Forced labour
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Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or viole
Clergy on forced labour, by Ivan Vladimirov (Soviet Russia, 1919)
Convict labourers in Australia in the early 19th century
Mine workers in Ancient Greece were often slaves
Ukrainian Ostarbeiters from Kyiv Oblast depart to Nazi Germany to serve as labor force, 1942
Penal labour
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Penal labour or prison labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may be light or hard, depending on the context. For
Forced labour
…including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. Forced labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour, and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps. Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term…
Male convicts sewing at the Văcărești prison in Bucharest, Romania, 1930s.
Female convicts chained together by their necks for work on a road. Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika c. 1890–1927.
Inmates sewing in a Brazilian prison
Prisoners at the treadmill in Pentonville Prison, London, 1895