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Forces on sails
Videos
Forces on sails result from movement of air that interacts with sails and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land v
Aerodynamic force components for two points of sail. Left-hand boat: Down wind with stalled airflow— predominant drag component propels the boat with
Aerodynamic force components for two points of sail. Left-hand boat: Down wind with stalled airflow— predominant drag component propels the boat with little heeling moment. Right-hand boat: Up wind (close-hauled) with attached airflow—predominant lift component both propels the boat and contributes to heel.
Points of sail (and predominant sail force component for a displacement sailboat). A. Luffing (no propulsive force) — 0–30° B. Close-Hauled (lift)— 30
Points of sail (and predominant sail force component for a displacement sailboat). A. Luffing (no propulsive force) — 0–30° B. Close-Hauled (lift)— 30–50° C. Beam Reach (lift)— 90° D. Broad Reach (lift–drag)— ~135° E. Running (drag)— 180° True wind (VT) is the same everywhere in the diagram, whereas boat velocity (VB) and apparent wind (VA) vary with point of sail.
Decomposition of forces (in horizontal cross-section) acting on a sail, generating lift. FT is the Total Force acting on the sail for the Apparent Win
Decomposition of forces (in horizontal cross-section) acting on a sail, generating lift. FT is the Total Force acting on the sail for the Apparent Wind (VA), shown. This resolves into forces felt by the sail, Lift (L) and Drag (D), with vectors shown in red and angle of attack noted as α.
Wind forces acting on a sailboat sail (L and D) and being transmitted to the boat (FR—propelling the boat forward—and FLAT—pushing the boat sideways),
Wind forces acting on a sailboat sail (L and D) and being transmitted to the boat (FR—propelling the boat forward—and FLAT—pushing the boat sideways), while close-hauled, are both components of total aerodynamic force (FT).
Staysail
Videos
A staysail is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff is affixed to a stay running forward from a mast to the deck, the bowsprit, or to another mast.
Forces on sails
…to a fixed point on the boat in a manner to allow pivoting about that point—either on a mast, e.g. for a mainsail, or on the deck, e.g. for a jib or staysail. The trailing lower corner, the clew, is positioned with an outhaul on a boom or directly with a sheet, absent a boom. Symmetrical sails have two clews…
Staysails
Staysails
Staysail schooner "Rich Harvest" becalmed. Its large genoa jib has been roller-furled, and its quadrilateral Fisherman staysail is still in a sailbag.
Staysail schooner "Rich Harvest" becalmed. Its large genoa jib has been roller-furled, and its quadrilateral Fisherman staysail is still in a sailbag.