1.
Open-wheel car
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An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the cars main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, open-wheel cars are usually built specifically for racing, frequently with a higher degree of technological sophistication than in other forms of motor sport. Open-wheel street cars, such as the Ariel Atom, are scarce as they are often impractical for everyday use. American racecar driver and constructor Ray Harroun was a pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater. After working as a mechanic in the industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906. He was then hired by the Marmon Motor Car Company as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the very first Indianapolis 500 and he developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of the single-seater racecar design. A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit sufficient only to enclose the drivers body, in the Whelen Modified Tour and other short track modified series, the drivers head is contained in the car. Some major races, such as the Singapore Grand Prix, Monaco Grand Prix, however, most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses, such as Watkins Glen International in the US, Nürburgring in Germany, Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium and Silverstone in Great Britain. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened wheeled race car series endorsed by NASCAR and this series races on most of NASCARs most famous tracks in the United States. Other asphalt modified series race on tracks in the United States and Canada. Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world, Formula 1 cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour. At Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Antônio Pizzonia of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour in the 2004 Italian Grand Prix. Since the end of the V10 era in 2006 speeds like this have not been reached, with contemporary machinery reaching around 360 kilometres per hour. It is difficult to give precise figures for the top speeds of Formula 1 cars, as the cars do not have speedometers as such. The speed traps on fast circuits such as Monza give a good indication, speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour, and at Indianapolis in excess of 230 miles per hour. Some sources claim that in 1996, Paul Tracy recorded a speed of 256.948 miles per hour at Michigan International Speedway. In 2000, Gil de Ferran set the qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour at California Speedway. Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the Grand Prix of Toronto, driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders
2.
Single seater
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An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the cars main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, open-wheel cars are usually built specifically for racing, frequently with a higher degree of technological sophistication than in other forms of motor sport. Open-wheel street cars, such as the Ariel Atom, are scarce as they are often impractical for everyday use. American racecar driver and constructor Ray Harroun was a pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater. After working as a mechanic in the industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906. He was then hired by the Marmon Motor Car Company as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the very first Indianapolis 500 and he developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of the single-seater racecar design. A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit sufficient only to enclose the drivers body, in the Whelen Modified Tour and other short track modified series, the drivers head is contained in the car. Some major races, such as the Singapore Grand Prix, Monaco Grand Prix, however, most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses, such as Watkins Glen International in the US, Nürburgring in Germany, Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium and Silverstone in Great Britain. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened wheeled race car series endorsed by NASCAR and this series races on most of NASCARs most famous tracks in the United States. Other asphalt modified series race on tracks in the United States and Canada. Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world, Formula 1 cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour. At Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Antônio Pizzonia of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour in the 2004 Italian Grand Prix. Since the end of the V10 era in 2006 speeds like this have not been reached, with contemporary machinery reaching around 360 kilometres per hour. It is difficult to give precise figures for the top speeds of Formula 1 cars, as the cars do not have speedometers as such. The speed traps on fast circuits such as Monza give a good indication, speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour, and at Indianapolis in excess of 230 miles per hour. Some sources claim that in 1996, Paul Tracy recorded a speed of 256.948 miles per hour at Michigan International Speedway. In 2000, Gil de Ferran set the qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour at California Speedway. Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the Grand Prix of Toronto, driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders
3.
Formula racing
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Formula racing is any of several forms of open-wheeled single-seater motorsport. The origin of the lies in the nomenclature that was adopted by the FIA for all of its post-World War II single-seater regulations. The best known of these formulae are Formula One, Two, Three, common usage of formula racing encompasses other single-seater series, including the GP2 Series, which replaced Formula 3000. Categories such as Formula Three and GP2 are described as feeder formulae, there are two primary forms of racing formula, the open formula that allows a choice of chassis or engines and the control or spec formula that relies on a single supplier for chassis and engines. Formula Three is an example of a formula, while Formula BMW is a control formula. There are also some exceptions on these two forms like Formula Ford where there is an open chassis formula but a single brand engine formula. The first race to be run to the early Formula One regulations was a non-championship Grand Prix in Turin in September 1946, the first officially recognised Drivers World Championship was held in 1947 and the Formula One World Championship was inaugurated in 1950. This was the first example of formula racing, Formula E is intended to be the highest class of competition for one-make, single-seat, electrically powered racing cars. The series was conceived in 2012, with the championship to be held in 2014–15. So far, nine cities have confirmed to host an ePrix, Beijing, Putrajaya, Rio de Janeiro, Punta del Este, Buenos Aires, Miami, Long Beach, Monte Carlo, Berlin and London. In order to manage the costs of operating a Formula E team each constructor will be mandated to make their car available to two teams for a maximum capped price. This cap is set at €350000. Also, all teams and cars have been accommodated at the testing facility Donington Park. Based on pre-season testing at Donington, the 2014-15 car achieved performance somewhere between Formula Three and Formula 4 cars, the GP2 series was introduced in 2005 by Bernie Ecclestone and Flavio Briatore following the discontinuation of the long-term F1 feeder series – Formula 3000. So far,25 out of 136 GP2 drivers have reached F1, in 2012 the GP2 and GP2 Asia Series combined to make one longer GP2 series, which contained four Asian Grands Prix next to the well-known European races. In 2003, the most senior Formula Renault was the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup, after just two seasons Renault merged the series with the World Series by Nissan to form the World Series by Renault, which supported the Formula One Grands Prix. Part of this series are Formula Renault 3.5 and Formula Renault 2.0, the GP3 Series was launched by Bruno Michel in 2010 as a feeder series for GP2. So far, four drivers have competed in Formula One after GP3 – the 2010 champion Esteban Gutiérrez, the 2011 champion Valtteri Bottas, Jean-Éric Vergne, Formula Three has a long history, with at least ten active championships around the world
4.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
5.
Kart racing
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Kart racing or karting is a variant of open-wheel motorsport with small, open, four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports. Karts vary widely in speed and some can reach speeds exceeding 260 kilometres per hour, American Art Ingels is generally accepted to be the father of karting. A veteran hot rodder and a car builder at Kurtis Kraft. Instantly popular, Karting rapidly spread to countries, and currently has a large following in Europe. The first kart manufacturer was an American company, Go Kart Manufacturing Co, in 1959, McCulloch was the first company to produce engines for karts. Its first engine, the McCulloch MC-10, was an adapted chainsaw two-stroke engine, later, in the 1960s, motorcycle engines were also adapted for kart use, before dedicated manufacturers, especially in Italy, started to build engines for the sport. The chassis are made of steel tubing, there is no suspension, therefore chassis have to be flexible enough to work as a suspension and stiff enough not to break or give way on a turn. Kart chassis are classified in the USA as Open, Caged, all Commission Internationale de Karting - Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile or CIK-FIA approved chassis are Straight and Open. Open karts have no roll cage, Caged karts have a roll cage surrounding the driver, they are mostly used on dirt tracks. In Straight chassis the driver sits in the center, Straight chassis are used for sprint racing. In Offset chassis the driver sits on the left side, Offset chassis are used for left-turn-only speedway racing. The stiffness of the chassis enables different handling characteristics for different circumstances, typically, for dry conditions a stiffer chassis is preferable, while in wet or other poor traction conditions, a more flexible chassis may work better. The best chassis allow for stiffening bars at the rear, front, braking is achieved by a disc brake mounted on the rear axle. Front disc brakes are used in most shifter kart classes and are popular in other classes, however. Shifter karts have dual master cylinders, one for the front, professionally raced karts typically weigh 165 to 175 lb, complete without driver. Avanti, Tony Kart, Trulli, Birel, CRG, Gillard, Intrepid, Kosmic, Zanardi or FA Kart, emmick, Coyote, Bandit, Shadow, MGM, Titan, PRC and Margay are American companies producing kart chassis. Amusement park go-karts can be powered by 4-stroke engines or electric motors and they are adequate for racing and fun kart applications
6.
Formula Renault
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Formula Renault is a class of formula racing founded in 1971, popular in Europe and elsewhere. Regarded as a series to motor racing, it is a respected series where drivers can learn advanced racecraft before moving on to Formula Three, World Series by Renault. Renault now backs two one-make single-seater series, Formula Renault 1.6 and Formula Renault 2.0, with Formula Renault 3.5 becoming the World Series Formula V83.5 in 2016. At the end of each racing season, Renault Sport gave an opportunity to the best Formula Renault 2.0 drivers to try the 3. 5L car at Circuit Paul Ricard. The most senior Formula Renault was the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup started by Renault to run as part of Eurosports Super Racing Weekends, in 2016 the series became the World Series Formula V83.5. Formula V6 Asia started in 2006 in Asia and ran at Asian Festival of Speed Weekends, the old Eurocup and current Asian formulas use Tatuus chassis, while the World Series uses Dallara cars. Formula Renault 2.0 descends from Formula France created in 1968 and its predecessors used 1. 3L,1. 6l,1. 6L turbo and later 1,721 cc, then 2l 8V engines in single-seater chassis. The series evolved in 2000 into a 2L 16V series using one-make cars from Italian manufacturer Tatuus. The series was introduced into the UK in 1989 and even after the 1721 cc cars had replaced at the top level a club-level series for them continued in parallel with the more ambitious 2.0 series. This is seen as one of the key steps in a career before Formula Three. The most notable recent graduate of the formula is Kimi Räikkönen, the cars were open-wheelers, with Tatuus-made chassis running 2.0 L Renault Clio engines attached to a Sadev gearbox. They are capable of accelerating from 0 to 100 mph in 4.85 seconds, the Tatuus Formula Renault car is the most successful single seater ever, with 10 years of service and nearly 1000 sold. The car has produced many current Formula One stars, with 11 of the 25 drivers in the 2009 Formula One season using the car in the infancy of their careers. For the 2010 season, a new car developed by Barazi-Epsilon, will be used in most major championships and it also incorporates a FIA-approved roll hoop and lateral drivers head protection. This was introduced in 2000 and updated with new bodywork in 2004 and 2007, both the chassis and engine are of an FIA-approved impact break-away design. It also uses Elf Transmission LS, regular championships and Winter Series, an off-season championship held usually between November and February with few races. In 2005, all names were replaced from Formula Renault 2000 to Formula Renault 2.0. An Uruguyan 2. 0L series is also held, a majority of Formula Renault champions have gone onto lead successful careers in motor racing, most notably Alain Prost who won the Formula One World Championship four times in his career
7.
Formula Three
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Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved from postwar auto racing, with lightweight tube-frame chassis powered by 500 cc motorcycle engines. Cooper came to dominate the formula with mass-produced cars, and the income this generated enabled the company to develop into the senior categories, other notable marques included Kieft, JBS and Emeryson in England, and Effyh, Monopoletta and Scampolo in Europe. John Cooper, along with most other 500 builders, decided to place the engine in the middle of the car, the 500cc formula was the usual route into motor racing through the early and mid-1950s. Other notable 500 cc Formula 3 drivers include Stuart Lewis-Evans, Ivor Bueb, Jim Russell, Peter Collins, Don Parker, Ken Tyrrell, from a statistical point of view, Don Parker was the most successful F3 driver. Although coming to motor racing late in life, he won a total of 126 F3 races altogether, and was described by Motor Sport magazine as the most successful Formula 3 driver in history. Although Stirling Moss was already a star by 1953, Parker beat him more than any driver, and was Formula 3 Champion in 1952, again in 1953. He took the title for a time in 1959. In 1954, Parker took on a man named Norman Graham Hill as his mechanic and general assistant. Some years later, now using his name of Graham. Parker retired from Formula Three after the 1959 season, and chose not to move to Formula 2 or Formula 1 because of his age. However, he did race for one season, representing Jaguar in the British Saloon Car Championships. As a retirement gift in 1961, Jaguars Lofty England presented him with a specially-designed 3.8 litre Jaguar Mark 2 and it was claimed to be the fastest Mark 2 Jaguar had built, being tested at 140 mph on the newly opened M4 motorway in 1963. 500cc Formula Three declined at an international level during the late 1950s, although it continued at a level into the early 60s. A one-litre Formula Three category for four-cylinder carburetted cars, with heavily tuned production engines, was reintroduced in 1964 based on the Formula Junior rules and these engines tended to rev very highly and were popularly known as screamers, F3 races tended to involve large packs of slipstreaming cars. The screamer years were dominated by Brabham, Lotus and Tecno, early one-litre F3 chassis tended to descend from Formula Junior designs but quickly evolved. For 1971 new regulations allowing 1600 cc engines with an air intake were introduced
8.
Jim Russell (racing driver)
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Herbert James Jim Russell is an English former racing driver, garage owner and founder of the Jim Russell Racing Driver School. Russell was born at his parents fish and chip shop and lived most of his life in Downham Market and his first job was selling ice cream. After serving with the RAF during World War II, he became a garage owner, by 1960, the garage, filling station and race schools were employing over 100 people. The car garage closed and was demolished in November 2007 with the land destined for new housing, in late 2013 the first units were marketed on an exclusive, gated development called Russell Gardens. Russells driving career began at the age of 32, when a friend invited him to go to his local Snetterton race circuit, starting with a 500 cc Cooper with a J. A. P. Engine, Russell quickly progressed to a Manx Norton engine fettled by established motorcycle tuner Steve Lancefield and he then moved up to Formula Three and Formula Two. Between 1953 and 1959 he won 64 Formula Three races,11 Formula Two races and 6 sports car races and he won the British Formula Three Championship for three successive years from 1955 to 1957 in the company of established drivers Les Leston and newcomer John Surtees. Russells racing career ended after suffering injuries in a crash at Le Mans in 1959 and he went on to run a stud farm from his house at Bardwell Manor, Suffolk. In 1956, Russell set up the first motor racing school at Snetterton, in 1966, Russell was responsible for the cars and much of the action in John Frankenheimers film, Grand Prix, with actor James Garner learning to handle a race car for his starring role. The Jim Russell name continues with franchised schools carrying the name, with the success of the driver school, Russell entered promising drivers in Formula 3 races in a Jim Russell Racing Driver School sponsored car. This included Emerson Fittipaldi in a Lotus 59 who won nine F3 races in the MCD Lombard Championship to become the 1969 champion, Jim Russell Profile at The 500 Owners Association
9.
Formula Junior
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Formula Junior is an open wheel formula racing class first adopted in October 1958 by the CSI. The class was intended to provide an entry level class where drivers could use mechanical components from ordinary automobiles. The idea to form the new class came from Count Giovanni Johnny Lurani who saw the need of a class for racing cars where younger drivers could take their first steps. The brakes and transmission also had to be production-based, constructors were allowed to increase the number of gears, but only inside a production gearbox casing. Formula Junior was also the first racing class to require roll cages, as the formula gathered momentum, though, constructors started to take note. In the UK Frank Nichols of Elva produced the Elva 100 series powered by a BMC A-Series engine or a DKW two-stroke engine tuned by Gerhard Mitter in Germany, the Elva became first mass-produced British Formula Junior car. Other early British designs included the Gemini and Lola Mk 2 and it was not long before Cooper started to produce a car similar to their contemporary F1/F2 thinking, later F3s and bobtail sports car fitted with BMC A-series engines. On the engine side, Keith Duckworth of Cosworth Engineering took an interest in Formula Junior, Lotus also came into the game with their Lotus 18, a simplified derivative of their Formula One and Formula Two chassis fitted with a 997cc Ford Anglia engine. Later Lotus also raced in Formula Junior with Lotus 20, Lotus 22 and these two marques, with close links to their Grand Prix teams, soon came to dominate Formula Junior on an international level. In Sweden Saab produced the Saab Formula Junior, mainly to test new engine designs, in Russia the most used engine came from the Moskvitch. Through the formulas lifetime, though, the number of manufacturers increased, brabhams first racing car was the mid-engined BT1 in 1961. By 1963 the class had become expensive, the scope for wins in homebuilt or amateur cars was diminishing, the 1963 series was the last series in the UK and Europe. In the early 1960s, after Formula One was reduced to a 1, slightly later in the 60s, classes based on the same original idea as FJ evolved as low-cost introductions to single-seater motor racing, notably Formula Ford and Formula Vee. Because many cars and engines are readily available, Formula Junior is now a popular category in historic racing. Drivers with background in Formula Junior includes Jim Clark, Peter Arundell, Trevor Taylor, John Surtees, Denny Hulme, Ed Leslie, Pat Pigott and Jack McAfee
10.
Cooper Car Company
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The Cooper Car Company was founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper. Together with Johns boyhood friend, Eric Brandon, they began by building racing cars in Charless small garage in Surbiton, Surrey, England, in 1946. The first cars built by the Coopers were single-seat 500-cc Formula Three racing cars driven by John Cooper and Eric Brandon, since materials were in short supply immediately after World War II, the prototypes were constructed by joining two old Fiat Topolino front-ends together. According to John Cooper, the stroke of genius that would make the Coopers an automotive legend—the location of the engine behind the driver—was merely a matter at the time. Because the car was powered by an engine, they believed it was more convenient to have the engine in the back. In fact there was nothing new about mid engined racing cars, Cooper built up to 300 single-and twin-cylinder cars during the 1940s and 1950s, and dominated the F3 category, winning 64 of 78 major races between 1951 and 1954. Though Schell retired in the first lap, this marked the first appearance of a racer at a Grand Prix event since the end of WWII. The front-engined Formula Two Cooper Bristol model was introduced in 1952, until the company began building rear-engined sports cars in 1955, they really had not become aware of the benefits of having the engine behind the driver. Based on the 500-cc cars and powered by a modified Coventry Climax fire-pump engine, jack Brabham raised some eyebrows when he took sixth place at the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix in a rear-engined Formula 1 Cooper. The next year,1959, Brabham and the Cooper works team became the first to win the Formula One World Championship in a rear-engined car, both team and driver repeated the feat in 1960, and every World Champion since has been sitting in front of his engine. The little-known designer behind the car was Owen Maddock, who was employed by Cooper Car Company, Maddock was known as The Beard by his workmates, and Whiskers to Charles Cooper. Describing how the revolutionary rear-engined Cooper chassis came to be, Maddock explained and he kept saying Nah, Whiskers, thats not it, try again. Finally, I got so fed up I sketched a frame in which every tube was bent, meant just as a joke, I showed it to Charlie and to my astonishment he grabbed it and said, Thats it. Maddock later pioneered one of the first designs for a monocoque stressed skin composite chassis. Arriving at the Speedway 5 May 1961, the little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams. It took a few years, but the Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall, beginning with Jim Clark, who drove a rear-engined Lotus in 1965, every winner of the Indianapolis 500 has had the engine in the back. The revolution begun by the little chain-driven Cooper 500 was complete, the Cooper teams decline was accelerated when John Cooper was seriously injured in a road accident in 1963 driving a twin-engined Mini, and Charles Cooper died in 1964. After the death of his father, John Cooper sold the Cooper Formula One team to the Chipstead Motor Group in April 1965
11.
Lotus Cars
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Lotus Cars is an English company that manufactures sports cars and racing cars with its headquarters in Hethel, Norfolk, England, and is a subsidiary of Malaysian automotive company Proton. Notable Lotus cars include the Esprit, Elan, Europa and Elise sports cars, Lotus Cars is based at the former site of RAF Hethel, a World War II airfield in Norfolk. The company designs and builds race and production automobiles of light weight and it also owns the engineering consultancy Lotus Engineering, which has facilities in the United Kingdom, United States, China, and Malaysia. Lotus is owned by DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton, which acquired it following the bankruptcy of former owner Romano Artioli in 1996, the company was formed as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by engineers Colin Chapman and Colin Dare, both graduates of University College, London, in 1952. The four letters in the middle of the stand for the initials of company founder. When the logo was created, Colin Chapmans original partners Michael and Nigel Allen were led to believe that the letters stood for Colin Chapman, the first factory was situated in old stables behind the Railway Hotel in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus, which was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954, was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994, the Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. This was made up of Lotus Cars Limited and Lotus Components Limited, Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971 but the newly renamed entity ceased operation in the same year. The company moved to a purpose built factory at Cheshunt in 1959 and since 1966 the company has occupied a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel and this site is the former RAF Hethel base and the test track uses sections of the old runway. In its early days Lotus sold cars aimed at privateer racers and its early road cars could be bought as kits, in order to save on purchase tax. After the elegant but delicate Lotus Elite of the 1950s, Lotus found critical, Lotus was notable for its use of fibreglass bodies, backbone chassis, and twin cam engines, initially supplied by Coventry Climax but later replaced by Lotus-Ford units. Lotus worked with Ford on the Lotus Cortina, a sports saloon. The Lotus Seven, originating in the 1950s as a simple, Lotus then sold the rights to produce the Seven to Caterham, which has continued to produce the car since then. The mid engined line continued with the Lotus Esprit, which was to one of the companys longest lived. Lotus developed its own series of four cylinder DOHC engines, the Lotus 900 series, and later a V8, variants of the 900 series engine were supplied for the Jensen Healey sports car and the Sunbeam Lotus hot hatchback. In the 1980s, Lotus collaborated with Vauxhall Motors to produce the Lotus Carlton, by 1980, Group Lotus was in serious financial trouble. Production had dropped from 1,200 units per year to a mere 383, in early 1982, Chapman came to an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. This initially resulted in Lotus Engineering helping to develop the Mk2 Toyota Supra, secondly it allowed Lotus to launch the new Lotus Excel to replace the ageing Lotus Eclat
12.
Coventry Climax
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Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
13.
Ford Anglia
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The Ford Anglia is a compact car which was designed and manufactured by Ford UK. It is related to the Ford Prefect and the later Ford Popular, the Anglia name was applied to various models between 1939 and 1967. A total of 1,594,486 Anglias were produced and it was replaced by the Ford Escort. The first Ford Anglia model, the E04A, was released on 31 October 1939 as smallest model in the UK Ford range and it replaced the Ford 7Y and was a facelifted version of that model. The Anglia was a vehicle aimed at the cheap end of the market. Styling was typically late-1930s, with an upright radiator, there were standard and deluxe models, the latter having better instrumentation and, on pre-war models, running boards. Both front and rear suspensions used transverse leaf springs, and the brakes were mechanical, the two-door Anglia is similar to the longer, four-door, E93A Ford Prefect. A bulge at the back enabled a spare wheel to be removed from its vertical outside stowage on the back of the car and stowed flat on the boot floor, which usefully increased luggage space. Some back seat leg room was sacrificed to the luggage space, the Anglia replaced the 7Y saloon, but the van version of the earlier model continued to be built until 1946, after which some very minor changes sufficed to rebaptize the van the E04C. The domestic market engine was the 933 cc straight-four side-valve engine familiar to drivers of predecessor models since 1933, a minor styling change was made in December 1947, with the name “Anglia” now incorporated in the top of the grille surround. A contemporary road test commended the Anglias ability to pull away from 5 or 6 mph in top gear, compulsory driving tests had only recently been introduced in the UK. Most potential buyers would approach the vehicle without the benefit of formal driving tuition, the cars did have synchromesh between second and top gears, but not between first and second, so many would have sought, wherever possible, to avoid en route changes down to first. Production, hindered by the diversion of Fords factory to production during the Second World War. Initial sales in Britain actually began in early 1940, production was suspended in early 1942, and resumed in mid-1945. The E04A was also built in Australia from 1940 to 1945 and was produced in tourer and roadster body styles, the former had a rear seat and the latter was a two-seater convertible. The Australian-built Anglia A54A used the chassis and front panels of the English E04A and was offered in 4-door sedan, tourer, coupe utility, the 8HP 933cc engine was used and all models featured running boards. Three different types of radiator grille were fitted to A54A models, both the original and the revised E04A grilles were used and a third style, unique to the A54A, was introduced in 1948. This featured a centrally placed vertical chrome strip, the 1949 model, code E494A, was a makeover of the previous model with a rather more 1940s style front-end, including the sloped, twin-lobed radiator grille
14.
Dunlop Rubber
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Dunlop Rubber was a British multinational involved in the manufacture of various rubber goods. Its business was founded in 1889 by Harvey du Cros and he involved John Boyd Dunlop who had invented and developed the first pneumatic tyre. It was one of the first multinationals, and under du Cros and, after him, J B Dunlop had dropped any ties to it well before his name was used for any part of the business. After taking on excessive debt Dunlop was acquired by the industrial conglomerate BTR in 1985, since then, ownership of the Dunlop trade-names has been fragmented. In 1888, John Boyd Dunlop, a Scottish veterinary surgeon living in Ireland discovered the pneumatic tyre principle, willie Hume created publicity for J B Dunlops discovery by winning seven out of eight races with his pneumatic tyres. To own the rights and exploit the discovery, the Pneumatic Tyre, Ltd was incorporated in 1889 and floated by Harvey du Cros who was, amongst other things, president of the Irish Cyclists Association. The invitation to du Cros to participate was made by William Bowden, J B Dunlop who could see no prosperous future in his discovery, had informally made over his rights to Bowden. Initially J B Dunlop held a 20 percent stake in the venture and it was a period of great demand for John Kemp Starleys new safety bicycles. Pneumatic Tyre began cycle tyre production in Belfast in late 1890, however, in 1890 J B Dunlops patent was withdrawn. It had been discovered that Robert William Thomson had first patented the pneumatic tyre in 1845, J B Dunlop and Harvey du Cros together worked through the ensuing considerable difficulties. They employed inventor Charles Kingston Welch and also acquired rights and patents which allowed them to protect their businesss position to some extent. In the early 1890s Pneumatic Tyre established divisions in Europe and North America sending there four of du Cross six sons, factories were established overseas because foreign patents rights would only be maintained if the company was engaged in active manufacture where its tyres were sold. Pneumatic Tyre partnered with local firms such as Clement Cycles in France. An American business was established in the USA in 1893 with a factory in Buffalo, in 1893 home manufacture was relocated from Belfast and Dublin to Coventry, the centre of the British cycle industry. The Dublin Corporation had launched a case against Pneumatic Tyre claiming nuisance from the smell of rubber, Pneumatic Tyre soon spread developing interests in Birmingham. The following year a major interest was taken in their component supplier Byrne Bros India Rubber of Lichfield Road, the same year du Cros started Cycle Components Manufacturing in Selly Oak to supply inner tubes. J B Dunlop resigned in 1895, and sold most of his interest in Pneumatic Tyre, in 1896 Harvey Du Cros persuaded his board to sell Pneumatic Tyre to financier Ernest Terah Hooley for £3 million.7 million. Associate and supplier, Byrne Bros India Rubber, at their Manor Rubber Mills, Aston Cross, had moved from making tyre and tube components to complete inner tubes, in June 1896 du Cros formed a new company, Rubber Tyre Manufacturing, to acquire Byrne Bros
15.
Brands Hatch
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Brands Hatch is a motor racing circuit near Swanley in Kent, England. First used as a dirt track circuit on farmland, it hosted 12 runnings of the British Grand Prix between 1964 and 1986 and currently hosts many British and International racing events. Gerhard Berger once said that Brands Hatch is the best circuit in the world, Paddock Hill Bend is a renowned corner. The longer Grand Prix layout played host to Formula One racing, including such as Jo Sifferts duel with Chris Amon in 1968. Noise restrictions and the proximity of residents to the Grand Prix loop mean that the number of race meetings held on the extended circuit are limited to just a few per year. The full Grand Prix Circuit begins on the Brabham Straight, an off-camber, slightly curved stretch, despite the difficulty of the curve, due to the straight that precedes it, it is one of the tracks few overtaking spots. The next corner, Druids, is a bend, negotiated after an uphill braking zone at Hailwood Hill. After the straight, the circuit climbs uphill though the decreasing-radius Surtees turn, the most significant elevation changes on the circuit occur here at Pilgrims Drop and Hawthorn Hill, which leads into Hawthorn Bend. The track then loops around the woodland with a series of mid-speed corners, most notably the dip at Westfield and Dingle Dell, the British Rallycross Circuit at Brands Hatch was designed and constructed by four-times British Rallycross Champion Trevor Hopkins. 0.9 miles long and completed around 1981, unlike earlier rallycross courses at Brands Hatch, cars start on the startline then veer right and downhill on the loose at Paddock Hill Bend. From Cooper Straight, the cars swoop up the old link road, Brands Hatch was originally the name of a natural grassy hollow that was shaped like a amphitheatre. Using the natural contours of the land, many cyclists from around London practised, raced, the first actual race on the circuit was held in 1926, over 4 miles between cyclists and cross-country runners. Within a few years, motorcyclists were using the circuit, laying out a three-quarter-mile anti-clockwise track in the valley. They also saw the advantage of competing in a natural arena just a few hundred yards from the A20, and with the passage of time, the first motorcycle races were very informal with much of the organisation being done on the spot. Initially the racing was on a strip approximately where Cooper Straight came to be when the track was tarmacked. In 1932, four local motorcycling clubs joined forces and staged their first meeting that March, motorcycle racing quickly resumed after World War II and in 1947, Joe Francis persuaded the BBC to televise a grass track meeting, the first motorcycle event to be televised on British TV. Following World War II, cinders were laid on the track of what was by then known as Brands Hatch Stadium and that was until 1950 when the 500 Club managed to persuade Joe Francis, that the future for his stadium lay in car and motorcycle road racing. The group behind 500 c. c. single-seater racing cars was the 500 Club and it, together with the owners, amongst those giving the demonstration was a very young Stirling Moss
16.
Ford Kent engine
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The Ford Kent is an internal combustion engine from Ford of Europe. Originally developed in 1959 for the Ford Anglia, it is an in-line four-cylinder overhead-valve–type pushrod engine with a cylinder head. The Kent family can be divided into three basic sub-families, the original pre-Crossflow Kent, the Crossflow, and the transverse mounted Valencia variants. This series of engines became known as the Kent engine because Alan Worters, however, the name caught on to be used outside the company to include pre-711M engines as well. The original OHV three main bearing Kent engine appeared in the 1959 Anglia with a capacity of 996.70 cc developing 39 bhp at 5,000 rpm - unusually high for the time. With a 3-3/16 in bore and 48.40 mm stroke, combined with independent four intake and four exhaust ports, it was a departure from traditional undersquare English engine design. The engine is now referred to as the pre-crossflow Kent, in reverse-flow cylinder head configuration with both the inlet and exhaust being on the side of the head. Applications, Ford Anglia Ford Cortina Ford Consul Classic and Consul Capri, Ford Corsair 107E Ford Prefect Marcos 1500 GT Otosan Anadol 1.2 L –1.3 L TVR Grantura The Pre-Crossflow Kent engine was also used by Lotus on Lotus Mk. VII. A1967 redesign gave it a type cylinder head, hence the Kents alternative name Ford Crossflow. It would go on to power the smaller-engined versions of the Ford Cortina and Ford Capri, in South Africa it also powered the 1.6 L Mk II, Mk III, Mk IV, & Mk V Ford Cortina and 1.6 L Ford Sierra. The Crossflow featured a change in combustion chamber design, using a Heron type combustion chamber in the top of the rather than in the head. The head itself was flat with each engine capacity featuring different pistons with different sized bowls in 681F, the 1599cc 691M block had the stronger square bearing caps later used in the 711M, and small combustion chambers in the near-flat head. These changes represented a significant improvement in the reliability of the engines, the Ford Crossflow engine also powered the Reliant Anadol. Other makes such as Morgan used the Crossflow on Morgan 4/4, Caterham on Caterham 7, and TVR used the engine in the Grantura, Vixen and it has been fitted in countless other applications as well, being a favourite of kit-car builders not only in Great Britain. This version was used in the short-lived USA-market Mk1 Fiesta and this engine would be later used in the XR2 version of the Mk.1 Fiesta, using the US1600 bottom end and GT spec head and cam. 1. 3L versions of the Mk I Fiesta also used the Crossflow, a redesigned version of the Kent engine was conceived to suit transverse installation in 1976, primarily for the Mk1 Ford Fiesta, although entry level versions of the Escort Mk3 also used the engine. This derivative would go through two major revamps in 1988 and 1995 and would be a mainstay of Fords entry level range for nearly 25 years. The Valencia was initially available in 957cc and a high compression 1117cc version, for adapting the Kent Crossflow for front wheel drive the ancillaries were repositioned, and the cylinder block shortened by 30mm
17.
Ford Cortina
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The Ford Cortina is a car which was built by Ford of Britain in various guises from 1962 to 1982, and was the United Kingdoms best-selling car of the 1970s. The Cortina was produced in five generations from 1962 until 1982, from 1970 onward, it was almost identical to the German-market Ford Taunus which was originally a different car model. This was part of a Ford attempt to unify its European operations, by 1976, when the revised Taunus was launched, the Cortina was identical. The new Taunus/Cortina used the doors and some panels from the 1970 Taunus and it was replaced in 1982 by the Ford Sierra. In Asia and Australasia, it was replaced by the Mazda 626-based Ford Telstar, the name was inspired by the name of the Italian ski resort Cortina dAmpezzo, site of the 1956 Winter Olympics. As a publicity stunt, several Cortinas were driven down the run at the resort which was called Cortina Auto-Bobbing. Using the project name of Archbishop, management at Ford of Britain in Dagenham created a car which they could sell in large numbers. The chief designer was Roy Brown Jr. the designer of the Edsel, the Cortina, aimed at buyers of the Morris Oxford Farina and Vauxhall Victor, was launched on 20 September 1962. The car was designed to be economical, cheap to run and easy, the front-wheel drive configuration used by Ford of Germany for the new Ford Taunus P4, a similarly sized model, was rejected in favour of traditional rear-wheel drive layout. Originally to be called Ford Consul 225, the car was launched as the Consul Cortina until a modest facelift in 1964, the Cortina was available with 1200 and 1500 four-cylinder engines with all synchromesh gearbox, in two-door and four-door saloon, as well as in five-door estate forms. Standard, Deluxe, Super, and GT trims were offered, early Standard models featured a simple body coloured front grille, earning it the nickname Ironbar. Since this version cost almost the same as the better equipped Deluxe it sold poorly and is rare today. Options included heater and bench seat with column gearchange, Super versions of the estates offered the option of simulated wood side and tailgate trim. In an early example of product placement many examples of the brand new Cortina featured as Glamcabs in the comedy film Carry On Cabby, there were two main variations of the Mark 1. The Mark 1a possessed elliptical front side-lights, whereas the Mark 1b had a front grille incorporating the more rectangular side-light. A notable variant was the Ford Cortina Lotus, a few months later, in January 1963, the Cortina Super was announced with a five-bearing 1,498 cc engine. The engines used across the Mark I range were of identical design, differing only in capacity, the formula used was a four-cylinder pushrod design that came to be known as the pre-crossflow version as both inlet and exhaust ports were located on the same side of the head. The most powerful version of engine was 1,498 cc
18.
Radial tire
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A radial tire is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North America, following Consumer Reports finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968. The first radial tire designs were patented in 1915 by Arthur W. Savage, a tire manufacturer, Michelin in France designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire. There is no evidence that Michelin had knowledge of Arthur Savages earlier work, the first Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol. Michelin owned the leading automaker Citroën, so it was able to introduce its new design. In 1952, Michelin developed a truck tire. Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy, this spread quickly in Europe. In 1970, Ford Motor Company produced the first American-made vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment, Michelin tires fitted to the Lincoln Continental Mark III. In 1974, Charles J. Pilliod, Jr. the new CEO of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the 1973 oil crisis. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories, today, only Goodyear, Cooper, Titan and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has a market share of 100%. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear wouldnt be around today. At that time, racing tires were either slick tires made with the cross ply technique, or radial tires, both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in the succeeding year Pirelli also made a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires. Bias tires are used on trailers due to their weight carrying ability. For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly - tires are certified along with the airframe, a radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer. For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at speeds and have stronger sidewalls. A series of plies of cord reinforces a tire, without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the strength and shape is called the carcass
19.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
20.
Royal Automobile Club
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The Royal Automobile Club is a British private club and is not to be confused with RAC, an automotive services company, which it formerly owned. It has two houses, one in London at 89–91 Pall Mall, and the other in the countryside at Woodcote Park, Surrey. Like many other clubs in London today, the Royal Automobile Club welcomes women as members. It was founded on 10 August 1897 as the Automobile Club of Great Britain, the headquarters was originally in a block of flats at 4 Whitehall Court, moving to 119 Piccadilly in 1902. In the face of considerable opposition a speed limit of 20 mph was retained in addition to the creation of the offence of driving recklessly, dangerously or negligently, in 1905, the Club organised the first Tourist Trophy motorcycle race, the oldest regularly run motor race. The Club became the body for motor sport in Britain. King Edward VIIs interest in motoring led to the command in 1907 that the Automobile Club of Great Britain and it cost over a quarter of a million pounds and is described in the Survey of London as a polished essay in the late French Renaissance manner. In September 1914, a group of RAC members put themselves and their cars at the disposal of the British Red Cross. The RAC was responsible for organising the first British Grand Prix motor race at Brooklands, Surrey in 1926 and also runs its sister organisation, in 1978 during a re-organisation the Associate Section was established as a separate company RAC Motoring Services Ltd, which was owned by the organisation. In 1991 the RAC Foundation was split off as the arm of RAC Motoring Services. In September 1999 members sold RAC Motoring Services to Lex Service plc, RAC Plc was then acquired by Aviva plc in March 2005 for around £1.1 billion. As of 2009, the subscription is £1,125 per year. The entrance fee is on a scale, ranging from an additional £940 to £1,600. The patrolmen had a rank structure with corporals, sergeants. Mounted on Matchless motorbikes with sidecars containing a tool kit, fanbelts, engine hoses, until around 1930 control could only contact the mobile patrolmen by telephone, so they waited by public telephone boxes for the callout. From 1957 onwards they were equipped with sets for two way contact with their local headquarters. Although they were never as numerous as AA boxes there was a measure of cooperation between the two motoring clubs—keys fitted both types of box and members messages were passed on. The telephones were installed in locked boxes painted in blue with the RAC logo badge mounted on the top of the box
21.
Bruce McLaren
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Bruce Leslie McLaren was a New Zealand race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor. Born in Auckland, New Zealand, Bruce McLaren attended Meadowbank Primary School, as a nine-year-old, he was diagnosed with Perthes disease in his hip that left his left leg shorter than the right. Bruce spent all of his free hours hanging around the workshop, les McLaren restored an aging Austin 7 Ulster, which 14-year-old Bruce used in 1952 when he entered his first competition, a hillclimb. Two years later, he took part in his first real race and he moved up from the Austin to a Ford 10 special and an Austin-Healey, then an F2 Cooper-Climax sports. He immediately began to modify and improve — and master — it, McLaren founded McLaren Automotive in 1963. His performance in the New Zealand Grand Prix in 1958 was noticed by Australian driver Jack Brabham, McLaren was the first recipient, to be followed by others later including Denny Hulme. McLaren went to Cooper and stayed seven years and he raced in F2 and was entered in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in which F2 and F1 cars competed together. He astounded the motor racing fraternity by being first F2, and fifth overall, in a field of the best drivers in the world. McLaren joined the Cooper factory F1 team alongside Jack Brabham in 1959 and won the 1959 United States Grand Prix at age 22 years 104 days, becoming the youngest ever GP winner up to that time. He followed that with a win in the Argentine Grand Prix, the first race of the 1960 Formula One season, McLaren won the 1962 Monaco Grand Prix, eventually finishing a fine third in the championship that year. The next year, he founded Bruce McLaren Motor Racing Ltd, McLaren continued to race and win in Coopers. McLaren left Cooper at the end of 1965, and announced his own GP racing team, with co-driver, Amon left in 1967 to drive for Ferrari. In 1968, McLaren was joined by another fellow Kiwi Denny Hulme, McLaren took his fourth career win racing his own McLaren car at Spa in 1968, achieving the teams first Grand Prix win. Hulme won twice in the McLaren-Ford, the 1969 championship was also a success, with McLaren finishing third in the standings despite taking no wins. In tribute to his homeland, McLarens cars featured the speedy Kiwi logo, McLarens design flair and ingenuity were graphically demonstrated in powerful sports car racing. Just as the Can-Am began to very popular with fans in Canada and the U. S. the new McLaren cars finished second twice. In 1967, they won five of six races and in 1968, the following year, McLarens proved unbeatable, winning all 11 races. In two races, they finished 1-2-3, in 1966, McLaren and co-driver Chris Amon won the prestigious 24 Hour Race at Le Mans in a Ford GT40
22.
Jack Brabham
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Sir John Arthur Jack Brabham, AO, OBE was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959,1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name, Brabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948. His successes with midgets in Australian and New Zealand road racing led to his going to Britain to further his racing career. There he became part of the Cooper Car Companys racing team and he contributed to the design of the mid-engined cars that Cooper introduced to Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and won the Formula One world championship in 1959 and 1960. In 1962 he established his own Brabham marque with fellow Australian Ron Tauranac, in the 1966 Formula One season Brabham became the first – and still the only – man to win the Formula One world championship driving one of his own cars. He was the last surviving World Champion of the 1950s, John Arthur Jack Brabham was born on 2 April 1926 in Hurstville, New South Wales, then a commuter town outside Sydney. Brabham was involved with cars and mechanics from an early age, at the age of 12, he learned to drive the family car and the trucks of his fathers grocery business. Brabham attended technical college, studying metalwork, carpentry, and technical drawing, Brabhams early career continued the engineering theme. At the age of 15 he left school to work, combining a job at a garage with an evening course in mechanical engineering. Brabham soon branched out into his own business selling motorbikes, which he bought and repaired for sale, One month after his 18th birthday on 19 May 1944 Brabham enlisted into the Royal Australian Air Force. He was based at RAAF Station Williamtown, where he maintained Bristol Beaufighters at No.5 Operational Training Unit, on his 20th birthday,2 April 1946, Brabham was discharged from the RAAF with the rank of leading aircraftman. He then started a service, repair, and machining business in a workshop built by his uncle on a plot of land behind his grandfathers house. Brabham started racing after an American friend, Johnny Schonberg, persuaded him to watch a car race. Midget racing was a category for small open-wheel cars racing on dirt ovals and it was popular in Australia, attracting crowds of up to 40,000. Brabham records that he was not taken with the idea of driving, being convinced that the drivers were all lunatics, at first Schonberg drove the homemade device, powered by a modified JAP motorcycle engine built by Brabham in his workshop. In 1948, Schonbergs wife persuaded him to racing and on his suggestion Brabham took over. He almost immediately found that he had a knack for the sport, Brabham has since said that it was terrific driver training. You had to have quick reflexes, in effect you lived—or possibly died—on them, due to the time required to prepare the car, the sport also became his living
23.
Colin Chapman
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Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman CBE was an influential English design engineer, inventor, and builder in the automotive industry, and founder of Lotus Cars. In 1952 he founded the car company Lotus Cars. Chapman initially ran Lotus in his time, assisted by a group of enthusiasts. His knowledge of the latest aeronautical engineering techniques would prove vital towards achieving the major automotive technical advances he is remembered for, subtracting weight makes you faster everywhere. Under his direction, Team Lotus won seven Formula One Constructors titles, six Drivers Championships, the production side of Lotus Cars has built tens of thousands of relatively affordable, cutting edge sports cars. Lotus is one of but a handful of English performance car builders still in business after the decline of the 1970s. Chapman suffered a heart attack in 1982, aged 54. Chapman studied structural engineering at University College London, joined the University of London Air Squadron, Chapman left UCL without a degree in 1948, resitting his final Mathematics paper in 1949 and obtaining his degree a year late. He briefly joined the Royal Air Force in 1948, being offered a permanent commission, after a couple of false starts Chapman joined the British Aluminium company, using his civil engineering skills to attempt to sell aluminium as a viable structural material for buildings. In 1948, Chapman designed the Mk1, a modified Austin 7 and he named the car Lotus, he never confirmed the reason but one theories is that it was after his then girlfriend Hazel, whom he nicknamed Lotus blossom. With prize money he developed the Lotus Mk2, with continuing success on through the Lotus 6, he began to sell kits of these cars. Over 100 were sold through 1956, along with John Cooper, he revolutionised the premier motor sport. Their small, lightweight mid-engined vehicles gave away much in terms of power, eventually, with driver Jim Clark at the wheel of his race cars, Team Lotus appeared as though they could win whenever they pleased. With Clark driving the Lotus 25, Team Lotus won its first F1 World Championship in 1963 and it was Clark, driving a Lotus 38 at the Indianapolis 500 in 1965, who drove the first ever mid-engined car to victory at the Brickyard. Clark and Chapman became particularly close and Clarks death in 1968 devastated Chapman, among a number of automotive figures who have been Lotus employees over the years were Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth, founders of Cosworth. Graham Hill worked at Lotus as a mechanic as a means of earning drives and it was Chapman who in 1966 persuaded the Ford Motor Company to sponsor Cosworths development of what would become the DFV race engine. Many of Chapmans ideas can still be seen in Formula One and he pioneered the use of struts as a rear suspension device. Chapmans next major innovation was popularising monocoque chassis construction within automobile racing, the technique resulted in a body that was both lighter and stronger, and also provided better driver protection in the event of a crash
24.
Renault
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Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the fourth-largest automotive group. Renault has a 43. 4% controlling stake in Nissan of Japan, a 37% indirectly-owned stake in AvtoVAZ of Russia, Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque, Renault Retail Group and Motrio. Renault has various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault, Renault Pars, Carlos Ghosn is the current chairman and CEO. The French government owns a 19. 73% share of Renault as of April 2015, Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo Trucks since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008, together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011. Renault is known for its role in sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1. Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics, the Renault corporation was founded in 1899 as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand. While Louis handled design and production, Marcel and Fernand managed the business, the first Renault car, the Renault Voiturette 1CV, was sold to a friend of Louis father after giving him a test ride on 24 December 1898. In 1903, Renault began to manufacture its own engines, until then it had purchased them from De Dion-Bouton, the first major volume sale came in 1905 when Société des Automobiles de Place bought Renault AG1 cars to establish a fleet of taxis. These vehicles were used by the French military to transport troops during World War I which earned them the nickname Taxi de la Marne. By 1907, a significant percentage London and Paris taxis had been built by Renault, Renault was also the best-selling foreign brand in New York in 1907 and 1908. In 1908 the company produced 3,575 units, becoming the countrys largest car manufacturer, the brothers recognised the value of publicity that participation in motor racing could generate for their vehicles. Renault made itself known through succeeding in the first city-to-city races held in Switzerland, both Louis and Marcel raced company vehicles, but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 Paris-Madrid race. Although Louis never raced again, his company remained very involved, Louis took full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons. Fernand died in 1909 and Louis became the owner, renaming the company Société des Automobiles Renault. Renault fostered its reputation for innovation from very early on, at the time, cars were luxury items. The price of the smallest Renaults at the time were ₣3000 francs, in 1905 the company introduced mass-production techniques and Taylorism in 1913
25.
Hewland
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Hewland is a British engineering company, founded in 1957 by Mike Hewland, which specialises in racing-car gearboxes. Hewland currently employ 130 people at their Maidenhead facility and have diversified into a variety of markets being particularly successful in electric vehicle transmission supply, Hewland are currently supplying into Formula 1, Formula E, DTM, LMP, RallyCross, Prototype and GT Sportscar. Mike Hewland ran an engineering business at Maidenhead in the UK with the specialty in gear cutting. In 1959, Bob Gibson-Jarvie, the Chief Mechanic of UDT Laystall racing team running Cooper F2 cars, the result of this request came out as six successful gearboxes being designed and built in 1959, and Hewland was in the gearbox business. Hewland Mk. II was a similar 4 speed transaxle with more modifications for Coventry Climax engined Elva Mk. VI1.1 litre sports racer in 1961. Gear selector shaft was located in the housing, unmodified as in the Beetle set up. The elimination of synchromesh parts provided the space for a pair of gears for the 5th speed. This Mk. III became very popular for small displacement formula cars and racing sports cars, Mk. IV had the tail casing made by Hewland, with the selector rod located in the right side lower position, facing forward. This made the shifter linkage design easier on the part of chassis manufacturers, together with its high torque version Mk. V, Mk. IV became a big seller, putting Hewland on a growing track. Mk. VI of 1965 was a version of Mk. The advantages of the series were, Dog-ring gear selection made it extremely quick shifting, the structure that enabled changing of gear ratios on the 2nd through 5th speeds possible without removing the transaxle from the vehicle, or detaching it from the engine. Upside-down usage enabled the dry sump racing engines to be mounted low on the chassis, the 3rd, 4th and the 5th gears had the same thickness and drive/driven axis distance, thus were interchangeable. Colotti 5 speed T.32 transaxle, which weighed less than 35 kg, was in use by Rob Walker in 1960, the following is the list of the smaller product range housed in Volkswagen case except for LD200. Transmission capacity is measured by the output torque, which is the product of the input torque times overall reduction ratio. The following is the list of product range up to 1981. After an approach from Richard Noble, Hewland was persuaded to design and build the AE75, a 75 bhp aero-engine for Noble ARV Super2, a 2-seater light aircraft. This engine, an inverted three-cylinder water-cooled two-stroke unit with dual ignition, the AE75 was very light at 49 kg, thereby contributing to the overall lightness of the aircraft, so that the ARV Super2 weighed 40% less than its competitor, the Cessna 152. Hewland has been involved with various track day cars, most notably the Caparo T1 and BAC Mono, both of which featured gearboxes designed and manufactured by the company
26.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
27.
Tim Schenken
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Timothy Tim Theodore Schenken is a former racing driver from Sydney, Australia. He participated in 36 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 16 August 1970 and he achieved one career podium at the 1971 Austrian Grand Prix, and scored a total of seven championship points. He did however have two non-championship race podiums – he finished third in the 1971 BRDC International Trophy and third in the 1972 International Gold Cup and he had a great deal of success in Sports Cars racing for Ferrari. 1973 saw him second at the Vallelunga 6hour and Monza 1000 km races. In 1975 and 1976 he finished second in the Nurburgring 1000 km, at Le Mans in 1976 he finished second in the GT Class and was 16th overall. In 1975 he was runner up in the European GT Championship, in 1974 he co-founded Tiga Race Cars in Britain with New Zealander Howden Ganley, whose cars had great success in the Sports 2000 category, and constructed cars for a number of over formulae. He is currently employed each year as the Race Director for the Australian V8 Supercar Championship Series. He also is a director of the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, as of the 2016 Formula One season, Schenken is one of only five Australians who have stood on the podium for a Formula One Grand Prix. The others are Grand Prix winners Mark Webber and Daniel Ricciardo, as well as World Champions Sir Jack Brabham, on 16 June 2016, Tim Schenken was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division as part of the Queen’s Birthday honours. He is currently the Director of Race Operations for CAMS and he is married and has a son, Guido, and identical twin daughters, Laura and Natalie
28.
Frank Williams (Formula One)
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Sir Francis Owen Garbett Frank Williams CBE is founder and team principal of the Williams Formula One racing team. He subsequently spent much of his childhood at a private, fee-paying boarding school, St Josephs College, Dumfries. In the late 1950s a friend gave Williams a ride in his Jaguar XK150, after a brief career as a driver and mechanic, funded by his work as a travelling grocery salesman, Williams founded Frank Williams Racing Cars in 1966. He ran drivers including Piers Courage and Tony Trimmer for several years in Formula Two, Williams purchased a Brabham Formula One chassis, which Courage drove throughout the 1969 Formula One season, twice finishing in second place. In 1970 Williams undertook a partnership with Alejandro de Tomaso. After the death of Courage at the Dutch Grand Prix that year, in 1971 he raced Henri Pescarolo with a chassis he had purchased from March Engineering. 1972 saw the first F1 car built by the Williams works, the Politoys FX3 designed by Len Bailey, Williams, short on cash, looked to Marlboro and Iso Rivolta, an Italian car company, for sponsorship. Though they pledged their support, they did not come through in time, though the team continued functioning, it no longer belonged to Frank Williams and he left in 1977 along with one of his old employees, engineer Patrick Head. The two acquired an empty warehouse in Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom and announced the formation of Williams Grand Prix Engineering. This same team and partnership still competes in Formula One and is known as WilliamsF1 and they are currently based just outside the South Oxfordshire village of Grove, near Wantage. The teams first win came in 1979 when Clay Regazzoni drove the Cosworth powered Williams FW07 to victory at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Their first Drivers and Constructors championships both came in 1980 with Australian Alan Jones winning the championship and the team winning the constructors title by 54 points. Between 1981 and 1997, the team won six more drivers championships, a car accident on 6 March 1986 in France resulted in Williams sustaining a spinal cord injury and becoming tetraplegic. While driving a Ford Sierra rental car from the Paul Ricard Circuit to Nice airport, the car headed for a field at the side of the road, but unfortunately there turned out to be an 8-foot drop between the road and the field. Williams passenger and the team sponsorship manager Peter Windsor sustained only minor injuries, since the accident, Williams has used a wheelchair. Frank Williams met Virginia Berry in 1967 and they married in 1974 and they had two sons, Jonathan and Jaime and a daughter, Claire. Virginia Williams wrote an autobigraphical book A Different Kind of Life that describes her experiences in the formula one teams formative years as well as her husbands near-fatal accident in 1986 and she was diagnosed with cancer in 2010 and died on 7 March 2013 at the age of 66. In 1987, the Queen awarded Williams the title of CBE and he has been made a Chevalier of Frances Legion dhonneur, this honour accorded for his work with Renault engines
29.
Emerson Fittipaldi
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Emerson Fittipaldi is a semi-retired Brazilian automobile racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500 twice each and the CART championship once. Moving up from Formula Two, Fittipaldi made his debut for Team Lotus as a third driver at the 1970 British Grand Prix. After Jochen Rindt was killed at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix and he enjoyed considerable success with Lotus, winning the World Drivers Championship in 1972 at the age of 25, a youngest F1 world champion record that he held for 33 years. He later moved to McLaren for 1974, winning the title once again and he surprised the paddock by moving to his brothers Fittipaldi Automotive team prior to the 1976 season, being replaced by James Hunt. Success eluded him during his years in Formula One, with the Fittipaldi cars not competitive enough to fight for victories. Fittipaldi took two podium finishes, before retiring in 1980. Following his Formula One career, Fittipaldi moved to the American CART series, achieving results, including the 1989 CART title. Since his retirement from Indy Car racing in 1996, Fittipaldi races only occasionally, at age 67, he entered the 20146 Hours of São Paulo. Emerson Fittipaldi was born in São Paulo, Brazil and his grandfather Ivan Wojciechowski was an officer in the Tsarist army. He was named after American author and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson became a motorsports enthusiast at an early age. Fittipaldi is the brother of former Formula One driver and team owner Wilson Fittipaldi. He is the uncle of TUDOR United Sports Car Championship driver Christian Fittipaldi and he was married to Maria Helena from 1970 to 1982. They had three children together, Juliana, Jayson and Tatiana and he was married a second time, to Teresa, in the mid-1980s. They have one daughter, Joana, and a son, Luca, in early December 2012 he married economist Rossana Fanucchi in São Paulo after a partnership of eleven years. In his youth in Brazil, Emerson was known as Rato - mouse, by the end of his career he was most commonly known as Emmo in the United States and the UK. The plane lost power and plunged 300 feet to the ground, after recovering he became a born-again Christian. He was a friend of Beatles guitarist George Harrison and was with him shortly before Harrison died in November 2001, at age 14, Fittipaldi was racing motorcycles, and at 16, hydrofoils. While racing one day, his brother Wilson took off at 70 mph, afterwards, they both decided that although he had survived, they would no longer race hydrofoils, and moved onto racing karts
30.
Ford Zetec engine
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Ford Motor Company used the Zetec name on a variety of Inline-4-cylinder automobile engines. It was coined to replace Zeta on a range of 1.6 L to 2.0 L multi-valve engines introduced in 1991 because Ford was threatened with legal action by Lancia who owned the Zeta trademark. The company used the name widely in European advertising and later introduced it to the North American market with the Contour, the Zetec name was so recognized that Ford decided to apply it to other high-tech four-cylinder engines. It is used across many types in Europe today even though the original Zeta design ended production in 2004. Ford also used the Zetec name for a trim level designation in certain markets, the engine was originally available in 1.6 and 1.8 liter versions with a 2.0 liter version appearing in 1993 in the all-new Mondeo. The Zeta name was dropped in favour of Zetec when Italian car maker Lancia threatened to sue Ford for trademark infringement, the codename Zeta was originally used for the design of the cylinder head. A number of different systems were evaluated, and each one had a different codename using the Greek alphabet, the Zeta concept was the winner and the 4-valve-per-cylinder, DOHC design was used for the head of the replacement for the CVH in Europe and the US. The original manufacturing plan involved replacing the Dearborn manufactured CVH with Zeta and this resulted in the need to retain much of the architecture of the US CVH block. However, later in the development process, the plan was changed, for Europe the decision was taken to build Zetas in Bridgend and in Cologne. The US and European base engines were almost identical, however, crucially, the US management insisted that the US engines had to be freewheeling, or a non-interference engine design. The fuel economy penalty with the system was considered to be too great for European engines. The result was that the engines used different pistons, another difference was that the US engines featured sinter forged connecting rods versus conventional cast rods in Europe. After small changes in 1995 to fix this problem the engine was known as the Zetec-E and this engine received a plastic inlet manifold and EGR derived from the Mondeo. The Zetec had another redesign in 1998 and this engine was used in turbocharged form in the Focus RS and had 212 bhp. It was also used in the Focus ST170 with a cylinder head modified by Cosworth with Variable Valve Timing on the cam and had 170 bhp. The Zetec can be identified by having a silver cam cover with DOHC 16v on the bottom left, the Zetec-E has ZETEC 16v on the bottom left, and the Zetec-R has a black plastic cam cover. The Focus RS and ST170 are both Zetec-R engines, despite being branded Duratec, production of the Zeta family lasted from September 1991 through December 2004. Displacement ranged from 1.6 L to 2.0 L and it was replaced in most applications by the Mazda MZR-based Duratec 20, though some Zetec-SE engines were used as replacements on the lower end
31.
Ford EcoBoost engine
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EcoBoost is a family of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines produced by the Ford Motor Company and co-developed by German company FEV Engineering. These claims were challenged by Consumer Reports in 2013, Ford sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further-developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. As such, Ford intends to use EcoBoost extensively, across a range of vehicle product lines. EcoBoost gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine technology adds 128 patents and patent applications to Fords 4,618 active, some of the costs of US development and production were assisted by the $5.9 billion ATVM DOE loan. The V6 EcoBoost engines are being assembled at Cleveland Engine Plant No.1 in Brook Park, the 2. 0-L I4 EcoBoost engines will be produced at the Ford Valencia Engine Plant in Spain in 2009. The 1. 6-L I4 EcoBoost engines will be made at the Ford Bridgend Engine Plant in the United Kingdom, the future small displacement I3 EcoBoost engine will be produced both at the Ford Cologne Engine Plant in Germany and at Ford Romania. By 2012, the plans to produce 750,000 EcoBoost units annually in the US and 1.3 million globally in the world market. Ford expected over 90% of its vehicle lineup to offer EcoBoost engine technology by 2013. From the engines beginning to November 2012,500,000 Ford EcoBoost vehicles have been sold, Volvo used the term PTDi for the 1. 6-L I4 engine when introducing Volvo S60 concept and for the 2. 0-L I4 engine when introducing Volvo XC60. Ford currently produces a 1. 0-L turbocharged in-line three-cylinder engine for the EcoBoost family developed at Fords Dunton Technical Centre in the UK, the 1.0 is built initially in two versions,74 kW and 88 to 92 kW. The more powerful version delivers a maximum of 170 N·m from 1, 400–4,500 rpm and 200 N·m on overboost, a 140-PS version has also been released in the Fiesta Red Edition and Black Edition, with 155 lb ft of torque. The engine block is cast iron, which offers, in addition to the strength, up to 50% faster warm-up than aluminum. The engine also features an internal timing belt, unconventionally running in oil, as engineers found this to enhance lifespan. The exhaust manifold is cast into the head, reducing warm up times. The engine is packaged in a block with a footprint the size of an A4 sheet of paper. With the introduction of the face-lifted 2013 Ford Fiesta, Ford introduced a naturally aspirated version of 1.0 Fox engine, the two versions produce 65 hp and 80 hp, and both engines use direct injection and Ti-VCT like the turbocharged versions. The engines are produced in Cologne, Germany, and Craiova, Romania, with production to expand in Chongqing. Production is expected to be 700, 000–1,500,000 units per year, the engine is available in Ford Focus, the Ford Focus-based C-MAX and Grand C-MAX, the Fiesta-based B-Max, and Transit Courier
32.
Formula Ford 1600
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Formula Ford 1600 is a number of championships which cater to 1600cc, Ford Kent powered Formula Ford racing cars. These are cars which were disbanded when the UK national Formula Ford category adopted the 1800cc Zetec engines in 1993, however, has been running as several regional club championships ever since and has recently enjoyed renewed success. Several cars constructed to Zetec rules have been converted to accept a Kent engine, there have also been several recent purpose built kent cars which have enjoyed successes. In the British Isles, several championships are in existence for this type of car, an identical class structure is used in the North West series which races at Oulton Park in Cheshire and Ty Croes in Anglesey. However, due to the number of competitors, races are held for cars constructed before and after 1990, national championships exist for the Classic championship which caters for cars manufactured between 1974 and 1982 and pre 1974. However, the championship is awarded to the driver with the best results in the 1974-1982 class, the Historic Sports Car Club organises a championship for cars constructed before 1971, which also features a race at Croix-en-Ternois in France. Finally, an Irish championship is held, with the bulk of races held at Mondello Park as well as the aforementioned Kirkistown, a notable feature of the Formula Ford 1600 calendar is the presence of one-off ‘Trophy Events’. These bring together drivers, regardless of championship they contest for a series of races without any class structure, notable examples include the Castle Combe Carnival, the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch, the Edwina Overend Memory Trophy at Mallory Park and the Anglesey Circuit Club’s December Trophy
33.
Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics, from Greek ἀήρ aer + δυναμική, the study of the motion of air, particularly its interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. Aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, the term aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, the difference being that gas dynamics applies to the study of the motion of all gases, and is not limited to air. The formal study of aerodynamics began in the sense in the eighteenth century. Most of the efforts in aerodynamics were directed toward achieving heavier-than-air flight. Recent work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to flow, turbulence. Fundamental concepts of continuum, drag, and pressure gradients appear in the work of Aristotle, in 1726, Sir Isaac Newton became the first person to develop a theory of air resistance, making him one of the first aerodynamicists. In 1757, Leonhard Euler published the more general Euler equations which could be applied to both compressible and incompressible flows, the Euler equations were extended to incorporate the effects of viscosity in the first half of the 1800s, resulting in the Navier-Stokes equations. The Navier-Stokes equations are the most general governing equations of fluid flow, in 1871, Francis Herbert Wenham constructed the first wind tunnel, allowing precise measurements of aerodynamic forces. Drag theories were developed by Jean le Rond dAlembert, Gustav Kirchhoff, in 1889, Charles Renard, a French aeronautical engineer, became the first person to reasonably predict the power needed for sustained flight. Otto Lilienthal, the first person to become successful with glider flights, was also the first to propose thin, curved airfoils that would produce high lift. Building on these developments as well as carried out in their own wind tunnel. During the time of the first flights, Frederick W. Lanchester, Martin Wilhelm Kutta, Kutta and Zhukovsky went on to develop a two-dimensional wing theory. Expanding upon the work of Lanchester, Ludwig Prandtl is credited with developing the mathematics behind thin-airfoil, as aircraft speed increased, designers began to encounter challenges associated with air compressibility at speeds near or greater than the speed of sound. The differences in air flows under such conditions leds to problems in control, increased drag due to shock waves. The ratio of the speed to the speed of sound was named the Mach number after Ernst Mach who was one of the first to investigate the properties of supersonic flow. Theodore von Kármán and Hugh Latimer Dryden introduced the term transonic to describe flow speeds around Mach 1 where drag increases rapidly, by the time the sound barrier was broken, aerodynamicists understanding of the subsonic and low supersonic flow had matured. The Cold War prompted the design of an line of high performance aircraft. Understanding the motion of air around an object enables the calculation of forces, in many aerodynamics problems, the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight, lift, drag, thrust, and weight
34.
Space frame
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In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle. Alexander Graham Bell from 1898 to 1908 developed space frames based on tetrahedral geometry, bells interest was primarily in using them to make rigid frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering, with the tetrahedral truss being one of his inventions. Max Mengeringhausen developed the grid system called MERO in 1943 in Germany. The commonly used method, still in use has individual tubular members connected at joints and variations such as the space deck system, octet truss system. Stéphane de Chateau in France invented the Tridirectional SDC system, Unibat system, a method of tree supports was developed to replace the individual columns. Buckminster Fuller patented the octet truss in 1961 while focusing on architectural structures, Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the matrix in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, the simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking square pyramids and tetrahedra built from aluminium or tubular steel struts. In many ways this looks like the jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger form is composed of interlocking tetrahedra in which all the struts have unit length, more technically this is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss. More complex variations change the lengths of the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate other geometrical shapes, within the meaning of space frame, we can find three systems clearly different between them, Curvature classification Space plane covers. These spatial structures are composed of planar substructures and their behavior is similar to that of a plate in which the deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals. This type of vault has a section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing, spherical domes and other compound curves usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin. Classification by the arrangement of its elements Single layer grid, all elements are located on the surface to be approximated. The elements are organized in two layers parallel to each other at a distance apart
35.
Monocoque
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Monocoque, also structural skin, is a structural system where loads are supported through an objects external skin, similar to an egg shell. The word monocoque is a French term for single shell or single hull, a true monocoque carries both tensile and compressive forces within the skin and can be recognised by the absence of a load carrying internal frame. By contrast, a semi-monocoque is a combining a tensile stressed skin. Other semi-monocoques not to be confused with true monocoques include vehicle unibodies, which tend to be composites, early aircraft were constructed using frames, typically of wood or steel tubing, which could then be covered with fabric such as irish linen or cotton. The skin added nothing to the strength of the airframe and was dead weight beyond providing a smooth sealed surface. This reduced drag so effectively it was able to win most of the races it was entered into, however, it was prone to damage from moisture and delamination. While all metal aircraft from the Junkers firm had appeared as early as 1915, the first metal monocoques were built by Claudius Dornier, while working for Zeppelin-Lindau. After failed attempts with several large flying boats in which a few components were monocoques, the aluminum alloy monocoque chassis was first used in the 1962 Lotus 25 Formula 1 race car. The term monocoque is frequently misused when referring to unibody cars, in motor racing, the safety of the driver depends on the car body which must meet stringent regulations and a few cars have been built with monocoque structures. Tanks and other armored vehicles such as the German Fuchs 2 and this reduces weight for a given amount of armor compared to vehicles to which armor has been attached to an underlying frame. A monocoque-framed motorcycle was developed by the Spanish motorcycle manufacturer, Ossa, Ossa won four Grand Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider was killed during the 1970 Isle of Man TT, causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from Grand Prix competition. Notable designers such as Eric Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs in the early 1970s, the 1973 Isle of Man TT was won by Peter Williams on the monocoque-framed Norton John Player Special that he helped design. Honda also experimented with a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle named the NR500 in 1979, in 1987 John Britten developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only 12 kg. The first time an aluminium monocoque frame appeared on a production motorcycle was the 2000 Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R. This was Kawasakis flagship production sportbike aimed at being the fastest production motorcycle, various rockets have used pressure-stabilized monocoque designs, such as Atlas and Falcon 1. Balloon tanks are not true monocoques but act in the way as inflatable shells. A balloon tank skin only handles tensile forces while compression is resisted by internal pressure in a way similar to semi-monocoques braced by a solid frame. This becomes obvious when internal pressure is lost and the structure collapses, the Handle is an electric guitar characterized by its hollow sectioned monocoque chassis, created by the award-winning designer Peter Solomon
36.
Van Diemen
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Van Diemen International, Ltd. was a British race car manufacturer based in Snetterton, Norfolk, United Kingdom. As well as Formula Ford, Van Diemen built cars for Formula Ford 2000, Sports 2000, the companys purpose-built manufacturing facility was located on the grounds of Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, allowing racing teams to test the cars right off the production line. Van Diemen was founded in 1973 by Ross Ambrose and Ralph Firman Sr. whose children Marcos Ambrose, Ralph Firman Jr. and Natasha Firman have since gone on to have successful racing careers. The companys name comes from the island of Tasmania, Australia, the first car produced was the Van Diemen FA73. In 1973 Derek Lawrence won the BRDC Formula Ford 1600 championship in a FA73, the BRSCC Formula Ford was also won by a FA73. This car was driven by Donald MacLeod, south African Kenny Gray won the Scottish Formula Ford Championship in 1974 in a Van Diemen RF74. Chico Serra won the BRSCC championship in 1977 driving a Van Diemen, Serra went on to win the Formula Ford Festival that season, beating two Royales. The British car maker took over Group Racing Developments, a producer of Formula 3 chassis, a Van Diemen VG376 was entered in the British Formula 3 in 1976 and 1977. The car was a GRD375 with updated aerodynamics, jac Nellemann scored the best result for the car at Circuit Zolder scoring a fourth-place finish. The car manufacturer would return to Formula 3 in 1992,1977 marked the start of a long time relationship with Duckhams Oil which sponsored the factory team until 2002. Van Diemen scored a swept the BRSCC Formula Ford 1600 championship in 1980, Brazilian drivers Roberto Moreno and Raul Boesel won 13 out of 14 races and finished one and two in the standings. Jonathan Palmer, also driving Van Diemen, was third in the standings, Moreno went on to win the Formula Ford Festival followed by Tommy Byrne, also driving a Van Diemen. Byrne had a very successful 1981 season winning the Festival, European and British Formula Ford 2000 championships, ayrton Senna made his European racing debut in 1981 in the BRSCC and RAC Formula Ford 1600 championships, driving Van Diemen chassis. After winning these two championships he graduated into Formula Ford 2000, again driving Van Diemens, in 1982 Senna won both the British and European Formula Ford 2000 championships. The following year fellow Brazilian Maurício Gugelmin finished second in the British Formula Ford 2000 driving a Van Diemen, in the same year Maurizio Sandro Sala won the BRDC Formula Ford 1600. In 1985 eight Van Diemens filled the top ten at the Formula Ford Festival, jonathan Bancroft was the best placed driver finishing second. The race was won by Johnny Herbert driving a Quest-Ivey FF85, halfway through the eighties Reynard chassis started to dominate the Formula Ford 2000. Van Diemen shifted its focust toward Formula Renault, also a 2-litre engine formula, the Formula Ford Festival was won four consecutive times from 1986 thru 1989 by Van Diemen chassis
37.
Mygale
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Mygale Racing Car Constructor is a French racing car manufacturer that specialises in the production of single seater chassis for use in formula racing. It is most notable for its Formula Ford Chassis, Mygale also produces the chassis used by in Formula Renault, Formula BMW and Formula Three. The company was established in 1989 by Bertrand Decoster and its factory is based in Magny-Cours, Mygale is a contracted chassis supplier for single-marque formulae, including Formula Renault Campus and Formula BMW. It functions as a contractor for BMWs series, with a subsidiary of BMWs US division being responsible for the design. It also produces cars for open formulae, the company has been involved in Formula Ford since 1989 and has achieved its best results in that category. More recently, it entered the Formula Three market in 2006 and it focussed its efforts on the British series in 2007 in a close partnership with Ultimate Motorsport that yielded fifth place in the teams standings. Mygale also runs a school at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry near Paris. The Formula Mygale centre was set up in 1991 and provides tuition, Mygale SARL was founded by 24-year-old aerodynamics engineer Bertrand Decoster on 31st January 1989. After his study at the École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile he decided to build the first French Formula Ford car, with Van Diemen, Reynard Motorsports and Swift Cooper dominating the Formula Ford market, Mygale had a hard time breaking through. Mygale started their own racing school at Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry, the first success came for French-Canadian driver Bertrand Godin. In his factory fielded Mygale he achieved a place in the championship. In the 1994 season Godin again was placed second and this time his teammate from the 1993 season, Soheil Ayari won the championship in a Van Diemen. More success for the Mygale chassis came the following season, fielded by Graff Racing, Patrice Gay won the French and European championships. A Mygale chassis again won the French Formula Ford championship in 1996 with David Terrien, in 1997 two customer Mygales fielded by Haywood Racing entered the British Formula Ford championship. Driverd Ricardo Sperafico and Richard Tarling achieved a second and third place in the championship, the duo also finished second and third at the prestigious Formula Ford Festival. More success at the Formula Ford Festival came the year with Jenson Button winning the title. Button also won the British championship driving a Mygale, nicolas Kiesa had a very successful 1999 season. Driving a Mygale he won the British championship, was runner-up in the European championship, Mygale first entered the Formula Renault market in 1995
38.
Borland Racing Developments
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Borland Racing Developments is an Australian championship winning manufacturer of open wheel racing cars, principally in the junior categories of Formula Ford and Formula Vee. Borland Racing Developments was formed in 1984 to prepare and engineer cars for the Australian Formula 2 Championship, four championships were secured in the next five years, after which Michael Borland turned his attention to producing the Spectrum Formula Ford and Sabre Formula Vee racing cars. Past drivers who have partnered with BRD include Craig Lowndes, Jason Bright, Jason Bargwanna, Steven Richards, Mark Winterbottom, Shane Price, the Spectrum chassis established itself in the local Formula Ford market, taking a second for Jason Bargwanna in the 1996 title race. He gained a 1-2 in the 1998 Australian Championship for Adam Macrow, the strength and popularity of the chassis grew with ongoing development and since 2004, the Spectrum has been the most consistently successful brand in Australian Formula Ford Championship racing. In 2000, a New Zealand title to Phil Hellebrekers was the first international crown for the marque, in 2006 a Spectrum model 011 was built for the UK championship. On the Brands Hatch GP circuit, John Martin took a victory in the chassis debut weekend. This win was the impetus to appoint a UK agent in Mark Bailey Racing Ltd, with pole positions and race wins with KMR in 2008 and 2009, Spectrums are regular front runners in the UK championship. During 2007, the Braeside factory was doubled in size to accommodate the existing workload, amongst the first of these projects were the Spectrum F2000 and the Sabre 02 Formula Vee 1600. Success with the new model was immediate, John Martin won the inaugural Fiesta powered Formula Ford round on his way to the 2006 Australian title. During that season, BRD built a Spectrum 011 to the UK regulations, the 011 chassis dominated the Australian championship and continued to make its mark internationally. The 2010 Spectrum 012 Formula Ford featured revisions to the chassis, knowledge gained from wind tunnel and real world testing resulted in improving the cars aerodynamic package. With optimised airflow over the car and to the engine, drivers enjoyed better straight line speed resulting from engine performance. A hallmark of the Spectrum has been the inability of rival chassis to gain a significant slipstream when following, the 2010 main panel afforded greater head protection to the driver, whilst increasing peripheral vision. Increased room in the cockpit resulted in a seating position, increasing driver comfort, driver safety. Chaz Mostert dominated the round of the 2010 Genuine Ford Parts Australian Formula Ford Championship. Chaz qualified the Synergy Motorsport Spectrum 012 on pole and won the round, as with all models since 2004, the new Spectrum included as standard lightweight components offered as expensive options on other chassis. FF1600 cars are available to purchase new from the factory, or they can all of the components required to convert from Formula Ford. BRD has been producing FF1600 cars since the 1980s, accumulating a string of race and championship wins at home, ben and the College also won the Castle Combe Carnival, becoming only the second driver to take the double in the same year
39.
Team Lotus
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Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar. The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010, as the name of Tony Fernandess Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotuss iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars, Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, the following year, the Lotus 12 appeared. Driving one in 1958, Allison won the F2 class in the International Trophy at Silverstone, beating Stuart Lewis-Evanss Cooper. As the Coventry Climax engines were enlarged in 1952 to 2. 2-litres, Chapman decided to enter Grand Prix racing, running a pair of Lotus 12s at Monaco in 1958 for Graham Hill and these were replaced later that year by Lotus 16s. By then, the success had caused it to expand to such an extent that it had to move to new premises at Cheshunt. The first Formula One victory for Team Lotus came when Innes Ireland won the 1961 United States Grand Prix, a year earlier, Stirling Moss had recorded the first victory for a Lotus car at Monaco in his Lotus 18 entered by the independent Rob Walker Racing Team. There were successes in Formula Two and Formula Junior, the road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962. In 1963 Clark drove the Lotus 25 to a remarkable seven wins in a season and won the World Championship. The 1964 title was still for the taking by the time of the last race in Mexico but problems with Clarks Lotus, however, in 1965, Clark dominated again, six wins in his Lotus 33 gave him the championship. While very innovative, Chapman also came under criticism for the fragility of his designs. In Dave Friedmans book Indianapolis Memories 1961–1969, Dan Gurney is quoted as saying and we had several structural failures in those cars. But at the time, I felt it was the price you paid for getting something significantly better, a switch to the new Ford Cosworth DFV, designed by former Lotus employee Keith Duckworth, in 1967 returned the team to winning form. Although they failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season, the Lotus 49, however, for 1968 Lotus had lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. The season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotuss superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win
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Swift Engineering
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Swift Cars was founded in 1983 by David Bruns, Alex Cross, R. K. The first car, the DB-1, was a Formula Ford 1600 which won the SCCA National Championship in its debut race, the company later built cars for Sports 2000, Formula Ford 2000, Formula Atlantic and CART. Swift chassis won the Atlantic Championship from 1989 to 1992 and British Formula Renault in 1990, in 1991, Swift was purchased by Panasonic executive and Indycar racing driver Hiro Matsushita who renamed the firm Swift Engineering. Under his direction Swift moved up to the CART World Series from 1997 to 2000, in CART, Swifts won four races from 182 race entries. Tarso Marques was the last driver to race a Swift chassis in CART competition, in 1998, Swift became the sole supplier for the new spec regulation Toyota Atlantic Championship. In 2006, the Atlantic race series became a part of the Champ Car organization and was renamed the Champ Car Atlantic Championship Powered by Mazda, Swift built an entirely new car for the series, using 016. a as a chassis code. Swift became the supplier of chassis for the Japanese Formula Nippon championship in 2009 with the 017. n chassis. An updated model called SF13 was used in 2013, a derivative of the 017. n, the 020. I, was proposed by the company in response to Indy Lights requirement for a new chassis for the 2014 season. In 2007 Swift Engineering produced the prototype Eclipse 400 single engine jet aircraft under contract to Eclipse Aviation, the aircraft was built in secrecy at NASAs Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia and first flown on 2 July 2007. Swift supplies high-strength, low-weight composite parts and assemblies to a number of aerospace industry customers, Engineering consultancy and the design and production of tooling for composite parts are further aspects of the business. Swift Engineering web site Road and Track road test of the Swift DB-1 Formula Ford
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Reynard Motorsport
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Reynard Motorsport was at one time the worlds largest racing car manufacturer. Adrian Reynard formed an effective working partnership with friend and Formula Ford rival Rick Gorne. Naturally given Reynards involvement with BAR there were expectations for the teams F1 debut. Reynards success in F3 was transitory, with Dallara and a revived Ralt obliterating them from the market in 1992, Adrian Reynard sought to buy Ralt and their success in ChampCar and F3000 was more lasting, though. Outside motorsport, in the 1990s the company involved in a project to build lightweight carbon-fibre seats for Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic airline. The deal came about through friendship between Reynard and Branson, the joint-venture company that built manufactured these seats was located at Reynard HQ in Brackley. As a result of its success the company was awarded the Queens Awards for Export Achievement in 1990 and 1996, the company started preparing a Formula 1 program in 1989, to debut in 1992. Engineers were hired, such as Rory Byrne from Benetton, in 1991, Reynard was not able to push through, so the entire program, including the Enstone factory, was sold to Benetton. Reynards research data was sold to Ligier, some Reynard components were used by Keith Wiggins Pacific Racing in their unsuccessful F1 car. Reynard was also involved in the construction of the DAMS GD-01 car, toward the late 1990s Reynard was primarily involved in Champ Car, Formula Nippon and Barber Dodge racing series. The company also engineered sports and touring cars, the success in Champ Car was highly profitable and led the company to diversify. In 1999 Reynard purchased Gemini Transmissions and US racing car manufacturer Riley & Scott, the company also opened an R&D facility in Indianapolis called the Auto Research Center under the guidance of Bruce Ashmore. This facility soon came to house a 50% scale wind tunnel, Adrian Reynard is still involved with ARC. Adrian Reynard and his chief designer Malcolm Oastler became involved with the BAR F1 team, Reynard worked in partnership with West Surrey Racing to design and build Ford Mondeo chassis for the British Touring Car Championship from 1996 to 1998. WSR was running the works Ford programme, and ran the team while Reynard handled the technical side. The project was funded by Ford, but had only limited success throughout its three season stint with the Mondeo. Following an aborted IPO on the NYSE and the purchase of Riley & Scott. In 2002 the assets were distributed among three buyers, BAR acquired the buildings at Brackley and the Advantage CFD aerodynamics engineering business
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Lola Cars
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Lola Cars International Ltd. was a racing car engineering company founded in 1958 by Eric Broadley and based in Huntingdon, England. Enduring more than fifty years, it was one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world, Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars, and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles. Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One, Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group, which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites, that specialized in carbon fibre production. After a period in administration, Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012. Many of Lolas assets were purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering. Lola was one of the top chassis suppliers in the 1960s, after its small front-engined sports cars came various single-seaters including Formula Junior, Formula 3, Formula 2 and Formula 1 cars. Broadley designed Lola Mk.6 coupe fitted with the Ford V8 engine, Ford took a keen interest in this and paid Broadley to put the company on hold for two years and merge his ideas with Roy Lunns work, giving rise to the Ford GT40. In 2005, Lola announced that a new batch of T70 coupés, to the original specifications and these will be homologated for historic racing and there is talk of a one-make series for the cars. Various Group 5 and Group 6 sports cars including the T212 and T28x/29x/38x/39x series were built, competing with Chevron, March. Alain de Cadenets Le Mans specials tended to be based on Lola technology, derivatives of this car were successful for some time in IMSA and Group C racing. Later Lola Group C and GTP cars tended to be specifically for manufacturer programmes, specifically the later Nissan Group C entries. Lola also built a car for the 3.5 L Group C formula, the T92/10, more recently, Lola has produced a range of sports cars for Le Mans-style racing starting with the B98/10, which was successful in the European market but less so in the USA. The B2K/10, with its additional central headlight reminiscent of a cyclops or a locomotive was more notable for its looks than its performance, a dedicated LMP675 car was built for MG in 2001, powered by a two-litre four-cylinder AER turbocharged engine. This was entered at Le Mans by the team as the MG-Lola EX257. Later developments of this car have been fitted with assorted small V8s, an updated version of the Lola LMP2 came in 2005 with the introduction of the Lola B05/40. It quickly became a contender in LMP2 by taking class honours in 2005 and 2006 at Le Mans with Ray Mallock Limited. It also earned several wins in the American Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006 with Intersport Racing, including a second-place overall finish in the 200612 Hours of Sebring. In 2007, extensive updates were made to the chassis, to accommodate the all-new Acura powerplant run by Fernandez Racing, in addition, an essentially brand new LMP2 prototype, the B07/40, was built to house the new AER-based Mazda engine
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Bowin Cars
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Bowin Cars was an Australian designer and manufacturer of motor racing cars from 1968 to 1976. The car company was founded by John Vincent Joyce, a designer and builder of racing cars. Joyce travelled to England and joined Team Lotus as a Project Engineer, later to become the companys Chief Development Engineer during the mid to late 1960s. While at Lotus Cars, his responsibilities included design and development of all aspects of racing, Indianapolis 500, sports, rally. His projects at Lotus included the Europa road car, as well as the Type 40, on return to Australia in 1968, he started his own company, Bowin Designs Pty. Ltd. which designed and built racing cars for sale in Australia. Fifty-six cars were built in total between 1968 and 1976, during this period, he carried out several projects for Ford Motor Company and Leyland Motors on suspension design, to improve roadholding of Ford Falcon, Ford Escort and Leyland Marina cars. Approximately ten racing cars were sold for export to Canada, New Zealand, Bowin Cars have raced successfully in these countries as well as Europe. Bowin Cars are best remembered for dominating the Australian Formula Ford scene with 16 podium finishes from 1970 -1983 and it took the UK car maker, Van Diemen until 1993 to surpass Bowins all-time Australian Formula Ford ranking. Bowin Cars still stand as the best Australian built Formula Ford, the company also built and competed in the Formula 2 & Formula 5000 class, however, the cars were never able to achieve the same success as it had in Formula Ford. A number of cars can still be seen racing successfully in Australia today. In 1985 a modern gas appliance manufacturing facility was built replacing the old car factory site, Joyce died of a heart attack in June 2002 and is survived by his wife Pam and three sons. All Bowin Cars started with the letter P, which stood for project. In fact, two Formula Juniors were designed and built by John Joyce prior to the formation of Bowin Cars, - A Cooper-based car in 1959 - The Koala in 1962. Bowin P3 - 1967-1968 P3 Australian National Formula Car Bowin P4 - 1970-1974 P4 Formula Ford Car Bowin P6 - 1972-1974 P6 Formula Ford & Formula 2 Car Bowin P7 - 1973-1975 P7. Bowin P8 - 1973-1975 P8 Formula 2 & Formula 5000 Car Official Sites http, //www. bowincars. org original car drawings for download in PDF, Bowin Car Drawings listing of the Car Owner Chassis Register No
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Formula BMW
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Formula BMW was a junior racing formula for single seater cars. It was positioned at the bottom of the career ladder alongside the longer established Formula Ford category. Like Formula Ford, it was intended to function as the young kart racing graduates first experience of car racing, the new formula was created by BMW Motorsport in 2001, with the first of its championships being inaugurated in Germany in 2002. Selected competitors from each series meet in the World Final at the end of each season, from 2011 onwards BMW ceased to support the Pacific and Europe series, in favour of the Formula BMW Talent Cup. The Talent Cup, which was the final Formula BMW championship in existence, BMW has prior experience of junior formula racing, as a successful engine supplier in Formula Two and, more briefly, Formula Three in the 1970s. Its European F2 Championship program, which ran from 1973 to 1981, the company ended its participation prior to its first entry into Formula One in the 1980s. BMW returned to the categories in Germany in 1991, as the engine supplier to the Formula ADAC championship. The first champion was Christian Abt, the new formula made its debut at Hockenheim in April 2002. The team took Rosbergs son, Nico, to the 2002 championship title in his rookie year, by 2006, Nico Rosberg had progressed to Formula One. Formula BMW then expanded to four championships across three continents. The German series was followed by a south-east Asian championship in 2003, and series in the United Kingdom, the UK and German championships merged into a new pan-European series in 2008. The centres provided courses in driving, chassis setup, fitness and nutrition, media management. To be eligible to compete in Formula BMW, drivers had to be at least fifteen years old and they must have held an International racing license no higher than Grade C. Competitors must take part in a Licensing Course at one of the Racing Centres, BMW also provided an annual scholarship for five young drivers in each championship, between the ages of fifteen and eighteen, who were chosen through a selection process. It provides each driver with a budget of £35,000 in the UK, US$50,000 in Asia, and US$40,000 in the USA. The best drivers from each championship were invited to the Formula BMW World Final, the 2006 event was held at Valencia. It is composed of a series of elimination heats followed by a final race, the winner was awarded a Formula One test with BMW-Sauber. Formula BMW was what is referred to as a slicks and wings formula
