1.
Ford of Britain
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Ford of Britain is a British wholly owned subsidiary of Ford of Europe, itself a subsidiary of Ford Motor Company. Its business started in 1909 and has its office in Brentwood. It adopted the name of Ford of Britain in 1960, Ford of Britain operates three major manufacturing sites in the UK, in Bridgend, Dagenham and Halewood. It also operates a research and development facility in Dunton, Essex. Ford has been the UKs biggest-selling car and commercial brand for 34 and 45 consecutive years respectively. The first Ford cars, three Model As, were imported into the UK in 1903 and the first dealership in Southampton opened in 1910. In 1909 the Ford Motor Company Limited was established under the chairmanship of Percival Perry opening an office at 55 Shaftesbury Avenue, London, on 8 March 1911. An assembly plant in an old Tram factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was opened in 1911 employing 60 people to make the Model T and this was the first Ford factory outside North America. At first the cars were assembled from imported chassis and mechanical parts with bodies sourced locally, six thousand cars were produced in 1913 and the Model T became the countrys biggest selling car with 30% of the market. In 1914 Britains first moving assembly line for car production started with 21 cars an hour being built, after the First World War, the Trafford Park plant was extended, and in 1919, 41% of British registered cars were Fords. In 1917, a plant opened in Cork, Ireland, initially for tractor manufacture and this factory was the first to be purpose built by Ford in Europe. The company of Henry Ford and Son Limited–Fordson– was officially incorporated on April 17,1917 and its first registered office was at 36 South Mall, Cork. This company had acquired all Fords European and Middle Eastern business in exchange for 60% of its capital, the balance of 40% of the capital of the new Ford Motor Company Limited,2.8 million shares of £1 each, was now available for public subscription. There was considerable investing interest from America as US investors had had no opportunity of investing in a Henry Ford business. The new chairman, Sir Percival Perry, had been, and now was again, perrys association with Henry Ford dated from 1905 when Perry became a shareholder of Fords first British agency but the very first link between them was earlier, in 1903. The two men first met in 1906 in Detroit, from Britain Perry envisioned Ford making vehicles outside USA and selling them across the British Empire and Europe. He raced the cars, organized a chain of exclusive dealers. In 1919 Henry Ford chose to run operations from Detroit, Perry was determined to run all European business himself and his American managers having failed him Henry Ford offered Perry the chairmanship of this new Ford Motor Company Limited in 1928
2.
Ford Dagenham
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Ford Dagenham is a major automotive factory located in Dagenham, London, United Kingdom operated by the Ford of Britain subsidiary of Ford Motor Company. The plant opened in 1931 and has produced 10,980,368 cars and it covers around 475 acres and has received over £800 million of capital investment since 2000. Vehicle assembly ceased at the plant in 2002, but it continues as a production site with capacity to assemble 1.4 million engines a year. In 2008, the plant produced around 1,050,000 engines and was the largest producer of Ford diesel engines globally and it was announced in October 2012 that the stamping plant at Dagenham would close in summer 2013 with the loss of 1,000 jobs. Employment at the plant peaked at around 40,000 workers in 1953, planning of the Dagenham plant began in the early 1920s, a time when lorries were small and road networks little developed. In the UK, bulk supplies were delivered by water transport, so the Dagenham plant, like the Ford Trafford Park plant which it would replace. In 1924, Ford Motor Company purchased land in the Dagenham marshes for £167,700, on 17 May 1929, Edsel Ford marked the start of construction on the site by cutting the first turf in the marshes. At the time when the plant was planned, western governments were increasingly responding to economic depression with protectionist policies and this was the context in which Henry Ford’s policy of setting up relatively autonomous car-manufacturing businesses in principal overseas markets can be seen. Inspiration for Ford’s Dagenham plant came more directly from Ford’s own Rouge River plant on the edge of Detroit, the first vehicle out of the Dagenham plant was a Ford AA light truck, produced in October 1931. However, the British economy was in a condition at this time. Wartime production included large numbers of vans and trucks along with Bren gun carriers, the plant produced numerous special purpose engines. Agricultural vehicles were also an important element, at one point, after the Second World War, Ford’s UK operation set the pace for the UK auto industry, and Dagenham products included models such as the Zephyr, Cortina, and, the Anglia. The 1950s was a decade of expansion, a £75 million plant redevelopment completed in 1959 increased floor space by 50% and this went hand-in-hand with the concentration in-house of car body assembly, following the acquisition in 1953 of the companys principal UK body supplier, Briggs Motor Bodies. In 1960s, Ford finally began to merge its previously competing British and German subsidiaries, the new entity began to systematically merge the once-separate product lineups from Dagenham and Cologne. The 1960s was an era that had several European automakers, including Ford, the Dagenham plant was, by 1970, becoming one of the Europe’s older mass-production car plants. In 1970, production of the Ford Escort began at the new Saarlouis in West Germany and this savaged availability of the Ford Cortina Mk III during its crucial first year. Saarlouis was joined in 1976 by another new European plant in Valencia, Spain, the Sierras successor, the Mondeo, was also built in Belgium. By 2000, the only Ford produced at Dagenham was the Fiesta, the lead plant for Fiesta production was in Spain, however
3.
Halewood Body & Assembly
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Halewood Body & Assembly is a Jaguar Land Rover production facility in Halewood, Merseyside, England. Halewood was originally opened by Ford Motor Company on 2 October 1963, reflecting pressure on Ford of Britains principal plant at Dagenham, the Halewood plant was also used for assembling the Ford Corsair between the models 1964 launch and 1969. More recently the Halewood plant has been associated with the Ford Escort - which replaced the Anglia in 1967, the Capri was also assembled at Halewood from its introduction in 1969. The Escort was phased out by Ford in 2000, but the van version of the Escort remained in production at Halewood on a small scale until 2002 when it was replaced by the Turkish built Transit Connect. In 1997, Ford announced plans to replace the Escort with the radically styled Ford Focus. Furthermore, Ford of Europe announced European production of the Focus would only be carried out at Saarlouis, Germany and Valencia, however, Jaguar Cars, owned at the time by Ford, was developing a new mid-sized saloon model which was loosely based on the Ford Mondeo. Ford decided that production of model, the Jaguar X-Type. In March 2008, Ford finalised a deal to sell Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors, part of the Indian-based Tata Group, under the terms of the deal, Ford retained ownership of Halewoods transmission plant which it operates in collaboration with Getrag. In July 2011, production of the Range Rover Evoque started, the Evoque became a best-seller, and was critically acclaimed for its concept-car-like styling. Soon, Jaguar Land Rover raised the number of employees to 3,000, in early 2012, Jaguar Land Rover announced that they would employ an additional 1,000 staff for Halewood, to meet demand for the Evoque. In August of that year the plant switched to 24-hour running in order to meet demand. On 19 June 2014, JLR as announced an investment of £200M at Halewood, enabling the launch in 2014 of the new Land Rover Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque Land Rover Discovery Sport Ford Anglia Ford Corsair Ford Escort Jaguar X-Type Land Rover Freelander 2
4.
Heidelberg, Victoria
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Heidelberg is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia,13 km north-east of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area is the City of Banyule, at the 2011 Census, Heidelberg had a population of 5,714. Once a large town on Melbournes fringe, Heidelberg was absorbed into Melbourne as part of the northward expansion after World War II. Heidelberg once had its own historic Central Business District including its own municipality in the former City of Heidelberg and it was named after the German city of Heidelberg. The land at Heidelberg was sold by auction in 1838, making it one of the earliest rural allotments. By 1840, Warringal had been established as a surveyed township, eventually, Warringal was changed to Heidelberg by a land agent, after the German city of Heidelberg. Following anti-German sentiment during World War I, the Heidelberg City Council proposed to change the name Heidelberg but following public debates, when it was settled, Heidelberg was reached by track from Melbourne via North Fitzroy, and in 1841 the Heidelberg Road Trust was formed. As a form of Local Government, it preceded the Melbourne Town Council, by the late 1840s, the road had a toll bar at Merri Creek, and a macadamised surface. It became a tourist attraction, enhancing Heidelbergs reputation as a place for views, excursions. Cattle overlander Joseph Hawdon built his gothic Banyule Homestead in 1846, the Post Office opened on 19 October 1853 as Warringal, and was renamed Heidelberg in 1865. Heidelberg was proclaimed a Shire on 27 January 1871, Heidelbergs rural scenery attracted artists during the 1880s, due to the absence of public utilities or a railway, causing houses to be vacant, and available at low rents. Two years later, the Chartersville Homestead was occupied for similar purposes, Heidelberg was proclaimed a city on 11 April 1934, but its rural space exceeded the urban area. The Heidelberg Town Hall was built in 1937, subdivision and settlement clustered around Heidelberg Road and the Melbourne to Hurstbridge railway line, which bisected the municipality in a generally north-east direction. Along that line are Darebin, Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Macleod, Watsonia, mont Park was reached by a spur line from Macleod. Heidelberg West, then and now unserved by a railway, was settled until the 1950s. It also provided the site for the village for the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. By the 1970s, the development of the Heidelberg Municipality was complete, except for some areas in Viewbank. The shopping areas were mostly strips, but a centre was built in Heidelberg West in 1956
5.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
6.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
7.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
8.
Compact car
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The dimension standards are absolute, meaning special consideration is not made for SUVs, CUVs, minivans, station wagons or hatchbacks. Compact car is a largely North American term denoting an automobile smaller than a mid-size car, Compact cars usually have wheelbases between 100 inches and 109 inches. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines a car as measuring between 100 cubic feet and 109 cubic feet of combined passenger and cargo volume capacity. Vehicle class size is defined in the U. S. by environmental laws in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40—Protection of Environment, Section 600. 315-82 Classes of comparable automobiles. Passenger car classes are defined based on interior volume index or seating capacity, in the United States, the compact car segment currently holds a 16% share of the market. This segment is dominated by import models, one of the first truly small cars on the U. S. market, in the sense that it was considerably smaller than the standard- size cars of its day, was the Austin Bantam that appeared in 1930. Production of the British-based city car lasted only four years with a total of 20,000 units, although other little cars such as the Crosley focused on low price and economy, Americans did not take easily to small cars. The U. S. market after World-War II experienced growth in sales in standard-sized cars, by 1947, Chevrolet had prototypes of the Cadet, an economy car developed by Earle S. MacPherson. Ford also experimented with a car and, unlike Chevrolets Cadet, production ensued for the European market as a large car. In 1950, Nash introduced a convertible Rambler model and it was built on a 100-inch wheelbase to which a station wagon, hardtop, and sedan versions were added. Compared to European standards, they were large, conceived by George W. Mason, the term compact was coined by George W. Romney as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or less. The Nash Rambler established a new segment, it became known as Americas first small car. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of Americas other independent automakers, other early compact cars included the Henry J from Kaiser-Frazer, as well as the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet. In 1952, Ford Division assistant general manager Robert S. McNamara started the Market Research Unit, in 1954,64,500 of over 5 million cars sold in the United States were imports or small American cars. Ford alone sold over 1.4 million big cars, yet 5 percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car. These models also gave rise to compact vans that were sized similarly to the Volkswagen Type 2 microbus and were based from the Falcon, Corvair, and Valiant automobile platforms. Ford Division marketing research manager George Brown said smaller cars appealed to people with a college education, the cars had to offer not only high gas mileage but also headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Within a few years after that, the compacts had given rise to a new class called the car, named after the Ford Mustang
9.
C-segment
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C-segment is a Euro Car Segment, a car classification loosely defined by the European Commission as the third smallest segment in the European market. Although the definition is vague, there is overlap between segments A-F based on mass and area parameters. In 2011, the C-segment had an EU market share of 23%, the tiny A-segment cars include the Chevy Spark and Smart Fortwo. Theyre extremely short and very light, slightly larger are B-segment cars like the Ford Fiesta and Chevy Sonic. The A- and B-cars are known as subcompacts, in the C-segment — typically called compacts — are the largest of the small cars
10.
Automobile layout
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In automotive design, the automobile layout describes where on the vehicle the engine and drive wheels are found. Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, factors influencing the design choice include cost, complexity, reliability, packaging, weight distribution, and the vehicles intended handling characteristics. Layouts can roughly be divided into two categories, front- or rear-wheel drive, four-wheel-drive vehicles may take on the characteristics of either, depending on how power is distributed to the wheels. Front-wheel-drive layouts are those in which the front wheels of the vehicle are driven, the most popular layout used in cars today is the front-engine, front-wheel drive, with the engine in front of the front axle, driving the front wheels. As the steered wheels are also the wheels, FF cars are generally considered superior to FR cars in conditions such as snow, mud. The weight of the engine over the wheels also improves grip in such conditions. Electronic traction control can avoid wheelspin but largely negates the benefit of extra torque/power, a transverse engine is commonly used in FF designs, in contrast to FR which uses a longitudinal engine. This is another reason luxury/sports cars avoid the FF layout, exceptions do exist, such as the Volvo S80 which uses transversely mounted inline 6 and V8 engines, and the Ford Taurus SHO, available with a 60° V8 and front-wheel drive. There are some exceptions to this as rear engine designs do not take away interior space and it also has fewer components overall and thus lower weight. However, this may apply for cars with moderate power-to-weight ratio. According to road test with two Dodge Daytonas, one FWD and one RWD, the layout is also important for what configuration is the fastest. Weight shifting limits the acceleration of a front-wheel-drive vehicle, however, since front-wheel-drive cars have the weight of the engine over the driving wheels, the problem only applies in extreme conditions in which case the car understeers. On snow, ice, and sand, rear-wheel drive loses its traction advantage to front or all-wheel-drive vehicles which have greater weight over the driven wheels. Rear-wheel-drive cars with engine or mid engine configuration retain traction over the driven wheels. A rear-wheel-drive cars centre of gravity is shifted rearward when heavily loaded with passengers or cargo, on front-wheel-drive cars, the short driveshaft may reduce drivetrain elasticity, improving responsiveness. Instead, the tunnel may be used to route the exhaust system pipes. Weight, Fewer components usually means lower weight, improved fuel efficiency due to less weight. Cost, Fewer material components and less installation complexity overall, however, the considerable MSRP differential between a FF and FR car cannot be attributed to layout alone. Few modern family cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible, assembly efficiency, the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production
11.
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
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In automotive design, an FR, or front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear. This was the automobile layout for most of the 20th century. Modern designs commonly use the front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, the first FR car was an 1895 Panhard model, so this layout was known as the Système Panhard in the early years. The layout has the advantage of minimizing mechanical complexity, as it allows the transmission to be placed in-line with the output shaft. In comparison, a vehicle with the engine over the driven wheels eliminates the need for the drive shaft, in order to reduce the relative weight of the drive shaft, the transmission was normally split into two parts, the gearbox and the final drive. The gearbox was produced with its highest gear being 1,1. The final drive, in the axle, would then reduce this to the most appropriate speed for the wheels. As power is the product of torque and angular velocity, spinning the shaft faster for any given power reduces the torque, in an era when gasoline was cheap and cars were heavy, the mechanical advantages of the FR drivetrain layout made up for any disadvantage in weight terms. It remained almost universal among car designs until the 1970s, after the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, a majority of American FR vehicles were phased out for the FF layout – this trend would spawn the SUV-van conversion market. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most American companies set as a priority the eventual removal of rear-wheel drive from their mainstream, chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and GMs American production went entirely FF by 1997 except the Corvette, Firebird and Camaro. This configuration is referred to as a transaxle since the transmission. In Europe, front-wheel drive was popularized by small cars like the Mini, Renault 5 and Volkswagen Golf, upscale marques like Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Jaguar remained mostly independent of this trend, and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars. Japanese mainstream marques such as Toyota were almost exclusively FR until the late 1970s, toyotas first FF vehicle was the Toyota Tercel, with the Corolla and Celica later becoming FF while the Camry was designed as an FF from the beginning. The Supra, Cressida, Crown, and Century remained FR, luxury division Lexus has a mostly FR lineup. Subarus BRZ is an FR car, currently most cars are FF, including all front-engined economy cars, though FR cars are making a return as an alternative to large sport-utility vehicles. In North America, GM returned to production of FR-based luxury vehicles with the 2003 Cadillac CTS, as of 2012, all but the SRX and XTS are FR-based vehicles. Chevrolet reintroduced the FR-based Camaro in 2009, and the Caprice PPV in 2011, Pontiac also had a short run with the FR-based G8 and Pontiac Solstice. A Chevrolet replacement for the G8 called the Chevrolet SS was released in 2013, chrysler and Dodge reintroduced the 300 and Charger on a FR platform
12.
Ford 7Y
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Ford 7Y is a car built by Ford UK from 1938 until 1939. During that time 65,098 cars were produced, the car was officially marketed as a Ford Eight, and was a rebodied and slightly larger version of the Ford Model Y. The car was powered by a 933 cc 8 hp Ford Sidevalve engine, a minor facelift, unveiled in September 1939, resulted in the first Ford Anglia. The car sported some unusual features such as openable rear windows that were located in the body work as this was only a two-door vehicle. A rear wheel cover was available on the models with the standard version also having a recess in the rear bodywork to accept the spare wheel. The storage of the wheel in this manner mimics the styling of the V8 Ford Pilot. This model was also the last to be fitted with a kink in the front bumper before the simpler straight bumpers were introduced on the Ford Anglia, the kink and the accompanying opening in the bottom of the grille allowed for starting the engine with a hand crank. For 1939 the Y7 tourer was replaced by the 8hp E94A Roadster and it retained the front styling, eight hp engine and 90 wheelbase of the 7Y tourer but featured different rear panels. The E94A was produced only for the 1939 model year
13.
Ford Escort (Europe)
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The Ford Escort is a small family car which was manufactured by Ford Europe from 1968 to 2004. The Ford Escort name was applied to several different small cars produced in North America by Ford between 1981 and 2003. In 2014, Ford revived the Escort name for a car based on the second-generation Ford Focus sold on the Chinese market. The first use of the Ford Escort name was for a specification version of the Ford Squire. The Mark I Ford Escort was introduced in the United Kingdom at the end of 1967 and it replaced the successful, long-running Anglia. The car was presented in continental Europe as a product of Fords European operation, Escort production commenced at the Halewood plant in England during the closing months of 1967, and for left hand drive markets during September 1968 at the Ford plant in Genk. Initially the continental Escorts differed slightly from the UK built ones under the skin, the front suspension and steering gear were differently configured and the brakes were fitted with dual hydraulic circuits, also the wheels fitted on the Genk-built Escorts had wider rims. At the beginning of 1970, continental European production transferred to a new plant on the edge of Saarlouis, West Germany. In June 1974, six years into the cars UK introduction and it was also stated that 60% of the two million Escorts had been built in Britain. In West Germany cars were built at a rate of around 150,000 cars per year. The Escort had conventional rear-wheel drive and a manual gearbox. The suspension consisted of MacPherson strut front suspension and a live axle mounted on leaf springs. The Escort was the first small Ford to use rack-and-pinion steering, the Mark I featured contemporary styling cues in tune with its time, a subtle Detroit-inspired Coke bottle waistline and the dogbone shaped front grille – arguably the cars main stylistic feature. Similar Coke bottle styling featured in the larger Cortina Mark III launched in 1970, initially, the Escort was sold as a two-door saloon. The Super model featured rectangular headlights, carpets, a cigar lighter, a panel van appeared in April 1968 and the 4-door saloon in 1969. Underneath the bonnet was the Kent Crossflow engine also used in the smallest capacity North American Ford Pinto. Diesel engines on small cars were rare, and the Escort was no exception, initially featuring only petrol engines – in 1.1 L. A940 cc engine was available in some export markets such as Italy
14.
Ford Prefect
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The Ford Prefect is a line of British cars which was produced by Ford UK between 1938 and 1961 as a more upmarket version of the Ford Popular and Ford Anglia models. It was introduced in October 1938 and remained in production until 1941, returning to the market in 1945, the car progressed in 1953 from its original perpendicular or sit-up-and-beg style to a more modern three-box structure. Some versions were built and sold by Ford Australia. Like its siblings, the car became a basis for a hot rod, especially in Britain. The Ford Prefect was introduced in October 1938 and built by the Ford plant in Dagenham, the original Ford Prefect was a slight reworking of the previous years 7Y, the first Ford car designed outside of Detroit, Michigan. It was designed specifically for the British market, the windscreen opened forward pivoting on hinges on the top edge, two flaps either side of the scuttle also let air into the car. The car has a durable four-cylinder motor, the most common body styles were two- and four-door saloons, but pre-war a few tourers and drophead coupés were made. Post-war, only four-door saloons were available on the home market,41,486 were made up to 1941 and a further 158,007 between 1945 and 1948. The E93A was also produced in Australia with the Australian-built four-door saloon having an all-steel roof, two-door saloon, tourer, 5cwt panel van, coupé utility and roadster utility models were also produced. In late 1939 the Australian Prefect models were recoded to E03A, the E03A replaced the E93A in Australian production in 1939. The E03A saloon differed from the English E93A saloon in having an all-steel roof, the A53A replaced the E03A in Australian production in 1946 with 4-door saloon, coupé utility and 5cwt delivery van versions produced. The A53A saloon differed from the E03A saloon in having an extended boot, from October 1947 the grille slates were chrome-plated. Post war, the Prefect design changed little until replaced in 1952, the headlamps moved into the wings and trafficators were fitted, though due to space restrictions these were left out on the Australian-built Ute. Only four-door saloons were available on the market, the two-door sector being left to the Anglia. The brakes remained mechanically operated using the Girling rod system with 10 in drums, a Prefect tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1948 had a top speed of 61 mph and could accelerate from 0-50 mph in 22.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of 33.2 miles per gallon was recorded. The test car which had the leather upholstery cost £412 including taxes. In standard form, they commented that it was the cheapest 4-door car on the British market, the A493A was an Australian produced variant of the English E493A which was offered in 4-door saloon and coupe utility variants
15.
Ford Popular
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The Ford Popular, often called the Ford Pop, is a car from Ford UK that was built in England between 1953 and 1962. When launched, it was Britains lowest priced car, the name Popular was also used by Ford to describe its 1930s Y Type model. The Popular name was later used on basic models of the Escort. Electrics were 6 volts, a starting handle often necessary. Rod operated drum brakes, synchromesh only on 2nd and top gear, the boot accessed with a coach key, no heater or demister, semaphore indicators, pull-wire starter, manual choke. No water pump, engine cooling by thermosyphon – this was very basic motoring, when production of the older Ford Anglia and Ford Prefect was stopped in 1953 the Popular was developed as a budget alternative, based on the old, pre-war style E494A Anglia. The E494A was, in turn, a facelift of the Anglia E04A, thus through several adjustments, updates and name changes, a design with provenance dating back to 1932 was produced by Ford for 27 years. It was powered by a Ford Sidevalve 1172 cc,30 bhp and it had a single vacuum-powered wiper, no heater, vinyl trim, and very little chrome, even the bumpers were painted, and the bakelite dash of the Anglia was replaced by a flat steel panel. The Popular 103E differed visually from the Anglia E494E in having smaller headlights, early 103Es had the three spoke banjo type Anglia/Prefect steering wheel as stocks of these were used up, but most have a two spoke wheel similar to the 100E wheel but in brown. In total,155,340 Popular E103s were produced, unless the purchaser could pay the extra £100 or so for an Anglia 100E, Austin A30 or Morris Minor, the choice was the Popular or a pre-war car. In later years, these became popular as hot rods since the late 1950s when people started drag racing them due to their lightweight construction. A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1954 had a top speed of 60.3 mph, a fuel consumption of 36.4 miles per imperial gallon was recorded. The test car cost £390 including taxes, the Popular 103E was available in Australia up to 1955 as a two-door coupe utility and also in chassis-cowl form to accept custom built bodyworkwork. It utilised the 94 inch wheelbase of the Ford Prefect with 103E front panels, the utility was designated as 103E-67 and the chassis-cowl model as 103E-84. The Popular utility differed from its Anglia A494A utility predecessor in that the Popular did not have running boards whereas the Anglia did have them, in 1959 the old Popular was replaced by a new version that was in production until 1962. Like the previous version it used a superseded Anglia body shell, this time that of the 100E, the brakes were now hydraulic with 8 in drums all round. The new Popular offered 1,000 mile service intervals, like its predecessor, the basic model stripped out many fittings from the Anglia but there was a large list of extras available and also a De Luxe version which supplied many as standard. The Motor magazine tested a 100E in 1960 and found it to have a top speed of 69.9 mph, acceleration from 0–50 mph in 19.6 seconds and a fuel consumption of 33.2 miles per imperial gallon
16.
Sedan (automobile)
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A sedan /sᵻˈdæn/ or saloon is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A, B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo. The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the compartment for adult passengers. The cargo compartment is typically in the rear, with the exception of some rear-engined models, such as the Renault Dauphine, Tatra T613, Volkswagen Type 3 and it is one of the most common car body styles. A battery electric sedan such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment, but a front cargo compartment, the primary purpose of the sedan is to transport people and their baggage on ordinary roads. Sedan versions of the body style have a central pillar that supports the roof and come in two-. Sedans usually have a two-box or three-box body, popular in the U. S. from the 1950s through the 1970s, true hardtop body designs have become increasingly rare. For example,1962 Rambler Classic sedans feature identical windshield, A-pillar, roof, C-pillar, and rear window. A two- or four-door design built on a chassis, but with a shorter roof and interior space. Originating from the car on a Pullman passenger train that was well appointed. A notchback sedan is a sedan, where the passenger volume is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle. The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the window at a sharp angle to the roof. A fastback sedan is a sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the decklid. They are not fastbacks because their bodyline changes from the roof to the rear deck and their steeply raked rear windows end with a decklid that does not continue down to the bumper. Instead, their ends are tall — sometimes in a Kammback style — to increase trunk space. Typically this design is chosen for its aerodynamic advantages, automakers can no longer afford the penalty in fuel consumption produced by the traditional notchback three box form. In historic terminology, a sedan will have a frame around the door windows, a true hardtop design also has no center or B pillar for roof support behind the front doors). This pillarless body style offers greater visibility, however, it requires extra underbody strengthening for structural rigidity. The hardtop design can be considered separately, or it can be called a hardtop sedan, during the 1960s and 1970s, hardtop sedans were often sold as sport sedans by several American manufacturers and they were among the top selling body styles
17.
Touring car
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A touring car is an open car seating four or more. A popular car body style in the twentieth century, it declined in popularity in the 1920s when closed bodies became less expensive. A tourer, in Britain and the Commonwealth, is a vehicle, however. The term all-weather tourer was used to describe open vehicles that could be fully enclosed, a popular version of the touring car style was the torpedo, with the hood/bonnet line at the cars waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back. This eventually became the version of the touring car. In 1916, the US-based Society of Automobile Engineers defined a touring car as, the term has also been defined as an open car seating five or more. Touring cars may have two or four doors, engines on early models were either in the front, or in a mid-body position. When the top was folded down, it formed a bulky mass known as the fan behind the seat, fan covers were made to protect the top. The touring car style was popular in the early 20th century, being an alternative to the runabout. Most of Model Ts produced by Ford between 1908 and 1927 were four and then three-door models touring cars, accounting for 6,519,643 cars sold out of the 15,000,000 estimated Model Ts built. The popularity of the car began to wane in the 1920s when cars with enclosed passenger compartments became more affordable. In Australia tourers may have two or four doors, the belt lines of tourers were often lowered in the front doors to give the car a more sporting character. And would then be named sports tourers, the torpedo body style was a type of touring body used from the early twentieth century until the mid-1920s. A torpedos hood line was level with the waistline, giving a straight line from front to back. The torpedo style became the style of touring car and the name fell into disuse around 1920
18.
Roadster (automobile)
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A roadster, sometimes referred to as a spider or spyder, is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a car with no weather protection. The roadster is also a style of racing car driven in United States Auto Club Championship Racing, including the Indianapolis 500 and this type of racing car was superseded by mid-engined cars. In the nineteenth century, the word denoted a horse suitable for traveling. By the end of the century the definition had expanded to include bicycles and tricycles. In 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers defined a roadster as and it may have additional seats on running boards or in rear deck. Additional seating in the deck was known as a rumble seat or a dickey seat. The main seat for the driver and passenger was usually further back in the chassis than it would have been in a touring car, Roadsters usually had a hooded dashboard. The earliest roadster automobiles had only basic bodies without doors, windshields, by the 1920s they were appointed similarly to touring cars, with doors, windshields, simple folding tops, and side curtains. When roadsters of this era were equipped with seats, the seats folded into the body when not in use. They are popular with collectors, often valued over other open styles, the term roadster as applied to automobiles is American in origin, before World War II, the British equivalent was a two-seat tourer. By the 1970s, the roadster was applied to open two-seat cars of sporting appearance or character. Roadsters had become almost as well-equipped as convertibles, including side windows that retract into the doors, Roadsters of that time included the Alfa Romeo Spider, MGB, and Triumph TR4. A roadster is still defined as a car with two seats, with some roadsters having power tops or retractable hardtops. A few manufacturers and fabricators still offer roadsters that meet the older definitions and these include Morgan, with the windowless Roadster, Caterham, with the doorless Seven, and Ariel, with the bodyless Atom. The American hot rod is based on pre–World War II roadsters, late run Model Ts and 1932 Fords were the most popular starting points. The term roadster applies to front-engined AAA/USAC Championship cars, associated with the Indianapolis 500, the roadster engine and drive shaft are offset from the centerline of the car. This allows the driver to sit lower in the chassis and facilitates a weight offset which is beneficial on oval tracks, one story of why this type of racing car is referred to as a roadster is that a team was preparing a new car for the Indianapolis 500
19.
Engine
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An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to heat, which is then used to create a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use energy to create forces. The word engine derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium–the root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called siege engines, the word gin, as in cotton gin, is short for engine. Most mechanical devices invented during the revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines. In this manner, an engine in its original form was merely a water pump. Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines, examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets, the term motor derives from the Latin verb moto which means to set in motion, or maintain motion. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion, motor and engine later came to be used largely interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings, however, rocketry uses the term rocket motor, even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by a combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, simple machines, such as the club and oar, are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and these were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, by the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times
20.
Ford Sidevalve engine
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The Ford Sidevalve is a side valve from the British arm of the Ford Motor Company. The engine had its origins in the 1930s Ford Model Y, the early engines were very basic and did not have a waterpump as standard relying on thermo-siphon effect to cool, as the Model Ts engine had. A water pump was added in 1953 for the 100E models, the Sidevalve engine was used in many smaller Fords as well as farm vehicles, commercial vehicles and a marine version in boats. Production of the engine was stopped in 1962, windscreen wipers were often driven by the vacuum generated in the inlet manifold. The Sidevalve Engine was also used in German Fords, starting with the Ford Köln in 1932 and it was then replaced by the Kent engine in Britain and by the Taunus V4 engine in Germany. The nominal horsepower quoted for each engine size comes from the British method of calculation for road taxation purposes. Displacement volume, which was calculated from the diameter, stroke. A three speed gearbox was fitted as standard, three forward and one reverse, Ford Model Y, Ford C/Ford CX Ford 7W, Ford 7Y E93/E493 range Ford Anglia, Ford Prefect Ford Popular, 100E series Ford Prefect Ford Anglia Ford Squire Ford Escort a Squire variant. Manufacturer of close ratio gears, special axle ratios, and all types of engine tuning equipment for the 4 cylinder sidevalve engines, willment in the UK, designed and manufactured overhead inlet valve cylinder heads for the side valve engines. Elva Engineering in the U. K. designed and manufactured overhead inlet valve cylinder heads for this sidevalve engine, also complete sports/racing cars. Flathead engine Ford Sidevalve Owners Club Cars and Car Conversions, Tuning SU Carburetters, Speed, G B Wake, Ford Special Builders Manual, J H Haynes & Co Ltd. Philip H. Smith, The Ford Ten Competition Engine, G T Foulis & Co. Ltd, john Haynes, Building a Fford 10 Special, Auto Publications, London. John Mills, The Constructions of Ford Specials, B T Batsford, Bill Cooper, Tuning Side-Valve Fords, Speed and Sports Publications Ltd. Miriam Nyhan, Are You Still Below, The Collins Press, - The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, ISBN9781905172498 Ford Motor Company, Anglia-Prefect Repair Manual Dave Turner, Ford Popular and the Small Sidevalves, Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-90308-804-6 Bill Ballard, English & Australian Small Fords, Ellery Publications
21.
Inline-four engine
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The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a type of inline internal combustion four-cylinder engine with all four cylinders mounted in a straight line, or plane along the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders may be oriented in either a vertical or a plane with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. Where it is inclined, it is called a slant-four. In a specification chart or when an abbreviation is used, an engine is listed either as I4 or L4. The inline-four layout is in primary balance and confers a degree of mechanical simplicity which makes it popular for economy cars. However, despite its simplicity, it suffers from an imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines. These vibrations become more powerful as engine size and power increase, the inline-four is the most common engine configuration in modern cars, while the V6 engine is the second most popular. This inline engine configuration is the most common in cars with a displacement up to 3.0 L, in practice, the displacement of inline-four petrol engines in cars rarely exceeds this figure. For example, the largest engine of this form on the U. S. market in model year 2015 is the Toyota 2TR-FE, however, there are some notable exceptions. Early vehicles also tended to have engines with larger displacements to develop horsepower, the Model A Ford was built with a 3.3 L inline-four engine. Inline-four diesel engines, which are lower revving than gasoline engines, Mitsubishi still employs a 3.0 L inline-four diesel. Generally, European and Asian manufacturers of trucks with a vehicle weight rating between 7.5 and 18 tonnes use inline four-cylinder diesel engines with displacements around 5 L. The MAN D0834 engine is a 4.6 L inline-4 with 220 hp and 627 lb·ft, the Isuzu Forward is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.2 L inline-four engine that delivers 210 hp and 470 lb·ft. The Hino Ranger is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.1 L inline-four engine that delivers 175 hp and 465 lb·ft, the earlier Hino Ranger even had a 5.3 L inline-four engine. The Kubota M135X is a tractor with a 6.1 L inline-four and this turbo-diesel engine has a bore of 118 mm and a relatively long stroke of 140 mm. One of the strongest Powerboat-4-cylinders is the Volvo Penta D4-300 turbodiesel and this is a 3.7 L-inline-4 with 300 hp and 516 lb·ft. Brunswick Marine built a 127 kW3.7 L 4-cylinder gasoline engine for their Mercruiser Inboard/outboard line, the block was formed from one half of a Ford 460 cubic inch V8 engine. This engine was produced in the 1970s and 1980s, One of the largest inline-four engines is the MAN B&W 4K90 marine engine
22.
Wheelbase
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In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles, the wheelbase is defined as the distance between the axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case of a truck, the wheelbase would be the distance between the steering axle and a point midway between the two rear axles. The wheelbase of a vehicle equals the distance between its front and rear wheels, at equilibrium, the total torque of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero. So, for example, when a truck is loaded, its center of gravity shifts rearward, the amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the stiffness of the suspension. If the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front tire respectively, so, as is common experience, when the vehicle accelerates, the rear usually sinks and the front rises depending on the suspension. Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises, because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a car with a greater weight load on the rear tends to understeer due to the lack of the load on the front tires. This is why it is crucial, when towing a single-axle caravan, likewise, a car may oversteer or even spin out if there is too much force on the front tires and not enough on the rear tires. Also, when turning there is lateral torque placed upon the tires which imparts a turning force that depends upon the length of the distances from the CM. Wheelbases provide the basis for one of the most common vehicle size class systems, some luxury vehicles are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair was given a version of the Rover 75 for official use. In contrast, coupé varieties of vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are derived from. The wheelbase on many commercially available bicycles and motorcycles is so short, relative to the height of their centers of mass, in skateboarding the word wheelbase is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this use is that decks are sold with prefabricated holes. It is therefore easier to use the holes for measuring and describing this characteristic of the deck. A common misconception is that the choice of wheelbase is influenced by the height of the skateboarder, however, the length of the deck would then be a better candidate, because the wheelbase affects characteristics useful in different speeds or terrains regardless of the height of the skateboarder
23.
Ford Model Y
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The Ford Model Y is an automobile that was produced by Ford Britain, Ford SAF and Ford Germany from 1932 to 1937. It was the first Ford automobile specifically designed for markets outside the United States, smaller numbers were assembled in Australia, Japan, Latvia and in Spain nicknamed as the Ford Forito. Plans to build it in the U. S. were scrubbed when a cost accounting showed that it would only be cheaper to build than the Ford Model B. The car was powered by a 933 cc,8 hp Ford Sidevalve engine, the little Ford was available in two and four-door versions. In June 1935 a reduced specification two-door model was the only car ever to sell in Britain for just £100. The maximum speed was just under 60 mph and fuel consumption was 32 miles per imperial gallon, even by the standards of the time, the UK-built Ford 8, like its major competitor the Austin 7, was found noteworthy for its almost unbelievable lack of brakes. For the first 14 months the original model with a radiator grille was produced. After this in October 1933 the long rad model, with its radiator grille. Both 4-door and 2-door saloons were produced and these could be had either with a fixed roof, also offered was an attractive 5 cwt van, which proved very popular with small businesses. Ford did not produce a car because it was thought that the chassis was too flexible. Although of American design, the Model Y took the British market by storm, and when it was first introduced it made a dent in the sales figures of Austin, Morris, Singer. It went on to more than 50 per cent of the 8HP sales. Some 175,000 Model Ys were produced worldwide and the Y and C Register has knowledge of approximately 1250 survivors, in Britain the larger and faster 10hp Model C never sold in such great numbers as the Model Y although there was a very attractive factory-produced tourer. In 1935 the styling was enhanced with small modifications and the model was designated the CX. In Germany the position was reversed, the locally produced Ford Model C was branded as the Ford Eifel, and remained in production for four years after the manufacturer had given up on the locally produced Type Y, the Ford Köln. The Ford Köln was outcompeted by the Opel 1. 0/1.2 litre, eugene Turenne Gregorie Ford Köln Sam Roberts
24.
Ford Model C Ten
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The Ford Model C Ten is a car that was built by Ford UK between 1934 and 1937. Ten stands for 10 British fiscal horsepower, the car was also assembled in Spain between 1934 and 1936. The German version produced in the period was named the Ford Eifel. A standard engine would produce 30 bhp at 4000 rpm and this engine became a favourite for many engine tuners in post war days and gave a start to several sports car makers including Lotus Cars and remained in production until 1962. Suspension was by the Ford system of transverse leaf springs with rigid front and rear. A three speed gearbox was fitted, a four-seat tourer, now much sought after, joined the saloons in mid 1935 and a de-luxe version, the CX, with chromium-plated trim was available from late 1935 to early 1937. The car could reach 70 mph and return 35 miles to an gallon, the Model C Tens engine was also used in the limited-trial Ausfod automobile, manufactured in Manchester from 1947 to 1948. The Model C was released in Australia in 1935 and was offered in roadster, coupe, saloon, van and roadster utility bodystyles
25.
Manifold vacuum
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Manifold vacuum, or engine vacuum in an internal combustion engine is the difference in air pressure between the engines intake manifold and Earths atmosphere. Manifold vacuum is an effect of a movement on the induction stroke. It is a measure of the amount of restriction of airflow through the engine, in some engines, the manifold vacuum is also used as an auxiliary power source to drive engine accessories and for the crankcase ventilation system. It is also used in airplanes to provide airflow for pneumatic gyroscopic instruments. The rate of airflow through a combustion engine is an important factor determining the amount of power the engine generates. Manifold vacuum is present in all naturally aspirated engines that use throttles, the mass flow through the engine is determined by the rotation rate of the engine, multiplied by the displacement of the engine, and the density of the intake stream in the intake manifold. In most applications the rotation rate is set by the application, the displacement is dependent on the engine geometry, which is generally not adjustable while the engine is in use. Restricting the input reduces the density in the intake manifold. It is also a source of engine drag, as the engine must pump material from the low-pressure intake manifold into the exhaust manifold. When the throttle is opened, ambient air is free to fill the intake manifold, a carburetor or fuel injection system adds fuel to the airflow in the correct proportion, providing energy to the engine. When the throttle is opened all the way, the air induction system is exposed to full atmospheric pressure. In a naturally aspirated engine, output power is limited by the ambient barometric pressure, superchargers and turbochargers boost manifold pressure above atmospheric pressure. Modern engines use a MAP sensor to measure air pressure in the intake manifold, manifold Absolute Pressure is one of a multitude of parameters used by the engine control unit to optimize engine operation. It is important to differentiate between absolute and gage pressure when dealing with applications, particularly those that experience changes in elevation during normal operation. Electric vacuum pumps are now used for powering pneumatic accessories. Manifold vacuum is caused by a different phenomenon than venturi vacuum, venturi vacuum is caused by the venturi effect which, for fixed ambient conditions, depends on the total mass flow through the carburetor. In engines that use carburetors, the vacuum is approximately proportional to the total mass flow through the engine. As ambient pressure or temperature change, the carburetor may need to be adjusted to maintain this relationship, manifold pressure may also be ported
26.
Panel van
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A panel van is a form of solid van, smaller than a lorry or truck, without rear side windows. In the U. K. this body style is referred to as a car-derived van, panel vans are widely used in many parts of the world for transporting cargo. In some national usages it is distinct from a van in that it is based on the chassis of a family car design. In places where they are distinct from a van, they have less space but better agility and maneuverability. Tracing their roots back to the days of automobiles, panel vans have historically been a part of major American car manufacturers line-ups. Known as a delivery in American English, it is a basically a two-door station wagon with sheet-metal panels in place of rear side doors. Sedan deliveries have spartan interior trim and were used by businesses much as cargo vans are used today and this format was pioneered from the 1950s by the Citroën 2CV Fourgonnette and the Morris Minor. In Australia, local panel vans were a development of the Australian ute, panel vans were also especially popular with younger car buyers in Australia during the 1970s. Examples of the new wave of panel vans are the Renault Kangoo and they are also purpose-designed to be utilitarian base model MPVs / people carriers, for a range of such vehicles. Due to economic crisis and strong shift on SUVs and CUVs, only two panel vans which are all-new models being released recently are Dacia Dokker and Ford Transit Connect
27.
Transmission (mechanics)
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A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed. In British English, the term refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, differential. In American English, however, the term more specifically to the gearbox alone. The most common use is in vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping. The transmission reduces the engine speed to the slower wheel speed. Transmissions are also used on bicycles, fixed machines. Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios with the ability to switch between them as speed varies and this switching may be done manually or automatically. Directional control may also be provided, single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque of motor output. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, while a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation, automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft. This means that the shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the rotational direction of power transmission. Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios, in this case, most of the gear ratios are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque
28.
Manual transmission
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A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, stick shift, n-speed manual, standard, MT, or in colloquial U. S. English, a stick, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. The number of gear ratios is often expressed for automatic transmissions as well. Manual transmissions often feature a clutch and a movable gear stick. This type of transmission is called a sequential manual transmission. In a manual transmission, the flywheel is attached to the engines crankshaft, the clutch disk is in between the pressure plate and the flywheel, and is held against the flywheel under pressure from the pressure plate. When the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, the flywheel spins the clutch plate, as the clutch pedal is depressed, the throw out bearing is activated, which causes the pressure plate to stop applying pressure to the clutch disk. This makes the clutch plate stop receiving power from the engine, when the clutch pedal is released, the throw out bearing is deactivated, and the clutch disk is again held against the flywheel, allowing it to start receiving power from the engine. Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by locking selected gear pairs to the shaft inside the transmission. Conversely, most automatic transmissions feature epicyclic gearing controlled by brake bands and/or clutch packs to select gear ratio, automatic transmissions that allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called manumatics. A manual-style transmission operated by computer is called an automated transmission rather than an automatic. Operating aforementioned transmissions often use the pattern of shifter movement with a single or multiple switches to engage the next sequence of gear selection. The earliest form of a transmission is thought to have been invented by Louis-René Panhard. This type of transmission offered multiple gear ratios and, in most cases and these transmissions are called sliding mesh transmissions or sometimes crash boxes, because of the difficulty in changing gears and the loud grinding sound that often accompanied. Newer manual transmissions on cars have all gears mesh at all times and are referred to as constant-mesh transmissions, in both types, a particular gear combination can only be engaged when the two parts to engage are at the same speed. To shift to a gear, the transmission is put in neutral. The vehicle also slows while in neutral and that slows other transmission parts, so the time in neutral depends on the grade, wind, for both upshifts and downshifts, the clutch is released while in neutral. Some drivers use the only for starting from a stop. Even though automobile and light truck transmissions are now almost universally synchronized, transmissions for trucks and machinery, motorcycles
29.
Roadster utility
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A Roadster utility is an automobile with an open-topped roadster body and a rear cargo bed. The concept is similar to that of the coupe utility which combines a closed body with a rear cargo bed. The style was common in Australia prior to World War II, the term Light Delivery was often used for the roadster utility in that country. In the United States this body style was called a Roadster Pickup and was popular during the 1920s and early 1930s, several manufacturers like Ford or Dodge offered it as standard models in their commercial vehicle catalogues
30.
Ford Squire
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The Ford Squire is a car that was produced by Ford UK from 1955 to 1959. It was a two-door, four-seat estate design, related to the Ford Prefect 100E four-door saloon, sharing the same 1172 cc Ford Sidevalve 36 bhp engine and other parts and it was substantially shorter than both the Prefect and the closely related Ford Anglia 100E two-door saloon. It used the front doors of the four-door model because the bodyshell was optimized for use as a panel van. The rear door was in two pieces split horizontally, the rear seat could be folded flat to convert from a four-seater to a load carrier. Until 1957 there were wood trim pieces screwed to the sides of the vehicle, the Squire competed in the same market segment as the Hillman Husky and the Austin A30 / A35 based estate, these were significantly more popular in the UK than longer estates at the time. The British Motor magazine tested a Squire in 1955 recording a top speed of 69.9 mph and acceleration from 0-50 mph in 20.2 seconds, the test car which had the optional heater cost £668 including taxes. The Ford Escort was a mechanically identical estate car but based on the Ford Anglia which had a trim level. This proved more popular and a total of 33,131 Escorts were produced between 1955 and 1961, production of the Escort continued until 1961, two years longer than the Squire. Some years later, the Ford Escort name was used for two other small cars, manufactured in Europe and North America
31.
Ford Thames 300E
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The Ford Thames 300E is a car derived van that was produced by Ford UK from 1954 to 1961. The Thames name was given to all sizes of commercial vehicle produced by Ford in Britain during the 1950s. The 300E was introduced in July 1954, based on the Ford Anglia / Prefect 100E saloon range and it shared its bodyshell and 1172 cc sidevalve four-cylinder engine with the Ford Squire estate car versions of the line. Oddly, the bodyshell was optimized for use as a panel van rather than an estate with its two, short passenger doors and shorter length than the saloons. Initially produced only as a model with 5 long cwt carrying capacity. All three offered the same 66-cubic-foot load volume, production totalled 196,885 examples comprising 139,2675 cwt,10,056 Standard 7 cwt and 47,562 Deluxe 7 cwt units. 300E production ended in April 1961 and the replacement, the Anglia 105E based Thames 307E, was introduced in June of the same year
32.
Ford Consul
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The Ford Consul is a car that was manufactured by Ford UK from 1951 to 1962. The name was revived for a model produced by Ford in both Britain and Germany from 1972 to 1975. Between 1951 and 1962, the Consul was the base model of the three-model Ford Zephyr range, comprising Consul, Zephyr. In 1956, the line was restyled, in 1962, the Consul was replaced by the Zephyr 4, the mid-range Zephyr model becoming the Zephyr 6, and the top-of-the-range Zephyr Zodiac just being called the Zodiac. At this point, Consul became a range of cars in its own right, initially the Consul Classic and Consul Capri. The Consul Classic was only made for two years, before being replaced by the Consul Corsair, the Consul Capri was made from October 1961 until August 1964. The Consul Classic, the Consul Capri, and the Consul Corsair were relatively short-lived, the Consul name was again used by Ford from 1972 to 1975 on a replacement for the Zephyr range, now sharing a body with the more luxurious Ford Granada Mark I. The two-door coupé Capris name was reintroduced in 1969. The 1500 cc four-cylinder Consul was first shown at the 1950 London Motor Show and it was the start of Ford of Britains successful attack on the family saloon car market. With stablemate Zephyr, it was the first British Ford with modern unibody construction, the Zephyr Six replaced the larger-engined V-8 Pilot which had only been made in small numbers. The Consul was given the Ford code of EOTA, most cars were four-door saloons with body design by George Walker of the parent United States Ford Motor Company, but a few estate cars were made by the coachbuilder Abbott. From 1953, a conversion by Carbodies became available. Having lost most of its strength with its roof, the unibody was reinforced by welding in a large X-frame to the floor pan, unlike the more expensive Zephyr, the hood had to be put up and down manually. It was also the first car built with up-to-date technology. The new 1508 cc 47 bhp engine had overhead valves, and hydraulic clutch operation was used, however, a three-speed gearbox, with synchromesh only on second and top, was retained. The Consul was also the first British production car to use the now-common MacPherson strut independent front suspension, the bench front seat was trimmed in PVC, and the handbrake was operated by an umbrella-style pull lever under the facia. and spare the battery. A car tested by The Motor in 1953 had a top speed of 72 mph, a fuel consumption of 26 miles per imperial gallon was recorded. The test car cost £732 including taxes, in 1956, a new Consul appeared with the Ford code of 204E
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Ford Taunus P1
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The Ford Taunus P1 is a small family car which was produced by Ford Germany from 1952 until 1962. It was marketed as the Ford Taunus 12M, and, between 1955 and 1959, as the larger-engined Ford Taunus 15M, in that year the Taunus P1 series was replaced by the Taunus P4 series. At its launch, the car placed Ford ahead of the pack and it was one of the first new cars to appear in Germany since before the war, and featured a radical ponton format “three box” body as pioneered by the 1949 Borgward. Planning for Ford Germany’s new ponton bodied passenger car began in 1949, the Studebaker design had already proved highly influential on the domestic programs of mainstream US auto-makers. Cologne based production engineers adapted the US proposal for the German market, the Studebaker featured a large roundel directly above the front grill on which was displayed the propeller of an airplane. The Ford Project 1 also featured a prominent roundel at the front of the car, but in place of the Studebaker’s propeller design and this bold and unusual decoration led to the new car becoming known as the „Weltkugeltaunus“. The proposal from Ford in America called for a monocoque construction, Ford of Germany had no experience of this construction method, having spent most of the 1940s concentrating on building light trucks. In due course, and not before a certain amount of confusion concerning the naming of the car, Ford’s Project 1 was released to the market as the Ford Taunus 12M. By the time the half globe was removed from the nose,247,174 of the 12M version had been sold along with 127,942 of the subsequently introduced Ford Taunus 15Ms. The immediate postwar era was seen as a new beginning for a newly divided Germany with, in the west, new borders, a new constitution and a new political class. The monocoque bodied new model for 1952 also represented a new beginning for Ford, in the 1930s Ford of Germany had, along with Opel, pioneered the use of model names that would have positive associations for customers. For Project 1, Ford Germany evidently intended to invoke another hilly region of natural beauty, however, the “Hunsrück” name was blocked shortly before launch, possibly because of problems encountered explaining the pronunciation of “Hunsrück” to management colleagues in Dearborn. However, it transpired that the name “Meisterstück” was unavailable for any Ford vehicle, therefore by the time Ford’s radical new car came to market it arrived under the name “Ford Taunus 12M”. The “12” in the referred to the engine size of 1.2 litres. During development it was intended that the car would be powered by a 1,498 cc engine. This was in many respects the engine that had originally intended for the previous Ford Taunus first produced in 1939. By 1952 sidevalve engines were seen as old fashioned. That Ford were still powering their entry level Taunus P1 with a sidevalve engine ten years later, in 1962, would leave the model looking badly outclassed under the bonnet/hood
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Three-box styling
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The Renault Dauphine is a three-box that carries its engine in the rear and its cargo up front. The styling of the Škoda Octavia integrates a hatchback with the articulation of a three-box and this style was later used by its larger Škoda Superb, which marketed as the TwinDoor, within the liftgate operable as a trunk lid or as a full hatchback. As with the third generation European Ford Escort, the box may be vestigial. Two-box designs articulate a volume for engine and a volume that combines passenger and cargo volumes, e. g. station wagons or hatchbacks, ponton styling Coke bottle styling Glossary of automotive design
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