1.
Ford Taunus
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The Ford Taunus is a family car that was sold by Ford Germany throughout Europe. Models from 1970 onward were similar to the Ford Cortina in the United Kingdom, the model line was named after the Taunus mountain range in Germany and was first made in 1939 and continued through several versions until 1994. The Ford Taunus G93A was a development of the Ford Eifel and used the same 1172 cc four cylinder engine but in a longer chassis and it was the first German Ford to have hydraulic brakes. Due to the war, production was interrupted from 1942 to 1948,74,128 were made including estate cars and light vans. From 1952 to 1968 all German Fords were called the Taunus, using the model names 12M, 15M, 17M, 20M, the M is said to stand for Meisterstück, in English Masterpiece, but that word was found to be already registered by another German automaker. Taunus was also adopted as the brand-name in export markets, particularly where British. With the introduction of the new 12M line for 1962 came the V4 engine, the 20 and 26M models had the Ford Cologne V6 engine which is basically the same engine design with two extra cylinders added. The 12,15,17 etc. numbers refer to the displacement,1200,1500,1700 cc etc. From 1962 to 1970, the smaller models 12M and its successor 12M/15M had front wheel drive, all other models had rear wheel drive. The following models were offered, The Taunus 12M presented in 1952 was the first new German Ford after World War II and it featured ponton styling, similar in style to British Ford Zephyr. The Taunus 15M used a new and more powerful engine, 12M,1172 cc,38 hp,112 km/h 15M,1498 cc,55 hp,128 km/h Body styles were two door sedan, two station wagon and sedan delivery. Not a new car, but a rework of the 1952 model, all cars are called 12M, though both engines are continued. Body styles were the same as in the 1952 model, the new Ford Taunus 12M P4 was similar in size, but a completely new car based on the Ford Cardinal project. New body, new V4 engine, front wheel drive, the first Ford car with front wheel drive. The Ford Taunus P6 came with new bodies, engines and platform are continued, again, the car with the bigger engine is called 15M. In 1970, the P6 is replaced by the Taunus TC, growing prosperity in postwar Germany encouraged Ford to offer a line of bigger and more expensive cars. The Ford Taunus 17M of 1957 was as long as the British Consul Mk2 and it presented a style similar to American 1955 Fords, featuring substantial tailfins. The transatlantic flamboyance of the cars styling gained it the sobriquet Baroque Taunus, unusually for middle class German cars of this period, it was available with either two or four doors
2.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
3.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
4.
Mid-size car
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A mid-size car is the North American/Australian standard for an automobile with a size equal to or greater than that of a compact. In Europe mid-sizers are referred to as D-segment or large family cars, the automobile that defined this size in the United States was the Rambler Six that was introduced in 1956, although it was called compact car at that time. The mid-size class then grew out of the compacts of the early-1960s, for example, the Ford Fairlane was referred to at its introduction in 1962 as a compact intermediate because it was barely bigger than its close relative, the Falcon. General Motors first entries in the class, such as the Oldsmobile F-85, Pontiac Tempest, and Buick Special were not mechanically related to the compact Chevrolet Corvair, at that time vehicle classes were defined more by their wheelbase than interior passenger space and cargo capacity. The class began to rapidly, and for the next ten years each expansion in size in the full-size field was followed by a proportionate growth in the mid-size models. By the mid-1960s, they were as big as the cars of the mid-1950s. By the mid-1970s, they were nearly as big as the cars of the mid-1960s. During the 1970s, the class was generally defined as vehicles with wheelbases between 112 inches and 118 inches. A turning point occurred in the late 1970s, when rising costs and government fuel economy regulations caused all car classes to shrink. Automakers moved previously full-size nameplates to smaller platforms, new official size designations in the U. S. were introduced by the EPA, which defined market segments by passenger and cargo space. Formerly mid-sized cars that were built on the platform, like the AMC Matador sedan, had a combined passenger and cargo volume of 130 cubic feet. The situation was complicated when General Motors began to downsize its models about two years before everybody else, in 1978, the Chevrolet Malibu nameplate had been redesigned on a 108-inch wheelbase, while the Ford Granada moved to the 105-inch wheelbase of the Ford Fairmonts Fox platform in 1981. Both competed with the Chrysler standard and extended K-cars, often classified as compact, former mid-size platforms such as the Plymouth Satellite would be rebranded as full-size, rebodied, or dropped in the face of the downsized Chevrolet Caprice. Some were subsequently replaced by used to be large compacts. The Granada would be badged with the LTD moniker before being replaced by the class-defining Ford Taurus, similarly, import models such as the Honda Accord and Toyota Camry that had been classified by the EPA as compact in 1985 grew to the mid-size class by the 1990s. The Accord later grew even larger, its eighth North American sedan version was classified by the EPA as a full-size car, the current ninth generation North American sedan was slightly smaller than its immediate predecessor, putting it once again in the mid-size class. Mid-size vehicles today usually have wheelbases between 105 inches and 110 inches, another widely used definition is that of the EPA, which classifies cars between 110 cubic feet and 119 cubic feet of interior volume as mid-size. Mid-size cars are the most popular category of cars sold in the United States, in Japan, the term mid-size car probably does not have the intermediate sense that it does in other markets
5.
Full-size car
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A full-size car is a marketing term used in North America for an automobile larger than a mid-size car. Traditional U. S. full-size passenger cars were designed to be comfortable for six occupants, the United States Environmental Protection Agency currently uses the term large car to denote full-size cars based on their combined interior passenger and luggage volume. The traditional full-size passenger cars that were built by the U. S. Full-size cars were also denoted for their length, nearing 4,953 mm in basic low-priced, family sedans. The luxury models often tended to reach 5,350 mm. Previously, the term first appeared in the early 1960s to distinguish what also became known as standard-size cars from the new compact and intermediate models then being introduced. The U. S. EPA defines large size as 120 ft³ or more of combined passenger, a majority of U. S. automakers manufactured full size automobiles were constructed using a body-on-frame platform. This platform was phased out in 2011 when the Ford Panther vehicles ended production, use of the term in North America became popular after the introduction of compacts by the U. S. Detroit Big Three for the 1960 model year, and then a few years later the introduction of what became known as mid-size cars. The term was most correctly applied to close to the width limit carrying nameplates of The Low Priced Three, Chevrolet, Ford. Manufacturers contributed to the lack of distinction by marketing models of their brands into the lower price ranges with what had previously been considered medium-priced brands. For 1977, General Motors downsized its cars, with overall width cut from approximately 80 in to the mid-70 inch range. Chevrolet, Pontiac, and the less expensive Oldsmobile and Buick models had a 116-inch wheelbase, more expensive Oldsmobile and Buick models, plus the Cadillac had a 119 in wheelbase, but no more width. Ford and Chrysler downsized for 1979, the latter even building its Chrysler R platform, by this time, a huge increase in gasoline prices had made it difficult to sell any large cars, downsized or not. Chrysler had the misfortune of introducing two consecutive new designs of its largest cars, in 1974 and 1979, during times when gasoline prices suddenly increased. The EPA interior volumes for passenger and cargo for the most part resulted in mid-size, full-size, the 1980s Chrysler M platform, classified as large cars at the time, were derived from the Dodge Aspen/Plymouth Volare platform, originally marketed as large compacts. While many modern cars are referred to as full-size, they do not qualify for the term as used in the 1960s and 1970s. Consumer acceptance of large SUVs approaching 80 inches in width shows interest remains in vehicles capable of seating with reasonable comfort. Police cars in the United States are almost always full-size cars and this is usually due to the amount of interior space for an arrestee as well as trunk volume for computer and electrical equipment. Interior space and trunk volume also make such vehicles popular for taxi use, since the discontinuation of the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor the de facto replacement has been a variation of the Ford Taurus
6.
Ford LTD (Americas)
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The Ford LTD is a range of automobiles manufactured by Ford Motor Company for the 1965 to 1986 model years. Introduced as the highest trim of the full-size Ford model range, for the 1979 model year, the LTD would undergo downsizing, becoming externally smaller than the LTD II. For 1983, the LTD effectively became a car as the Ford Granada was discontinued and renamed the LTD. The mid-size LTD was replaced by the Ford Taurus after 1986, outside of North America, the 1965-1968 Ford LTD was manufactured in South America into the 1980s. The LTD designation is considered by some an abbreviation of luxury trim decor, however there is no evidence of Lincoln type design ever being used in brochures or advertising copy of North American sales literature. The original Car Life review at the time the first Galaxie 500 LTD was released suggests that LTD stood for nothing and was ambiguous in meaning just like the XL suffix of the Galaxie 500 XL model. The Ford Galaxie 500 LTD was introduced in 1964, and prompted the Chevrolet Caprice mid-year, the AMC Ambassador DPL, the Plymouth Fury VIP, and the similar Dodge Monaco. These upscale models had features found primarily on luxury models from these manufacturers, namely Cadillac, Lincoln and Imperial. These cars commonly came equipped with options like power windows, a drivers seat, power brakes, power steering, air conditioning. Other upgrades were made of better materials and more powerful engines. Most of these upper trim models were usually hardtops as opposed to pillared bodies, in 1966, the LTD series became completely separate from the Galaxie 500, which continued as the mid-line offering. The Twin Comfort Lounge Seat was a new option, the 1967 LTD two-door hardtop got a new formal roofline, keeping up with the competition. The 1968 model year would be transitional for the LTD and all full-size Fords, though the body and frame of the 1965-1967 models were carryovers, the 1968 model featured horizontal hidden headlights and a more formal roofline. It was the last model with the 119 wheelbase, the standard LTD interior was downgraded a bit in luxury compared to past versions, but a new Brougham option package effectively brought the interior trim up to previous standards of luxury. If a loss of vacuum occurred, the doors would retract up so that the headlights were visible if the system should fail, 1968s also included side marker lights and reflectors, and the parking lights now illuminated with the headlights. Front outboard shoulder belts were fitted to cars built effective January 1,1968, a limousine version of the car was also considered, with the extra length at the C-pillar and the rear doors. At least one example was built, by Lehmann-Peterson and this car does not appear to have a B-pillar or a division window. Andy Hotton Associates also built about 10 examples of an LTD limo, for the 1969 model year, the LTD was given a major redesign
7.
Ford Crown Victoria
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The Ford Crown Victoria is a rear-wheel drive full-size sedan that was marketed and manufactured by Ford from the 1992 to the 2011 model years over two generations. Discontinued in 2011, the latter day Crown Victoria had been in production since 1991 at Fords St. Thomas Assembly plant in Talbotville, Ontario, Canada. Dropping its previous LTD prefix, Ford instead revived a nameplate used on a two-door version of the Fairlane sold in the North American market for the 1955 model year. The Crown Victoria shared the Ford Panther platform and major powertrain, body, along with its rebadged Mercury and Lincoln variants, the Crown Victoria was the final full-frame rear-wheel-drive passenger sedan produced in North America. The durability associated with its layout popularized the use of the Crown Victoria with taxicab, the first use of the Crown Victoria nameplate by Ford was in the 1955 model year as part of the Ford Fairlane range. The first time Ford used the victoria as a convention was in 1932 on the Ford Victoria 2-door coupe. A variant of the Crown Victoria, the Crown Victoria Skyliner, for the 1956 model year, along with the rest of the Ford model line, the Fairlane Crown Victoria received the Lifeguard option package. The Crown Victoria name remained dormant until the 1980 model year, as Ford reintroduced the nameplate in the recently downsized Ford LTD, to differentiate it from a standard LTD, the stainless-steel band also made its return to the roof. In a fashion similar to the Lincoln Town Car, the roof extended to the B-pillar. After its discontinuation at the 1991 model year, the LTD Crown Victoria was the last car to wear the Ford LTD name in North America, the Ford Crown Victoria was released for sale in March 1991 as a 1992 model.42 to 0.34. Due to a shift in demand for family-oriented vehicles, the LTD Country Squire station wagon was not included as part of the redesign, during their launch, the Ford Crown Victoria were involved in a unique loophole involving CAFE. Although launched in 1979, the Panther chassis underwent extensive upgrades to improve its road manners and handling, major updates were made to the steering and suspension tuning. To improve braking performance, the Crown Victoria gained four-wheel disc brakes, anti-lock brakes and low-speed traction control were available as an option, for 1997, several updates were made to improve handling response and steering control Showcased in the redesign was the Modular V8. Lighter than its predecessor, the 4. 6L V8 produced nearly identical torque output while producing 40 additional horsepower in its standard single-exhaust configuration, as with its predecessor and the Lincoln Town Car, the 4. 6L V8 was paired with a 4-speed overdrive automatic transmission. In 1993, the Ford AOD transmission was replaced by the electronically-controlled AOD-E version, for 1995, the AOD-E was replaced by the 4R70W, a heavier-duty version introduced in the Lincoln Mark VIII. Ford based much of the Crown Victorias appearance on the first-generation Ford Taurus, though the Taurus became wildly popular in its market segment, Telnacks Aero look proved to be either a love or hate proposition with potential buyers of the full-size, wedge-shaped Crown Victoria. To reduce aesthetic commonality with the Mercury Grand Marquis, only the front doors, windshield, an electronic instrument panel was introduced as an option. Though better received than the 1990 redesign of the Chevrolet Caprice, in late 1992 for model year 1993, a grille was added to the front fascia, for 1994, a red reflector strip was added to the trunk lid to visually connect the taillamps
8.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Mercury (automobile)
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Mercury is a defunct division of the American automobile manufacturer Ford Motor Company. Marketed as a premium brand for nearly its entire existence. Forming half of the Lincoln-Mercury Division, the brand was intended to bridge the gap between the Ford and Lincoln vehicle lines. In a similar context, Buick and Oldsmobile played the role within General Motors while the Chrysler Division did so within Chrysler Corporation. Although the initial Mercury Eight was a design, for much of the existence of the division. To various extents, nearly all Mercury vehicles would be rebadged, during the development of the Edsel, this practice ran in reverse, as the vehicles were derived from Mercury chassis underpinnings. In the summer of 2010, Ford Motor Company announced the discontinuation of the Mercury division as it consolidated its marketing and engineering efforts on the Ford, production of Mercury vehicles ceased in the fourth quarter of 2010. At the time, Ford sold Mercury vehicles in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, U. S. Virgin Islands, the final Mercury automobile, a 2011 Mercury Grand Marquis, rolled off the assembly line on January 4,2011. Although the final vehicle of the division was produced in 2011, Mercury remains an active, while General Motors and upstart Chrysler Corporation both had a comprehensive line of brands, by 1935, Ford sold only its namesake brand and the cars of Lincoln Motor Company. Aside from the Cadillac V-16, the Packard Eight and Duesenberg Model J, as a solution, from 1936 to 1939, Ford began its own version of the Companion Make Program introduced by General Motors in the previous decade. Inside Ford, there was whether a medium-priced car should be a Ford model or a new marque entirely. Started as a company in 1937 by Edsel Ford, the Mercury name was selected from over 100 potential model. The Chevrolet Mercury was produced in 1933, becoming the Chevrolet Standard from 1934-1936, the body designs of the new car were completed by E. T. Bob Gregorie. For the 1939 model year, the Mercury made its debut with a vehicle line. An all-new car, sharing no body panels with any Ford or Lincoln, to minimize production costs, a 239 cubic-inch version of the Ford Flathead V8 engine was used in place of developing an engine specifically for the division. Over 65,800 cars were sold for 1939, at a price of $916. For the 1941 model year, the Mercury officially adopted the Mercury Eight nameplate used in sales literature, to lower production costs of the popular vehicle, the Mercury Eight shared much of its bodyshell with the Ford V8, but it sat on a four-inch longer wheelbase. During the war-shortened 1942 model year, the Mercury Eight introduced the first semi-automatic transmission by Ford Motor Company, following World War II, Ford Motor Company dropped the De Luxe Ford sub-brand and Lincoln-Zephyr was absorbed into Lincoln
11.
Mercury Sable
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During its 21-year production run, the Sable was itself a badge-engineered variant of the contemporary Ford Taurus. Along with the Taurus, the Sable was a design, highly influential vehicle in the marketplace. The Mercury brand suffered even more from this delay, in 1982, Ford launched the redesigned Mercury Cougar to start a reinvigoration of the Mercury brand with new aerodynamic designs, and started development of the Sable. The Taurus and Sable siblings used flush aerodynamic composite headlights, Ford was the first to produce and sell vehicles with such headlights in the U. S. when it introduced the Lincoln Mark VII in 1983. To do so, Ford had to lobby the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to have them approved, the Taurus and Sable were the first domestically produced, mainstream sedans to use the new lights. The Sable was unveiled along with the Taurus in a resounding fashion, for its aerodynamic shape, the launch was held in MGM Studios Soundstage 85, where Gone with the Wind was filmed. Ford workers came into the room, which was decorated in space-age decor, holding cups shaped like flying saucers, then, with the flashing of strobe lights and a drum-roll, the curtain was pulled back and the two cars were revealed to the public. The Sables design was considered so futuristic, that it was called by the press The car that came from the moon and this introduction approach was used previously during the late 1950s by Ford to introduce a new car during a live broadcast called The Edsel Show. The bodyshell was smooth and aerodynamic, the Sable twin had a wraparound lightbar with two headlights and a low-wattage stretch in between. Aircraft-style doors were used to wind noise, and the handles were recessed. The Sable also had large areas with slim pillars, and were flush with the body. The rear glass wrapped fully around, and the B-pillars were painted black to give the illusion that the front and rear glass were connected. The interior was available with bucket seats — very rare for most U. S. midsize sedans —, the Sable was introduced in December 1985 as a 1986 model. It was available in two models, base GS and high-end LS in sedan and station wagon body styles, initial Sable sales were strong, and the Sable sold around 300,000 units its first year. Setting the Sable apart from the Taurus was its front lightbar and this later became a signature for all Mercury models in the late 1980s. In various forms, it was copied by many automakers vehicles launched in the early 1990s, 4-cylinder Sable sales were so poor that the engine was dropped in 1987. Fords 3.8 L Essex V6 was added to the line-up for 1988. Although the power output was rated at the same 140 hp as the 3.0 L engine, this large V6 produced 215 ft·lbf of torque, a welcome addition, especially in the heavier station wagons
12.
Ford Taurus SHO
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The Ford Taurus SHO is the high-performance variant of the Ford Taurus. It was originally produced by Ford from 1988 until 1999 and it returned in 2009 for the 2010 model year. The SHO was built by the team that produced the Ford Mustang SVT Cobra. It was originally created as a production model for 1989. However, the car proved to be popular and sold 15,519 units in its first model year, leading Ford to order more engines. The SHO would go on to be produced for ten years in three generations, totaling 106,465 vehicles as of late 1999, there has been some confusion about the original intended use of the engine. It was thought this engine was first intended to power a mid-engine sports car, patents have been found and pictures of prototype SHO powerplants installed in the Taurus show that the original intent was for the larger FWD setup and the GN34 would have come later. There were a few GN34 prototypes produced, most with standard Vulcan engines and a few other factory swaps, production of the SHO came to an end after the 1999 model year due to plummeting sales. In 1999, just over 3,000 SHOs were sold, the SHO was revamped with the Sixth Generation Taurus for the 2010 model year. The SHO differed from the normal Taurus on the exterior by having a Mercury Sable hood, different bumpers, side cladding, the interior also differed, with sports seats and an 8000 rpm tachometer. The SHO had a Yamaha Built V-6 engine that redlined at 7,000 RPM, Car and Driver reported in their December 1989 issue a top speed of 143 mph. A special edition of the SHO called the Plus package became available in late 1990, there were also some SHOs that came with only part of the package options known in the community as a partial plus. White painted pluses had the option of white painted slicer wheels,1991 was the only year that a Mocha Frost color option was offered. Also in 91 a green called Deep Jewel Green Clearcoat Metallic was available, the SHO was redesigned for 1992, although it continued with the same powertrain as before, The Yamaha Built V-6 engine and 5-speed manual transmission. The second generation SHO borrowed from the Mercury Sables front fenders, hood, and headlights, but used a different bumper, fog lamps, the SHO also got unique seats, side cladding, dual exhaust, as well as a unique rear bumper. 1992 models can be identified by not containing a rear trunklid spoiler, having downturned exhaust tips. For MY1993, the brakes on the SHO were converted to solid discs. The lack of a transmission had hurt sales, which was a situation that Ford rectified for MY1993
13.
Front-wheel drive
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Front-wheel drive is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature an engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive. Rear-engined layouts are possible, but rare, according to various sources, sometime between 1895 and 1898 Gräf & Stift built a voiturette with a one-cylinder De Dion-Bouton engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front axle. It was thus arguably the worlds first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw mass production, in 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts. In 1898/9 the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a Victoria Combination and it was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower De Dion-Bouton engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower Aster engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering and it also known as the Eureka. By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km Paris-St Malo race, finishing 23rd overall, in October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100 kilometre course at 26 km/h. In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres non-stop at 29 km/h, when production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 copies had been sold for 3,000 Francs each. J. Walter Christie of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car and he promoted and demonstrated the vehicle by racing at various speedways in the United States, and even competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup and the French Grand Prix. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, the next successful application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged Alvis 12/50 racing car designed by George Thomas Smith-Clarke and William M. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire on March 28,1925, however, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside of the motor racing arena as no major auto manufacturer attempted the same for production automobiles. Market experiments in the United States were left to small endeavors such as the Ruxton, neither automobile maker was particularly successful on the open market. Alvis Cars introduced a commercial model of the Alvis 12/50 in 1928. The first successful consumer application came in 1929, the BSA produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available, in 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany made its debut. Buckminster Fuller adopted rear-engine, front wheel drive for his three Dymaxion Car prototypes, other German car producers followed, Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. In 1934, the very successful Traction Avant cars were introduced by Citroën of France, the Cord 810 of the United States managed a bit better in the late 1930s than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, another result of this design is a lengthened chassis
14.
Lincoln Continental
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The Lincoln Continental is a series of luxury cars produced by Lincoln, a division of the American automaker Ford Motor Company. First introduced in 1939 as a convertible, which would spawn the personal luxury car segment. In the Lincoln model line, the Continental has served various roles, the final American vehicle to undergo downsizing, the Lincoln Continental is the final American mass-produced vehicle factory-produced as a four-door convertible or produced with a V12 engine. In 1956, Ford created a successor to the first-generation Continental with the introduction of the Continental Mark II, from 1961 to 1976, the Lincoln Continental was the sole model sold by the division. For 1969, Ford revived the Continental Mark series, although marketed and sold through Lincoln-Mercury, following the 2002 model year, the Lincoln Continental was discontinued as the division consolidated its sedan lines to the Lincoln Town Car and the newly introduced Lincoln LS. After a 15-year production hiatus, the Lincoln Continental returned to production for 2017, the Lincoln Continental began life as a personal vehicle for Ford Motor Company President Edsel Ford. In 1938, Ford commissioned a design he wanted ready for his March 1939 vacation from company Chief Stylist Eugene T. Bob Gregorie. Mr. Ford wanted to revive the popularity of the 1929-1932 Lincoln Victoria coupe and convertible but with a modern approach. With the massive decrease in height, the boards were deleted entirely. In contrast to the Zephyr, the hood sat nearly level with the fenders, to focus on the styling of the car, the chrome trim on the car was largely restricted to the grille, instead of door handles, pushbuttons opened the doors. As with the Lincoln-Zephyr, the prototype was fitted with a 267 cubic-inch V12 engine, it was fitted front and rear transverse leaf springs. The design would introduce two long-running features used in many American automobile designs, the prototype designed by Gregorie was produced on time, making the deadline to be delivered to Edsel Ford in Florida. Interest from well-off friends was high, Edsel sent a telegram back to Michigan that he could sell a thousand of them, in reference to its European-inspired design, the Lincoln-based prototype received its name, Continental. Immediately, production commenced on the Lincoln Continental, with the majority of production being Cabriolet convertibles and they were extensively hand-built, the two dozen 1939 models and 400 1940-built examples were built with hand-hammered body panels, dies for machine-pressing were not constructed until 1941. The limited number of 1939 models produced are referred to as 1940 Continentals. Lincoln Continentals from 1939 to 1941 shared largely the same design with each other, based on the Lincoln-Zephyr. For the 1942 model year, all Lincoln models were given squared-up fenders, the result was a boxier, somewhat heavier look in keeping with then-current design trends, but perhaps less graceful in retrospect. 1942 production was shortened, following the entry of the United States into World War II, to attract buyers, the design was refreshed with updated trim, distinguished by a new grille
15.
Ford D3 platform
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The Ford D3 platform is a Ford global full-size unibody automobile platform. It is derived from Volvos P2, designed by the automaker before its 1999 acquisition by Ford, Ford assembles all D3-platform vehicles at the Chicago Assembly plant in Chicago, Illinois, while Volvos are built at the companys Torslanda Works in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Ford D3 platform differs slightly from the configuration of the Volvo P2 architecture. To reduce production costs, Ford Motor Company adopted steel suspension arms, D4 is a revision of D3 unibody platform created to underpin crossover SUVs and adaptable to multiple wheelbases. It forms the basis of the Ford Flex and Lincoln MKT, in 2011,2005 Mercury Meta One diesel-electric hybrid crossover SUV2008 Explorer America crossover SUV2008 Lincoln MKT luxury crossover SUV
16.
All-wheel drive
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An all-wheel drive vehicle is one with a powertrain capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand. The most common forms of all-wheel drive are, 4×4 Reflecting two axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. 6×6 Reflecting three axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. 8×8 Reflecting four axles with wheels on each capable of being powered. This distinction in terminology is not generally used outside North America, when tyre grip is good during road driving a differential is used between the axles to avoid driveline windup. This is not required off-road, as the grip allows the tyres to slip relative to each other. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple dog clutch in the transfer case, rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used system, e. g. Jeep. Esoteric vehicles such as the high-powered Jensen FF followed by the AMC Eagle, Subaru Leone and these, particularly the Quattro, would extensively develop this drivetrain with the use of viscous couplings and differentials to provide a safe and drivable car. The first off-road / on-road hybrids such as the Range Rover also chose the permanent all wheel drive system rather than manual selection, selectable 4WD has both axles rigidly coupled together, which has some advantages in very poor off-road conditions. To gain the advantage in a permanent AWD system with a differential. As this control is frequently misunderstood and mis-used, which can cause damage due to wind-up. Front-wheel drive Rear-wheel drive All-terrain vehicle Two-wheel drive H-drive Four Wheel Drive or FWD, one of the first companies, from 1909, to build four-wheel drive vehicles
17.
Automotive industry in the United States
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The automotive industry in the United States began in the 1890s and, as a result of the size of the domestic market and the use of mass-production, rapidly evolved into the largest in the world. However, the United States was overtaken as the largest automobile producer by Japan in the 1980s, the U. S. is currently second among the largest manufacturer in the world by volume, with approximately 8-10 million manufactured annually. Notable exceptions were 5.7 million automobiles manufactured in 2009, the motor vehicle industry began with hundreds of manufacturers, but by the end of the 1920s it was dominated by three large companies, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. After the Great Depression and World War II, these continued to prosper. Beginning in the 1970s, a combination of oil prices. In the ensuing years, the companies periodically bounced back, as a result, General Motors and Chrysler filed for bankruptcy reorganization and were bailed out with loans and investments from the federal government. But according to Autodata Corp, June 2014 seasonally adjusted annualized sales is the biggest in history with 16.98 million vehicles, prior to the 1980s, most manufacturing facilities were owned by the Big Three and AMC. Their U. S. market share has dropped steadily as numerous foreign-owned car companies have factories in the U. S. The development of self-powered vehicles was accompanied by numerous technologies and components giving rise to numerous supplier firms, various types of energy sources were employed by early automobiles including steam, electric, and gasoline. Thousands of entrepreneurs were involved in developing, assembling, and marketing of early automobiles on a small, increasing sales facilitated production on a larger scale in factories with broader market distribution. Ransom E. Olds and Thomas B, jeffery began mass production of their automobiles. Henry Ford focused on producing an automobile that many middle class Americans could afford, during the period from 1917 to 1926 the annual rate of increase in sales was considerably less than from 1903 to 1916. In the years 1918,1919,1921, and 1924 there have been declines in automotive production. The automotive industry caused a shift in the industrial revolution because it accelerated growth by a rate never before seen in the U. S. economy. The practicality of the automobile was initially limited because of the lack of suitable roads, travel between cities was mostly done by railroad, waterways, or carriages. Roads were mostly dirt and hard to travel, particularly in bad weather, the League of American Wheelman maintained and improved roads as it was viewed as a local responsibility with limited government assistance. During this time, there was an increase in production of automobiles coupled with a swell of auto dealerships, State governments began to use the corvee system to maintain roads, an implementation of required physical labor on a public project on the local citizens. Part of their motivation was the needs of farmers in rural areas attempting to transport their goods across rough, the other reason was the weight of the wartime vehicles
18.
Ford F-Series
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The Ford F-Series is a series of light-duty trucks and medium-duty trucks that have been marketed and manufactured by Ford Motor Company since 1948. While most variants of the F-Series trucks are full-size pickup trucks, the Ford F-Series has been the best-selling vehicle in the United States since 1981 and the best-selling pickup since 1977. It is also the best selling vehicle in Canada, as of the 2017 model year, the F-Series includes the F-150, the Super Duty, and F-650 and F-750 Super Duty medium-duty commercial trucks. The most popular version of the F-Series is the F-150, now in its thirteenth generation, through the use of rebadging, Ford has marketed the F-Series through all three Ford divisions in North America. From 1946 to 1968, Mercury sold the Mercury M-Series in Canada, during the 2000s, Lincoln sold the Lincoln Blackwood, the first-generation F-Series pickup was introduced in 1948 as a replacement for the previous car-based pickup line introduced in 1942. The F-Series was sold in eight different weight ratings, with pickup, panel truck, cab-over engine, conventional truck, for the 1953 model year, an all-new version of the F-Series made its debut. Increased dimensions, improved engines, and an updated chassis were features of the second generation, additionally, a change to the F-Series naming scheme would remain in place to the present day. The half-ton F-1 became the F-100, the F-2 and F-3 were combined into the F-250 while the F-4 became the F-350, conventional F-Series trucks were F-500 to F-900, COE chassis were C-Series trucks. Introduced in 1957, the third generation F-series was a significant modernisation, front fenders became integrated into the body, and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup. The cab-over F-Series was discontinued, having been replaced by the tilt-cab C-Series, in 1959, Ford began in-house production of four-wheel-drive pickups. Ford introduced a new style of pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F-Series. Longer and lower than its predecessors, these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine, additionally, the 1961–1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated. This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab/bed design in 1964, in 1965, the F-Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign. A completely new platform, including the Twin-I-Beam front suspension, was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F-150 and until 2016 on the F-250/350 4x2. Additionally that year, the Ranger name made its first appearance on a Ford pickup, previously a model of the Edsel. Introduced in 1967, the fifth generation F-series pickup was built on the platform as the 1965 revision of the fourth generation. Dimensions and greenhouse glass were increased, engine options expanded, suspension components from all 1969 F-Series models are completely interchangeable. A variant of the fifth generation F-series was produced until 1992 in Brazil for the South American market, the sixth generation F-series was introduced in 1973
19.
Ford Escort (North America)
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The North American variant of the Ford Escort is a small family/compact car introduced by Ford in 1980 for the 1981 model year. The Escort was one of Fords most successful models in the 1980s, earning a better reputation than the Pinto. In fact, the Escort was the single best-selling car in its year in the United States. The Escort was Fords first front-wheel-drive car built in North America and it also effectively replaced the smaller Ford Fiesta, which was imported from Europe from 1978 to 1980. Redesigned on the platform for the 1997 model year, the Escort was succeeded by the Ford Focus in 1999 for the 2000 model year in North America. The first American Escort first went on sale on October 3,1980 for the 1981 model year and it was intended to share common components with the European Mk III Escort. It was launched with a 65 hp,1. 6-liter hemi overhead cam inline-four and it was available as a three-door hatchback and as a five-door station wagon, with a four-speed manual or a three-speed automatic. The five-door hatchback followed a year later and it had considerably more chrome than the model sold elsewhere. 1981 models never had the Blue Oval logo, on the front fenders there was an Escort badge which included a globe representing the earth, the car was freshened in 1982, and added Fords Blue Oval logo for the first time along with a newer grille. For 1982 models, the price of the Escort 3-door was $5,518. Mark pattern of the previous models, flush headlamps, revised taillamps and restyled steel wheels appeared when the Escort was revised and introduced as the 1985.5 Ford Escort. There was also the Ford EXP, and sister version Mercury LN7, targeting the sports car market, although the basic silhouette was the same, it was almost completely different from the European version, apart from the Ford CVH engine. There was a 1.6 L engine, a 4-speed MTX-2 and a 5-speed MTX-3 manual transmission as standard options, a 1.3 L engine was designed and prototyped but did not see production due to lack of power, and an inability to get it certified. Beginning in 1983, a GT model offered a multi-port EFI version of the 1.6 L four-cylinder that increased power by 20 hp over the carbureted version. It also came with a 5-speed transmission, TRX handling package, front and rear spoilers, metric-sized alloy wheels, the Lynx was retired for 1987, but was replaced by the Mazda 323-derived Tracer model. The Escort saw another minor facelift in mid-1988, which smoothed out the front, new plastic bumpers, larger rear side windows, a more rounded rear-end design and larger wheels modernized the look of the cars. Three-door hatchback models had a curving windowline along the side towards the rear of the car, the engine was also updated with a slightly revised camshaft and roller lifters. The new design is referred to as the 88.5 year
20.
Ford Model T
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The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1,1908, to May 26,1927. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012, although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce and expensive at the Model Ts introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained mass market transportation, it was a runaway success, in a matter of days after the release,15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12,1908 and left the factory on September 27,1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26,1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the line at his factory in Highland Park. There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the Model T was introduced, although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models, some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, a version of the companys largest success to that point. The follow-up was the Ford Model A, the company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. The Model T was Fords first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, Henry Ford said of the vehicle, I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one –, although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb, Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team. Production of the Model T began in the quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as model years and this is a retroactive classification scheme, the concept of model years as we conceive it today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was Model T, although design revisions did occur during the two decades of production. The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp, according to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US
21.
Ford Mustang
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The Ford Mustang is an American automobile manufactured by Ford. It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon, the 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production models front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter. Introduced early on April 17,1964, and thus dubbed as a 1964½ by Mustang fans, the Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation. The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri. The Ford Mustang was brought out five months before the start of the 1965 production year. With production beginning in Dearborn, Michigan on March 9,1964, executive stylist John Najjar, who was a fan of the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is credited by Ford to have suggested the name. Najjar co-designed the first prototype of the Ford Mustang known as Ford Mustang I in 1961 and his lap times were only slightly off the pace of the F1 race cars. An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the title gave him the idea of adding the Mustang name for Fords new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar or Torino, while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II, the name could not be used in Germany, however, because it was owned by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy the name for about US$10,000 from Krupp at the time, kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, so Mustang was sold in Germany as the T-5 until December 1978. Mustangs grew larger and heavier with each year until, in response to the 1971–1973 models, Ford returned the car to its original size. It has since seen several generations and designs. Although some other cars have seen a revival, the Mustang is the only original model to remain in uninterrupted production over five decades of development. The T-5 prototype was a two-seat, mid-mounted engine roadster and this vehicle employed the German Ford Taunus V4 engine. It was claimed that the decision to abandon the design was in part due to the increase in sales the Thunderbird had seen when enlarged from a two-seater to a 2+2 in 1958. Thus, a car with full space for the front bucket seats, as originally planned. Favorable publicity articles appeared in 2,600 newspapers the next morning, a Mustang convertible also appeared in the James Bond film Goldfinger in September 1964
22.
Toyota Camry
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The Toyota Camry is an automobile sold internationally by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since 1982, spanning multiple generations. Originally compact in size, later Camry models have grown to fit the mid-size classification —although the two sizes co-existed in the 1990s, since the release of the wide-bodied versions, Camry has been extolled by Toyota as the firms second world car after the Corolla. In Japan, Camry is exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store retail dealerships, narrow-body cars also spawned a rebadged sibling in Japan, the Toyota Vista —also introduced in 1982 and sold at Toyota Vista Store locations. Diesel fuel versions have previously retailed at Toyota Diesel Store, between 1979 and 1982, the Camry nameplate was delegated to a four-door sedan model in Japan, known as the Celica Camry. When Camry became an independent model line in 1982 with the V10 series, the subsequent Camry V20 series, debuted in 1986 with a station wagon substituting the liftback body variant and Japan-only hardtop sedans making their debut. The company replaced the V20 in 1990 with the V30 sedan and hardtop, automotive tax regulations in that country dictated the retention of a narrower body as utilized in previous Camry generations. However, overseas demand for a larger Camry resulted in the development of a wide-body XV10 sedan, Japan also received the wider XV10 as the Toyota Scepter. The company then issued an XV10-bodied coupé in 1993 that was spun off in 1998 as an independent model line, when the Japanese market received a new narrow-body V40 series in 1994 to replace V30, the wide-body XV10 continued unchanged. Its replacement, the XV20, arrived in 1996—named Camry Gracia in Japan and it was not until the narrow V40 ended manufacture in 1998 that the Camry in Japan was to again mirror the cars sold internationally. Japanese sedans dropped the Gracia suffix in 1999, although it was retained by the wagon until its 2001 demise. From 1998, the Vista ended its Camry alignment, and instead branched into an independent model line with the V50 series for a generation before the nameplate was withdrawn in 2003. The next wide-body model, the XV30, came in 2001, now sold only as a sedan, it now offered two different front- and rear-end design treatments. Japan and most global markets received one style, a separate, with the XV40 of 2006, the Camry-derived Aurion become the donor model for the more conservative Camry sold in this region. The subsequent and current XV50 sold since 2011 has resulted in more markets adopting the alternative body panels, such as Japan. When Toyota released their luxury Lexus brand in 1989, it offered a derivative of the Camry/Vista hardtop sedan as the Lexus ES. The relationship continues to this day, but over the generations, between 2000 and 2010 and since 2012, Daihatsu has offered a badge engineered Camry as the Daihatsu Altis sold only in Japan. Badge engineering has also occurred in Australia with the Holden Apollo between 1989 and 1996, from 1993, Toyota Australia badged V6-engined versions as Camry Vienta, becoming Toyota Vienta in 1995 until the badges departure in 2000. Since 2006, the Toyota Aurion model from Australia has derived from the Camry, but with revised front- and rear-end styling treatment, the name Camry is an Anglicized phonetic transcription of the Japanese word kanmuri, meaning crown
23.
Ford D186 platform
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The Ford D186 platform is a automobile platform produced by Ford Motor Company from 1986 to 2007. Replacing the majority of the models based upon the rear-wheel drive Fox platform, it marked the adoption of front-wheel drive for Ford, in 1988, it became the basis of an all-new Lincoln Continental, introducing front-wheel drive to the Lincoln division. In 1995, the platform was expanded further as Ford introduced its first front-wheel drive minivan, after the 2002 model year, Lincoln discontinued the Continental. The Sable was discontinued in 2005 while the Taurus ended production in 2007, both nameplates would replace the Five Hundred/Montego in 2008
24.
Chicago Assembly
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Chicago Assembly is Ford Motor Companys oldest continually-operated automobile manufacturing plant. It is located at E. 130th Street and Torrence Avenue in the Hegewisch community area of Chicago, Chicago Assembly currently builds the Ford Taurus and the Ford Explorer, both of which share the same platform. Production started on March 3,1924, as a production site for the Model T to the River Rouge Plant. It switched to Model A production in 1928, and built M8 Greyhound and it was the site of pickup truck production for 40 years before that operation stopped in 1964. In 1985, it was selected as the site of production for the Ford Taurus, Ford spent $400,000,000 in 2004 to modernize the plant. It switched to production of the D3 platform vehicles for 2005, nine automotive suppliers have built factories nearby at the Ford Chicago Manufacturing Campus developed by CenterPoint Properties. Fords Chicago plant is a center for flexible just-in-time production
25.
Sport utility vehicle
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A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle is a vehicle classified as a light truck, but operated as a family vehicle. They are similar to a station wagon or estate car. Some SUVs include the capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan. Popular in the late-1990s and early–mid-2000s, SUVs sales temporarily declined due to oil prices. The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV, by 2010, SUV sales around the world were growing, in spite of high gas prices. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a utility vehicle is a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon. The SUV term is defined as a vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces. The SUV acronym is used to describe nearly anything with available all-wheel drive. There is no one definition for an SUV, Most government regulations simply have categories for off-highway vehicles, which in turn are lumped in with pickup trucks and minivans as light trucks. The auto industry has not settled on one definition, starting in 2004, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars. Many people question how can an SUV be called a truck, for industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment. Not all SUVs have four-wheel drive capabilities, and not all passenger vehicles are SUVs. While automakers tout an SUVs off-road prowess with advertising and naming, in India, all SUVs are classified in the Utility Vehicle category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers definitions and carry a 27% excise tax. Those that are 4 metres long, have a 1,500 cc engine or larger, although designs vary, SUVs have historically been mid-size passenger vehicles with a body-on-frame chassis similar to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two-door models, and were available with removable tops, however, consumer demand pushed the SUV market towards four doors, by 2002 all full-size two-door SUVs were gone from the market. Two-door SUVs were mostly carry-over models, and their sales were not viable enough to warrant a redesign at the end of their design cycle. The Jeep Wrangler remained as a compact two-door body style, although it was joined by a four-door variant starting with the 2007 model year. The number of two-door SUV models increased in the 2010s with the release of the Range Rover Evoque, Most SUVs are designed with an engine compartment, a combined passenger and cargo compartment, and no dedicated trunk such as in a station wagon body
26.
Ford Five Hundred
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The Ford Five Hundred is a full-size sedan that was produced by Ford Motor Company from the 2005 to the 2007 model years. Deriving its name from the Ford Fairlane 500 and Ford Galaxie 500 popularized during the 1960s, the larger of the two vehicles, the Five Hundred would also serve as an unofficial replacement for the Ford Crown Victoria in non-fleet markets. The Lincoln-Mercury Division marketed the Ford Five Hundred as the Mercury Montego, as the Five Hundred was sold solely as a four-door sedan, the role of the Ford Taurus station wagon was taken over by the Ford Freestyle, repackaged as a crossover SUV. The Ford Five Hundred/Mercury Montego were based upon the Volvo-derived Ford D3 platform, for the first time ever, a Ford full-size sedan was produced without rear-wheel drive. The Five Hundred/Montego utilize a standard front-wheel drive configuration, an electro-hydraulic Haldex all-wheel drive system is optional, the Five Hundred was produced alongside the Montego and Freestyle at Chicago Assembly in Chicago, Illinois. Outside of the United States and Canada, the Ford Five Hundred was marketed in Mexico, South Korea, while the Five Hundred name would remain in Mexico and the Middle East, the fifth-generation Ford Taurus was produced from 2008 to 2009. The Ford Freestyle crossover SUV was merged into the Taurus line, as part of the 1999 acquisition of Volvo Cars and its addition to Premier Automotive Group, Ford Motor Company expanded on its vehicle safety technology capabilities. In 2000, the Ford Prodigy concept car was shown, the Ford Five Hundred entered production on July 12,2004 at Chicago Assembly, and became available to the public in September 2004. The Ford Five Hundred/Mercury Montego were engineered with a quality control system named Total Vehicle Geometry, designed by Volvo, TVG is heavily computer-based, allowing for designers, engineers, and suppliers access for all data and results related to prototypes at all stages of the design process. With improved participation and access, fit and finish increased on prototype parts, decreasing the time needed for production vehicles. The Ford Five Hundred is based on the Ford D3 platform, shared with the Mercury Montego, alongside standard dual front airbags, the Five Hundred was available with both side airbags and curtain airbags as an option. As with the Ford Crown Victoria, the Five Hundred was configured with four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes. The Ford Five Hundred/Mercury Montego were powered by an engine, shared with the Ford Taurus. A distinguishing feature of the Ford Five Hundred is its tall exterior height, at 61.5 inches tall, it is over 5 inches taller than the Ford Taurus sold alongside it. A key feature driving the use of the body design was the upward movement of the H-point. In addition, the seat was positioned higher than the front seats. While visibility was one factor behind the seating position, safety was another as well. Under the front seats, a hydroformed cross-car steel beam is welded in between the B-pillars, designed as part of an side-impact safety design derived from Side Impact Protection System from Volvo
27.
Ford Fusion (Americas)
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The Ford Fusion is a four-door, five passenger mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford across two generations in gasoline and gas/electric hybrid variants. Production on the first Fusions began on August 1,2005, the Fusion replaced the Mondeo for the Latin American markets—except in Argentina and in the United States and Canada. The Fusion is positioned between the compact Ford Focus and full-size Ford Taurus, in the Middle East, this model is sold alongside the Mondeo. Versions sold there are only with the 2. 5-litre engine. Unlike in the United States, Canada and Latin America, no V6 engine is available in that region, the same is true in South Korea, where only the 2. 5-liter engines are available as of the 2012 model year. Sales of the gasoline-powered and hybrid versions began in the U. S. in October 2012 under the 2013 model, sales in Europe and Asia, as Ford Mondeo, are expected to begin in 2015, along with South Africa, where the Fusion name will be used. Deliveries of the Fusion Energi began in the U. S. in February 2013, the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line-up was awarded with the 2013 Green Car of the Year at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show. At its launch, the Fusion was available in S, SE, the base engine was the 160 hp Mazda-designed 2.3 L Duratec 23 I4, paired with either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. SE and SEL models were available with a 221 hp 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6, the Fusion shares some interior parts with the otherwise unrelated Mk III Ford Mondeo, such as part of the console and the seats. Both automatic and manual transmissions are available, Fords early advertising campaign for the Fusion in the United States was entitled Life in Drive, while in Canada it was Create a Reaction. In January 2007, the company launched a new campaign for the Fusion titled Fusion Challenge. C. in July 2007, Motor Trend reported that Fords Special Vehicle Team tuner group planned to release a Fusion GT in late 2009 or early 2010. Its 3. 5-liter Eco-Boost V-6 would make about 340 horsepower, no such vehicle ever came to fruition. For 2007, all-wheel-drive became available on V6 models, sirius Satellite Radio became available as an option on the SE and SEL models. The front passenger seat was introduced and became standard on the Fusion SEL. Also, the Fusion gained front-seat side airbags and an air curtain as standard features. Also added was an audio input jack for audio transmission from a portable audio player along with some equipment modifications. A DVD-based navigation system became available. For the 2008 model year, ABS became a standard feature, new optional features include rear parking assist, Fords SYNC multimedia and communication system, and ambient interior lighting
28.
Ford Taurus X
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The Ford Taurus X is a crossover utility vehicle that was sold by Ford from 2005 to 2009. Essentially the replacement for the Ford Taurus station wagon, the 2005-2007 Freestyle was produced in a single bodystyle with six or seven-passenger seating, front-wheel drive was standard, with all-wheel drive as an option. All versions were produced at Chicago Assembly, in Chicago, Illinois, unlike the D3 sedans, the Freestyle/Taurus X was sold exclusively as a Ford. Following its discontinuation in 2009, it was not directly replaced, but its role in the Ford line was largely taken over by the larger Ford Flex. The Taurus X ended production on February 27,2009 and was marketed in the United States and Canada, as well as South Korea and the U. S. territories of Puerto Rico, U. S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. The Freestyle was previewed at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show with a Freestyle Concept before entering production for the 2005 model year, for the Freestyle/Taurus X, Ford used its Volvo-derived D3 platform architecture. Sharing a common platform with the Ford Five Hundred and Mercury Montego, all four vehicles were derived from the Volvo P2 platform used for the first-generation Volvo S80 and Volvo XC90. To accommodate production costs for Ford and durability concerns for North American roads, power came from a 3.0 L Duratec V6, with an output of 203 hp at 5750 rpm. The Freestyle, along with the Five Hundred, Mercury Montego, introduced as a 2005 model largely in place of the Ford Taurus station wagon, the Freestyle was marketed as a crossover utility vehicle, a new market segment at the time. The 203hp 3. 0L Duratec V6 was the standard engine, in contrast to a Taurus station wagon, the Freestyle featured forward-facing third-row seating. The Freestyle was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2005, a key part of the decision was the reinstatement of the Ford Taurus nameplate, which would take the place of the Ford Five Hundred as a mid-cycle update for the 2008 model year. As the Ford Taurus would be produced exclusively as a sedan, the nameplate change was announced shortly after its unveiling at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show as a 2008 production model. To bring it in line with the styling of other Ford light-truck lines, as with the Freestyle, on non-Limited trims, the lower body and wheel well trim were painted in a contrasting color. Matching the Ford Explorer, the Taurus X introduced an outdoors-themed Eddie Bauer trim level, as with its sedan counterpart, the Taurus X featured major powertrain updates over its predecessor. The 203hp 3. 0L V6 was replaced by an all-new 3. 5L Duratec 35 V6 engine, the ZF-Batavia CVT was replaced by an all-new Ford/GM 6-speed automatic transmission, while all-wheel drive remained an option. To increase its functionality, the Taurus X featured new power options, including a rear liftgate. During its production, the Taurus X was partially affected by the industry crisis of 2008–10. Although more fuel-efficient than SUVs such as the V8-engined Ford Expedition and Ford Explorer, full-size crossovers such as the Taurus X were avoided in favor of smaller crossovers, in 2009, the Ford Flex was introduced as the replacement for the discontinued Ford Freestar/Mercury Monterey
29.
Chicago Auto Show
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The Chicago Auto Show is held annually in February at Chicagos McCormick Place convention complex. It is the largest auto show in North America, the event, first produced in 1901, has been staged more times than any other auto show in North America and continues to be one of the best-attended in the world. Over one million visitors each year. The Chicago Automobile Trade Association, the United States oldest and largest metropolitan automobile dealership organization, has organized and presented the show since 1935,2008 marked the Chicago Auto Shows 100th iteration. It is the first auto show anywhere in the world to have achieved this distinction, due to the vast amount of space available, several auto manufacturers have implemented creative uses of their exhibit space in recent years. For example, FCA US, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz have all configured indoor test track experiences adjacent to their respective vehicle displays, the 2017 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press days starting on February 9. The 2016 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 13 through February 21, nissan GT-R LM NISMO The 2014 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17, with press days starting on February 6. Volkswagen GRC Beetle The 2013 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 9 through February 18, the 2012 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, with press days starting on February 8. The 2011 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, introductions and concepts, The 2010 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 12 through February 21, with press days starting on February 10. Introductions and concepts, The 2009 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 13 through February 22, the 2008 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17, with press days starting on February 6. Introductions, The show also had a special U. S. Army area, open to the public, the 2007 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 9 through February 18, with press days starting on the 7th. Introductions, The 2006 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, introductions, The 2005 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press days starting on the 9th
30.
Ford Taurus (sixth generation)
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The sixth-generation of the Ford Taurus is a full-size car manufactured by Ford. Produced since June 2009, the current version of the Taurus is the longest and heaviest Ford-brand sedan currently sold by the company worldwide, the 2010 model year marked significant changes from model precedent. After an 11-year hiatus, the Ford Taurus SHO high-performance variant made its return for 2010, following the discontinuation of the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor in 2011, a variant of the sixth-generation Taurus was developed as a replacement police car. Deriving its engine and all-wheel drive powertrain from the Taurus SHO, the Taurus, Taurus SHO, and Police Interceptor Sedan are assembled in Chicago, Illinois at Chicago Assembly alongside the Ford Explorer/Ford Police Interceptor Utility. In late 2006, Ford Motor Company named Boeing CEO Alan Mulally to replace William Clay Ford, one of his first decisions was to abandon the unpopular F model naming scheme for Ford-division cars. Although the Taurus gained 60 hp over the Five Hundred, most of its deficiences were related to its introduction essentially being a mid-cycle refresh of its predecessor under a new nameplate. In January 2008, Alan Mullaly revealed that a generation of the Ford Taurus was in development as a planned 2010 model. In April 2008, a photograph of a full-scale prototype mockup of the 2010 Ford Taurus was leaked onto the Internet. After the styling of the prototype was seen worldwide, Ford contemplated legal action against web sites which posted the photo, towards its launch, the Ford Motor Company website introduced several videos, benchmarking the 2010 Ford Taurus against several production flagship luxury sedans. The 2010 Ford Taurus SHO was faster than an Audi A64.2 FSI Quattro in straight-line acceleration while the interior of the Ford Taurus was quieter than an Acura RL. In a major contrast from previous generations of the Ford Taurus, once the highest-selling nameplate in the United States, instead of the 1990s peak volumes of nearly 400,000 vehicles a year, the intended sales were closer to 50,000 to 75,000. As a full-size car, the Taurus competed closer to the Toyota Avalon and Nissan Maxima than the Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, additionally, Ford sought to preserve the resale value of the Taurus by avoiding the usage of fleet sales of the vehicles. The 2010 Ford Taurus was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show at Cobo Hall. In May 2009, the new Taurus debuted at three dealers in the Buffalo, Tampa, and Houston, respectively, to be put on display and to build anticipation for the release. The first dealer, West Herr Ford in Hamburg, New York, was due to the successful unveiling of the redesigned Ford F-150 earlier that year. The 2009 Tauruss counterparts, the Ford Taurus X and the Mercury Sable, the sixth-generation Taurus production started on June 15,2009 for the 2010 model year. Unlike previous generations of the Taurus, the sixth-generation Taurus would not have a Sable counterpart since the Mercury brand was in the process of being phased out by the end of 2010. For the first time since 2002, Lincoln dealers sold a Taurus-based sedan, the sixth-generation Ford Taurus is based on the Volvo-derived Ford D3 platform architecture, sharing the 112. 9-inch wheelbase of the Lincoln MKS and the previous Ford Taurus
31.
New York International Auto Show
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The New York International Auto Show is an annual auto show that is held in Manhattan in late March or early April. It is held at the Jacob Javits Convention Center and it usually opens on or just before Easter weekend and closes on the first Sunday after Easter. In 2017, the NYIAS takes place from April 14 through April 23, the show has been held annually since 1900. The show was held at the New York Coliseum from 1956 to 1987 when the show moved to the Javits Center, before the show opens every year, several auto companies debut new production and concept vehicles for the press. In addition, the Greater New York Auto Dealers Association and the International Motor Press Association host corporate meetings, the 2017 show will be held from April 14 through April 23, with press preview days on April 12 and 13. The 2016 show was held from March 25 through April 3, acura NSX GT3 Honda Civic Coupe GRC The 2015 show was held from April 3 through April 12, with press preview days on April 1 and 2. The 2013 show was held from March 29 through April 7, subaru WRX Concept Audi A3 Sportback E-Tron concept BMW Concept Active Tourer The 2012 show was held from April 6 through April 15, with press preview days on April 4 and 5. 2012 New York International Auto Show Highlights Nissan also introduced the 2014 Nissan NV200 Taxi and it was on display at the show as well. The 2011 show was held from April 22 through May 1, with press days on April 20. Infiniti announced production of the JX mid-size crossover, to be revealed as a concept at the Pebble Beach Concours dElegance in August, mazda announced production of the 2013 CX-5 compact crossover, to be revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September. The 2010 show was held from April 2 through April 11, with press days on March 31
32.
Ford Taurus (first generation)
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The first-generation Ford Taurus is an automobile that was produced by Ford as the first of six generations of the Ford Taurus. Ford of Europe had launched the 1980s move to aerodynamic design for the company with the 1982 Ford Sierra, the Taurus development was initially kept very secret by Ford, and not much was revealed about the final Taurus until it was unveiled in 1985. After its release, the Taurus became a seller, as over 200,000 would be sold in the 1986 model year. This generation of Taurus continued with minor changes until it was replaced in 1992 by the second-generation Ford Taurus. When production ended in 1991, more than 2,000,000 First-generation Tauruses had been sold, when Ford set out to develop the Taurus, they employed a strategy of teamwork that would prove revolutionary in the car development process. Previously, at both Ford and General Motors, interior and exterior designers worked separately with no input from other or from engineers. As a result, the interiors and exteriors of many American cars seemed mismatched, Taurus development started in 1981, using a method similar to that Ford used when developing the Escort, in which engineers from all Ford branches worldwide worked together. Unlike the Escort, though, the Taurus was developed entirely by American engineers at Fords headquarters, the new engineering team was assembled by designer Jack Telnack, and was dubbed Team Taurus. The Taurus went through many revisions throughout its development, original prototypes contained a full glass roof similar to that of the Subaru SVX, though it was deemed too radical and abandoned. In addition, Ford disassembled many competing cars such as the Toyota Camry, the Honda Accord, Ford premiered the Taurus in a resounding way. In mid-1985, Ford gathered executives and the press for the unveiling of the Taurus, the event took place at the MGM Studios Soundstage 85, where Gone with the Wind had been filmed. The studio was decorated in a theme, with stars on the walls, flying saucer decorations. For the unveiling, space music started playing, as projected stars floated around the room in dance floor fashion, the outlines of the cars glowed green through the curtain, as the curtain flew up, strobe lights flashed, highlighting the cars. Many industry journalists, as well as executives at Ford and Chrysler, Chrysler executives believed customers would instead embrace their more conventional Dodge Dynasty and Chrysler New Yorker, which were still in development at the time. Executives at Ford knew producing the Taurus was a gamble, as ran the risk of the car being so advanced it would turn off potential customers. As a result, Ford continued to produce the LTD, which the Taurus was designed to replace in 1986, if the Taurus failed, Ford would have to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The Taurus, however, ended up being a resounding success, after being unveiled in 1985, the Taurus quickly became one of the most anticipated new cars of 1986. Before going on sale, Motor Trend tested a few Taurus prototypes, popular Mechanics also tested pre-production Tauruses, and praised them as well, describing them as a totally new breed of car
33.
Ford LTD Crown Victoria
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The Ford LTD Crown Victoria is a line of full-size cars produced by Ford from 1980 to 1991. Introduced as the flagship of the Ford LTD range for 1980, for 1983, Ford adopted the LTD Crown Victoria nameplate for its entire range of full-size sedans as part of a realignment of its model ranges. Produced as a two-door and four-door sedan, the range included the woodgrained Ford LTD Country Squire station wagon. As part of the 1992 redesign of its range, Ford ended the use of the LTD prefix. From 1979 to 1985, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced at St. Louis Assembly in Hazelwood, in 1985, Ford shifted production to St. The padded vinyl roof covered the half of the roof. In the style of the original 1965 Ford LTD, the LTD Crown Victoria featured a hood ornament. The first time Ford used the victoria as a convention was in 1932 on the Ford Victoria. As the Ford LTD/LTD Crown Victoria was originally planned for replacement by the Ford Taurus in the early 1980s, the Crown Victoria was an alternative to the smaller Chevrolet Caprice and the Pontiac Bonneville, which were downsized in 1977. As fuel prices stabilized in the early 1980s, concerns over fuel economy eased, for 1988 and 1990, the LTD Crown Victoria saw a number of revisions and updates. In early 1991, the redesigned Ford Crown Victoria was introduced as a replacement, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria uses the rear-wheel drive, Ford Panther platform architecture. As part of a major downsizing over the 1973-1978 LTD Brougham/Landau, brakes were of a vented disc/rear drum configuration. When introduced in 1980, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced with the two smallest-displacement engines previously available on the LTD, the 4. 9L and 5. 8L Windsor V8s. In the interest of economy and CAFE regulations, the 460 V8 was shifted to truck use while the 400 V8 was discontinued altogether. In 1981, Ford would take steps to increase the fuel economy of its full-size cars. From the Lincoln Continental/Mark VI, all Panther-platform cars received the 4-speed AOD overdrive automatic transmission, replacing all previous 3-speed automatics. The engine line was revised, the 5. 8L V8 was moved exclusively to fleet sales, the 4. 9L V8 saw major changes, with the carburetor replaced by throttle-body electronic central fuel injection. In contrast to competitors from General Motors and Chrysler, the LTD Crown Victoria was sold exclusively with a V8 engine, as the LTD Crown Victoria became a stand-alone model line for the 1983 model year, the 4. 2L V8 was discontinued altogether
34.
Chrysler
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FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
35.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
36.
Chrysler K platform
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Arriving on the brink of Chryslers near certain financial collapse, the platform had a dramatic effect, helping Chrysler report a profit in October 1980 of $10 million, its first profit in two years. A plethora of K-platform body styles and badge-engineered variants followed the range, including the companys minivans. Within two years, the K platform vehicles accounted for roughly 50% of Chryslers operating profits, no company has been down so low, in such difficult straits, and then depended on practically a single product to bring it back. Following the 1973 oil crisis, compounded by the 1979 energy crisis, American consumers began to buy fuel-efficient, the K-cars sold between 280,000 and 360,000 vehicles from 1981 to 1988, and over 100,000 in their final year,1989. The overall length of the two- and four-door models was 176 inches, the wagon was 0.2 inches longer. The vehicles had an approximate 14-US-gallon fuel tank and they were initially very profitable, and Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca credited them with allowing the company to pay off its bankruptcy loans early. They were made at the St. Louis assembly plant, and held five and seven passengers, the sedan lasted two years, while the limousine lasted four. The K-derivatives offered a variety of engines depending on year. Four-cylinder engines were equipped with carburetors, fuel injection was phased in beginning in the mid-1980s. Engine output ranged from 86 hp to 224 hp. Most vehicles had the 2.2 l or 2.5 l Chrysler four-cylinder engine, though from 1981 to 1986 a 2.6 l four and from 1987 to 1995 a 3.0 l V6, both made by Mitsubishi, were offered. Metrication in the United States – First Chrysler car to be produced in the system with metric screw threads
37.
Chevrolet Celebrity
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The Chevrolet Celebrity is a mid-size car produced by Chevrolet. The Celebrity was introduced in 1981 for the 1982 model year, the Celebrity was the best-selling car in the United States in 1986. Although sold for one generation, it received a variety of facelifts during its nine year run. The coupe was discontinued after 1988, the sedan after 1989, the Chevrolet Celebrity was based on the front wheel drive A-body platform shared with the Buick Century, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and the Pontiac 6000. Power steering/brakes and an automatic transmission were standard equipment in 1982 and 1983, while engine choices for the Eurosport were identical to other Celebrities, the interior of Eurosports featured unique red emblems on the interior door panels and dash. The exterior featured unique red center stripes on the protective rubber door and bumper molding, there was also a fold out third seat in the trunk of the station wagon. The Rallye rims could also be ordered with base models, the base 2.5 L Tech IV I4 engine was criticized for being underpowered, but a high-output fuel-injected V6 became optional in 1985. A new, optional Getrag-designed 5-speed manual transmission available with both engines. However, the transmission option was dropped in 1986. The diesel engine departed for 1986, the Generation II engines, reworked for 1987, now had fuel injection standard and had a new distributorless ignition system. Balance shafts were added to the Tech IV engine for 1988, the coupe was dropped for the 1989 model year, replaced by the Lumina mid-size coupe. The 4-cylinder engine received a 12 hp gain late in the 1989 model year, while the Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac A-bodies received regular styling updates, the Celebrity was not touched after 1987 because GM planned to replace it with the Chevrolet Lumina. Only the station remained for the 1990 model year, with a new optional 3.1 L V6 engine. These cars bettered the dismal record of their X-body parents significantly. There were driveability problems with the engine control system in 1982 models. Chevrolet Celebrities in all models were available with 2 different bolt patterns on the wheel hub, additionally, the trans-axles and brakes were different on these two patterns. The smaller of the pattern was used in the standard models. A misconception is that all Eurosports came with the larger bolt pattern—this was not the case, most of the heavy duty braking systems went to base model Chevrolet Celebrities for fleet vehicles and taxis
38.
Ford Tempo
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The Ford Tempo and its twin, the Mercury Topaz, are compact cars that were produced by Ford for model years 1984 to 1994. They were downsized successors to the boxy Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr twins, the Tempo and Topaz were part of a rejuvenation plan by Ford to offer more environmentally friendly, fuel efficient, and more modern styled models to compete with the European and Japanese imports. While the car well, its innovation and aerodynamic design paved the way for the even more groundbreaking Ford Taurus. The Tempo and Topaz were replaced in 1995 by the car platform sold in North America as the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique. Although built on a different platform, the aerodynamic Ford Sierra was somewhat of a European counterpart to the Tempo and it replaced the boxy, rear-wheel-drive Ford Cortina while the Tempo did the same for the Fairmont in North America. The Sierra too was succeeded by Fords world car platform in the form of the Ford Mondeo, the design and life of the Tempo began in the late 1970s as Ford was gearing to build towards a more ergonomic, more efficient, and more aerodynamic design philosophy. The new design philosophy rested in part due to the aging Ford Pinto and Ford Maverick, the Tempo and Topaz would be based on a stretched version of the front-wheel-drive Ford CE14 platform used on the Ford Escort, but with a radical new body. Being based on the CE14 platform meant the Tempo and Topaz, unlike its Fairmont, by making them front-wheel drive, interior space was much larger than if they had been rear-wheel-drive. The transaxle designs also borrowed heavily from the Ford Escort, however, there were few common components due to the Tempo and Topazs larger size. In December 1978, wind tunnel testing began on the Tempo, as part of these changes, the Tempo and Topaz both featured a 60° windshield, matching that of the new Thunderbird and Cougar. Also new were the door frames, which originally appeared on the Thunderbird/Cougar. These door frames wrapped up over the edge of the roof which improved sealing, allowed for hidden drip rails, the rear track was also widened, creating more aerodynamic efficiency. The front grille was laid back more and the edge of the hood was tuned for aerodynamic cleanliness. Wheels were pushed out to the edges of the body, decreasing areas where air turbulence would be created, the rear of the cars were treated to just as many changes. The rear window was laid down at 60 degrees as well, and this allowed the air to flow off the car more smoothly, and allowed for greater fuel efficiency. From the side view, this raised trunk created a look to the car which was especially prominent on the two-door coupe versions. All of these created a coefficient of drag of 0.36 for the 2-door car. The final design of the cars was reached so that the car looked good on every trim level, not just the top-of-the-line as some of the competition had done
39.
Jelly bean
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Jelly beans are small bean-shaped sugar candies with soft candy shells and thick gel interiors. The confection comes in a variety of colors and flavors. It is generally thought that jelly beans first surfaced in 1861 and it was not until July 5,1905, that jelly beans were mentioned in the Chicago Daily News. The advertisement publicised bulk jelly beans sold by volume for nine cents per pound, according to the book The Century in Food, Americas Fads and Favorites. Today, most historians contend that jelly beans were first linked with celebrations of Easter in the United States sometime in the 1930s for their egg-like shape, the American National Jelly Bean Day is on April 22. The basic ingredients of jelly beans include sugar, corn syrup, relatively minor amounts of the emulsifying agent lecithin, anti-foaming agents, an edible wax such as beeswax, salt, and confectioners glaze are also included. The ingredients that give each bean its character are also small in proportion. Most jelly beans are sold as an assortment of around eight different flavors, assortments of spiced jellybeans and gumdrops are also available, which include a similar number of spice and mint flavors. The colors of jelly beans often correspond with a fruit and a spiced flavor, while these are also sold as assortments, individual flavors can be individually purchased from distributors. A version of the Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beans from the Harry Potter series was commercially available and included flavors described as earwax, dirt, pepper. For example, the μA741 might be considered a jelly bean op amp, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote a story about such a character, The Jelly-Bean, in 1920. In William Faulkners 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury, Jason complained bitterly about his niece Quentins promiscuity, the song Jelly Bean was made popular in the 1940s by Phil Harris. It was written by Jimmie Dupre, Sam Rosen, and Joe Verges and published in New Orleans in 1920 by Universal Music Publishers, Inc
40.
Audi 100
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The Audi 100 and Audi 200 are executive cars which were manufactured for model years 1968 through 1994 by Audi, a division of the Volkswagen Group. The C2 and C3 models of the Audi 100 were sold in the United States as the Audi 5000 until 1988, in South Africa, the car was also sold as the Audi 500. The first Audi 100, developed by Volkswagens subsidiary Auto Union at Ingolstadt, was shown to the press as a four-door sedan on 26 November 1968. Its name originally denoting a power output of 100 PS, the Audi 100 was the companys largest car since the revival of the Audi brand by Volkswagen in 1965. Audi followed up the introduction of the saloon in November 1968 with a two-door saloon in October 1969. The cars 1.8 litre four-cylinder engines originally came in base 100,100 S, from April 1970 the 100 LS could be ordered with a three-speed automatic transmission sourced from Volkswagen. The Audi 100 included a rough engine note that was described as unlikely to discourage buyers whose first car had been a Volkswagen, in March 1971 the 500, 000th Audi was produced. By now the Audi 100 had become the most commercially successful model in the companys history, in 1976 the two millionth Audi was built, of which the 100 represented 800,000 cars. In September 1973 the 100 received a facelift with a somewhat smaller squared-off grille, with correspondingly more angular front fenders. The rear torsion bar was replaced by coil springs, for model year 1975 the base 100 was re-christened the 100 L and received a 1.6 litre four-cylinder engine. A four-wheel drive prototype of the Audi 100 C1 was built in 1976, in South Africa, where the 100 was also assembled, the 100 was available as the L, LS, GL, and S Coupé. Local production began towards the end of 1972, by October 197633,000 units had been built in South Africa, the GL received a vinyl roof and GL lettering on the C-pillar. The LS was dropped for 1976, but returned for 1977 along with the new GLS saloon, the LS and GLS were special versions of the L and GL, with silver paintjobs, automatic transmissions, and special red interiors. L and LS have a 1760 cc engine with 75 kW DIN, while the GL, in the United States the Audi 100 appeared in 1970 in LS guise, with a 115 hp SAE1.8 liter engine and with either two or four doors. For 1972 the engine was enlarged to 1.9 litres, a base and a GL model were added, as was an automatic transmission. For 1974 the lineup was restricted to the 100 LS. Power increased to 95 hp for 1975, by changing to fuel injection, Standard equipment was improved accompanied by an increase in prices. In August 1977 the new Audi 5000 replaced the 100, although another 537 leftover cars were sold in 1978, the Coupé was not available in the United States
41.
Ford Sierra
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The Ford Sierra is a mid-size car or large family car that was built by Ford Europe from 1982 to 1993. It was designed by Uwe Bahnsen, Robert Lutz and Patrick le Quément, the code used during development was Project Toni It was named for the Spanish word for mountain range. The Ford Sierra was first unveiled on 22 September 1982 at the British International Motor Show hosted at the NEC in Birmingham, with sales beginning on 15 October 1982, replacing the Ford Cortina. Its aerodynamic styling was ahead of its time and as such and it was mainly manufactured in Germany, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, although Sierras were also assembled in Ireland, Argentina, Venezuela, South Africa and New Zealand. Assembly for the Ford Sierra in Ireland was located at the Marina in Cork City, the former plant at the Marina is now a distribution point for imported Ford Cars to the South of Ireland. The Sierra was the 1983 Semperit Irish Car of the Year in Ireland, in September that year, it had unveiled the Probe III concept car at the Frankfurt Motor Show, hinting at what the new car would look like when the final product was unveiled 12 months later. At first, many found the design blob-like and difficult to accept after being used to the sharp-edged, straight-line styling of the Cortina and it was also nicknamed the salesmans spaceship on account of its status as a popular fleet car in Britain. Ford had also launched the Escort-based Orion saloon that year, which found favour with buyers who would normally have bought a Cortina or another similar sized family saloon. The most notable changes came at the start of 1987, with a major facelift, as other manufacturers adopted similar aerodynamic styling, the Sierra looked more normal. At its peak, it was Britains second best selling car in 1983,1988 and 1989 and its best year was 1989, when more than 175,000 were sold. However, it was outsold by the Vauxhall Cavalier in MK2 form during 1984 and 1985, however, it comfortably outsold its second key rival, the Austin Montego, which was launched in April 1984. Early versions suffered from stability problems, which were addressed in 1985 with the addition of strakes. These shortcomings saw a lot of attention, and contributed to early slow sales. Other rumours that the car hid major crash damage also harmed the cars reputation and this reached near-hysterical heights in its early months on sale, with UK press making a report that Ford would reintroduce the previous Cortina model out of desperation. These reports were denied by Ford. However, sales began to rise during 1983, and it finished as Britains second best selling car behind the Escort, even in 1992, the Sierra was still Britains fifth best selling car. Additionally, earlier used the 1. 6- and 2-litre versions of the Pinto engine paired with a 4-speed manual gearbox. At a time when the rival Vauxhall Cavalier was offered with a 5-speed option, in the mid 1980s, many smaller cars featured 5-speed gearboxes
42.
Ponton (car)
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Ponton or pontoon styling refers to a 1930s–1960s design genre—ultimately the precursor of modern automotive styling. The trend emerged as bodywork began to enclose the full width and uninterrupted length of a car, incorporating previously distinct running boards, the fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be called Pontoon fenders, and the overall trend may also be known as envelope styling. The term derives from the French and German word ponton, meaning pontoon, the Langenscheidt German–English dictionary defines Pontonkarrosserie as all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling. The term ponton styling may have derived from the practice in Germany of adding full-length tread armor along each side of a tank. One of the first known cars with a body is the Bugatti Type 32 Tank which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours. In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, the cars body resembled a loaf of bread earning it the sobriquet of Kommissbrot—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army. The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928, Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with running boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight, the inexpensive car became popular with consumers in Germany. In 1935, Vittorio Jano, working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on an Alfa Romeo 6C2300 chassis, which Jano had shipped to Fiume in 1934. In 1937, Pinin Farina designed a flowing ponton-style body for the Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodynamica coupé, and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet. MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the hood, body, fenders. Rounded, flowing forms, with horizontal lines between the fenders—the style had identified as the so-called Ponton Side Design became the new fashion in Europe. One of the first American cars to adopt the new style was the 1947 Studebaker Champion, designed by Virgil Exner and Roy Cole but sometimes erroneously attributed to Raymond Loewy. Another, the Howard Dutch Darrin-designed 1947–1950 Kaiser-Frazer, was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 Borgward Hansa 1500, in 1948 Czechoslovakian Tatra 600 began production. Ford and General Motors followed the trend with their own designs in 1949, one of the earliest completely new styled cars that were introduced after World War II in the United States were the 1949 Nash models. Popular Science magazine described the new pontoon Nashes as the most obvious departure from previous designs and they carried the fenderless pontoon-body, fast-back shape further than the competition. This Nash design became an appearance for their automobiles that also included the Nash-Healey. The 1952 redesign of the sports car took on an even closer family appearance to the redesigned Nash models by featuring pontoon-type fenders fore
43.
Corporate average fuel economy
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The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, requires that the U. S. DOT has delegated the responsibilities to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Congress established both of these provisions explicitly in EPCA, as amended in 2007 by EISA. In addition, a Gas Guzzler Tax is levied on individual passenger car models that get less than 22.5 miles per US gallon, a complicated 2011 mathematical formula was replaced starting in 2012 with a simpler inverse-linear formula with cutoff values. CAFE footprint requirements are set up such that a vehicle with a larger footprint has a fuel economy requirement than a vehicle with a smaller footprint. e. 17 miles per US gallon published, individual vehicles do not have to meet their fuel economy targets, CAFE compliance is enforced at the fleet level. The compliance fuel economy of electric vehicles such as the Plug-in Prius or LEAF is complicated by accounting for the energy used in generating electricity. CAFE has separate standards for cars and light trucks even if the majority of light trucks are being used as passenger vehicles. The market share of light trucks grew steadily from 9. 7% in 1979 to 47% in 2001, more than 500,000 vehicles in the 1999 model year exceeded the 8,500 lb GVWR cutoff and were thus omitted from CAFE calculations. More recently, coverage of medium duty trucks has been added to the CAFE regulations starting in 2012, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration regulates CAFE standards and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency measures vehicle fuel efficiency. Thus higher fuel efficiency was associated with traffic safety, intertwining the issues of fuel economy, road-traffic safety, air pollution. In the mid-2000s, increasing safety of cars and the poor safety record of light trucks began to reverse this association. In 2002, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences wrote a report on the effects of the CAFE standard. One cost of this increase in economy is a possible increase in fatalities, estimated to be 1,300 to 2,600 increased fatalities in 1993. In the case of cars, U. S. Most recently, fuel economy has increased about one mpg from 2006 to 2007 and this increase is due primarily to increased fuel efficiency of imported cars. S. consumers would otherwise have to pay. Reductions in petroleum demand in the United States helped create the collapse of OPEC market power in 1986, fleet fuel economy is calculated using a harmonic mean, not a simple arithmetic mean – namely, the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocal values. For the purposes of CAFE, a manufacturers car output is divided into a domestic fleet, each of these fleets must separately meet the requirements. The two-fleet requirement was developed by the United Automobile Workers as a means to ensure job creation in the United States, the UAW successfully lobbied Congress to write this provision into the enabling legislation – and continues to advocate this position
44.
Automotive design
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Automotive design is the profession involved in the development of the appearance, and to some extent the ergonomics, of motor vehicles or more specifically road vehicles. This most commonly refers to automobiles but also refers to motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, the functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines included within automotive engineering. Automotive design in context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle. Automotive design is practiced by designers who usually have an art background, the task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects, exterior design, interior design, and color and trim design. Graphic design is also an aspect of design, this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. Design focuses not only on the outer shape of automobile parts. The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well, though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. The stylist responsible for the design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, Exterior design is first done by a series of digital or manual drawings. Progressively, drawings that are more detailed are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, Clay and or digital models are developed from, and along with the drawings. The data from these models are used to create a full sized mock-up of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the model is first designed in a computer program and then carved using the machine. Even in times of high-class 3d software and virtual models on power walls, here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design, the color and trim designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include paints, plastics, fabric designs, leather, grains, carpet, headliner, wood trim, Color, contrast, texture, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers, designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as, industrial design, fashion, home furnishing, architecture, and sometimes product design. Specific research is done into global trends to design for two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are further refined and tested on the vehicle models
45.
Ford Mustang SVO
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The Mustang SVO was a limited-production version of the Ford Mustang sold from 1984 to 1986, during which time it was the fastest, most expensive version of the Mustang available. As a result, the big three automakers, for muscle cars had been a steady and reliable source of income. Ford began to make a push forward with the Mustang in 1982, nearly completely reinventing every aspect of the vehicle. Officially, the division was called the Special Vehicle Operations Department, the installation of the four-cylinder engine helped with weight distribution, due to the engine being installed perpendicular to, and behind, the front axle, thereby improving handling. Endowing the engine with an advanced, computer-controlled fuel injection system, a factory-installed Hurst shifter was made standard to improve feel and quickness. With fine tuning and the addition of a new water-cooling system, also, the 1986 SVO had new aero headlights. These headlights were designed for the 1984 model, but regulations would not allow them to be used until the mid-1985 update. The front suspension geometry was modified,15,1 ratio power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering system replaced the standard system, five-lug,16 × 7-inch aluminum wheels with P225-50R16 VR Goodyear Eagle Gatorback tires were standard, as well. The rear disc brakes, the hubs, the 16-inch wheels, the quad-shock rear end. However, an optional Competition Prep package deleted many of features to save weight. The pinstriped taillights introduced on the SVO were later used on the 1993 Cobra model, as well
46.
Manual transmission
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A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, stick shift, n-speed manual, standard, MT, or in colloquial U. S. English, a stick, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. The number of gear ratios is often expressed for automatic transmissions as well. Manual transmissions often feature a clutch and a movable gear stick. This type of transmission is called a sequential manual transmission. In a manual transmission, the flywheel is attached to the engines crankshaft, the clutch disk is in between the pressure plate and the flywheel, and is held against the flywheel under pressure from the pressure plate. When the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, the flywheel spins the clutch plate, as the clutch pedal is depressed, the throw out bearing is activated, which causes the pressure plate to stop applying pressure to the clutch disk. This makes the clutch plate stop receiving power from the engine, when the clutch pedal is released, the throw out bearing is deactivated, and the clutch disk is again held against the flywheel, allowing it to start receiving power from the engine. Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by locking selected gear pairs to the shaft inside the transmission. Conversely, most automatic transmissions feature epicyclic gearing controlled by brake bands and/or clutch packs to select gear ratio, automatic transmissions that allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called manumatics. A manual-style transmission operated by computer is called an automated transmission rather than an automatic. Operating aforementioned transmissions often use the pattern of shifter movement with a single or multiple switches to engage the next sequence of gear selection. The earliest form of a transmission is thought to have been invented by Louis-René Panhard. This type of transmission offered multiple gear ratios and, in most cases and these transmissions are called sliding mesh transmissions or sometimes crash boxes, because of the difficulty in changing gears and the loud grinding sound that often accompanied. Newer manual transmissions on cars have all gears mesh at all times and are referred to as constant-mesh transmissions, in both types, a particular gear combination can only be engaged when the two parts to engage are at the same speed. To shift to a gear, the transmission is put in neutral. The vehicle also slows while in neutral and that slows other transmission parts, so the time in neutral depends on the grade, wind, for both upshifts and downshifts, the clutch is released while in neutral. Some drivers use the only for starting from a stop. Even though automobile and light truck transmissions are now almost universally synchronized, transmissions for trucks and machinery, motorcycles
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