizabethan mantelpiece in England. The building also features 17th-century Delft tiles that were imported from the Netherlands, the Delft tiles are blue, white, and aubergine. The tiles were used in a room with a ceiling and plain furniture. The building features a copper ibis, symbol of the Lampoon, the statue is roughly 4 feet high and weighs roughly 70 pounds. Though it was first installed in 1909, it has frequently been stolen, after initially promising to install it on top of a building at Moscow State University, the delegation returned the statue. The building cost approximately $40,000 to construct, making it then the most expensive headquarters of a newspaper in the United States. Barrett Wendell once described the building as sturdily honest as the founder who designed it, however, the buildings architecture has been criticized, most notably by former Cambridge mayor Alfred Vellucci. He once described it as one of the ugliest buildings in the world and claimed that it does nothing but scare strangers and looks like a witch on a broomstick. He also noted that the location of the building is a spot for a restroom. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, Vellucci later clashed with the Harvard Lampoon due to a tree that he planted on city land in front of the building in 1961 in order to block the view of the building. During the sixties, seventies, and eighties the tree was vandalized, its branches often chopped off. However, in 1991 the tree was chopped down. The Harvard Lampoon refused to confirm or deny involvement in the event, three years later the tree was felled on the night of Harvards commencement. The leadership of the Harvard Lampoon denied any complicity, and suggested that it may have been a false flag operation by members of the Harvard Crimson, National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts
4.
James Bryant Conant
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James Bryant Conant was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U. S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916, during World War I he served in the U. S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, in 1933, Conant became the President of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs, including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes. He abolished athletic scholarships, and instituted an up or out policy and his egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body, and he promoted the adoption of the Scholastic Aptitude Test and co-educational classes. During his presidency, women were admitted to Harvard Medical School, Conant was appointed to the National Defense Research Committee in 1940, becoming its chairman in 1941. In this capacity, he oversaw vital wartime research projects, including the development of rubber, and the Manhattan Project. Truman to use atomic bombs on Japan, while in this position, he would advise the president against starting a development program for the hydrogen bomb. In his later years at Harvard, Conant taught undergraduate courses on the history and philosophy of science, on returning to the United States, he criticized the education system in works such as The American High School Today, Slums and Suburbs and The Education of American Teachers. Between 1965 and 1969, Conant, suffering from a condition, worked on his autobiography. He became increasingly infirm, suffered a series of strokes in 1977, James Bryant Conant was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, on March 26,1893, the third child and only son of James Scott Conant, a photoengraver, and his wife Jennett Orr née Bryant. Conant was one of 35 boys who passed the admission exam for the Roxbury Latin School in West Roxbury in 1904. He graduated near the top of his class in 1910 and he was also an editor of The Harvard Crimson. He joined the Signet Society and Delta Upsilon, and was initiated as a brother of the Omicron Chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma in 1912 and he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with his Bachelor of Arts in June 1913. He then went to work on his doctorate, which was an unusual double dissertation, the first part, supervised by Richards, concerned The Electrochemical Behavior of Liquid Sodium Amalgams, the second, supervised by Kohler, was A Study of Certain Cyclopropane Derivatives. Harvard awarded Conant his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1916, in 1915, Conant entered into a business partnership with two other Harvard chemistry graduates, Stanley Pennock and Chauncey Loomis, to form the LPC Laboratories. In 1916, the departure of organic chemist Roger Adams created a vacancy at Harvard that was offered to Conant, since he aspired to an academic career, Conant accepted the offer and returned to Harvard. On November 27,1916, there was an explosion at the plant, Pennock and two other workers were killed and the plant was completely destroyed. One of the causes was Conants faulty test procedures
5.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
6.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
7.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
8.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
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United States, and is one of the most influential American common law judges, honored during his lifetime in Great Britain as well as the United States. Holmes retired from the Court at the age of 90 years and he also served as an Associate Justice and as Chief Justice on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and was Weld Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School, of which he was an alumnus. Holmes espoused a form of skepticism and opposed the doctrine of natural law. As he wrote in one of his most famous decisions, his dissent in Abrams v and these positions as well as his distinctive personality and writing style made him a popular figure, especially with American progressives. He was one of only a handful of justices to be known as a scholar, Holmes was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of the prominent writer and physician Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and abolitionist Amelia Lee Jackson. Known as Wendell in his youth, Holmes, Henry James Jr. Holmes accordingly grew up in an atmosphere of intellectual achievement, and early formed the ambition to be a man of letters like Emerson. While still in Harvard College he wrote essays on philosophic themes, Emerson famously replied, If you strike at a king, you must kill him. He supported the Abolitionist movement that thrived in Boston society during the 1850s, at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding and the Porcellian Club, both of which his father had also been a member. In the Pudding, he served as Secretary and Poet, as his father also had, in the summer of 1861 with his fathers help he obtained a lieutenants commission in the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Holmess early life was described in detail by Mark DeWolfe Howe, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes--The Shaping Years, 1841-1870. He saw much action, from the Peninsula Campaign to the Wilderness, suffering wounds at the Battle of Balls Bluff, Antietam, and Chancellorsville, Holmes particularly admired and was close to his fellow officer in the 20th Massachusetts, Henry Livermore Abbott. Holmes rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, but eschewed promotion in his regiment, Abbott took command of the regiment in his place, and was later killed. Holmes is said to have shouted to Lincoln to take cover during the Battle of Fort Stevens, Holmes himself expressed uncertainty about who had warned Lincoln and other sources state he likely was not present on the day Lincoln visited Fort Stevens. Holmes received a promotion to colonel in recognition of his services during the war. He retired to his home in Boston after his enlistment ended in 1864, weary and ill. But by the fall, when it became clear that the war would end, Holmes enrolled in the Harvard Law School, kicked into the law by his father. He attended lectures there for a year, reading extensively in theoretical works. He was admitted to the bar in 1866, and after a visit to London, to complete his education
9.
Jay Rockefeller
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John Davison Jay Rockefeller IV served as a United States Senator from West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. He was first elected to the Senate in 1984, while in office as Governor of West Virginia, a position he held from 1977 to 1985. Rockefeller moved to Emmons, West Virginia to serve as a VISTA worker in 1964, Rockefeller was later elected West Virginia Secretary of State in 1968 and was president of West Virginia Wesleyan College from 1973 to 1975. He became the senior senator when the long serving Sen. Robert Byrd died in June 2010. As a great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller did not seek reelection in 2014, Jay graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1955. After his junior year at Harvard College, he spent three years studying Japanese at the International Christian University in Tokyo and he graduated from Harvard in 1961 with an A. B. in Far Eastern Languages and History. He attended Yale University and did work in Oriental studies and studied the Chinese language. He served as the Operations Director for the Corps largest overseas program and he worked for a brief time in the United States Department of Far Eastern Affairs. He continued his service in 1964–1965 in the Volunteers in Service to America. Johnson, during which time he moved to Emmons, West Virginia, Rockefeller, along with his son Charles, is a Trustee of New Yorks Asia Society, which was established by his father in 1956. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, as a Senator, he voted against the 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement, which was heavily backed by David Rockefeller. She is a daughter of Senator Charles Harting Percy and Jeanne Valerie Dickerson. Before John VIs birth, they had two daughters, Laura Chandler Rockefeller and Sophia Percy Rockefeller, the Rockefellers reside in Northwest Washington, D. C. and maintain permanent residence in Charleston, West Virginia. They have a ranch in the Grand Teton National Park in Jackson Hole, President Bill Clinton, a friend of Rockefellers, and the Clinton family vacationed at the ranch in August 1995. John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. and Abbys youngest son was banker David Rockefeller, Davids brother Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller served as Governor of Arkansas from 1967 to 1971. Winthrop and Davids brother Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller served as Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, Jay is also a first cousin of Arkansas Lt. He was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1966, Rockefeller was elected Governor of West Virginia in 1976 and re-elected in 1980. He served as governor when manufacturing plants and coal mines were closing as the recession of the early 1980s hit West Virginia particularly hard
10.
Deval Patrick
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Deval Laurdine Patrick is an American politician, civil rights lawyer and businessman who served as the 71st governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division under President Bill Clinton and he was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney who chose not to run, and re-elected in 2010. He is the only African-American to have served as governor of Massachusetts, born to and raised by a single mother on the South Side of Chicago, Patrick earned a scholarship to Milton Academy in Massachusetts in the eighth grade. He went on to attend Harvard College and Harvard Law School, under Patrick, Massachusetts joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the planned introduction of casinos in Massachusetts. His second term began on January 6,2011, and in an interview with The Boston Globe, Patrick was born on July 31,1956 in the South Side of Chicago, where his family resided in a two-bedroom apartment in the Robert Taylor Homes housing projects. Patrick is the son of mother Emily Mae and father Laurdine Pat Patrick, in 1959, Patricks father abandoned their family in order to play music in New York City and because he had fathered a daughter, LaShon Anthony, by another woman. Deval reportedly had a relationship with his father, who opposed his choice of high school. Patrick was raised by his mother, who traces her roots to American slaves in the American South, the family spent many months living on welfare. Patrick graduated from Milton Academy in 1974 and went on to attend college and he graduated from Harvard College, where he was a member of the Fly Club, with a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude, in English and American literature, in 1978. He then spent a working with the United Nations in Africa. In 1979, Patrick returned to the United States and enrolled at Harvard Law School, while in law school, Patrick was elected president of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, where he first worked defending poor families in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. At Harvard, Patrick won Best Oralist in the prestigious Ames Moot Court Competition, Patrick graduated from Harvard Law School with a J. D. cum laude, in 1982. He proceeded to fail the State Bar of California exam twice, Patrick then served as a law clerk to Judge Stephen Reinhardt on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for one year. In 1983, he joined the staff of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, while at LDF, he met Bill Clinton, the then Governor of Arkansas, when he sued Clinton in a voting case. In 1986, he joined the Boston law firm of Hill & Barlow and was named partner in 1990, while at Hill & Barlow he managed high-profile engagements such as acting as Desiree Washingtons attorney in her civil lawsuit against Mike Tyson. In 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Patrick as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, federal affirmative action policy was under judicial and political review, and Patrick defended Clintons policy. Patrick also worked on issues including racial profiling, police misconduct, between 1995 and 1997, Patrick coordinated an investigation into a series of arsons of predominantly black churches across the South. The investigation brought together a number of state and federal agencies, in the end, more than 100 arrests were made, but no evidence of national or regional conspiracy was found
11.
Bill Weld
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William Floyd Bill Weld is an American attorney, businessman, and politician who was the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997. He was the Libertarian Partys nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2016 election and he resigned from the latter position in 1988, along with the Deputy Attorney General, in protest of an ethics scandal and associated investigations of Attorney General Ed Meese III. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1990 and was Governor from 1991 to 1997 and he was re-elected by the largest margin in Massachusetts history in 1994 and was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 1996, losing to incumbent Democrat John Kerry. Weld was born in Smithtown, New York and his ancestor Edmund Weld was among the earliest students at Harvard College. He would be followed by eighteen more Welds at Harvard, where two buildings are named for the family, General Stephen Minot Weld Jr. fought with distinction in many major battles of the Civil War. They sent the servants over first to get the cottage ready, Welds father David was an investment banker, his mother, Mary Nichols Weld, was a descendant of William Floyd, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His siblings are Dr. Francis Tim Weld, David Weld and his maternal grandfather was ichthyologist and ornithologist John Treadwell Nichols, and his first cousin is novelist John Nichols. Weld was educated at Middlesex School, Weld began his legal career as a counsel with the House Judiciary Committee during the Watergate impeachment inquiry, where one of his colleagues was Hillary Rodham. In 1978, he ran unsuccessfully for Massachusetts Attorney General, losing to Democratic incumbent Francis X. Bellotti by 1,532,835 votes to 421,417. He was appointed as United States Attorney for Massachusetts in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan, in that capacity, Weld expanded an ongoing public corruption investigation of the administration of Boston Mayor Kevin White. More than 20 city employees were indicted, pleaded guilty, or were convicted of a range of charges, including several key political supporters of the Mayor. In 1981, Weld was recommended to President Reagan by Rudolph W. Giuliani, then Associate U. S. Attorney General, during Welds tenure, the Attorney Generals office prosecuted some of New Englands largest banks in cases involving money laundering and other white-collar crimes. In 1985, the Boston Globe said Weld has been by far the most visible figure in the prosecution of financial institutions, Weld gained national recognition in fighting public corruption, he won 109 convictions out of 111 cases. In 1986, President Reagan promoted Weld to head of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department in Washington, where Weld oversaw 700 employees. Weld was responsible for supervising all federal prosecutions, including those investigated by the FBI, during this time, Weld worked on some of the Reagan administrations most significant prosecutions and investigations, including the capture of Panamas Manuel Noriega on drug trafficking charges. Meese resigned from office in July 1988 shortly after Welds and Burns testimony, in 1990, Weld announced his candidacy for Governor of Massachusetts, to replace the out-going Michael Dukakis. At the state Republican convention, party officials backed Steven Pierce over Weld, Weld gained enough support to force a primary, and in an upset election, Weld won the Republican nomination over Pierce by a 60–40 margin. In the general election, he faced John Silber, the president of Boston University, polls showed Weld anywhere from a statistical tie to trailing by as many as ten points
12.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
