1.
Foley Square (TV series)
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Foley Square is a 1985-1986 United States comedic television series starring Margaret Colin which centers on an assistant district attorney in New York City. It was Colins first starring role, original episodes aired from December 11,1985, to April 8,1986. Sarafian. Spiro Papadopolis Alex Harrigan is a perky, dedicated, unmarried assistant district attorney who works in a District Attorneys office located in New York City on Foley Square in Manhattan. Her boss, District Attorney Jesse Steinberg, is a prosecutor who has seen it all. She also works with Assistant District Attorney Carter DeVries, who is overbearing and ambitious, and young Assistant District Attorney Molly Dobbs, alexs secretary is Denise Willums, and the offices messenger is Angel Gomez, a young ex-convict. When on break and after work, the co-workers gather across the street from the office at a shop owned and operated by Spiro Papadopolis. Alex lives in an apartment building on Manhattans Upper West Side, Peter Newman, a schoolteacher, is her neighbor in the building and a good friend. Alexs social life is prone to ups and downs, creator and producer Diane English intended Foley Square and its scripts to reflect what she considered to be the womens viewpoint. Writers involved in Foley Square were Dennis Danziger, Diane English, Karyl Geld Miller, Bernie Orenstein, Ellen Sandler, Korby Siamis, episode directors were Peter Baldwin, Peter Bonerz, and Ellen Gittelsohn. Foley Square aired on Wednesdays at 8,30 p. m. paired with Mary Tyler Moores situation comedy Mary at 8,00 p. m. Both shows premiered on December 11,1985, and languished near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings in the weeks that followed. After the tenth episode of Mary was broadcast on February 19,1986, Mary went into hiatus, as did Foley Square after its eleventh episode aired a week later on February 26,1986. CBS rescheduled them to appear on Tuesdays, with Mary at 9,00 p. m. and Foley Square at 9,30 p. m. hoping that this would improve their ratings, and telecasts of the two shows resumed on March 25,1986. During the summer of 1986, CBS aired prime-time reruns of Foley Square at 8,00 p. m. on Wednesdays from June 11 to July 23, iMDb Foley Square Opening credits of Foley Square on Youtube
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Civic Center, Manhattan
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Civic Center is the area of lower Manhattan, New York City, that encompasses New York City Hall, One Police Plaza, the courthouses in Foley Square, and the surrounding area. Although government-related activities are predominant, other pursuits also occur within the district, including entertainment, industrial activity, residential dwellings, for example, there are Chinese restaurants near Civic Centers border with Chinatown, in addition to some museums and some residential buildings in the Civic Center area. The Jacob K. Javits Federal Building is located in the area and it includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation New York field office. Non-government buildings include the 387 feet 15 Park Row, an office,150 Nassau Street, a 21-story granite building, was once a publishers building, as were many in the area, but is now a residential building, as is 38 Park Row. The 76-story 8 Spruce Street is among the worlds tallest residential buildings, southbridge Towers, once Mitchell-Lama affordable housing, is now market-rate housing. Originally, the Lenape American Indians occupied the Civic Center area due to its rich pastoral fields and its proximity to the East River and Hudson River. There was a series of marshes in the area and a big pond in what is now Foley Square that the settlers called “The Collect” or “Collect Pond”. In fact, the area was so low lying that during the spring floods, then in 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer working for the Dutch, came and claimed the land for the Dutch. The colony there grew and farms began to expand, so the demand for workers increased, the Dutch West Indies Company decided to import slaves in 1625 to the new colony. The Civic Center was known as the commons and the first recorded building was a built by Jan de Wit. The next year, the colony was renamed New York and the seal was created the following year. Farms continued to grow and slavery expanded rapidly, the slaves built a burial ground in the north area of the Civic Center. The slaves would bury people at night though it was illegal. Because of the slaves’ sneaking out and racism, the Trinity Church banned African burial ceremonies in 1697 and this rule was then overturned in 1773. The city continued expanding and the government system became increasingly powerful, the local government decided to finance their first public works building through public funding. In 1735, the Almshouse was built as a center to house the ill and impoverished, a jail, a score later another jail was built called New Goal, which was a debtor prison. Soldier barracks were built on the border of the commons. During the pre-Revolutionary and Revolutionary eras, City Hall Park, in Lower Manhattan, was the site of many rallies, British soldiers chopped it down, and it was replaced five times
4.
Lower Manhattan
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Lower Manhattan is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor. The Lower Manhattan business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and it includes the Financial District and the World Trade Center site. At the islands southern tip is Battery Park, City Hall is just to the north of the Financial District, also south of Chambers Street are the planned community of Battery Park City and the South Street Seaport historic area. The neighborhood of TriBeCa straddles Chambers on the west side, at the streets east end is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building, North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street lies most of New Yorks oldest Chinatown neighborhood. Many court buildings and other government offices are located in this area. The Lower East Side neighborhood straddles Canal, North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are the neighborhoods of SoHo, the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Greenwich Village, Little Italy, Nolita, and the East Village. Between 14th and 23rd streets are lower Chelsea, Union Square, the Flatiron District, Gramercy, the area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami, European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam in 1626. The first fort was built at the Battery to protect New Netherland, soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers, they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English, early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kiefts War against the Native Americans, the Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch, the Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29,1645. On May 27,1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, the colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. The first mayors of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year, in 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it New York after the Duke of York. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500, during the mid 1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673, renaming the city New Orange, the new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy, by 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, the 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Worth Street
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Worth Street is a two-way street in the Manhattan borough of New York City. It runs from Hudson Street, TriBeCa, in the west to Chatham Square in Chinatown at its eastern flank, past Chatham Square, the roadway continues as Oliver Street, which runs one-way north- and westbound. Between West Broadway and Church Street, Worth Street is also known as Justice John M. Harlan Way in honor of the Supreme Court justice and alumnus of the nearby New York Law School. Between Centre and Baxter Streets, Worth Street is also known as the Avenue of the Strongest, Worth Street passes through the cluster of government offices and courthouses centered on Foley Square. 125 Worth Street houses the headquarters of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Worth Street originally started at the Five Points intersection and headed west and was known as Anthony Street. A station on the New York City Subways IRT Lexington Avenue Line at Worth Street was open between 1904 and 1962, on February 5,2016, a crane collapsed on Worth Street at 60 Hudson Street, killing one person and injuring two others
7.
Lafayette Street
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Lafayette Street is a major north-south street in New York Citys Lower Manhattan. It originates at the intersection of Reade Street and Centre Street, the one-way street then successively runs through Chinatown, Little Italy, NoLIta, and NoHo and finally, between East 9th and East 10th Streets, merges with Fourth Avenue. A buffered bike lane runs outside of the traffic lane. North of Spring Street, Lafayette Street is northbound -only, south of Spring Street, the street is named after the Marquis de Lafayette, a French hero of the American Revolutionary War. Lots along both sides of the new street sold briskly, earning Astor many times what he had paid for the two decades before. At that time its route was carved from the former Elm Street, Marion Street, schermerhorns moved uptown to 49 West 23rd Street. Before long, half of Colonnade Row was demolished to make way for a warehouse for Wanamakers Department Store, the main store burnt down in 1956, but the annex and warehouse buildings remain extant on Lafayette. This program was renewed in 2009 for the dates of August 8,15, and 22,2009 from 7,00 AM to 1,00 PM, as of 2013, it takes place on the first, second, and third Saturdays of every August. The New York City Subways 46 <6> B D F M trains intersect at a station complex at Bleecker Street / Broadway – Lafayette Street. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under Lafayette Street, with stops at Canal Street, Spring Street, Bleecker Street, NoHo Historic District Designation Report, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, p. 6–7 Lafayette Street Storefronts – photographs of buildings and stores along Lafayette Street
8.
New York City Hall
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New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government, is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center area of Lower Manhattan, between Broadway, Park Row, and Chambers Street. Constructed from 1803 to 1812, New York City Hall is a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both its exterior and interior are designated New York City landmarks. New Amsterdams first City Hall was built by the Dutch in the 17th century near 73 Pearl Street, the citys second City Hall, built in 1700, stood on Wall and Nassau Streets. That building was renamed Federal Hall after New York became the first official capital of the United States after the Revolutionary War. Plans for building a new City Hall were discussed by the New York City Council as early as 1776, the Council chose a site at the old Common at the northern limits of the City, now City Hall Park. City Hall was originally an area for the first almhouse in 1653, in 1736, there was a financed almhouse for those who were fit to work, for the unfit, and those that were like criminals but were paupers. In 1802 the City held a competition for a new City Hall, mangin was also the architect of the landmark St. Patricks Old Cathedral on Mulberry Street. McComb, whose father had worked on the old City Hall, was a New Yorker and he would supervise the construction of the building, and designed the architectural detailing as well. Also, many architects were in favor of Greek Revival style and created Brooklyn City Hall, the cornerstone of the new City Hall was laid in 1803. Construction was delayed after the City Council objected that the design was too extravagant, labor disputes and an outbreak of yellow fever further slowed construction. The building was not dedicated until 1811, and opened officially in 1812, the Outer Room is adjacent to the traditional Mayors office, which is a small space on the northwest corner of the first floor. The Ceremonial Room is where the mayor would meet officials and hold small group meetings, there are 108 paintings from the late 18th century through the 20th. The New York Times declared it almost unrivaled as an ensemble, among the collection is John Trumbull’s 1805 portrait of Alexander Hamilton, the source of the face on the United States ten-dollar bill. There were significant efforts to restore the paintings in the 1920s and 1940s, in 2006 a new restoration campaign began for 47 paintings identified by the Art Commission as highest in priority. On July 23,2003 at 2,08 p. m, City Hall was the scene of a rare political assassination. Othniel Askew, a rival of City Councilman James E. Davis. Askew shot Davis twice, fatally wounding him, a police officer on the floor of the chamber then fatally shot Askew. Askew and Davis had entered the building together without passing through a metal detector, as a result of the security breach, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg revised security policy to require that everyone entering the building pass through metal detectors without exception
9.
Canal Street (Manhattan)
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It runs through the neighborhood of Chinatown, and forms the southern boundaries of SoHo and Little Italy as well as the northern boundary of Tribeca. The street acts as a connector between Jersey City, New Jersey, via the Holland Tunnel, and Brooklyn, New York City. It is a street for most of its length – from West Street to the Manhattan Bridge – with two unidirectional stretches between Forsyth Street and the Manhattan Bridge. To deal with this, the citys Common Council ordered that the swamps be drained and, in 1803, a drain was built continuing the path of the sluggish stream to the Hudson River, which redirected the underground springs which watered the swamps. The pond was drained by 1813 or 1815. The area was developed, but the springs remained and caused the dry land to be boggy, the Common Council then authorized a canal, in the form of a 40-foot wide, 8-foot deep ditch, which would continue carrying off the excess water. Because it was not efficient, and did not have sufficient flow, it, too, the city covered it over in 1819, but as it had no air traps, the covered canal became a stinking covered sewer. Canal Street was completed in 1820, following the path of the covered canal, early in the 20th century, the jewelry trade centered on the corner of Canal Street and Bowery, but moved mid century to the modern Diamond District on 47th Street. In the 1920s, the Citizens Savings Bank built a notable domed headquarters at the intersections southwest corner which remains a local landmark. The portion of Canal Street around Sixth Avenue was New Yorks principal market for parts for a quarter-century after the closing of Radio Row for the building of the World Trade Center. Canal Street is a commercial district, crowded with comparatively low-rent open storefronts. For a generation after World War II, the segment hosted many stores selling exotic high-tech components to would-be inventors and engineers. Canal Street is also the main Chinese jewelry business district of Chinatown, tourists as well as locals pack its sidewalks every day to frequent the open-air stalls and bare-bones stores selling items such as perfume, purses, hardware, and industrial plastics at low prices. Many of these goods are grey market imports and many notoriously counterfeit, with fake trademarked brand names on electronics, clothing, widespread sale of these counterfeit goods persists along Canal Street and in its hidden back rooms despite frequent police raids. In addition, legislation was proposed in 2013 to try to make purchasing counterfeit items a crime, routes intersecting with the street include M20 at Hudson Street and at Varick Street, M5 at Sixth Avenue and Broadway, M103 at Bowery, M15 at Allen Street, and M9. New York City portal Notes Canal Street Map Canal Street Storefronts – photographs of buildings, Canal Street Panoramic Video Tour – Kogetos Dotspot immersive, panoramic video of a walking tour captured on an iPhone. Canal Street, A New York Songline – a virtual walking tour
10.
Chinatown, Manhattan
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Manhattans Chinatown is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City, bordering the Lower East Side to its east, Little Italy to its north, Civic Center to its south, and Tribeca to its west. Chinatown is home to the largest enclave of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with an estimated population of 90,000 to 100,000 people, Manhattans Chinatown is also one of the oldest Chinese ethnic enclaves. Historically it was populated by Cantonese speakers. However, in the 1980s-90s, large numbers of Fuzhounese-speaking immigrants also arrived, a new and rapidly growing Chinese community is now forming in East Harlem, Uptown Manhattan, nearly tripling in population between the years 2000 and 2010, according to U. S. Census figures. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, Ah Ken is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1840s, he is the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to Chinatown. As a Cantonese businessman, Ah Ken eventually founded a cigar store on Park Row. It has been speculated that it may have been Ah Ken who kept a boarding house on lower Mott Street. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $100 a month, faced with increasing racial discrimination and new laws that prevented participation in many occupations on the U. S. West Coast, some Chinese immigrants moved to the East Coast cities in search of employment, early businesses in these cities included hand laundries and restaurants. Chinatown started on Mott, Park, Pell, and Doyers Streets, by 1870, there was a Chinese population of 200. By the time the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed, in 1900, the US Census reported 7,028 Chinese males in residence, but only 142 Chinese women. This significant gender inequality remained present until the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943, wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing, wrote that because of immigration restrictions, Chinatown continued to be virtually a bachelor society until 1965. The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese tongs, which were a mixture of clan associations, landsmans associations, political alliances, the associations started to give protection from harassment due to anti-Chinese sentiment. Each of these associations was aligned with a street gang, the associations were a source of assistance to new immigrants, giving out loans, aiding in starting businesses, and so forth. The associations formed a body named the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association. Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the On Leong and Hip Sing tongs, much of the Chinese gang warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the Ghost Shadows and Flying Dragons were prevalent until the 1990s, the Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattans Chinatown
11.
Tribeca
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Tribeca /traɪˈbɛkə/, originally written as TriBeCa, is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Its name is an abbreviation from Triangle Below Canal Street. The triangle, or more accurately, a trapezoid, is bounded by Canal Street, West Street, Broadway, the neighborhood is home to the Tribeca Film Festival. The Tribeca name came to be applied to the south of Canal Street. Lispenard Street, east–west as is Canal, is two blocks long and creates the first block south of Canal from West Broadway to Broadway. The Canal–Lispenard block that runs from Church Street to Broadway is wide at Church Street but is narrower at Broadway, thus, it appears somewhat triangular on City maps, unlike a rectangle as most city blocks are depicted. The Lispenard Street residents decided to name their group the Triangle Below Canal Block Association, once the “newspaper of record” began referring to the neighborhood as Tribeca, it stuck. This was related by former resident and councilmember for the area, Kathryn Freed, the area was among the first residential neighborhoods developed in New York beyond the boundaries of the city during colonial times, with residential development beginning in the late 18th century. Several streets in the area are named after Anthony Lispenard Bleecker, Lispenard Street, as well as Bleecker Street in NoHo, are named for similar reasons. By the mid-19th century the area transformed into a center, with large numbers of store. The area was served by the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. However, by the 1960s, Tribecas industrial base had all but vanished, since the 1980s, large scale conversion of the area has transformed Tribeca into an upscale residential area. For 15 years, the annual walking tour through artist studios in Tribeca has allowed people to get a unique glimpse into the lives of Tribecas best creative talent. Tribeca suffered both physically and financially after the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks, but government grants, the Tribeca Film Festival was established to help contribute to the long-term recovery of lower Manhattan after 9/11. The festival also celebrates New York City as a filmmaking center. The mission of the festival is to enable the international film community. Tribeca is a filming location for movies and television shows. By the early 21st century, Tribeca became one of Manhattans most fashionable and desirable neighborhoods, in 2006, Forbes magazine ranked its 10013 zip code as New York Citys most expensive
12.
Tammany Hall
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The Tammany Society emerged as the center for Democratic-Republican Party politics in the city in the early 19th century. After 1854, the Society expanded its control even further by earning the loyalty of the citys rapidly expanding immigrant community. By 1872 Tammany had an Irish Catholic boss, and in 1928 a Tammany hero, New York Governor Al Smith, however, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most infamously under William M. Boss Tweed in the mid-19th century. By the 1880s, Tammany was building local clubs that appealed to activists from the ethnic middle-class. Charles Murphy was the effective but quiet boss of Tammany from 1902–1924. Big Tim Sullivan was the Tammany leader in the Bowery, in the early twentieth century Murphy and Sullivan promoted Tammany as a reformed agency dedicated to the interests of the working class. The new image deflected attacks and built up a following among the emerging ethnic middle-class, in the process Robert F. Wagner became a powerful United States Senator, and Al Smith served multiple terms as governor and was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1928. Tammany Halls influence waned from 1930 to 1945 when it engaged in a battle with Franklin D. Roosevelt, the states governor. In 1932, Mayor Jimmy Walker was forced from office when his bribery was exposed, Roosevelt stripped Tammany of federal patronage. Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor on a Fusion ticket, by the mid-1960s Tammany Hall ceased to exist. The society was developed as a club for pure Americans. The name Tammany comes from Tamanend, a Native American leader of the Lenape, the society adopted many Native American words and also their customs, going so far as to call its hall a wigwam. The first Grand Sachem, as the leader was titled, was William Mooney, by 1798, the societys activities had grown increasingly political. High ranking Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr saw Tammany Hall as an opportunity to counter Alexander Hamiltons Society of the Cincinnati, eventually Tammany emerged as the center of Democratic-Republican Party politics in the city. Burr used Tammany Hall influence in the election of 1800, in which he was elected Vice President of the United States, many historians believe that without Tammany, President John Adams might have won New York States electoral votes and won reelection. Early cases of corruption involving Tammany Hall came to light during the groups feud with local politician Dewitt Clinton. The feud began in 1802 after Clinton accused Aaron Burr of being a traitor to the Democratic-Republican Party, Clintons uncle, George Clinton was jealous of Burrs achievements and positions. However George was too old to compete with young Aaron Burr, in 1803, Clinton left the United States Senate and became Mayor of New York City
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Bar
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Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term bar also refers to the countertop and area where drinks are served, bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Bars that offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars, live venues, types of bars range from inexpensive dive bars to elegant places of entertainment often accompanying restaurants for dining. Many bars have a discount period, designated a happy hour to encourage off-peak-time patronage, bars that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum drink purchase requirement during their peak hours. Bars may have bouncers to ensure patrons are of age, to eject drunk or belligerent patrons. Such bars often feature entertainment, which may be a band, vocalist, comedian. The term bar is derived from the counter on which drinks are served. Patrons may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, depending on the size of a bar and its approach, alcohol may be served at the bar by bartenders, at tables by servers, or by a combination of the two. The back bar is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter, in some establishments, the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork, etched glass, mirrors, and lights. There have been different names for public drinking spaces throughout history. In the colonial era of the United States taverns were an important meeting place, during the 19th century saloons were very important to the leisure time of the working class. Today, even when an establishment uses a different name, such as tavern or saloon, the sale and/or consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the first half of the 20th century in several countries, including Finland, Iceland, Norway, and the United States. In the United States, illegal bars during Prohibition were called speakeasies, blind pigs, laws in many jurisdictions prohibit minors from entering a bar. If those under legal drinking age are allowed to enter, as is the case with pubs that serve food, in some jurisdictions, bars cannot serve a patron who is already intoxicated. Cities and towns usually have restrictions on where bars may be located. Some bars may have a license to serve beer and wine, in some jurisdictions, patrons buying alcohol must also order food. In some jurisdictions, bar owners have a liability for the conduct of patrons who they serve. A bars owners and managers choose the name, décor, drink menu, lighting
14.
Collect Pond
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The Collect Pond — or Fresh Water Pond — was a body of fresh water in what is now Chinatown, lower Manhattan in New York City. For the first two centuries of European settlement in Manhattan, it was the water supply for the growing city. The former pond became the site of a jail and is now a city park, Collect Pond Park, the pond occupied approximately 48 acres and was as deep as 60 feet. Fed by a spring, it was located in a valley, with Bayard Mount to the northeast. Collect Pond was used as a terms of boundary for night watch duties in 1731 under John Montgomeries charter during the British rule in New York City. The pond was home to an amount of fish, in fact legislation was passed in 1734 preventing the use of nets in the pond. This was prior to the pollution to the pond, which included the dumping of dead animals. The southwestern shore of the Collect Pond was the site of a Native American settlement known as Werpoes, a small band of Munsee, the northernmost division of the Lenape, occupied the site until the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was established. It is possible that members of this band were the participants in the sale of Manhattan to the Dutch. In the 18th century, the pond was used as an area during summer. However, industries began to use the water and dump waste there and these included tanneries, breweries, ropewalks, and slaughterhouses. Beginning in the early 18th century, various enterprises were built along the shores of the pond. By the late 18th century, the pond was already considered a very sink, the contaminated wastewater of these businesses flowed back into the pond, creating a severe pollution problem and environmental health hazard. Pierre Charles LEnfant proposed cleaning the pond and making it a centerpiece of a recreational park and his proposal was rejected and it was decided to fill in the pond. This was done with fill partially obtained from leveling Bayards Mount, the landfill was completed in 1811 and Middle class homes were soon built on the reclaimed land. The buried vegetation began to release methane gas and the area, still in a natural depression, as a result, the ground gradually subsided. Proposals were made to solve the problem, including the conversion of the pond to a designed by Pierre L’Enfant. In the end, it was filled in from land removed from nearby Bayards Mount, by 1813, the Collect was virtually gone
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Five Points, Manhattan
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Five Points was a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The neighborhood was generally defined as being bound by Centre Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, Canal Street to the north, the former Five Points is now split between the Civic Center to the west and south, and Chinatown to the east and north. Five Points gained international notoriety as a disease-ridden, crime-infested slum that existed for well over 70 years, the Collect Pond was a body of spring-fed fresh water, occupying approximately 48 acres and as deep as 60 feet. The pond was located in an inverted U-shaped valley with a portion in the north heading northwest to the Hudson River. The eastern and western sections of the valley were separated by a hill the Dutch called Kalk Hoek, the elevation rose in the south, with Pot Bakers Hill dominating the south southwestern shore. The pond was located in the section of the valley, with Kalck Hoek to the west and Bayard Mount – at 110 feet. The southwestern shore of the pond was the site of a Native American settlement known as Werpoes, a small band of Canarsie, who were Munsee Peoples – the northernmost division of the Lenape – occupied the site until the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was established. The pond was the source of drinking water and freshwater fish for the City of New York. Beginning in the early 18th century, various enterprises were built along the ponds shores. The contaminated wastewater from these businesses flowed back into the pond, creating a severe pollution problem, pierre Charles LEnfant proposed cleaning the pond and making it a centerpiece of a recreational park, around which the residential areas of the city could grow. However, his proposal was rejected, and it was decided to fill in the pond and this was done with fill partially obtained from leveling Bayards Mount and Kalck Hoek. The landfill was completed in 1811, and middle-class homes were built on the reclaimed land. The buried vegetation began to release gas, and the area, still in a natural depression. As a result, the ground gradually subsided, Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled the area, leaving the neighborhood open to poor immigrants who began arriving in the early 1820s. This influx reached a height in the 1840s, with numbers of Irish Catholics fleeing the Irish Potato Famine. However, it could be considered the original American melting pot, at first consisting primarily of newly emancipated blacks and Irish, the local politics of the Old Sixth ward, while not free of corruption, set important precedents for the election of Catholics to key offices. Before that time, New York, and America at large, were governed by the Anglo-Protestant founders, although there were many tensions between the Africans and the Irish, their cohabitation in Five Points was the first large-scale instance of volitional racial integration in American history. In the end, the Five Points African community moved to Manhattans West Side, Five Points is alleged to have sustained the highest murder rate of any slum in the world
16.
Gangs of New York
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Gangs of New York is a 2002 American epic period drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. The screenplay is by Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian, and Kenneth Lonergan and it was inspired by Herbert Asburys 1927 nonfiction book, The Gangs of New York. It was made in Cinecittà, Rome, distributed by Miramax Films and nominated for awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. The film is set in 1862 and follows gang leader Bill The Butcher Cutting in his roles as crime boss and political kingmaker under the helm of Boss Tweed. The film culminates in a violent confrontation between Cutting and his mob with the protagonist Amsterdam Vallon and his immigrant allies, which coincides with the New York Draft Riots of 1863 and it was released on December 20,2002 and grossed $193 million worldwide. Bill kills Vallon and orders that he be buried with honor, having witnessed this, Vallons young son hides the knife that killed his father and is taken to an orphanage on Blackwells Island. In September 1862, Vallons son, now calling himself Amsterdam, returns to Five Points seeking revenge, an old acquaintance, Johnny Sirocco, familiarizes him with the local clans of gangs and thieves, all of whom pay tribute to Bill, who controls the neighborhood. Amsterdam joins Johnnys gang of thieves and is introduced to Bill and he learns that many of his fathers former loyalists are now in Bills employ, including Happy Jack Mulraney, who is now a corrupt constable, and McGloin, who is one of Bills lieutenants. Each year, Bill celebrates the anniversary of his victory over the Dead Rabbits, Amsterdam becomes attracted to pickpocket and grifter Jenny Everdeane, who Johnny is infatuated with. Amsterdams interest is dampened, however, upon learning that she was once Bills ward, Amsterdam gains Bills confidence and Bill becomes his mentor, involving him in the dealings of corrupt politician William M. Tweed. Amsterdam saves Bill from an attempt, and is tormented by the thought that he may have done so out of honest devotion. Jenny nurses Bills wounds, and she and Amsterdam have an argument which dissolves into passionate lovemaking. Bill speaks to Amsterdam of the downfall of civilization and how he has maintained power through the spectacle of violence, on the evening of the anniversary, Johnny, in a fit of jealousy over Jenny, reveals Amsterdams true identity and intentions to Bill. Bill baits Amsterdam with a knife throwing act involving Jenny, as Bill toasts Priest Vallon, Amsterdam throws his knife, but Bill deflects it and wounds Amsterdam with a counter throw. Bill proclaims that rather than dying, Amsterdam shall live in shame, going into hiding, Jenny nurses Amsterdam back to health and implores him to escape with her to San Francisco. Monk McGinn, a barber who fought for Priest Vallon, gives Amsterdam a straight razor that belonged to Amsterdams father, Amsterdam announces his return by hanging a dead rabbit in Paradise Square. Bill sends Happy Jack to investigate, but Amsterdam kills him, in retaliation, Bill has Johnny severely beaten and run through with a pike, leaving it to Amsterdam to end his suffering. The racist McGloin attacks Amsterdams African American friend Jimmy, but is beaten by Amsterdam, the Natives confront them, and Bill promises to return when they are ready to fight
17.
New York County Courthouse
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The granite-faced hexagonal building was designed by Guy Lowell of Boston in classical Roman style and was built between 1913 and 1927, completion having been delayed by World War I. It replaced the former New York County Courthouse on Chambers Street, both the interior and exterior are New York City Landmarks. The selection of the article was done by a design competition, the building was designed in the Roman classical style. The courthouses dedication ceremony took place in February 1927, two weeks after Lowell died, chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Benjamin Cardozo and Associate Judges of the Court of Appeals Frederick E. Crane and Irving Lehman were present at the event. The buildings mass and scale give it the appearance of a temple, the pediment and acroteria by Frederick Warren Allen include three statues, Law, Truth, and Equity. The inscription is a slight misquote, Washington actually referred to the due administration of justice and not the administration of justice. The error was made by the architect, Guy Lowell. The stone steps leading up to the entrance are flanked by two allegorical statutes, Justice and Authority, both designed in 1906 by the Franco-American sculptor Philip Martiny. Both figures are large in size, made of granite, Justice, a female figure, is on the right side and holds a shield and scroll, Authority is on the left side and holds a scroll and fasces, the Roman symbol of authority. The rotunda is 200 feet in circumference and rises 75 feet to a cupola which in 30 feet high and 20 feet long, the rotunda also contains ten stained-glass windows and clerestory. The rotundas most striking feature, however, is the oft-reproduced circular mural Law Through the Ages, pusterla also executed murals in the courthouses Jury Assembly Rooms on the fourth floor and Ceremonial Courtroom on the third floor. Law Through the Ages is divided into six lunettes, or sections, above the seated figures are portraits of six lawgivers, Hammurabi, Moses, Solon, Justinian, Blackstone and John Marshall. Restoration of the mural took place in 1988, the received a 1989 Design Award from the Public Design Commission of the City of New York. The courthouse was designated a New York City Landmark on February 1,1966, the building is somewhat of an older sibling to Cass Gilberts 1936 Corinthian-columned Foley Square Courthouse just to its south, which also faces Foley Square from the east. Other court buildings are nearby, including those for New York City Criminal Court, New York City Civil Court, many films and television series have been shot at the New York County Courthouse. These include, Miracle on 34th Street - the scene of the trial of Santa Claus was shot here, the 1994 remake filmed the courthouses exterior
18.
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse
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The Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse is a Classical Revival courthouse located at 40 Centre Street on Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of lower Manhattan in New York City. The building, designed by Cass Gilbert and his son, Cass Gilbert, the building has two major parts, the base and the tower. Including both, the building is 179.83 m tall and 37 stories, the six-story courthouse base is marked by a pilastered facade and a colonnade. Built around three courtyards, it is rusticated and irregularly shaped, following the outline of the site. Massive granite steps flanked by large pedestals lead up to the entrance on Foley Square. Gilbert intended the pedestals to bear two monumental sculptural groups, but they were never executed, ten four-story Corinthian columns form the imposing portico that shelters the entrance, and the frieze is carved with a detailed floral design. The ends of the entablature above are embellished with roundels, designed to resemble ancient coins, on which are carved the heads of four ancient lawgivers, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, and Moses. The Corinthian capitals crowning the columns of the return to top pilasters along the buildings other primary facades. Minnesota granite, off-white in color and mottled with peach and gray, was used to finish the exterior elevations of the courthouse, a 30-story square tower is 590 feet in height and is set back from the base parallel to the front of the building. The tower is set slightly on the 27th floor, marked by urns at the corners. The roof of the tower is pyramidal, pitched steeply, and made of terra cotta, with a leaf, with a small open lantern, also gold-glazed terra cotta. The main hall spans the width of the building along its principal elevation and it is very similar in design and ornamentation to the main hall of the United States Supreme Court building, which Gilbert designed at the same time. Variations on the decorative motifs employed within the hall appear throughout the rest of the interior. Elaborate molding, featuring a design, divides the ceiling into rectangular. The coffers are decorated with plaster rosettes tipped with 22k gold leaf on alternating backgrounds of crimson and peacock blue. Richly ornamental bronzework surrounds many of the doors, including those of the elevators. This bronze detailing features a combination of metaphorical images related to law and government, including dolphins. Sixteen are original to the courthouse, five in the base and eleven in the tower, all have wood-paneled walls with colossal round arches and fluted Ionic pilasters, the Greek key molding seen in the main hall also enframes the ceilings of the tower courtrooms
19.
Jacob K. Javits Federal Building
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It was built in 1963-69 and was designed by Alfred Easton Poor and Kahn & Jacobs, with Eggers & Higgins as associate architects. A western addition was built in 1975-77 and was designed by Kahn & Jacobs, The Eggers Partnership, the building is named for Jacob K. Javits, who served as a United States Senator from New York for 24 years, from 1957 to 1981. S. The building falls under the jurisdiction of the United States Federal Protective Service for any and all law enforcement, to the east of the main building is the James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building. Commissioned in 1979 and built in 1981, it was criticized both for its values and for security reasons. It was removed in 1989, which resulted in a lawsuit, the piece remains in storage, as the artwork was site-specific, and the artist does not want it displayed in any other location. The removal and trial led to the creation of the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990, after the removal of Tilted Arc, landscape artist Martha Schwartz re-designed the plaza. Other artworks connected with building include A Study in Five Planes/Peace by Alexander Calder, in the James L. Watson Court of International Trade can be found Metropolis by Seymour Fogel and Eagle/Justice Above All Else by Theodore Roszak. Tilted Arc United States Federal Protective Service Notes Media related to Jacob K. Javits Federal Building at Wikimedia Commons
20.
United States Court of International Trade
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The United States Court of International Trade, formerly the United States Customs Court, and before that the Board of General Appraisers, is an Article III court, with full powers in law and equity. The Customs Court Act of 1980 replaced the old United States Customs Court with the United States Court of International Trade, the Court has nine sitting Judges, as well as Senior Judges. The Court sits in New York City, although it is authorized to sit elsewhere, in 1890, the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Board of General Appraisers, a quasi-judicial administrative unit within the United States Department of the Treasury. In 1928, the United States Customs Court became the first federal tribunal in the United States to have a woman judge, when President Calvin Coolidge nominated Genevieve R. Cline to the court. Cline won U. S. Senate confirmation on May 25,1928, received her commission on May 26,1928, in 1956, Congress made the United States Customs Court an Article III tribunal, again without changing its jurisdiction, powers, or procedures. The Court possesses limited subject matter jurisdiction, meaning that it may hear cases involving particular international trade. For example, the Court hears disputes such as those involving protests filed with U. S, there is one notable exception to the Courts jurisdiction. S. Most cases are heard by a single judge, if a case challenges the constitutionality of a U. S. law or has important implications regarding the administration or interpretation of the customs laws, then it may be heard by a three-judge panel. Many Judges of the Court of International Trade also regularly sit by designation on three-judge panels of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Although the Court maintains its own rules of procedure, they are patterned for the most part on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court has held that decisions interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are instructive in interpreting its own rules. The James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building, located on Foley Square in lower Manhattan in New York City, also known as 1 Federal Plaza, it was built in 1968 adjacent to the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building. In 2003, the building was named in honor of James L. Watson, a judge of the United States Customs Court from 1964 to 1980, by virtue of his seniority of age, Judge Barnett holds seniority over Judge Kelly, despite their identical commission dates. United States Court of International Trade, official site History of the court from the Federal Judicial Center
21.
Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
22.
African Burial Ground National Monument
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African Burial Ground National Monument is a monument at Duane Street and African Burial Ground Way in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Its main building is the Ted Weiss Federal Building at 290 Broadway, historians estimate there may have been 10, 000–20,000 burials in what was called the Negroes Burial Ground in the 1700s. The five to six acre sites excavation and study was called the most important historic urban archeological project in the United States, the Burial Ground site is New Yorks earliest known African-American cemetery, studies show an estimated 15,000 African American people were buried here. The discovery highlighted the history of African slaves in colonial and federal New York City. By the American Revolutionary War, they constituted nearly a quarter of the population in the city, New York had the second-largest number of slaves in the nation after Charleston, South Carolina. Scholars and African-American civic activists joined to publicize the importance of the site, the site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 and a National Monument in 2006. In 2003 Congress appropriated funds for a memorial at the site, a design competition attracted more than 60 proposals for a design. The memorial was dedicated in 2007 to commemorate the role of Africans and African Americans in colonial and federal New York City, several pieces of public art were also commissioned for the site. A visitor center opened in 2010 to provide interpretation of the site, two years after their arrival three female Angolan slaves arrived. These two groups heralded the beginning of the institution of slavery in what would become New York City that would continue for two hundred years, the first slave auction in the city took place in 1655 at Pearl Street and Wall Street-then on the East River. Although the Dutch imported Africans as slaves, it was possible for some to gain freedom or half-freedom under Dutch rule, paul DAngola and his companions petitioned the Dutch West India Company for their freedom in 1643. Their petition was granted and they were given grants of land on which to build their own houses, in the mid-17th century, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. Even slaves in full bondage were granted rights and afforded protections such as the prohibition against arbitrary physical punishment – such as a whipping. After the English took over New Amsterdam in 1664, they changed the name to New York, some 40 percent of the small population was in bondage. In 1697 Trinity Church gained control of the grounds in the city. When Trinity took control of the burial ground, now its north graveyard. Through much of the 18th century, the African burying ground was beyond the boundary of the city. As the city increased, so did the number of residents who held slaves
23.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
24.
Tai chi
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T‘ai-chi is an internal Chinese martial art 武术 practiced for both its defense training and its health benefits. As a result, a multitude of training forms exist, both traditional and modern, which correspond to those aims with differing emphasis, some training forms of t‘ai-chi ch‘üan are especially known for being practiced with relatively slow movements. Today, t‘ai-chi ch‘üan has spread worldwide, most modern styles of t‘ai-chi ch‘üan trace their development to at least one of the five traditional schools, Chen, Yang, Wu, Wu, and Sun. All of the former, in turn, trace their origins to Chen Village. T‘ai-chi ch‘üan theory and practice evolved in agreement with many Chinese philosophical principles, t‘ai-chi ch‘üan training involves five elements, taolu, neigong and qigong, tuishou and sanshou. While t‘ai-chi ch‘üan is typified by some for its slow movements, some traditional schools of t‘ai-chi teach partner exercises known as tuishou, and martial applications of the postures of different forms. In China, t‘ai-chi ch‘üan is categorized under the Wudang grouping of Chinese martial arts—that is, medical studies of t‘ai-chi support its effectiveness as an alternative exercise and a form of martial arts therapy. It is purported that focusing the mind solely on the movements of the form helps to bring about a state of mental calm, some other forms of martial arts require students to wear a uniform during practice. In general, t‘ai-chi ch‘üan schools do not require a uniform, the slow, repetitive work involved in the process of learning how that leverage is generated gently and measurably increases, opens the internal circulation. T‘ai-chi ch‘üans health training, therefore, concentrates on relieving the effects of stress on the body. For those focused on t‘ai-chi ch‘üans martial application, good physical fitness is an important step towards effective self-defense, Martial art, The ability to use t‘ai-chi ch‘üan as a form of self-defense in combat is the test of a students understanding of the art. T‘ai-chi ch‘üan is the study of change in response to outside forces. The use of t‘ai-chi ch‘üan as an art is quite challenging. Westerners often shorten this name to t‘ai chi and this shortened name is the same as that of the t‘ai-chi philosophy, sometimes causing confusion of the two. The chi in the name of the art may also be mistaken for ch‘i. The Wade-Giles form and its variations remain the most popular spelling today, however, most Chinese, including many professional practitioners, masters, and martial arts bodies, use the Pinyin. From a modern perspective, when tracing t‘ai-chi ch‘üans formative influences to Taoist and Buddhist monasteries. Nevertheless, some traditional schools claim that t‘ai-chi ch‘üan has a connection to
25.
Occupy Wall Street
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The Canadian, anti-consumerist, pro-environment group/magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest. The OWS slogan, We are the 99%, refers to income inequality, to achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in general assemblies which emphasized direct action over petitioning authorities for redress. The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15,2011, protesters turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, and college and university campuses. The New York Times reported in May 2014 that declassified documents showed extensive surveillance, earlier, on November 25, Wolf asserted in the Guardian that the crackdown itself was coordinated by federal agencies. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2,2011, lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet. org web address on June 9. That same month, Adbusters emailed its subscribers saying “America needs its own Tahrir. ”White said the reception of the idea snowballed from there, the protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Streets iconic Charging Bull statue. Meanwhile, several proposals were being explored by independent groups, as reported by journalist Nathan Schneider in his book Thank You, Anarchy. Which eventually became known as Occupy Washington, D. C, on August 1,2011, almost a month prior to the major media event, a group of artists were arrested after a series of days protesting nude as an art performance on Wall Street. This event may have inspired or triggered the event to follow. This was a protest by the 49 participants on American Institutions and was titled Ocularpation, Wall Street by artist Zefrey Throwell. The group began holding meetings to work out issues and the movements direction, such as whether or not to have a set of demands, forming working groups. The Internet group Anonymous created a video encouraging its supporters to take part in the protests, Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest corporate influence corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government, also joined the movement. The protest itself began on September 17, a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events, by mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages. The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza, with Bowling Green Park, Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations, but they left Zuccotti Park, the groups third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner. Because of its connection to the system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States and it derives from a We the 99% flyer calling for OWSs second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation We are the 99% originated from a page of the same name
26.
Zuccotti Park
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The park was created in 1968 by Pittsburgh-based United States Steel, after the property owners negotiated its creation with city officials. It was named Liberty Plaza Park because it was situated beside One Liberty Plaza, the parks northwest corner is across the street from Four World Trade Center. It has been popular with tourists and financial workers. The park was damaged in the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery efforts of 2001. The plaza was used as the site of several events commemorating the anniversary of the attacks. After renovations in 2006, the park was renamed by its current owners, Brookfield Office Properties, the site was the location of the first coffeehouse in colonial New York City, The Kings Arms which opened under the ownership of Lieutenant John Hutchins in 1696. It stood on the west side of Broadway between Crown Street and Little Queen Street and it was perhaps the first public demonstration in opposition to the Tea Act in the American colonies. The park, formerly called Liberty Plaza Park, was created in 1968 by Pittsburgh-based U. S. Steel in return for a bonus for an adjacent building at the time of its construction. The U. S. Steel Building, which replaced the demolished Singer Building, is now known as One Liberty Plaza, the park was one of the few open spaces with tables and seats in the Financial District. As part of the Lower Manhattan rebuilding efforts, the park was regraded, trees were planted, on June 1,2006, the park reopened after an $8 million renovation designed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners. Currently, the park has a variety of trees, granite sidewalks, tables and seats, as well as lights built into the ground. With its proximity to Ground Zero, Zuccotti Park is a popular tourist destination, the World Trade Center cross, which was previously housed at St. Peters Roman Catholic Church, was featured in a ceremony held in Zuccotti Park before it was moved to the 9/11 Memorial. The park won the 2008 American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Regional and Urban Design and was featured in Architectural Record, benjamin Genocchio, an Australian art critic, commented that the sculpture suited the location, nicely echoing the skyscrapers around it. During the Occupy Wall Street Movement, many protesters inhabited Zuccotti Park, although park rules were that overnight stay was not permitted, protesters remained in the park. There had been attempts to clear out the park. However, on November 15,2011, all of the protesters in the park were driven out, the police officers lit up flood lights and began to clear out the park. Tents, tarps, and other forms of shelters were removed in order to clear out the park. In efforts to remain in the park, protesters began to protest against the police, the commotion only led for the pepper-spraying of the protesters as well as getting protesters detained
27.
Death of Eric Garner
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The New York City Medical Examiners Office attributed Garners death to a combination of a chokehold, compression of his chest, and poor health. NYPD policy prohibits the use of chokeholds, NYPD officers approached Garner on suspicion of selling loosies from packs without tax stamps. After Garner told the police that he was tired of being harassed and that he was not selling cigarettes, when officer Daniel Pantaleo tried to take Garners wrist behind his back, Garner pulled his arms away. Pantaleo then put his arm around Garners neck and took him down onto the ground, after Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing. Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive and he was pronounced dead at the hospital approximately one hour later. The medical examiner concluded that Garner was killed by compression of neck, compression of chest, No damage to Garners windpipe or neck bones was found. The medical examiner ruled Garners death a homicide, according to the medical examiners definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death. On December 3,2014, the Richmond County grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo, on that day, the United States Department of Justice announced it would conduct an independent investigation. The event stirred public protests and rallies, with charges of police brutality made by protesters, by December 28,2014, at least 50 demonstrations had been held nationwide specifically for Garner while hundreds of demonstrations against general police brutality counted Garner as a focal point. On July 13,2015, a settlement was announced in which the City of New York would pay the Garner family $5.9 million. Eric Garner was a 6 ft 3 in tall, 350-pound and he had been a horticulturist at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, but quit for health reasons. Garner, who was married to Esaw Garner, had been described by his friends as a peacemaker and as a generous. He was the father of six children and had three grandchildren, and at the time of his death had a 3-month-old child, Garner had been arrested by the NYPD more than thirty times since 1980 on charges such as assault, resisting arrest, and grand larceny. An official said that numerous of these arrests had been for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes, Garner had, according to The New York Times, recently. Told lawyers at Legal Aid that he intended to take all the cases against him to trial, at the time of the incident, he was out on bail for selling untaxed cigarettes, driving without a license, marijuana possession, and false impersonation. Daniel Pantaleo is a New York City Police Department officer who was, at the time of Garners death, age 29 and living in Eltingville and his father was a New York City Fire Department firefighter, and his uncle was an NYPD officer. He graduated from Monsignor Farrell High School and received a degree from the College of Staten Island. He joined the NYPD in 2006, Pantaleo was the subject of two civil rights lawsuits in 2013 where plaintiffs accused him of falsely arresting them and abusing them
28.
Dakota Access Pipeline
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The Dakota Access Pipeline or Bakken pipeline is a 1, 172-mile-long underground oil pipeline project in the United States. The pipeline is currently under construction by Dakota Access, LLC, the minor partners involved in the project are Phillips 66, Enbridge, and Marathon Petroleum. The project was planned for delivery by January 1,2017, on November 26,2016, the project was reported to be 87% completed. The $3.78 billion project was announced to the public on June 25,2014, the pipeline has been controversial regarding its necessity and potential impact on the environment. A protest at the site in North Dakota, near the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, has drawn international attention. After the USACE approved the final easement under Lake Oahe, allowing for the pipeline to be completed, the pipeline has a permanent easement of 50 feet and a construction right-of-way of up to 150 feet. The 30-inch diameter pipeline is at least 48 inches underground from the top of the pipe or 2 feet below any drain tiles, the pipeline is planned to carry 470,000 barrels per day of crude oil based on contractual commitments to date. The capacity may be increased up to 570,000 barrels per day, of this, $189 million would be paid to landowners. The $1.35 billion capital investment in Iowa was projected to generate $33 million sales tax in Iowa during construction, according to the Des Moines Register, Energy Transfer hired Strategic Economics Group in West Des Moines to prepare this analysis. Proponents have argued that the pipeline will free up railroads, which will allow farmers to ship more Midwest grain, about 70% of Bakken oil is transported by rail because of pipeline limitations. As of July 2014 Bakken shale oil was transported through nine Iowa counties exclusively via three freight trains per week, as of June 2014,32 trains per week carrying Bakken oil traveled through Jo Daviess County in northwestern Illinois. Evaluating which is best for cost of transport and human and environmental safety is difficult, Bakken Holdings Company and Phillips 66 also co-own another part of the Bakken system, the Energy Transfer Crude Oil Pipeline which runs from Patoka to storage terminals in Nederland, Texas. Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistic Partners, both subsidiaries of Energy Transfer Equity LP, announced their merger in November 2016. In August 2016, the joint venture of Enbridge and Marathon Petroleum named MarEn Bakken Company agreed to purchase a 49% stake in Dakota Access and it gives Enbridge and Marathon indirect stakes in the pipeline of 27. 6% and 9. 2% respectively. As of October 31,2016, the deal was not completed, the loans were provided by a group of 17 banks. In March 2017, ING announced to have reached an agreement for the sale of its loan to the Dakota Access pipeline, and saying the bidding process for its next banking partner will involve social responsibility. The City Council in Davis, California, took a similar action voting unanimously to find a new bank to handle its accounts by the end of 2017, the pipeline route runs from the northwestern North Dakota Bakken and Three Forks sites. It starts in Stanley, North Dakota, and travels in a direction to end at the oil tank farm near Patoka
29.
Standing Rock Indian Reservation
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The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is located in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States, and is occupied by ethnic Hunkpapa Lakota, Sihasapa Lakota and Yanktonai Dakota. The reservation has an area of 9,251.2 square kilometers. The largest communities on the reservation are Fort Yates, Cannon Ball, together with the Hunkpapa and Sihasapa bands, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is part of what was known as the Great Sioux Nation. In 1868 the lands of the Great Sioux Nation were reduced in the Fort Laramie Treaty to the east side of the Missouri River, the Black Hills, considered by the Sioux to be sacred land, are located in the center of territory awarded to the tribe. In direct violation of the treaty, in 1874 General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry entered the Black Hills and discovered gold, starting a gold rush. The United States government wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people and it was an overwhelming Native American victory. The U. S. with its superior resources was soon able to force the Native Americans to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments, the Agreement of 1877 officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Native American reservations. Under the Agreement of 1877 the U. S. government took the Black Hills from the Sioux Nation, in February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state. It reduced it and divided it into five smaller reservations, on the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320-acre plots for individual households. Generally, they forbade inclusion of Native American traditional culture and language, the children were beaten if they tried to do anything related to their native culture. The farming plan failed to take account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota. By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, as the bison had been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation. The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, agent James McLaughlin asked for more troops. He claimed that spiritual leader Sitting Bull was the leader of the movement. If the Seventh-Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the Second Coming of the Savior, why should not the Indians have the same privilege. If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come, thousands of additional U. S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation. On December 15,1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance, during his arrest, one of Sitting Bulls men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant Bull Head, striking his right side. He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, the Hunkpapa who lived in Sitting Bulls camp and relatives fled to the south
30.
The Godfather
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The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy, based on Mario Puzos best-selling novel of the same name. It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family, the story, spanning 1945 to 1955, chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss. Paramount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for the price of $80,000, Studio executives had trouble finding a director, as their first few candidates turned down the position. They and Coppola disagreed over who would play characters, in particular Vito. Filming was done on location and completed earlier than scheduled, the musical score was composed primarily by Nino Rota with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola. The film was the film of 1972 and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made. It won the Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay and its seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino, James Caan, and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor and Coppola for Best Director. It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II and The Godfather Part III, the Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential, especially in the gangster genre. It was selected for preservation in the U. S, in 1945, at his daughter Connies wedding, Vito Corleone hears requests in his role as the Godfather, the Don of a New York crime family. Vitos youngest son, Michael, who was a Marine during World War II, introduces his girlfriend, Kay Adams, Woltz refuses until he wakes up in bed with the severed head of his prized stallion. Wary of involvement in a new trade that risks alienating political insiders. Suspicious, Vito sends his enforcer, Luca Brasi, to spy on them, however, a Tattaglia button man garrotes Brasi during Brasis first meeting with Bruno Tattaglia and Sollozzo. Later Sollozzo has Vito gunned down in the street, then kidnaps Hagen, with Corleone first-born Sonny in command, Hagen is pressured to persuade Sonny to accept Sollozzos deal, then released. The family receives fish wrapped in Brasis bullet-proof vest, indicating that Luca sleeps with the fishes, Vito survives, and at the hospital Michael thwarts another attempt on his father, Michaels jaw is broken by NYPD Captain Marc McCluskey, Sollozzos bodyguard. Sonny retaliates with a hit on Tattaglias son, Michael plots to murder Sollozzo and McCluskey, on the pretext of settling the dispute, Michael agrees to meet them in a Bronx restaurant. There, retrieving a planted handgun, he kills both men, despite a clampdown by the authorities, the Five Families erupt in open warfare and Vitos sons fear for their safety. Michael takes refuge in Sicily, and his brother, Fredo, is sheltered by the Corleones Las Vegas casino partner, Sonny attacks his brother-in-law Carlo on the street for abusing his sister and threatens to kill him if it happens again. When it does, Sonny speeds to their home, but is ambushed at a toll booth
31.
The Godfather (novel)
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Constanzia Connie Corleone is a fictional character in The Godfather, a novel by Mario Puzo and the 1972 film The Godfather. In the film, Connie is portrayed by Talia Shire, the sister of director Francis Ford Coppola, Shire was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Connie Corleone in The Godfather Part II. Born in 1925, Connie is the youngest child and only daughter of mafia don Vito Corleone and she is the sister of Sonny, Fredo and Michael Corleone. She marries Sonnys friend Carlo Rizzi and her father was very displeased that Connie married a man who was not only half northern Italian, but also had a criminal history. He only agreed to the marriage on condition that they hold an old-style Sicilian wedding, Carlo, who Puzo characterizes as a punk sore at the world, periodically abuses and cheats on Connie in frustration at being shunted aside by the Corleone family. The night of their wedding turned out to be a harbinger of things to come, after one particularly bad beating, Connie complains to her father, who refuses to help. The book reveals that in truth, Vito was outraged at how Carlo treated Connie, connies family grow to resent Carlo and his mistreatment of Connie, especially her oldest brother Sonny. One day, when Sonny visits Connie, he finds her in tears, Sonny chases and beats up Carlo in the street, threatening to kill Carlo if he hurts Connie again. Corleone rivals Emilio Barzini and Philip Tattaglia recruit Carlo to bring Sonny into the open, Carlo has a mistress call the house and a fight with Connie ensues that ends with Carlo again beating Connie. Connie calls the Corleone compound asking Sonny for help, an enraged Sonny drives off alone to help Connie, leaving his bodyguards following in a separate car. At a toll booth Sonny is shot and killed by Barzinis Tommy gun-wielding men, Michael returns from Sicily and takes Sonnys place as Vitos heir apparent. When Vito dies, Michael becomes the new Don and avenges Sonnys murder by having the heads of the Five Families killed, Connie flies into a rage when she finds out Carlo is dead and blames Michael, denouncing him in front of his wife Kay. In The Godfather Part II, Connie has remarried, divorced and she remains bitter toward Michael and announces that she intends to marry Merle Johnson, which Michael disapproves of. At the end of the film, Connie returns for her mothers funeral and she intercedes on Fredos behalf after Michael disowns him for conspiring with Corleone rival Hyman Roth, pleading with Michael to forgive him. Michael publicly appears to forgive Fredo, Connie later says that Fredo had drowned, unaware that Michael had him killed. After Michael and Kay divorce, Connie helps care for Michaels two children, Anthony and Mary, in a flashback at the end of the film, it is revealed that Sonny introduced her to Carlo in 1941 during Vitos birthday party. In The Godfather Part III, Connie is very close to her nephew Vincent Mancini, Connie encourages Michael to bring Vincent into the Corleone family and support him in his feud with Joey Zasa. When Michael suffers a stroke and recuperates in the hospital Connie
32.
Al Neri
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Albert Al Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzos novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppolas trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright and he functions as Michael Corleones personal enforcer and assassin. In the novel The Godfather, Neri begins his career as a New York City police officer, where he earns a reputation for a temper, quick reflexes. He frequently patrols with a flashlight, which he uses to assault Italian youths who run with gangs or shattering the windshields of diplomats who disregard traffic or parking laws. After his wife leaves him, Neri kills a drug dealer, tom Hagen and Peter Clemenza see Neri as a potential replacement for Luca Brasi, Vito Corleones feared enforcer, and arrange his release from prison. Normally, policemen are barred from becoming made men, but they were impressed enough with Neri to recommend that Michael intercede, Michael, appealing to Neris sense of loyalty and Sicilian-American roots, recruits him into Clemenzas regime. Clemenza is initially impressed by the ferocity that Neri displays in their first meeting, Neri later makes his bones and becomes Michaels chief lieutenant by personally murdering Moe Greene and Emilio Barzini on Michaels behalf. Neri carries out the murder while disguised in his old police uniform. When Michael and his move to Nevada, Neri becomes head of security for all hotels controlled by the Corleones. In the film version of The Godfather, Neris backstory is not mentioned and he does not say a word in the first film and following Michaels return from exile in Sicily, Neri becomes his bodyguard, accompanying him everywhere. In the famous sequence, Neri, disguised in a police uniform, guns down Barzini and his bodyguards on the steps of a courthouse. However, the murder of Greene, which occurs simultaneously, is handled by another, in The Godfather Part II, Neri is portrayed as Michaels unofficial second-in-command in his operations in Nevada, and is one of Michaels capos along with Rocco Lampone and Frank Pentangeli. In a deleted scene, Neri is shown convincing Meyer Klingman, when Klingman protests, Neri slaps him in the face and pursues him through the casinos showroom, while casino security guards do nothing. During a Senate investigation of Michaels criminal syndicate, Neri is identified as a capo for the Corleone family on an organization chart. Neri also carries out the execution of Michaels brother Fredo, under Michaels orders, while out fishing together on Lake Tahoe, Neri shoots Fredo in the back of the head. When Michael retires and transfers control of the family to Vincent, Neri is the second to pledge his loyalty, after Calò, in Mark Winegardners novel The Godfathers Revenge, Neri and his nephew take part in an attempt to obtain information from antagonist Nick Geracis father. He is seriously wounded in a shootout at the end of the novel, in The Godfather, The Game, Neri is voiced by Gary Chalk. Al Neri at the Internet Movie Database
33.
Spider-Man 3
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Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film produced by Marvel Studios, and distributed by Columbia Pictures based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and scripted by Sam Raimi, Ivan Raimi and it is the final film in Raimis Spider-Man film trilogy and the sequel to Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2. Set three years after the events of Spider-Man 2, Peter Parker has become a phenomenon as Spider-Man. Harry Osborn still seeks vengeance for his fathers death, and an escaped Flint Marko falls into an accelerator and is transformed into a shape-shifting sand manipulator. An extraterrestrial symbiote crashes to Earth and bonds with Peter, influencing his behavior for the worse, development of Spider-Man 3 began immediately after the release of Spider-Man 2 for a 2007 release. Principal photography for the film began in January 2006, and took place in Los Angeles and Cleveland, additional pick-up shots were made after August and the film wrapped in October 2006. During post-production, Sony Pictures Imageworks created 900 visual effects shots, Spider-Man 3 premiered on April 16,2007 in Tokyo, and was released in the United States in both conventional and IMAX theaters on May 4,2007. The film grossed $890.9 million worldwide, making it the most successful film of the trilogy financially and the second film in the franchise that was released on IMAX. A fourth film titled Spider-Man 4 was set to be released on May 6,2011, Peter Parker plans to propose to Mary Jane Watson, who has just made her Broadway musical debut. A meteorite lands at Central Park, and an extraterrestrial symbiote follows Peter to his apartment, Harry Osborn, seeking vengeance for his fathers death, attacks Peter with newly-made weapons based on his fathers Green Goblin technology. The battle ends in a stalemate, with Harry receiving amnesia, meanwhile, police pursue escaped prisoner and robber Flint Marko, who is determined to see and save his dying daughter. Marko ends up falling into a particle accelerator that fuses his body with the surrounding sand. During a festival honoring Spider-Man, Peter kisses Gwen Stacy for show, a newly superpowered Marko robs an armored car and Spider-Man confronts him. Initially warning him to leave to battle, Marko easily subdues him. NYPD Captain George Stacy informs Peter and Aunt May that Marko was Uncle Bens true killer, while a vengeance-obsessed Peter sleeps in his Spider-Man costume, the symbiote assimilates his suit. Peter later wakes up and discovers his costume changed and his powers enhanced, however, wearing the new suit, Spider-Man locates Marko and battles him in a subway tunnel. He discovers that water is Markos weakness, so he breaks a water pipe to reduce Marko to mud, washing him away, Peters changed personality alienates Mary Jane, whose career is floundering, and she finds solace with Harry. Harry recovers from his amnesia, and urged by a hallucination of his father, after Mary Jane tells Peter she loves somebody else, Harry meets with Peter and claims to be the other guy
34.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
35.
Law & Order (franchise)
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Law & Order is a franchise composed of a number of related American television series created by Dick Wolf. They were originally broadcast on NBC, and all of deal with some aspect of the criminal justice system. Together, the series, its various spin-offs, the TV film. Shared people and resources in a fictional setting are the connecting links between the shows, e. g. Hudson University and the New York Ledger tabloid newspaper. Many supporting characters, such as attorneys, psychologists and medical examiners are also shared among the shows. Occasionally, crossovers of characters or shared storylines between two of the shows will occur. A few major characters have left the cast of one show within the franchise only to eventually join another. The music, style and credits of the shows tend to be similar, the shows share the iconic dun, dun sound effect of a jail cell locking, created, along with the theme songs, by Mike Post. In October 2012, Law & Order, Special Victims Unit show runner/executive producer Warren Leight said of the future of the Law & Order franchise, im curious to see if theres another iteration somewhere down the line, he says. We try hard to maintain a level of quality which I think is why the shows sustained in reruns so well. And Id like to believe theres room for another generation in some way, in February 2015, NBC was purported to have interest in bringing back the flagship Law & Order as a limited series. As of February 2016, NBC has not publicly announced intentions to revive the original series, as of March 22,2017,1,088 original episodes of the Law & Order franchise have aired. The first thirty minutes of an episode features a lead detective trio. On May 14,2010, NBC announced that it was canceling the original series, the series finale aired on May 24,2010. Wolf briefly attempted to continue the series on cable, but the series moved into the history books, Law & Order, Special Victims Unit 18 seasons, 400+ episodes SVU follows the cases investigated by Olivia Benson and her Manhattan Special Victims Unit colleagues. The shows focus is on detectives who investigate sexually based crimes and crimes against children, during season eighteen, these detectives include Kelli Giddish, Ice-T, and Peter Scanavino. The detectives depicted, portrayed by Vincent DOnofrio and Kathryn Erbe, during the final season, julia Ormond and Jay O. Sanders also star in the tenth season of the series. On July 15,2011, USA Network co-president Jeff Wachtel confirmed Law & Order and this was the first Law & Order spin-off to be canceled due to low ratings, Orbachs death also contributed to the shows cancellation, as well as its competition with the hit series Numb3rs
36.
The Defenders (1961 TV series)
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The Defenders is an American courtroom drama series that ran on CBS from 1961 to 1965. It was created by television writer Reginald Rose, the Museum of Broadcast Communications called it perhaps the most socially conscious series the medium has ever seen, a show singularly resonant with New Frontier liberalism. In 2002, The Defenders was ranked #31 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, and in 2013 TV Guide ranked it #8 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time. We were never interested in producing a who-done-it which simply happened to be resolved each week in a courtroom battle of wits. And unlike Perry Mason, which ran on CBS, victory was far from certain on The Defenders—as were morality. In 2008, this incident was used as the basis for a season episode of the 1960s-set drama Mad Men. The December 7,1963 episode, Climate of Evil was originally titled The Gentle Assassin, note, The most frequent time slot for the series is in bold text. Factory released the complete first season on DVD in Region 1, 1961–1962, #26 1962–1963, #18 1963–1964, N/A 1964–1965, N/A As a top 30 series, The Defenders has an average rating of 23.2. The Defenders won 13 Emmy Awards and received an additional seven nominations, the series was a slight reworking of Roses 1957 two-part drama, The Defender, from the anthology series Studio One. In the original program, Ralph Bellamy played the father and William Shatner played his son, Shatner guest-starred in various roles in the later series, and the original drama later was incorporated into an episode of his series, Boston Legal. Original music for the series was scored by Frank Lewin and Leonard Rosenman, a re-envisioned version of the series debuted on the Showtime network in 1997. Still called The Defenders, it featured E. G, Marshall in his original role as Lawrence Preston. Don and M. J. worked as lawyers and carried on the family legacy, however, Marshall died after completion of the second episode. Production was halted and the episode, Taking the First. The second season of Mad Men contains an episode named The Benefactor that featured a clip from The Defenders episode of the same name. The episode also offers a fictional backstory for the episode, that it was written for the season of the series. The directors refusal led to the network being forced to film the abortion-centric script, the Defenders at the Internet Movie Database The Defenders at TV. com The Five Best Episodes of The Defenders
37.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse
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The Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse is a courthouse in Manhattan. At 500 Pearl Street in Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of lower Manhattan in New York City, the Second Circuit returned to the Marshall Courthouse after renovations were completed. The courthouse is 27 stories tall and it is made of granite, marble, and oak. It includes public art from Raymond Kaskey and Maya Lin, the exhibition New Yorks Moynihan, presented by the Museum of the City of New York, is located in the courthouse lobby. Using seven pillars, the exhibition documents Moynihan as the Senator, the Man, the New Yorker, the Diplomat, the Presidential Cabinet Member, the Intellectual, the courthouse is open between 8,30 a. m. and 5,00 p. m. The Clerks Office opens for business at 8,30 a. m. and closes at 5,00 p. m. Court security officers will open the doors at 8,00 a. m. and close these doors at 5,00 p. m. Groundbreaking took place on March 29,1991. The construction of the building is part of the General Services Administration Foley Square Project, the courthouse was officially opened on June 3,1996. The courthouse was renamed after Moynihan in 2000 under legislation sponsored by Senator Chuck Schumer, Moynihan worked to push Congress, the General Services Administration, and various New York City mayors to build the courthouse. Moynihan Name Lives On At the Newest Courthouse, mayor Giuliani Attends Dedication Ceremony for the Largest Federal Courthouse in the Nation. Federal Courthouse to Be Named for Senator Moynihan
38.
Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders
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The trials led to the US Supreme Court decisions Dennis v. United States and Yates v. United States. The first trial, held in New York in 1949, was one of the lengthiest trials in American history, large numbers of supporters of the defendants protested outside the courthouse on a daily basis. The trial featured twice on the cover of Time magazine, the defense frequently antagonized the judge and prosecution, and five defendants were jailed for contempt of court because they disrupted the proceedings. Public opinion was overwhelmingly against the defendants, two of the attorneys were subsequently disbarred. After the first trial, the prosecutors – encouraged by their success – prosecuted over 100 further CPUSA officers for violating the Smith Act, some were tried solely because they were members of the Party. Many of these defendants had difficulty finding attorneys to represent them, the trials decimated the leadership of the CPUSA. After the revolution in Russia in 1917, the communist movement gradually gained footholds in many countries around the world, in Europe and the US, communist parties were formed, generally allied with trade union and labor causes. During the First Red Scare of 1919–1920, many Americans were fearful that Bolshevism and anarchism would lead to disruption within the US. In the late 1930s, state and federal legislatures passed laws designed to expose communists, including laws requiring loyalty oaths, even the American Civil Liberties Union, a free-speech advocacy organization, passed a resolution in 1939 expelling communists from its leadership ranks. Following Congressional investigation of left-wing and right-wing extremist political groups in the mid-1930s, the alliance of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and their invasion of Poland in September gave the movement added impetus. In 1940 the Congress passed the Alien Registration Act of 1940 which required all adult residents to register with the government. The duty, necessity, desirability. of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States. Five million non-citizens were fingerprinted and registered following passage of the Act, the first persons convicted under the Smith Act were members of the Socialist Workers Party in Minneapolis in 1941. Leaders of the CPUSA, bitter rivals of the Trotskyist SWP, in 1943, the government used the Smith Act to prosecute American Nazis, that case ended in a mistrial when the judge died of a heart attack. Anxious to avoid alienating the Soviet Union, then an ally, the CPUSAs membership peaked at around 80,000 members during World War II under the leadership of Earl Browder, who was not a strict Stalinist and cooperated with the US government during the war. In late 1945, hardliner William Z. Foster took over leadership of the CPUSA, the CPUSA was not very influential in American politics, and by 1948 its membership had declined to 60,000 members. Truman did not feel that the CPUSA was a threat yet he made the specter of communism a campaign issue during the 1948 election. The perception of communism in the US was shaped by the Cold War, instead of holding elections for new governments, as agreed at Yalta, the Soviet Union occupied several Eastern European countries, leading to a strained relationship with the US
