Foreign relations of Italy

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Italian Republic
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Foreign relations

Foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world. Located in Europe, Italy has been considered a major Western power since its unification in 1861,[1] its main allies are the NATO countries and the EU states, two entities of which Italy is a founding member.

Italy has a particular role within the Christian world because Rome is the seat of the Pope and the center of the Catholic Church. Italy acts as a mediator in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has many troops deployed in the Middle East, and all over the world for peacekeeping missions, and for combating organized crime, illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism. Italy is currently commanding various multinational forces;[2] the country plays also a significant role in former colonies and territories of the Italian Empire and is considered a key player in the Mediterranean region.

History[edit]

See also: Risorgimento, Kingdom of Italy, Italian Empire, and Italian Civil War
The stages of Italian unification during 1829–71

The Risorgimento was the era 1830–1870 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. Italians achieved independence from Austria, the House of Bourbon and from the Pope, securing national unification;[3][4] the papacy called France to resist unification, fearing that giving up control of the Papal States would weaken the Church and allow the liberals to dominate conservative Catholics.[5] Italy captured Rome in 1870 and later formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.[6] By 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small concession in Tientsin in China (following the Boxer Rebellion) and the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

Austria took the offensive against the terms of the alliance and Italy decided to take part in World War I as a principal allied power with France and Great Britain. Two leaders, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino made the decisions; their primary motivation was seizure of territory from Austria, as secretly promised by Britain and France in the Treaty of London of 1915. Italy was very poorly prepared for war, in terms of military strength, leadership, and finances, and had to be repeatedly rescued by Britain and France financially and militarily. Italy occupied southern Albania and established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920;[7] the Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the main winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of Fiume The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign Dalmazia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. Civil unrest erupted in Italy between nationalists who supported the war effort and opposed what they called the "mutilated victory" (as nationalists referred to it) and leftists who were opposed to the war.[8]

The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. In 1935–36, in its second invasion of Ethiopia Italy was successful and merged its new conquest with its older east African colonies. In 1939, Italy invaded Albania and incorporated it into the Fascist state. During the Second World War (1939–45), Italy formed the axis alliance with Japan and Germany and occupied several territories (such as parts of France, Greece, Egypt and Tunisia) but was forced in the final peace to abandon all its colonies and protectorates. Following the civil war and the economic depression caused by World War II, Italy enjoyed an economic miracle, promoted European unity, joined NATO and became an active member of the European Union.[9] Italy was granted a United Nations trust to administer Somaliland in 1950; when Somalia became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experience with colonialism ended.

Relations by region and country[edit]

Africa[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria See Algeria–Italy relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Algiers.
 Egypt See Egypt–Italy relations

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, in World War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations in Cairo and Alexandria, also the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Relations deteriorated after the abduction and killing of Italian student Giulio Regeni. Egypt has been accused by Italian authorities and public opinion of lacking of transparence.

 Eritrea
  • Eritrea has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Asmara.
 Ethiopia See Ethiopia–Italy relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Kenya 1963 See Italy–Kenya relations
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy in Nairobi and 2 counsulates in Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
 Libya 1947, 2011 See Italy–Libya relations
 Somalia See Italy–Somalia relations
 South Africa 1929
 Tunisia 1957

Americas[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1837 See Argentina–Italy relations
 Belize 1 October 1982
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1982.[17]
  • Belize has 2 honorary consulates in Palermo and Milano.[18]
  • Italy is represented in Belize through its embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate.[19]
 Brazil 1861 See Brazil–Italy relations
 Canada 1947 See Canada–Italy relations
 Chile 1864 See Chile–Italy relations
 Colombia 1847 See Colombia–Italy relations
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
  • Cuba has an embassy in Rome.[32]
  • Italy has an embassy in Havana.[33]
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in San Salvador.
 Guyana 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1967.[34]

 Mexico 1874 See Italy–Mexico relations
 Paraguay 1867
 Peru 1874-12-23
 United States 1861–04-11 See Italy–United States relations

The United States enjoy a peculiar relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza and Livorno (army); Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, and Naples- home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet; the United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, a neighborhood of Rome.

Also, investigations continue about the killing of Italian Military Intelligence service officer Nicola Calipari by United States troops during the liberation of Giuliana Sgrena and about the abduction and torture of terrorism suspect Abu Omar by CIA agents.[citation needed]

 Uruguay 1861 See Italy–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela 1861 See Italy–Venezuela relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate in Maracaibo.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Milan and Naples.

See Italo-Venezuelans

Asia[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan ~1919
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome,[43] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[44] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[45]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[46]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[47]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan See Azerbaijan–Italy relations
 Bangladesh ~1972

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome.

 China 1970 See People's Republic of China – Italy relations

In 2005, Italy and the People's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern to Italy's economy and productivity.[52]

 Georgia See Georgia–Italy relations
 India 1950 See Foreign relations of India#Italy

In 2012, relations deteriorated following the Enrica Lexie Case

 Indonesia 1952 See Indonesia–Italy relations
  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[58]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia.[59]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities; European Union and ASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[60]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Rome, that also accredited to Malta, Cyprus, San Marino, while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran See Iran–Italy relations

Iran-Italy trade stood at $US 2.7 Billion in 2001[61] and 3.852 Billion Euros in 2003.[62] In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[63] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[64] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[65] Although Italy harbors a large population of members of the MKO as do many European Union states, Italy officially considers the group a terrorist organization.[66]

 Iraq See Iraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy in Rome and Italy has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Basra.

 Israel 1948 See Israel–Italy relations
 Japan 1867-03-31
 Kazakhstan 1992 See Italy-Kazakhstan relations
  • In 2017, the trade between Kazakhstan and Italy amounted to $9.6 billion, which is an increase of 13.5% compared to 2016.[74]
 Lebanon See Italy–Lebanon relations
 Malaysia See Italy–Malaysia relations
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[78] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living in Milan and Brescia.[79]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore.
 Philippines 1947 See Italy–Philippines relations
  • Italy and the Philippines bilateral and diplomatic relations is established in 1947. A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified in December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
 Qatar See Italy–Qatar relations
 South Korea 26 June 1884[81] See Italy – South Korea relations
  • The establishment of diplomatic relations between Italy and South Korea began on 26 June 1884.
  • Italy has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea.
  • During the Korean War Italy sent medical staff to help the South Korea[citation needed].
  • Italy has an embassy in Seoul.[82]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Rome.[83]
  • Bilateral Trade in 2014
    • Exports 3,473,000,000 US dollars
    • Imports 6,260,000,000 US dollars
  • Bilateral Investments in 2014
    • South Korea's Investment in Italy 654,000,000 US
    • Italy's Investment in South Korea 539,000,000 USD
  • The number of the South Koreans living in Italy in 2012 was about 4,054.
  • The Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti visited Seoul in March 2012. (To attend the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit)
  • The President of the Republic of Korea Park Geun-hye visited Rome in October 2014.
  • From 20 to 24 November 2011, 54 participating Italian companies, 8 trade associations and chambers of commerce and 7 banks, held over 300 meetings with 139 Korean companies. The events were promoted by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation), the Italian Banking Association (ABI), the Ministry for Economic Development (MiSE) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA), it took the form of seminars, workshops, B2B meetings and institutional events, as well as visits to representations of Korean industry. This was the first structured initiative, with a broad-ranging business representation in Korea, by the Italian economic system since the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force.[84]
 Thailand 1870
 Turkey 1856
 Vietnam 1973-03-23

Europe[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 1912 See Albania–Italy relations

The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian protectorate over Albania
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Bari and Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tirana and consulates in Gjirokastër, Shkodra, Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[90]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[91]
  • Italy is home to indigenous Arbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.[92]
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[93]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian.[93]
 Andorra

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate in Andorra La Vella.

 Austria See Austria–Italy relations
 Belarus
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (in Naples and Turin).[94]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[95]
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria 1879 See Bulgaria–Italy relations
 Croatia 1992-01-17 See Croatia–Italy relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).[19]
  • Italy has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Rijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (in Buje and Pula).[20]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 people of Italian descent living in Croatia.
  • There are 21,360 Croats living in Italy.
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Denmark See Denmark-Italy relations
 Estonia
 Finland See Foreign relations of Finland
 France See France–Italy relations
 Germany See Germany–Italy relations
 Greece 1861 See Greece–Italy relations

In modern times, both countries established diplomatic relations in 1861, immediately upon Italy's unification.

 Holy See See Holy See – Italy relations

Due to the size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages; the Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, the European Union, and the Order of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both; this is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes the People's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes the Taiwan, and as such, Taiwan's embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome; as Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.

 Hungary
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Kosovo See Italian–Kosovan relations

Italy recognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[120][121] Italy has an embassy in Pristina since 15 May 2008.[122] Kosovo will open an embassy in Rome.

 Latvia 1991-08-30
 Liechtenstein
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland)
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg 1902
 Malta See Italy–Malta relations
 Moldova See Moldova-Italy relations
 Monaco See Italy-Monaco relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Venice.
 Montenegro 2006-06-14
 Netherlands
 North Macedonia 1991
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Rome.
 Norway
 Poland 1919 See Italy–Poland relations
 Portugal
 Romania 1873-04-23 See Italy–Romania relations
 Russia See Italy–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Palermo, and Italy has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Saint Petersburg, two consulte generals (in Ekaterinburg and Kaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara and Volgograd). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Russia enjoys close relations with Italy. In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties. There are close commercial ties between the two countries. Italy is Russia's second important commercial partner in the EU, after Germany. and its state-owned energy company, ENI, has recently signed a very important long-term contract with Gazprom, to import Russian gas into Italy.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of Tolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary Palmiro Togliatti). Russians have always visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students come to Italy each year to study arts and music.[citation needed] Unlike many other Western European countries, Italy has traditionally always maintained good relationships with Russia, even during the Soviet era.[citation needed] In particular, the Silvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President Vladimir Putin. Cooperation extends also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi, who are jointly developing a new aircraft. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[139]

 San Marino
  • Italy has an embassy in San Marino.
  • San Marino has an embassy in Rome.
 Serbia 1879
Main article: Italy–Serbia relations
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
Main article: Italy–Slovenia relations
 Spain See Italy–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.

 Sweden
  Switzerland See Switzerland – Italy relations
 Ukraine 1992
 United Kingdom See Italy – United Kingdom relations

Although enemies during World War II, the United Kingdom and Italy have generally enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship throughout history. Both states embrace membership of the European Union, NATO, OSCE and the G8[143]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[144] There are about 19,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 700,000 Italians living in the UK, half of them registered at AIRE (anagraphic of Italian citizens living abroad).[145]

Oceania[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Italy relations
 New Zealand
 Samoa 25 May 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 25, 1987.[152]

International institutions[edit]

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE the DAC, the WTO, the G6, G7, G8, G10, G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF. Italy leads the Uniting for Consensus and participates in prominent decision-making groups such as the EU big four, the Quint and the Contact Group.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203 in JSTOR
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy and the wider world 1860-1960 (2013) excerpt
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard. Mussolini (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Burgwyn, H. James. The legend of the mutilated victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915-1919 (1993).
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997) excerpt and text search
  • Cassels, Alan. Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy (1996) excerpt and text search
  • Faherty, Douglas M. Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012) excerpt
  • Gooch, John. Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001)
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536-556.
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy
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