1.
Suffragette
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Suffragettes were members of womens organizations in the late-19th and early-20th centuries which advocated the extension of the franchise, or the right to vote in public elections, to women. It particularly refers to militants in the United Kingdom such as members of the Womens Social and Political Union, suffragist is a more general term for members of the suffrage movement. The term suffragette is particularly associated with activists in the British WSPU, led by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, Women in South Australia achieved the same right and became the first to obtain the right to stand for parliament in 1895. Women in Britain over the age of 30, meeting certain property qualifications, were given the right to vote in 1918, opinion amongst historians today is divided as to whether the militant tactics of the suffragettes helped or hindered their cause. British suffragettes were mostly women from upper and middle-class backgrounds, frustrated by their social, mill introduced the idea of womens suffrage on the platform he presented to the British electorate in 1865. He was subsequently joined by men and women fighting for the same cause. The term suffragette was first used as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E, hands in the London Daily Mail to describe activists in the movement for womens suffrage, in particular members of the Womens Social and Political Union. But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term saying suffraGETtes implied not only that they wanted the vote, the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies, founded in 1897, was formed from local suffrage societies. The union was led by Millicent Fawcett, who believed in constitutional campaigning, issuing leaflets, organising meetings and presenting petitions, in 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organisation, the Womens Social and Political Union. She thought the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective, the Daily Mail gave them the name Suffragettes. Some radical techniques used by the suffragettes, especially hunger strikes, were learned from Russian exiles from tsarism who had escaped to England, many suffragists at the time, and most historians since, have argued that the actions of the militant suffragettes damaged their cause. Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional, from 1909, the Pank-A-Squith board game was sold by the WSPU to raise awareness of their campaign and raise money. The name is derived from Pankhurst the surname of the leaders of the WSPU, and Asquith, the surname of the Prime Minister at the time and a largely hated figure by the movement. The Peoples History Museum in Manchester has a Pank-A-Squith board game on display in the main galleries, one suffragette, Emily Davison, died under the Kings horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby of 4 June 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pin a Votes for Women banner on the Kings horse or not, many of her fellow suffragettes were imprisoned and refused food as a scare tactic against the government. The Liberal government of the day led by Asquith responded with the Cat, another prominent British Suffragette, Sophia Duleep Singh was almost forgotten for 70 years. In the early-20th century until the First World War, approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain, most early incarcerations were for public order offences and failure to pay outstanding fines. The first suffragettes to be imprisoned were Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney in October 1905 and this cause was taken up by the Womens Social and Political Union, a large organisation in Britain, that lobbied for womens suffrage led by militant suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst
2.
HM Prison Holloway
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HM Prison Holloway was a closed category prison for adult women and young offenders in Holloway, London, England, operated by Her Majestys Prison Service. It was the largest womens prison in western Europe until its closure in 2016, Holloway prison was opened in 1852 as a mixed-sex prison, but due to growing demand for space for female prisoners, particularly due to the closure of Newgate, it became female-only in 1903. Holloway was used to imprison suffragettes including Constance Markievicz Charlotte Despard, Mary Richardson, Dora Montefiore, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, in 2016, after the suspicious death of inmate Sarah Reed, her family claimed that the prison had forbidden them to examine the body. Holloway Prison was completely rebuilt between 1971 and 1985 on the same site, Holloway Prison held female adults and young offenders remanded or sentenced by the local courts. Accommodation at the prison was mostly single cells, however, there was also some dormitory accommodation, Holloway Prison offered both full-time and part-time education to inmates, with courses including skills training workshops, British Industrial Cleaning Science, gardening, and painting. There was a visitors centre, run by the Prison Advice and Care Trust. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced in his Autumn Statement on 25 November 2015 that the prison would close and it closed in July 2016, with prisoners being moved to HMP Downview and HMP Bronzefield. For decades, British campaigners had argued for votes for women and it was only when a number of suffragists, despairing of change through peaceful means, decided to turn to militant protest that the suffragette was born. These women broke the law in pursuit of their aims, and many were imprisoned at Holloway, in protest, some went on hunger strike and were force fed, so Holloway has a large symbolic role in the history of womens rights in the UK. Suffragettes imprisoned there include Anne Miller Fraser, Constance Markievicz, Charlotte Despard, Mary Richardson, Dora Montefiore, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, in 1912 the anthem of the suffragettes - The March of the Women, composed by Ethel Smyth with lyrics by Cicely Hamilton - was performed there. Holloway held Diana Mitford under Defence Regulation 18B during World War II, the couple lived together in a cottage in the prison grounds. In 1971 the prison underwent a programme of rebuilding, during which the remains of all the executed women were exhumed. With the exception of Ruth Ellis, the remains of the four women were subsequently reburied in a single grave at Brookwood Cemetery near Woking. Noteworthy inmates that were held at the original 1852-era prison include William Thomas Stead, Isabella Glyn, digby Hardy, Christabel Pankhurst, Kitty Byron and Lady Ida Sitwell, wife of Sir George Sitwell. Other inmates included Amie Bartholomew, Emma Last, Matthew Etherington, Alison Walder, Jayne Richards, in October 1999, it was announced that healthcare campaigner and agony aunt Claire Rayner had been called in to advise on an improved healthcare provision at Holloway Prison. Rayners appointment was announced after the introduction of measures at the prisons healthcare unit after various failures. In September 2001, a report from Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons claimed that Holloway Prison was failing many of its inmates. However, the stated that the prison had improved in a number of areas
3.
Hunger strike
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Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. In cases where an entity has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker, fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan. It was detailed in the contemporary civic codes, and had rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender, scholars speculate this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at ones doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor, others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong, there are legends of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, using the hunger strike as well. This Indian practice is ancient, going back to around 400 to 750 BC and this can be known since it appears in the Ramayana, which was composed around that time. The actual mention appears in the Ayodhya kanda, in Sarga 103, bharata has gone to ask the exiled Rama to come back and rule the kingdom. Bharata tries many arguments, none of which work, at which point he decides to do a hunger strike and he announces his intention to fast, calls for his charioteer Sumantra to bring him some sacred Kusha grass, and lies down upon the grass in front of Rama. Rama, however, is able to persuade him to abandon the attempt. Rama mentions it as a practice of the brahmanas, in the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose. After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis, after depleting fat, the body enters a starvation mode. At this point the body mines the muscles and vital organs for energy, there are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike. In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons, marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr, other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture, in 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge of Ill Health Act changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick, when they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest, Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche
4.
Women's suffrage
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Womens suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland, Iceland, Sweden and some Australian colonies, National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, and also worked for equal civil rights for women. In 1881, the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand, granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full womens suffrage, enabling women to vote in the referendum of 31 July 1900. In 1902 women in the four colonies also acquired the right to vote. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in elections, were not completely removed until 1962. Norway followed, granting full womens suffrage in 1913, most independent countries enacted womens suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. If women could work in factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was more than simply a reward for war work. Late adopters in Europe included Spain in 1931, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, Switzerland in 1971, the United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed womens suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established womens suffrage in the 1940s, the last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for womens suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men, for instance, in ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though forms of parliament arose at different times. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times and they make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace. The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line, Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them
5.
Nasogastric intubation
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Nasogastric intubation is a medical process involving the insertion of a plastic tube through the nose, past the throat, and down into the stomach. Orogastric intubation is a process involving the insertion of a plastic tube through the mouth. The nasogastric tube is a vacuum tube and it is used when a physician desires to keep the stomach continuously and completely empty/evacuated of swallowed air, swallowed saliva, gastric secretions or fresh blood. The original NG tube failed Dr. Harold W and this was the first double-lumen nasogastric tube. A nasogastric tube is used for feeding and administering drugs and other agents such as activated charcoal. For drugs and for minimal quantities of liquid, a syringe is used for injection into the tube, for continuous feeding, a gravity based system is employed, with the solution placed higher than the patients stomach. If accrued supervision is required for the feeding, the tube is connected to an electronic pump which can control and measure the patients intake. Nasogastric aspiration is the process of draining the stomachs contents via the tube, nasogastric aspiration is mainly used to remove gastrointestinal secretions and swallowed air in patients with gastrointestinal obstructions. If the tube is to be used for drainage, it is usually appended to a collector bag placed below the level of the patients stomach. It can also be appended to a system, however this method is often restricted to emergency situations. In non-emergency situations, intermittent suction is often applied giving the benefits of suction without the effects of damage to the stomach lining. Suction drainage is also used for patients who have undergone a pneumonectomy in order to prevent anesthesia-related vomiting, such aspiration would represent a serious risk of complications to patients recovering from this surgery. Types of nasogastric tubes include, Levin catheter, which is a single lumen and it is more appropriate for administration of medication or nutrition. Salem Sump catheter, which is a large bore NG tube with double lumen and this avails for aspiration in one lumen, and venting in the other to reduce negative pressure and prevent gastric mucosa from being drawn into the catheter. Dobhoff tube, which is a small bore NG tube with a weight at the end intended to pull it by gravity during insertion. Before an NG tube is inserted, it must be measured from the tip of the nose, loop around their ear. The tube is then marked at this level to ensure that the tube has been inserted far enough into the patients stomach. Many commercially available stomach and duodenal tubes have several standard depth markings, for example 18,22,26 and 30 from distal end, the end of a plastic tube is lubricated and inserted into one of the patients anterior nares
6.
Vladimir Bukovsky
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Since being expelled from the country in late 1976 he has remained in active and vocal opposition to the Soviet system and the shortcomings of its successor regimes in Russia. A writer, neurophysiologist, and activist, he is celebrated for his part in the campaign to expose, in 2001, Vladimir Bukovsky received the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom which has been awarded annually since 1993 by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Vladimir Bukovsky was born in the town of Belebey in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, after the war he and his parents returned to Moscow where his father Konstantin was a well-known Soviet journalist. During his last year at school Vladimir was expelled for creating and editing an unauthorized magazine, in order to meet the requirements to apply for a university place he completed his secondary education at evening classes. In September 1960 Bukovsky entered Moscow University to study biology, there he and some friends decided to revive the informal Mayakovsky Square poetry readings which began after a statue to the poet was unveiled in central Moscow in 1958. They made contact with earlier participants of the such as Vladimir Osipov, the editor of Boomerang. It was then that the 19-year-old Bukovsky wrote his notes on the Communist Youth League or Komsomol. Later this text was given the title Theses on the Collapse of the Komsomol by the KGB, Bukovsky portrayed the USSR as an illegal society facing an acute ideological crisis. The Komsomol was moribund, he asserted, having lost both moral and spiritual authority, and he called for its democratisation and this text and his other activities brought Bukovsky to the attention of the authorities. He was interrogated twice before being out of the university in autumn 1961. Bukovsky was arrested on 1 June 1963 and he was later convicted, in absentia, by reason on his insanity, under Article 70.1 of the RSFSR Criminal Code. The official charge was the making and possession of photocopies of anti-Soviet literature and it was there he became acquainted with General Petro Grigorenko, a fellow inmate. In December 1965, Bukovsky helped prepare a demonstration on Pushkin Square in central Moscow to protest against the trial of the writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel. The demonstration on 5 December 1965 became known as the Glasnost Meeting or rally, Bukovsky himself was unable to attend. Three days earlier he was arrested, charged with distributing the appeal, and kept in various psikhushkas, among them Hospital No 13 at Lublino, Stolbovaya and the Serbsky Institute, until July 1966. On 1 September 1967 at his own trial Bukovsky used his words to attack the regimes failure to respect the law or follow legal procedures. He invoked Article 125 of the 1936 Soviet Constitution to defend the right to organize demonstrations and he further suggested that the prosecution had repeatedly failed to observe the revised 1961 Code of Criminal Procedure in its conduct of the case. Fellow protestors Vadim Delaunay and Yevgeny Kushev admitted regret for their actions but not their guilt, Bukovsky was defiant and, like fellow demonstrator Victor Khaustov, was given three years in an ordinary regime corrective-labour camp
7.
World Medical Association
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The World Medical Association is an international and independent confederation of free professional medical associations, therefore representing physicians worldwide. WMA was formally established on September 18,1947 and has grown in 2016 to 112 national medical associations, with this unique partnership, WMA aims to facilitate high-caliber, humane care to patients in a healthy environment, enhancing the quality of life for all people in the world. The WMA was founded on 18 September 1947, when physicians from 27 different countries met at the First General Assembly of the WMA in Paris, the WMA members gathered in an annual meeting, which from 1962 was named World Medical Assembly. Since its beginning WMA has shown concern over the state of ethics in general and over the world. A modernized wording of the ancient oath of Hippocrates was sent for consideration at the II General Assembly in Geneva in 1948, the medical vow was adopted and the Assembly agreed to name it the Declaration of Geneva. Also in the same II General Assembly a report on War Crimes and this prompted the Council to appoint another Study Committee to prepare an International Code of Medical Ethics, which after an extensive discussion, was adopted in 1949 by the III General Assembly. The Assembly elects the WMA Council every two years with representatives drawn from each of the six WMA regions, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and it also elects the WMA president annually, who is the Ceremonial Head of the WMA. The President, President Elect and Immediate Past President form the Presidium that is available to speak for the WMA, every two years, the WMA Council, excluding the Presidium, elects a Chairperson who is the political head of the organization. As Chief Executive of the units of the WMA, the Secretary-General is in full-time employment at the Secretariat. The WMA Secretariat is situated in Ferney-Voltaire, France, adjacent to the City of Geneva, english, French, and Spanish are the official languages of the association since its creation. The WMA have the status of membership, Constituent Membership. Such associations are broadly representative of the physicians of their country by virtue of their membership and they range from chambers to orders, from colleges to private associations. Some of these have compulsory membership and some are trade unions, all WMA policy documents and publications are available for free download on their website. While not all inclusive, this provides an overview of the WMA’s most important partnerships
8.
Torture
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Torture is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain on an organism in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act, in other cases, the torturer may be indifferent to the condition of the victim. Alternatively, some forms of torture are designed to inflict pain or leave as little physical injury or evidence as possible while achieving the same psychological devastation. The torturer may or may not kill or injure the victim, depending on the aim, even a form of torture that is intentionally fatal may be prolonged to allow the victim to suffer as long as possible. Although torture is sanctioned by some states, it is prohibited under international law, although widely illegal and reviled there is an ongoing debate as to what exactly is and is not legally defined to be torture. It is a violation of human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Torture is also prohibited for the signatories of the United Nations Convention Against Torture, despite these findings and international conventions, organizations that monitor abuses of human rights report widespread use condoned by states in many regions of the world. Amnesty International estimates that at least 81 world governments currently practice torture, the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which is currently in force since June 26,1987, provides a broad definition of torture. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to and this definition includes torture as part of domestic violence or ritualistic abuse, as well as in criminal activities. The Rome Statute is the treaty set up the International Criminal Court. The treaty was adopted at a conference in Rome on 17 July 1998. The Rome Statute provides a simplest definition of torture regarding the prosecution of war criminals by the International Criminal Court, since 1973, Amnesty International has adopted the simplest, broadest definition of torture. Title 18 of the United States Code contains the definition of torture in 18 U. S. C, §2340, which is only applicable to persons committing or attempting to commit torture outside of the United States. The Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 provides remedies to individuals who are victims of torture by persons acting in a capacity of any foreign nation. The definition is similar to the U. S. Code §2340, Torture grew into an ornate discipline, where calibrated violence served two functions, to investigate and produce confessions and to attack the body as a form of punishment. Entire populaces of towns would show up to witness an execution by torture in the public square and those who had been spared torture were commonly locked barefooted into the stocks, where children took delight in rubbing feces into their hair and mouths. The Age of Enlightenment in the world further developed the idea of universal human rights. The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 marks the recognition at least nominally of a ban of torture by all UN member states
9.
Sylvia Pankhurst
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Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst was an English campaigner for the suffragette movement, a prominent left communist and, later, an activist in the cause of anti-fascism. Sylvia and her sisters, Christabel and Adela, attended Manchester High School for Girls, Sylvia trained as an artist at the Manchester School of Art, and, in 1900, won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in South Kensington. In 1907 she toured industrial towns in the North of England and in Scotland, in 1906, Sylvia Pankhurst started to work full-time for the Womens Social and Political Union with her sister Christabel and their mother. She applied her artistic talents on behalf of the WSPU, devising its logo and various leaflets, banners and posters as well, however, in contrast to Emmeline and Christabel, she retained an affiliation with the labour movement and concentrated her activity on local campaigning. She and Amy Bull founded the East London Federation of the WSPU, by 1914, Sylvia had many disagreements with the route the WSPU was taking. She had a personal relationship with the Labour politician Keir Hardie. On November 1,1913, Pankhurst showed her support in the Dublin Lockout, the members of the WSPU, particularly co-founder and her sister Christabel, did not agree with her actions, thus expelling her from the union. She founded the newspaper of the WSF, Womens Dreadnought, which became the Workers Dreadnought. It organised against the First World War and some of its members hid conscientious objectors from the police and she was opposed to the war, and was publicly attacked in the newly renamed WSPU newspaper Britannia. Her organisation attempted to organise the defence of the interests of women in the parts of London. It set up cost-price restaurants to feed the hungry without the taint of charity and it also established a toy factory to give work to women who had become unemployed because of the war. In 1915, Sylvia gave her support to the International Womens Peace Congress. The WSF continued to move towards left-wing politics and hosted the meeting of the Communist Party. Workers Dreadnought published Sylvia Pankhursts A Constitution for British Soviets to coincide with this meeting, the CP was opposed to parliamentarism, in contrast to the views of the newly founded British Socialist Party which formed the Communist Party of Great Britain in August 1920. The CP soon dissolved itself into the larger, official Communist Party, when the leadership of the CPGB proposed that Sylvia Pankhurst hand over the Workers Dreadnought to the party she revolted. As a result she was expelled from the CPGB and moved to found the short-lived Communist Workers Party, by this time she was an adherent of left or council communism. She attended meetings of the Communist International in Russia and Amsterdam, and she disagreed with Lenin on his advice to work with the British Labour Party and was supportive of left communists such as Anton Pannekoek. Sylvia Pankhurst objected to entering into a contract and taking a husbands name
10.
Emmeline Pankhurst
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Emmeline Pankhurst was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, born in Moss Side, Manchester to politically active parents, Pankhurst was introduced at the age of 14 to the womens suffrage movement. On 18 December 1879, she married Richard Pankhurst, a barrister 24 years older than her known for supporting womens right to vote, they had five children over the next ten years. He supported her activities outside the home, and she founded and became involved with the Womens Franchise League, while working as a Poor Law Guardian, she was shocked at the harsh conditions she encountered in Manchesters workhouses. In 1903, five years after her husband died, Pankhurst founded the Womens Social and Political Union, the group identified as independent from – and often in opposition to – political parties. It became known for physical confrontations, its members smashed windows, Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists received repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhursts eldest daughter Christabel took leadership of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew, eventually the group adopted arson as a tactic, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhursts daughters Adela, Emmeline was so furious that she gave a ticket, £20, and a letter of introduction to a suffragette in Australia, and firmly insisted that she emigrate. Adela complied and the rift was never healed. With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called a halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British governments stand against the German Peril. They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to all men over the age of 21 and this discrepancy was intended to ensure that men did not become minority voters as a consequence of the huge number of deaths suffered during the First World War. Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Womens Party, which was dedicated to promoting womens equality in public life, in her later years, she became concerned with what she perceived as the menace posed by Bolshevism and joined the Conservative Party. She was selected as the Conservative candidate for Stepney in 1927 and she died on 14 June 1928, only weeks before the Conservative governments Representation of the People Act extended the vote to all women over 21 years of age on 2 July 1928. She was commemorated two years later with a statue in Londons Victoria Tower Gardens, Emmeline Pankhurst was born on 15 July 1858 in the Manchester suburb of Moss Side. Although her birth certificate states otherwise, she believed that her birthday was a day earlier, most biographies, including those written by her daughters, repeat this claim. Feeling a kinship with the revolutionaries who stormed the Bastille, she said in 1908. The reason for the discrepancy remains unclear, the family into which she was born had been steeped in political agitation for generations
11.
Women's Social and Political Union
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The Womens Social and Political Union was the leading militant organisation campaigning for Womens suffrage in the United Kingdom, 1903–1917. Its membership and policies were tightly controlled by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and it was best known for hunger strikes, for breaking windows in prominent buildings, and for night-time arson of unoccupied houses and churches. The founders decided to form an organisation, which would campaign for social reforms. They would also campaign for an extension of suffrage, believing that this was central to sexual equality. To illustrate their more militant stance, they adopted the slogan Deeds, by 1913, the WSPU appointed the fiercely militant feminist Nora Dacre Fox as General Secretary. Dacre Fox operated as a highly effective propagandist delivering rousing speeches at the WSPU weekly meetings, in 1905, the group convinced the Member of Parliament Bamford Slack to introduce a womens suffrage bill, which was ultimately talked out, but the publicity spurred rapid expansion of the group. This translated into abandoning their initial commitment to also supporting social reforms. In 1906, the group began a series of demonstrations and lobbies of Parliament, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of growing numbers of their members. The Prime Minister agreed with their argument but was obliged to do nothing at all about it and so urged the women to go on pestering and to exercise the virtue of patience. Some of the women Campbell-Bannerman advised to be patient had been working for womens rights for as many as fifty years and his thoughtless words infuriated the protesters and by those foolish words the militant movement became irrevocably established, and the stage of revolt began. Commenting on the phenomenon, Charles Hands, writing in the Daily Mail, in 1907 the organisation held the first of several of their Womens Parliaments. The Labour Party then voted to support universal suffrage and this split them from the WSPU, which had always accepted the property qualifications which already applied to womens participation in local elections. Under Christabels direction, the group began to more explicitly organise exclusively among middle class women and this led a small group of prominent members to leave and form the Womens Freedom League. Immediately following the WSPU/WFL split, in autumn 1907, Frederick and Emmeline Pethick Lawrence founded the WSPUs own newspaper, the Pethick Lawrences, who were part of the leadership of the WSPU until 1912, edited the newspaper and supported it financially in the early years. In 1908 the WSPU adopted purple, white, and green as its official colours, June 1908 saw the first major public use of these colours when the WSPU held a 300, 000-strong Womens Sunday rally in Hyde Park. In February 1907 the WSPU founded the Womans Press, which oversaw publishing and propaganda for the organisation, the womans Press in London and WSPU chains throughout the UK operated stores selling WSPU products. Until January 1911, the WSPUs official anthem was The Womens Marseillaise, in that month the anthem was changed to The March of the Women, newly composed by Ethel Smyth with words by Cicely Hamilton. The government later passed the Prisoners Act 1913, which allowed the release of suffragettes who were close to due to malnourishment
12.
Djuna Barnes
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Djuna Barnes was an American writer and artist best known for her novel Nightwood, a cult classic of lesbian fiction and an important work of modernist literature. In 1913, Barnes began her career as a freelance journalist, by early 1914, Barnes was a highly sought feature reporter, interviewer, and illustrator whose work appeared in the city’s leading newspapers and periodicals. In 1921, a commission with McCall’s magazine took Barnes to Paris. During the 1930s, Barnes spent time in England, Paris, New York and it was during this restless time that she wrote and published Nightwood. In October 1939, after two decades living mostly in Europe, Barnes returned to New York. She published her last major work, the verse play The Antiphon, in 1958, Barnes was born in a log cabin on Storm King Mountain, near Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York. Her paternal grandmother Zadel Barnes was a writer, journalist, and her father, Wald Barnes, was an unsuccessful composer, musician, and painter. An advocate of polygamy, he married Barness mother Elizabeth in 1889, his mistress Fanny Clark moved in with them in 1897 and they had eight children, whom Wald made little effort to support financially. As the second oldest child, Barnes spent much of her childhood helping care for siblings and half-siblings and she received her early education at home, mostly from her father and grandmother, who taught her writing, art, and music but neglected subjects such as math and spelling. She claimed to have had no schooling at all, some evidence suggests that she was enrolled in public school for a time after age ten. At the age of 16 she was raped, apparently by a neighbor with the knowledge and consent of her father and she referred to the rape obliquely in her first novel Ryder and more directly in her furious final play The Antiphon. Shortly before her 18th birthday she reluctantly married Fanny Clarks brother Percy Faulkner in a ceremony without benefit of clergy. The match had been promoted by her father, grandmother, mother, and brother. In 1912 Barness family, facing financial ruin, split up, Elizabeth moved to New York City with Barnes and three of her brothers, then filed for divorce, freeing Wald to marry Fanny Clark. Upon arriving at the Daily Eagle, Barnes declared, “I can draw and write and she also published short fiction in the New York Morning Telegraphs Sunday supplement and in the pulp magazine All-Story Cavalier Weekly. Much of Barness journalism was subjective and experiential, writing about a conversation with James Joyce, she admitted to missing part of what he said because her attention had wandered, though she revered Joyces writing. For a 1914 New York World magazine article she submitted to force-feeding and she concluded, I had shared the greatest experience of the bravest of my sex. It was their mistreatment which motivated Barnes to experience for herself the torture of being force-fed, Barnes immersed herself in risky situations in order to access experiences that a previous generation of homebound women had been denied
13.
New York World
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The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a role in the history of American newspapers. It was a national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it became a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers attention, the World was formed in 1860. From 1862 to 1876, it was edited by Manton Marble, in 1864, the World was shut down for three days after it published forged documents purportedly from Abraham Lincoln. But Scott was unable to meet the newspapers growing losses, Gould, like Scott, used the paper for his own purposes, employing it to help him take over Western Union. But Gould could not turn the state of the newspaper around. Joseph Pulitzer bought the World in 1883 and began an era of circulation building. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of Americas first investigative journalists, often working undercover, as a publicity stunt for the paper, inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days, she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889-1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time, in 1889, Julius Chambers was appointed by Pulitzer as managing editor of the New York World, he served until 1891. In 1896, the World began using a printing press, it was the first newspaper to launch a color supplement. It joined a battle with William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal American. The World was attacked for being sensational, and its battles with Hearsts Journal American gave rise to the term yellow journalism. The charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, and while the World presented its fair share of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a number of poor children. Its coverage spurred action in the city for reform, hearst reproduced Pulitzers approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal American. Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a basis as the editor of the World in 1904 by publisher Pulitzer. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzers attempts to run the office from his home, the elder man was so invested in the paper that he continually meddled with Cobbs work
14.
Irish republicanism
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Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. This followed hundreds of years of British conquest and Irish resistance through rebellion and it launched the 1798 Rebellion with the help of French troops. The rebellion had some success, especially in County Wexford, before it was suppressed, a second rising in 1803, led by Robert Emmet, was quickly put down, and Emmet was hanged. The Young Ireland movement, formed in the 1830s, was initially a part of the Repeal Association of Daniel OConnell, primarily a political and cultural organisation, some members of Young Ireland staged an abortive rising, the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. Its leaders were transported to Van Diemens Land, some of these escaped to the United States, where they linked up with other Irish exiles to form the Fenian Brotherhood. They staged another rising, the Fenian Rising, in 1867, in the early 20th century IRB members, in particular Tom Clarke and Seán MacDermott, began planning another rising. The execution of the Risings leaders, including Clarke, MacDermott, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, the elected members did not take their seats but instead set up the First Dáil. Between 1919 and 1921 the Irish Republican Army, who were loyal to the Dáil, fought the British Army and Royal Irish Constabulary in the Irish War of Independence. Talks between the British and Irish in late 1921 led to a treaty by which the British conceded, not a 32-county Irish Republic and this led to the Irish Civil War, in which the republicans were defeated by their former comrades. That same year, the movement took the decision to focus on Northern Ireland thereafter. The Border Campaign, which lasted from 1956 to 1962, involved bombings, the failure of this campaign led the republican leadership to concentrate on political action, and to move to the left. Following the outbreak of The Troubles in 1968-9, the movement split between Officials and Provisionals at the beginning of 1970. The Provisional IRA, except during brief ceasefires in 1972 and 1975, kept up a campaign of violence for nearly thirty years, directed against security forces and civilian targets. This began to change with a speech by Danny Morrison in 1981, advocating what became known as the Armalite. Under the leadership of Gerry Adams, Sinn Féin began to focus on the search for a political settlement. When the party voted in 1986 to take seats in legislative bodies within Ireland, there was a walk-out of die-hard republicans, who set up Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA. Following the Hume–Adams dialogue, Sinn Féin took part in the Northern Ireland peace process led to the IRA ceasefires of 1994 and 1997. However, another split occurred, with anti-Agreement republicans setting up the 32 County Sovereignty Movement, today, Irish republicanism is divided between those who support the institutions set up under the Good Friday Agreement and the later St Andrews Agreement, and those who oppose them
15.
Thomas Ashe
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Thomas Patrick Ashe was a member of the Gaelic League, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and a founding member of the Irish Volunteers. His was a family of ten, seven boys and three girls, Tomás was the seventh child, with three brothers following him. His father was a farmer, dying at the age of 73 and his mother died at 58, some years before Tomás Ashe died. Both Irish and English were spoken in their house, with Thomass father being a great Irish Scholar, having entered De La Salle Training College, Waterford in 1905 he began his teaching career as principal of Corduff National School, Lusk, County Dublin, in 1908. He taught Irish in the Corduff school and he was fond of the Irish language and started branches of the Gaelic League in Skerries and other neighbouring villages. Ashe was a member of the Gaelic League, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and was a member of the Irish Volunteers. He was always a member of the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League and he collected considerable sums of money during a trip to the USA in 1914 for both the Volunteers and the League. Commanding the Fingal battalion of the Irish Volunteers, Ashe took a part in the 1916 Easter Rising outside the capital city. Ashe was commandant of 5th battalion of the Dublin brigade, a force of 60–70 men engaged British forces around north County Dublin during the rising, Ashe was sent a messenger Mollie Adrian by Pearse with orders to hold the main road from Fairyhouse. She was sent back to report to Connolly, who returned an order to send 40 men to the GPO and he was to contact 1st battalion at Cross Guns Bridge, although he found no one there because vice-commandant Piaras Beaslai knew nothing of this plan. The area was dominated by the feature of Broadstone station, at the end of the line to Athlone. But for some reason decided not to occupy and garrison the station. The lack of communication was later discussed in Piaras Beaslais books. The failure of inexperienced volunteers to properly co-ordinate their deployments was a factor at defeat. Ashe himself had only been appointed commandant shortly before Easter and they were armed only with a few rounds, about a dozen service rifles, a dozen Mausers, and a dozen Martini carbines, some had only a shotgun against well-equipped army regulars. The battalion won a victory in Ashbourne, County Meath where they engaged a much larger force capturing a significant quantity of arms. Eleven RIC members, including County Inspector Alexander Gray, and two volunteers were killed during the five-and-a-half-hour battle, twenty-four hours after the rising collapsed, Ashes battalion surrendered on the orders of Patrick Pearse. On 8 May 1916, Ashe and Éamon de Valera were court-martialled, the sentences were commuted to penal servitude for life
16.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
17.
Mountjoy Prison
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Mountjoy Prison, founded as Mountjoy Gaol and nicknamed The Joy, is a medium security prison located in Phibsborough in the centre of Dublin, Ireland. It has the largest prison population in Ireland, the current prison warden is Brian Murphy. Mountjoy was designed by the British military engineering officer, Captain Joshua Jebb, Royal Engineers and opened in 1850, a total of 46 prisoners were executed within the walls of the prison, prior to the abolition of capital punishment. Executions were done by hanging, after which the bodies of the dead were taken down from the gallows, the list of prisoners executed at Mountjoy Prison includes, Kevin Barry Patrick Moran Frank Flood Thomas Whelan Thomas Traynor Patrick Doyle Thomas Bryan Bernard Ryan Edmond Foley Patrick Maher. Rory OConnor Joe McKelvey Liam Mellows Richard Barrett Annie Walsh from Limerick and she remains the only woman ever executed by the Irish State which was founded in 1922. After being convicted of murdering a Garda officer, Charlie Kerins, the last execution carried out in the Republic of Ireland, that of Michael Manning, took place in Mountjoy Prison on 20 April 1954. Some Irish leaders involved with the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War were held there, on 14 May 1921, an IRA team led by Paddy Daly and Emmet Dalton mounted an attempt to rescue Sean McEoin from the prison. They used an armoured car to gain access to Mountjoy. On 31 October 1973, it was the scene of an escape by a hijacked helicopter by three Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners, including Seamus Twomey and J. B OHagan. By 2006, a 60-hectare site had acquired for €30 million at Thornton Hall, Fingal. The new facility was intended to accommodate 1,400 prisoners, the site was planned to include court facilities, video-conference links, medical and therapeutic facilities, but due to government cutbacks these plans have now been sidelined. In August 2006, prisoners who were separated from the rest of the population for safety were mixed together for a night with mentally ill inmate Stephen Egan. Prisoner Gary Douche was killed by Egan who was not guilty of murder due to a lack of responsibility. This prompted the Minister of Justice to seek a limit of 520 inmates on the capacity of the prison, in October 2010, the prison was placed under lockdown after a night of violence and rioting involving more than 70 inmates. It started when a number of prisoners attacked three officers with pool cues and balls during recreation. Reinforcements were brought in from around Dublin to quell the riot, in 2016, figures were released showing that Mountjoy Prison saw a disproportionate number of prisoners hospitalised due to assaults and self-harm. In response, the Irish Penal Reform Trust said the levels of violence and intimidation in Irish prisons, particularly in Mountjoy Prison. Mountjoy Prison is constructed along a radial design with four wings, A through D
18.
Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes
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The first well known Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes began during the middle of 2005, when detainees held by the United States at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp initiated two hunger strikes. The detainees organized several widespread hunger strikes to protest their innocence, other captives, such as the men camp authorities asserted committed suicide in June 2006, had committed themselves to long-term hunger strikes, which were not shared by the other captives. Widespread hunger strikes recurred in 2013, hunger strikes began in 2002, when the camp first opened, but the secrecy with which the camp was operated prevented news of those strikes reaching the public. According to historian Andy Worthington, the author of The Guantanamo Files, camp authorities responded by force-feeding captives, according to the camps Standard Operating Procedures. They had started isolated cases of force-feeding, called re-feeding, early in the camps history, human rights workers, and Physicians professional associations, have criticized the use of force-feeding on mentally competent patients at Guantanamo. The American Department of Defense spokesman, Lieutenant Commander Flex Plexico, the first hunger strike ended on July 28,2005, when prison authorities agreed to bring the camp into compliance with the Geneva Conventions. According to the Center for Constitutional Rights, the strike had become so widespread that medics could not manage the needs, the prisoners spent 26 days without food. According to human rights workers, the authorities had a waiver form they asked detainees to sign if they wanted to refuse intravenous rehydration. The detainees had all been advised, by their lawyers, not to anything which their lawyers had not reviewed. One concession the American authorities acknowledge making was to supply the detainees with bottles of water to drink with each meal. The detainees reported to their lawyers that the authorities had agreed that they would begin to treat them in a manner consistent with the Geneva Conventions. A week later in early August 2005, when the authorities were not abiding by their commitment. By September 2, the DOD spokesman Brad Blackner said that 76 detainees were participating in the hunger strike. Human-rights workers estimate that both hunger strikes had between 150 and 200 participants, many of the individuals captured in Afghanistan had been taken into detention at Guantanamo Bay without trial. These individuals were termed as “enemy combatants. ”Until July 7,2006, recently, the Supreme Court ruled that international law applies to enemy combatants. Khadr said the prison authorities broadcast the call to prayers only four times daily and he also reported that many of the detainees resented when women GIs broadcast the call to prayer. Major Weir, a spokesman at the base, said We will not let them starve themselves to the point of causing harm to themselves. On October 26,2005, a judge ordered the Government to provide information about the condition of detainees to lawyers representing the hunger strikers
19.
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
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The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W. Bushs administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. During his term, his administration succeeded in reducing the number of inmates from about 245 to 41, in practice, the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial. The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray, which is now closed. The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued a memo stating that detainees would, in the future. Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied, in a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the Gulag of our times. In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed, on 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year. President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009, ordering Thomson Correctional Center, Thomson, in February 2011, U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed, due to opposition in the Congress. Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial, in April 2011, Wikileaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 4 November 2015, President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility, the plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas, Colorado and South Carolina. Two others that were on the list, in California and Washington state, do not appear to have made the preliminary cut, by January 19,2017, however, the detention center remained open, with 41 detainees remaining. Camp Delta is a 612-unit detention center finished in April 2002 and it includes detention camps 1 through to 6, as well as Camp Echo, where pre-commissions are held. Camp X-Ray was a detention facility, which was closed in April 2002. Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta, in 2008, the Associated Press reported Camp 7, a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base, and its location is classified. It is used to house high-security detainees formerly held by the CIA, in January 2010, Scott Horton published an article in Harpers Magazine describing Camp No, a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter, which included an interrogation center. His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo and they said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp, where they were believed to be interrogated. He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths
20.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
21.
Paul E. Vallely
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Paul E. Vallely is a retired US Army Major General and senior military analyst for Fox News. He served in the Vietnam War and retired in 1993 as Deputy Commanding General, in 2004, together with retired Air Force Lieutenant General Thomas McInerney, Vallely co-authored the book Endgame, The Blueprint for Victory in the War on Terror. Vallely currently serves as the Military Committee Chairman for the Center for Security Policy and has lent his support to the organization Veteran Defenders of America, in late 2013, he called for a March on Washington by patriots to force President Obama to resign. He was born in DuBois, Pennsylvania, on November 29,1939 and he is married to Marian Vallely. Their son, Private First Class Scott Paul Vallely, died on April 20,2004 while in his week of Special Forces Qualification Course Special Forces training. He graduated from West Point and was commissioned into the U. S. Army in 1961 and he graduated from Infantry School, Ranger and Airborne Schools, Jumpmaster School, the Command and General Staff School, The Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the Army War College. His combat service in South Vietnam included positions as company commander, intelligence officer, operations officer, military advisor. He retired, in 1993, from his position as Deputy Commanding General, Pacific, Vallely serves as the Military Committee Chairman for the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D. C. and occasionally writes columns and lectures on the War on Terror. If you dont understand that, then you dont get it, General Vallely has recently lent his support to an organization called Veteran Defenders of America. In his letter of support he stated that, Perhaps the greatest threat to our safety and liberty is the threat of radical Islam and this threat goes well beyond the threat of terrorism. Islamists, both inside and outside of America, are looking for any and every way to infiltrate and he encourages US civilians to be eyes and ears of freedom, because we know freedom isnt free. Vallely and Cucullu later participated in an interview with FrontPage Magazine in which he blasted allegations of abuse as myths of the left-wing press. He also voiced support for the feeding of detainees attempting to undertake hunger strikes. They get their choice of four flavors of Ensure and its put in a very unobtrusive feeding tube smaller than a normal straw and its put in there for 20 minutes, so they get breakfast, lunch, and dinner. They get to go back to their detention facility, Force feeding of non-psychotic prisoners has been banned by the World Medical Association since 1975, listing it alongside torture as a form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Vallely later admitted in the interview that neither he nor Cucullu had actually spoken with any of the detainees to corroborate official reports of their treatment. The organization endorses the views of Glenn Beck, and publishes fiction and non-fiction books to promote its message. Joseph C. Wilson denied ever having disclosed his wifes CIA status to Vallely, together with Lt. Gen. Thomas McInerney, Vallely co-authored a book published in 2004, entitled Endgame, The Blueprint for Victory in the War on Terror
22.
Ensure
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Ensure is the brand name of nutritional supplements and meal replacements manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. Moores and Stanley M. Ross launch the Moores & Ross Milk Company which specialized in bottling milk for home delivery for the first few years, by 1964, however, the company merged with Abbott Laboratories. A drink called Ensure was first marketed by Ross Laboratories in 1973, in the 1990s Ensure and other nutritional drink products like Mead Johnsons Sustacal and Nestlés Boost and Resource brands were fiercely competing to capture market share among healthy adults. In 1995 the Center for Science in the Public Interest said that ads for Ensure were the most misleading food ad of that year, Ensure has been used in the force feeding of hunger-striking prisoners at the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps. When Abbott split off its pharmaceuticals division, Abbvie, in 2013, the Ensure product line remained with Abbott with the other nutritional products
23.
Richard Reid
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Born to a father who was a career criminal, Reid converted to Islam as a young man in prison after years as a petty criminal. Later he became radicalised and went to Pakistan and Afghanistan, where he trained, on 22 December 2001, he boarded American Airlines Flight 63 between Paris and Miami, wearing shoes packed with explosives, which he unsuccessfully tried to detonate. Passengers subdued him on the plane, which landed at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts and he was subsequently arrested and indicted. In 2002, Reid pleaded guilty in U. S. federal court to eight counts of terrorism. He was sentenced to 3 life terms plus 110 years in prison without parole and is held in a maximum security prison in the United States. Reid was born in Bromley, Kent, to Lesley Hughes, who was of white English descent, and Colvin Robin Reid, when Reid was born, his father, a career criminal, was in prison for stealing a car. Reid left school at age 16, becoming a petty crook who was in and out of jail and he began writing graffiti under the name Enrol with FRF crew, and ultimately accumulated more than 10 convictions for crimes against persons and property. He served sentences at the Feltham Young Offenders Institution and at the Blundeston Prison and his father advised him to convert to Islam, telling him that Muslims were more egalitarian and they got better food in prison. The next time Reid was incarcerated, he converted, upon his release from prison in 1996, he joined the Brixton Mosque. By 1998 Reid was voicing extremist views, and may have fallen under the sway of terrorist talent spotters and handlers allied with Al Qaeda and he spent 1999 and 2000 in Pakistan and trained at a terrorist camp in Afghanistan, according to several informants. He may also have attended a religious training centre in Lahore as a follower of Mubarak Ali Gilani. After his return to Britain, Reid worked to obtain passports from British government consulates abroad. He lived and travelled in several places in Europe, communicating via an address in Peshawar, Pakistan, in July 2001, Reid and Saajid Badat, another British man preparing as a terrorist, returned to Pakistan in November 2001, and reportedly travelled overland to Afghanistan. They were given shoe bombs, casual footwear adapted to be covertly smuggled onto aircraft before being used to destroy them, the pair returned separately to the United Kingdom in early December 2001. Reid went to Belgium for 10 days before catching a train to Paris on 16 December, on 21 December 2001, Reid attempted to board a flight from Paris to Miami, Florida. His boarding was delayed because his physical appearance aroused the suspicions of the airline passenger screeners. In addition, Reid did not answer all of their questions, additional screening by the French National Police resulted in Reids being re-issued a ticket for a flight on the following day. On 22 December 2001, a passenger on Flight 63 from Paris to Miami, one flight attendant, Hermis Moutardier, thinking she smelled a burnt match, walked along the aisles of the plane, trying to assess the source
24.
ADX Florence
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The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility is an American federal supermax prison for male inmates located in Fremont County, Colorado. It is unofficially known as ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax, ADX also includes an adjacent minimum-security camp that, as of March 2014, houses more prisoners than the supermax unit. The BOP does not have a designated facility for women. The facilitys current warden is David Berkebile, both officers were killed using this tactic. Cluttss killer, Thomas Silverstein, is serving three life sentences at ADX, hoffmans killer, Clayton Fountain, died in prison of natural causes in 2004. Marion became a model for the subsequent construction of ADX, a facility designed from the ground up as a control unit prison, years later, Carlson said that building such a prison was the only way to handle inmates who show absolutely no concern for human life. Such individuals in addition posed the risk of becoming suicidal/homicidal, the residents of Fremont County welcomed the prison as a source of employment. At the time, the county was home to nine existing prisons. The supermax unit at ADX Florence houses about 410 male inmates, the facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile or too great a national security risk for even a maximum-security prison. McVeighs co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, is serving 161 life sentences at ADX, robert Hanssen, the former FBI agent who betrayed several spies to the Soviet Union and Russia, is serving 15 life sentences at ADX for his crimes. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the perpetrator of the Boston Marathon bombings, was transferred here from another prison in the Florence complex on July 17,2015. The prison also houses inmates who are a high risk, including Richard McNair. Additionally, former Bonanno crime family boss Vincent Basciano is currently serving time at ADX Florence and these inmates are kept in administrative segregation. They are confined in a specifically designed single-person cell for 23 hours a day and they are removed under restraint, on a 24-hour clock. The hour outside of the cell is for showering, exercise, and with privileges and their diet is restricted as well, to ensure that the foods they are served cant be used to harm themselves, or to make unhygienic conditions in their cell. After at least one year, depending on their conduct, inmates are then allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to them at ADX for three years, then transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve out the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the San Francisco Chronicle, ADX Florences main purpose is to try, ADX Florence is a 37-acre, 490-bed complex at 5880 Highway 67, Florence, Colorado, about 100 miles south of Denver and 40 miles south of Colorado Springs
25.
Supermax prison
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Supermax is the name used to describe control-unit prisons, or units within prisons, which represent the most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries. It typically involves up to 23-hour-per-day, single-cell confinement for a period of time. Inmates in supermax housing have minimal contact with staff and other inmates, leena Kurki and Norval Morris have argued there is no absolute definition of a supermax, and that different jurisdictions classify prisons as supermax inconsistently. They identify four general features that tend to characterize supermax prisons, Long-term – Once transferred to a supermax prison, powerful administration – Supermax administrators and Correctional Officers have ample authority to punish and manage inmates, without outside review or prisoner grievance systems. Solitary confinement – Supermax prisons rely heavily on intensive solitary confinement, no activities – Few opportunities are provided for recreation, education, substance abuse programs, or other activities generally considered healthy and rehabilitative at other prisons. In supermax, prisoners are allowed out of their cells for only one hour a day. They receive their meals through ports in the doors of their cells, when supermax inmates are allowed to exercise, this may take place in a small, enclosed area where the prisoner will exercise alone. Prisoners are under constant surveillance, usually with closed-circuit television cameras, cell doors are usually opaque, while the cells may be windowless. Conditions are plain, with poured concrete or metal furniture common, cell walls, and sometimes plumbing, may be soundproofed to prevent communication between the inmates. The United States Penitentiary Alcatraz Island, opened in 1934, has considered a prototype. An early form of supermax-style prison unit appeared in Australia in 1975, dubbed the electronic zoo by inmates, Katingal was a super-maximum security prison block with 40 prison cells having electronically operated doors, surveillance cameras, and no windows. It was closed two years later over human rights concerns. Since then, some maximum-security prisons have gone to full lockdown as well, while others have been built, Supermax prisons began to proliferate within the United States after 1984. Prior to 1984 only one prison in the U. S. met supermax standards, by 1999, the United States contained at least 57 supermax facilities, spread across 30–34 states. This prompted Norman Carlson, director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, in Carlsons view, such a prison was the only way to deal with inmates who show absolutely no concern for human life. The Federal Bureau of Prisons solitary confinement units are known as Special Housing Units. In recent years a number of U. S. states have downgraded their supermax prisons, as has been done with Wallens Ridge State Prison, There is only one supermax prison in the United States federal system, ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado. However, it is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed either too dangerous
26.
The Hague
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The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
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Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
28.
Knesset
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The Knesset is the unicameral national legislature of Israel. As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the President and Prime Minister, approves the cabinet, in addition, the Knesset elects the State Comptroller. The Prime Minister may also dissolve the Knesset, however, until an election is completed, the Knesset maintains authority in its current composition. The Knesset is located in Givat Ram, Jerusalem, as the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the president, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government through its committees. It also has the power to waive the immunity of its members, remove the President and the State Comptroller from office, the Knesset is presided over by a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. The Knesset is divided into committees, which amend bills on the appropriate subjects, Committee chairpersons are chosen by their members, on recommendation of the House Committee, and their factional composition represents that of the Knesset itself. Committees may elect sub-committees and delegate powers to them, or establish joint committees for issues concerning more than one committee, to further their deliberations, they invite government ministers, senior officials, and experts in the matter being discussed. There are four types of committees in the Knesset, permanent committees amend proposed legislation dealing with their area of expertise, and may initiate legislation. However, such legislation may only deal with Basic Laws and laws dealing with the Knesset, elections to the Knesset, Knesset members, or the State Comptroller. Special committees function in a manner to permanent committees, but are appointed to deal with particular manners at hand. Parliamentary inquiry committees are appointed by the plenum to deal with issues viewed as having national importance. The Ethics Committee is responsible for jurisdiction over Knesset members who violate the rules of ethics of the Knesset, within the framework of responsibility, the Ethics Committee may place various sanctions on a member, but is not allowed to restrict a members right to vote. The Knesset numbers 120 members, a subject which has often been a cause for proposed reforms and this proposed law has also been favoured by other politicians, including Benjamin Netanyahu. The 120 members of the Knesset are popularly elected from a single electoral district to concurrent four-year terms. All Israeli citizens 18 years or older may vote in legislative elections, Knesset seats are allocated among the various parties using the DHondt method of party list proportional representation. A party or electoral alliance must pass the threshold of 3. 25% of the overall vote to be allocated a Knesset seat. Parties select their candidates using a closed list, thus, voters select the party of their choice, not any specific candidate. The electoral threshold was set at 1% from 1949 to 1992, then 1. 5% from 1992 to 2003
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Administrative detention
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Administrative detention is arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial, usually for security reasons. A large number of countries, both democratic and undemocratic, resort to administrative detention as a means to combat terrorism, to illegal immigration. Unlike criminal incarceration imposed upon conviction following a trial, administrative detention is a forward-looking mechanism and it is meant to be preventive in nature rather than punitive. The practice has been criticized by human rights organizations as a breach of civil, Administrative detentions are defined in the law of many of the worlds states. Proponents of administrative detention maintain that criminal laws reliance on defendant rights and it is also claimed that the conditions under which some suspected terrorists are captured, especially in combat zones, make it impossible to prove criminal cases using normal evidentiary rules. The Laws of War are also seen by the proponents as inadequate and these laws allow the capture of enemy fighters, and also allow holding them for the duration of hostilities without trial. However, these laws grew out of the need to regulate combat between professional armies accountable to a state, who were engaged in combat of possibly lengthy. Opponents of administrative detention challenge the above assumptions and they point to the historical record of prosecutors who were able to obtain convictions against terrorists on the basis of existing laws. Opponents maintain that in essence, administrative detention is a form of collective punishment, since it does not require proof of individual guilt, it attributes to all members of a group the actions of a few. Immigration detention is controversial because it presents a clash between traditional notions of liberty and the territorial sovereignty of states. In many non-democratic countries, administrative detention is used by the regime to suppress dissent. In Asia in particular, administrative detention was first introduced by the British and French colonial authorities prior to, in many cases, they were and codified as emergency measures or internal security acts. Vietnam is an example where administrative detention was used by the French colonial authorities in the 1930s. Post-independence, the now-ruling Communist authorities have employed very similar means to detain those suspected of counter-revolutionary offenses. Some of these prisoners, such as Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar, have become known worldwide due to the detention. The legal basis for this system is found in Australias Migration Act 1958, any member of the Brazilian Armed Forces may be imprisoned if found to be repeatedly in violation of the Military Disciplinary Regulations by his or her superiors. Each military branch has issued a list of transgressions in their Disciplinary Regulations, the harshest punishment of this kind, in the Brazilian Army, is a 30-day imprisonment penalty. Notwithstanding, members of the Brazilian Armed Forces under administrative detention may be granted a habeas corpus by the system to deliver them from imprisonment
30.
Supreme Court of Israel
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The Supreme Court is the highest court in Israel. It has ultimate jurisdiction over all other courts and, in some cases. The Supreme Court consists of 15 justices who are appointed by the Judicial Selection Committee, once appointed, justices serve until retirement at the age of 70, unless they resign, or are removed from office. The current President of the Supreme Court is Miriam Naor, the Supreme Court is situated in Jerusalems Givat Ram governmental campus. Its jurisdiction applies to all of Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories, according to the principle of binding precedent, a ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every other court, except itself. Appointing Supreme Court Justices requires a majority of 7 of the 9 committee members, the three organs of state—the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government—as well as the bar association are represented in the Judges Nominations Committee. Thus, the shaping of the body, through the manner of judicial appointment, is carried out by all the authorities together. An eminent jurist can also be appointed to the Supreme Court, the number of Supreme Court justices is determined by a resolution of the Knesset. Currently, there are 15 Supreme Court Justices, at the head of the Supreme Court and at the head of the judicial system as a whole stands the President of the Supreme Court, and at his or her side, the Deputy President. A judges term ends when he or she reaches 70 years of age, resigns, dies, is appointed to another position that disqualifies him or her, as of December 2016 the Supreme Court Justices are, Liat Benmelech and Guy Shani serve as the Court Registrars. Below is a list of presidents of the Supreme Court, As an appellate court and it also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, the Supreme Court can also sit at a “further hearing” on its own judgment. The Supreme Court, both as a court and the High Court of Justice, is normally constituted of a panel of three Justices. The Supreme Court sits as a panel of five justices or more in a ‘further hearing’ on a matter in which the Supreme Court sat with a panel of three justices. The Supreme Court may sit as a panel of an uneven number of justices than three in matters that involve fundamental legal questions and constitutional issues of particular importance. The length of service, for purpose, is calculated from the date of the appointment of the Judge to the Supreme Court. A special power, unique to the Supreme Court, is the power to order a retrial on a matter in which the defendant has been convicted by a final judgment. In practice, a ruling to hold a retrial is very rarely made, the Court announces its judgments through individually signed opinions setting out the result and underlying reasoning
31.
Corporal punishment
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Corporal punishment or physical punishment is a punishment intended to cause physical pain on a person. It is most often used where there is a disparity of power between punisher and punished. Corporal punishment is commonly practiced on minors, especially in home and also school settings, common methods in this regard often include spanking or paddling. It is however used on adults, particularly prisoners in some countries. In history most cultures have practiced corporal punishment on adults in settings of imprisonment or slavery, frequently employed methods are flagellation and caning. In some countries bastinado is still practiced on prisoners as well, official punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury, including flogging, branding and even mutilation, was practised in most civilizations since ancient times. However, with the growth of humanitarian ideals since the Enlightenment, by the late 20th century, corporal punishment had been eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries. The legality in the 21st century of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction,52 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America, have banned the practice as of April 2017. School corporal punishment—of students by teachers or school administrators—has been banned in countries, including Canada, Kenya, South Africa, New Zealand. It remains legal, if increasingly less common, in the United States, judicial corporal punishment, as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law, has long disappeared from European countries. However, it remains lawful in parts of Africa, Asia, closely related is prison corporal punishment or disciplinary corporal punishment, ordered by prison authorities or carried out directly by staff. Corporal punishment is also allowed in some settings in a few jurisdictions. Other uses of corporal punishment have existed, for instance as once practised on apprentices by their masters, in many Western countries, medical and human-rights organizations oppose corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reform to ban the use of punishment against minors in homes. Corporal punishment of children has traditionally used in the Western world by adults in authority roles. Withhold not correction from a child, for if thou strike him with the rod, thou shalt beat him with the rod, and deliver his soul from hell. It was certainly present in civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly, Sparta, in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower, although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment
32.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
33.
Abu Ghraib prison
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The Baghdad Central Prison, formerly known as Abu Ghraib prison was a prison complex in Abu Ghraib, an Iraqi city 32 km west of Baghdad. The prison was built by British contractors in the 1950s, the prison held as many as 15,000 inmates in 2001. In 2002, Saddam Husseins government began a project to add six new cellblocks to the prison. In October 2002, he gave amnesty to most prisoners in Iraq, after the prisoners were released and the prison was left empty, it was vandalized and looted. Almost all of the documents relating to prisoners were piled and burnt inside of prison offices and cells, known mass-graves related to Abu Ghraib include, Khan Dhari, west of Baghdad - Mass grave with the bodies of political prisoners from Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. Fifteen victims were executed on 26 December 1998 and buried by prison authorities under the cover of darkness, al-Zahedi, on the western outskirts of Baghdad - Secret graves near a civilian cemetery contain the remains of nearly 1,000 political prisoners. According to an eyewitness,10 to 15 bodies arrived at a time from the Abu Ghraib prison and were buried by local civilians, an execution on 10 December 1999 in Abu Ghraib claimed the lives of 101 people in one day. On 9 March 2000,58 prisoners were killed at a time, the last corpse interred was number 993. Until August 2006, the known as the Abu Ghraib prison was used for detention purposes by both the U. S. -led coalition occupying Iraq and the Iraqi government. The Iraqi government has controlled the area of the facility known as The Hard Site, the prison was used to house only convicted criminals. Suspected criminals, insurgents or those arrested and awaiting trial were held at other facilities, the U. S. housed all its detainees at Camp Redemption, which is divided into five security levels. This camp built in the summer of 2004 replaced the three-level setup of Camp Ganci, Camp Vigilant, the remainder of the facility was occupied by the U. S. military. Abu Ghraib served as both a FOB and a detention facility, when the U. S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,490 prisoners there in March 2004. The U. S. military initially held all persons of interest in Camp Redemption, some were suspected rebels, and some suspected criminals. Those convicted by trial in Iraqi court are transferred to the Iraqi-run Hard Site, the story included photographs depicting the abuse of prisoners. The events created a political scandal within the U. S. On April 20,2004, insurgents fired 40 mortar rounds into the prison, killing 24 detainees, commentators thought the attack was either an attempt to incite a riot or retribution for detainees cooperating with the United States. In May 2004, the U. S. -led coalition embarked on a policy to reduce numbers to fewer than 2,000
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Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
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These violations included physical and sexual abuse, torture, rape, sodomy, and murder. The abuses came to public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2004. The incidents received widespread condemnation both within the United States and abroad, although the soldiers received support from conservative media within the United States. The administration of George W. Bush attempted to portray the abuses as isolated incidents and this was contradicted by humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. Several scholars stated that the abuses constituted state-sanctioned crimes, the United States Department of Defense removed seventeen soldiers and officers from duty, and eleven soldiers were charged with dereliction of duty, maltreatment, aggravated assault and battery. Between May 2004 and March 2006, these soldiers were convicted in courts-martial, sentenced to military prison, two soldiers, Specialist Charles Graner and PFC Lynndie England, were sentenced to ten and three years in prison, respectively. Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, the officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded and demoted to the rank of colonel. Several more military personnel who were accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, documents popularly known as the Torture Memos came to light a few years later. The memoranda also argued that international humanitarian laws, such as the Geneva Conventions, several subsequent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, including Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, have overturned Bush administration policy, and ruled that Geneva Conventions apply. The September 11 Attacks in the United States led to demands from the public that US president George Bush take actions that would prevent further attacks and this pressure led to the launch of the War on Terror. In addition, these tactics created the perception that the techniques used in the cold war would not be of much use. US vice-president Dick Cheney stated, for example, that the US to work sort of on the side. The Iraq War began in March 2003 as an invasion of Baathist Iraq by a led by the United States. The Baathist government led by Saddam Hussein was toppled within a month and this conflict was followed by a longer phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. During this insurgency, the United States was in the role of an occupying power, the Abu Ghraib prison in the town of Abu Ghraib was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 50,000 men and women in poor conditions, the prison was located on 280 acres of land 32 kilometers west of Baghdad. After the collapse of Saddam Husseins government, the prison was looted, following the invasion, the U. S. army refurbished it and turned it into a military prison. It was the largest of several centers in Iraq used by the U. S. military
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Leblouh
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Leblouh is the practice of force-feeding girls from as young as five to teenagers, in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and southern Morocco, where obesity was traditionally regarded as desirable. Especially prevalent in areas and having its roots in Tuareg tradition. The synonym gavage comes from the French term for the force-feeding of geese to produce foie gras, the practice goes back to the 11th century, and has been reported to have made a significant comeback after a military junta took over the country in 2008. Older women called fatteners force the girls to consume enormous quantities of food and liquid, inflicting pain on them if they do not eat. One way of inflicting pain is to pinch a limb between two sticks, a six-year-old might typically be forced to drink 20 litres of camels milk, and eat two kilos of pounded millet mixed with two cups of butter, every day. Although the practice is an abuse, mothers claim there is no way to secure a good future for their children. The younger generations of males in Mauritania now see fattening negatively, a similar practice is referred to in a folktale entitled The Tortoise with a Pretty Daughter, collected in Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria. The folklorist who wrote down the story explained the treatment of the pretty daughter and she is given plenty of food, and made as fat as possible, as fatness is looked upon as a great beauty by the Efik people. Women in Mauritania Human rights in Mauritania Obesity in the Middle East, forced to Be Fat July 21,2011 Force Feeding in Mauritania. The Price of Beauty Ep#104 Title, Uganda Air-date, April 5,2010 African Queens May 21,2003
Works related to How It Feels to Be Forcibly Fed at Wikisource