1.
Newport News, Virginia
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Newport News is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719, in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, the county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881,15 years of development began under the leadership of Collis P. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded, within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County, the more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginias third largest independent city in population. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621, the source of the name Newport News is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally, the new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newports good news, another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word news meaning new town. At least one source claims that the New arose from the settlements being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier, there he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres of land and his brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie
Newport News, Virginia
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The downtown Newport News skyline as seen from 26th Street and I-664 overpass in August 2013.
Newport News, Virginia
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The newly constructed
USS Birmingham is launched from the Newport News yards in 1942
Newport News, Virginia
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Lee Hall, built in 1859 by Richard Lee.
Newport News, Virginia
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Warwick County (shaded in orange on this 1895 map) was originally one of the eight shires created in
colonial Virginia in 1634.
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
United States Army
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The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
United States Army
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Storming of Redoubt #10 in the
Siege of Yorktown during the
American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the
Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.
United States Army
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Emblem of the United States Department of the Army
United States Army
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General
Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders during the
defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812
United States Army
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The
Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
4.
Langley Air Force Base
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Langley Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located adjacent to Hampton and Newport News, Virginia. It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917, on 1 October 2010, Langley Air Force Base was joined with Fort Eustis to become Joint Base Langley–Eustis. The base was established in accordance with congressional legislation implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment, the Air Force mission at Langley is to sustain the ability for fast global deployment and air superiority for the United States or allied armed forces. It was used during World War I as a field, balloon station, observers’ school, photography school, experimental engineering department. It is situated on 3,152 acres of land between the cities of Hampton, NASA LaRC, and the northwest and southwest branches of the Back River, airPower over Hampton Roads is a recurring airshow held at Langley in the spring. Many demonstrations take place, including the F-22 Raptor Demonstration, Aerobatics, and parachute demos. The Wing is composed of the units worldwide, 480th ISR Group, Fort Gordon, Ga. 497th ISR Group, Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Va. 548th ISR Group, Beale Air Force Base. Langley also hosts the Global Cyberspace Integration Center field operating agency, Langley is also home to the F-22 Raptor Demo Team. This team, who travel all over the world performing different maneuvers used in air combat, is used to recruit for the United States Air Force. Performing at airshows and other events, the squadron is the only demonstration team to use the F-22 Raptor. Langley Field was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley, an aerodynamic pioneer, Langley began aerodynamic experiments in 1887 and formed a basis for practical pioneer aviation. He built and saw the first steam model airplane in 1896, both planes were believed to be capable of flight. He also built the first man-carrying gasoline airplane in 1903, which failed to fly on its first attempt and broke apart and crashed on its second. It was, after major modification eleven years later, flown successfully by Glenn Curtiss for a little over 3 seconds, traveling 150 feet through the air in 1914. Langley Field was the first Air Service base built especially for air power, is the oldest continually active air base in the world. In 1916, the National Advisory Council for Aeronautics, predecessor to NASA, established the need for a joint airfield and proving ground for Army, Navy and NACA aircraft. NACA determined that the site must be near water for over-water flying, be flat and relatively clear for expansion and the landing and take-off of aircraft, the Army appointed a board of officers who searched for a location. The officers sometimes posed as hunters and fishermen to avoid land speculation which would arise if the governments interest in purchasing land was revealed
Langley Air Force Base
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Langley Air Force Base
Langley Air Force Base
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94th Fighter Squadron F-22As approaching Langley Air Force Base
Langley Air Force Base
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Langley Field in 1920
Langley Air Force Base
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YB-17 Flying Fortress bomber crew receiving instructions at Langley, May 1942
5.
Military base
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A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. In general, a military base provides accommodations for one or more units, but it may also be used as a command center, in most cases, a military base relies on some outside help in order to operate. Bases are usually extra-legal jurisdictions not subject to civil law and they can range from small outposts to military cities containing up to 100,000 people. Some military bases may belong to a different nation or state than the territory surrounding it, the name used generally refers to the type of military activity that takes place at the base. Alternatively, the term may refer solely to an establishment which is used only by an army to the exclusion of a used by either an air force or a navy. This is consistent with the different meanings of the word military, other examples of non- or semi-permanent military bases include a Forward Operating Base, a Logistics Base and a Fire Base. A military base may contain large concentrations of military supplies in order to support military logistics. Most military bases are restricted to the public and usually only authorized personnel may enter them, Military bases usually provide housing for military personnel, a post office and dining facilities. Bases used by the United States Air Force Reserve tend to be active USAF bases, however, there are a few Air Reserve Bases, such as Dobbins ARB, Georgia, and Grissom ARB, Indiana, both of which are former active-duty USAF bases. Support facilities on Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve installations tend to not be as extensive as active bases, i. e. they usually do not have on-base billeting, clinics, or commissaries. Petersburg area including training schools, commissioning institutes, the academy. An overseas military base is a base that is geographically located outside of the territory of the country whose armed forces are the principal occupants of the base. The overseas military base has, throughout its history of usage, been an issue of debate. In the 18th and 19th Centuries the Royal Engineers were largely responsible for erecting military bases in the British Isles, in 1792 the Chief Engineer was instructed to prepare the Barrack Construction estimates for Parliament and at the same time the Department of the Barrackmaster-General was established. In 1959 the Corps Work Services was transferred to the civilian War Department Works Organization and by 1965 the were formed to plan, British naval bases are traditionally named, commissioned, and administered as though they were naval ships. For this reason they are sometimes called stone frigates, lists of military installations Military installations of NATO Official Directory of US Military bases. Royal Engineers Museum Military Works New US Military Bases, Side Effects Or Causes Of War, by Zoltan Grossman US Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Outposts of Empire - Booklet and map of the American military bases in the world. Transnational Institute, March 2007 MyMilitaryBase. com - Directory of Military Installations
Military base
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Vessels of the
French Navy at a base in
Réunion
Military base
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Fort Jefferson in
Florida in the
United States is an example of a military base although no particular size or layout is typical. Fort Jefferson is no longer in use and is currently part of the
Dry Tortugas National Park.
Military base
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some kinds of Military installations of Iran - 2002
Military base
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Civilian services offered to soldiers outside a military base
6.
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
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Established 1 July 1973, the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command is a command of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is charged with overseeing training of Army forces and the development of operational doctrine, TRADOC operates 37 schools and centers at 27 different locations. TRADOC schools conduct 1,304 courses and 108 language courses, the 1,304 courses include 516,000 seats for 443,231 soldiers,36,145 other-service personnel,8,314 international soldiers, and 28,310 civilians. The current commanding general of TRADOC summarizes its function as an organization to design, develop, thus, the three major commands of the Army shape its present and future men and materiel. S. Army as Americas Force of Decisive Action, TRADOC was established as a major U. S. Army command on 1 July 1973. The new command, along with the U. S. Army Forces Command, was created from the Continental Army Command located at Fort Monroe, Virginia. That action was the innovation in the Armys post-Vietnam reorganization, in the face of realization that CONARCs obligations. The new organization functionally realigned the major Army commands in the continental United States, CONARC, and Headquarters, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command, situated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, were discontinued, with TRADOC and FORSCOM at Fort Belvoir assuming the realigned missions. FORSCOM assumed CONARCs operational responsibility for the command and readiness of all divisions and corps in the continental U. S. joined under TRADOC, the major Army missions of individual training and combat developments each had its own lineage. The individual training responsibility had belonged, during World War II, in 1946 numbered army areas were established in the U. S. under AGF command. At that time, the AGF moved from Washington, D. C. to Fort Monroe, in March 1948, the AGF was replaced at Fort Monroe with the new Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. OCAFF, however, did not command the training establishment and that function was exercised by Headquarters, Department of the Army through the numbered armies to the corps, division, and Army Training Centers. In February 1955, HQ Continental Army Command replaced OCAFF, assuming its missions as well as the missions from DA. In January, HQ CONARC was redesignated U. S, Combat developments emerged as a formal Army mission in the early 1950s, and OCAFF assumed that role in 1952. In 1955, CONARC assumed the mission, in 1962, HQ U. S. Army Combat Development Command was established to bring the combat developments function under one major Army command. Army Capabilities Integration Center Brigade Modernization Command U. S. S, Army Recruiting Command Sustainment Center of Excellence Ordnance School Transportation School Quartermaster School The current Commanding General is GEN David G. Perkins. The Command Sergeant Major is currently CSM David S. Davenport, TRADOC COMMAND OVERVIEW VIDEO on YouTube Human dimension Force2025 Command Overview Brief Fact Sheet Organization Chart TRADOC Website TRADOC history Joint Base Langley - Eustis
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
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Shoulder sleeve insignia
7.
7th Transportation Brigade (United States)
–
The 7th Transportation Brigade is a Transportation brigade of the United States Army. 7th Transportation Brigade, Fort Eustis 10th Transportation Battalion 11th Transportation Battalion 53rd Transportation Battalion The 7th Transportation Group was the Armys Navy, the 7th Transportation Group was the only Composite Transportation Group within the Active Component of the U. S. Army. The 7th Transportation Group has served around the world in time of conflict since its activation in 1942, the 7th Transportation Group executes missions like the annual Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore operations. Watercraft are just one tool the 7th Group uses in its mission to support reception, staging. The group is structured with one Movement Control Battalion and two Terminal Battalions, all three battalions are composite and multi-functional. In total, the group has a current strength of just over 4000 soldiers and operates 59 vessels, almost a quarter of these vehicles are material handling equipment. The unit supports all branches of the service by moving troops, equipment, to do this, the 7th Transportation Group operates ports, rail terminals, and coastal and inland watch ways all over the world. Operation Uphold Democracy Haiti/Retrograde is an example of deployment of 7th Transportation Group personnel, during World War II, the 7th Transportation Group commanded ports in the United Kingdom. During the Korean War, the 7th Group was redesignated as the 7th Medium Port and was responsible for all operations in Pusan, Korea. During the Vietnam War, the command provided a base for the deployment of all watercraft. During the Grenada evacuation operation, elements of the group deployed on two occasions to discharge and load cargo by sea and air. The command was called upon again during Operation Just Cause in Panama, during the period of 1990 and 1991, the 7th Transportation Group played a key role in the success of Operations Desert Shield, Storm and Farewell. Within days of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, elements of the group began pouring into the Saudi desert. S, once the troops were in place, the 22d Support Command had to provide materiel and stores to the forward units. Until the arrival of the 32d Transportation Group in January, the 7th Transportation Group served as the Support Commands long-distance trucker as well as manager of the ports, opening the first seaports and airfields, the command grew to 9,200 soldiers. Little more than a year after the return from Saudi Arabia, the last rotation of soldiers departed the Port of Mogadishu in April 1994 after the United Nations assumed command of the humanitarian operation. Four months later, the group was involved in another humanitarian mission in Mombasa, Kenya. In September 1994, at the onset of Operation Uphold Democracy, during October 1994, the group deployed over 580 soldiers to southwest Asia in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior. Craney Island was one of several landmarks in the 7th Transportation Group exercise called Resolute Shamrock 95
7th Transportation Brigade (United States)
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7th Transportation Brigade (Expeditionary) shoulder sleeve insignia
7th Transportation Brigade (United States)
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Distinctive Unit Insignia
7th Transportation Brigade (United States)
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2LT Joseph Pittard of 89th Transportation Company, 6th Transportation Battalion, 7th Sustainment Brigade receives an award for his Unit's Deployment Excellence.
7th Transportation Brigade (United States)
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SGT Adam Anicich of 155th Transportation Company [1], 10th Transportation Battalion, 7th Sustainment Brigade receives an award from Sergeant Major of the Army
Kenneth O. Preston for his dissertation work on military recruiting.
8.
Army Training Support Center
–
Fort Eustis is a United States Army installation located near Newport News, Virginia. In 2010, it was combined with nearby Langley Air Force Base to form Joint Base Langley–Eustis, the post is the home to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, and also home to the U. S. Army Aviation Logistics School. Fort Eustis is the home of the Army Aviation Logistics School, other significant tenants include the Army Training Support Center and the Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate. The headquarters of the Army Transportation Corps was located at Fort Eustis until 2010 when it moved to Fort Lee, an important event in Virginias history occurred in the James River off Mulberry Island in the summer of 1610. He had been shipwrecked on Bermuda in the Sea Venture lost his wife and child by this time, but still had the untried seeds. The turning point at Mulberry Island delivered both Lord Delaware and businessman-farmer John Rolfe, two different men, back to Jamestown, where they and the others were to find new success. Lord Delawares skills and resources combined with Rolfes new strain of tobacco to provide the colony with effective leadership structure as the new cash crop began financial stabilization by 1612, by 1614, Rolfe owned an interest in a tobacco plantation. That same year, he became the husband of Pocahontas, for the next 300 years, Mulberry Island remained very rural, until it was purchased by the Federal Government in 1918. On 7 March 1918, the Army bought Mulberry Island and the land for $538,000 as part of the military build-up for World War I. Approximately 200 residents were relocated, many to the Jefferson Park area nearby in Warwick County, Camp Abraham Eustis was established as a coast artillery replacement center for Fort Monroe and a balloon observation school. It was named for Brevit Brigadier General Abraham Eustis, a 19th-century U. S, a few miles upstream along the James River, a satellite facility, Camp Wallace, was established in 1918 as the Upper Firing Range of for artillery training. Camp Wallace included some rugged terrain and bluffs overlooking the river and it was the site of anti-aircraft training during World War II. Many years later, the Armys aerial tramway was first erected at Camp Wallace, the purpose of the tramway was to provide cargo movement from ship-to-shore, shore-to-ship, and overland. The tramway supplemented beach and pier operations, used unloading points deemed unusable due to inadequate or non-navigable waters, or to traverse land that was otherwise impassable. In 1971, the U. S. Army agreed to a swap with Anheuser-Busch in return for a larger parcel which is located directly across Skiffes Creek from Fort Eustis. Along with land owned by Colonial Williamsburg, the former Camp Wallace land became part of a massive development. Nearby, the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park opened in 1975, as well as a brewery. Camp Abraham Eustis became Fort Eustis and a permanent military installation in 1923, in 1925 Eustis National Forest was established on the installation
Army Training Support Center
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The
Ghost fleet (sometimes known as the Dead Fleet) anchored in the
James River near Fort Eustis.
Army Training Support Center
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Fort Eustis Military Railroad
Army Training Support Center
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Fort Eustis's
GP16 diesel locomotive sits silently under the Post flag which is at half mast for president
Gerald Ford who died that day.
Army Training Support Center
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The 1811 was built for the U.S. Army by EMD. It is an
EMD MRS-1 class locomotive that has adjustable
gauge trucks to run in Europe and
Russia. Now it belongs to the museum at Fort Eustis, but sits abandoned in Hanks Yard.
9.
Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate
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The United States Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate is a tenant activity located at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is a directorate of the Aviation Development Directorate under the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center, the predecessor organization of AATD was established as the Transportation Corps Board on 16 December 1944 at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The original mission of the organization was research and development of all modes of transportation for the newly formed Transportation Corp, in 1946 it was transferred to the Brooklyn Army Base, Brooklyn, New York. The Directorate has been located at Fort Eustis since 1950, AATD Home Page AMRDEC Home Page RDECOM Home Page
Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate
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U.S. Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate Logo.
10.
United States Army Transportation Corps
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The Transportation Corps was established 31 July 1942 by Executive Order 9082. The Transportation Corps is a service support branch of the U. S. Army, and was headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is also one of three U. S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Quartermaster Corps and the Ordnance Corps, the Transportation Corps is responsible for the movement of personnel and material by truck, rail, air, and sea. Its motto is Spearhead of Logistics, and it is currently the third smallest branch of the Army, the officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Chief of Transportation. The current Chief of Transportation is Brigadier General Jeffrey W. Drushal, during the American Civil War, transportation proved to be an integral part of military logistics through the organization of railroads as a viable and efficient means of military transportation. The US Army centralized the management of rail into the US Military Railroad, the Army Quartermaster purchased eight city class iron clads on the Mississippi River in February 1862, a full month before the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia set sail. City Point, Virginia in 1864 would become the largest port operation in the Western Hemisphere in 1864, by 1864, five of the nine divisions in the Quartermaster Department dealt exclusively with transportation. A substantial number of battles were won because of the commanders ability to swiftly and effectively move troops. Most wounded soldiers were carried away in a cart called a gondola. See also United States Military Railroad, Army transporters worked with both the civilian railroads and the maritime industry to pull together a successful intermodal operation. The American Expeditionary Force that deployed to France during World War I, the United States Army School for Truck Drivers had been established by 9 July 1918, and the Transportation Corps of the AEF was abolished after the war, The M. T. C. Subsequently conducted Transcontinental Motor Convoys in 1919 and 1920, on 9 March 1942 the Transportation Service was established as part of the Services of Supply, and on 31 July 1942 the Transportation Service became the Transportation Corps. In March 1942, the functions were consolidated into the Transportation Division of the newly created Services of Supply. By the end of the war the Transportation Corps had moved more than 30 million soldiers within the continental United States, as allied forces rapidly advanced across France in the summer of 1944 a special transportation operation nicked named the Red Ball Express was carried out. The Red Ball Express provided around the clock truck convoys from allied held ports to supply troops on the front, the story of the Red Ball Express was told in the 1950s movie Red Ball Express. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union extended from 1945 into 1991, spanning the Gulf War, when the Soviet Union cordoned off the city of Berlin in 1948, the Transportation Corps played a vital role in sustaining the city. Two years later, on 28 June 1950, President Harry S. Truman established the Transportation Corps as a permanent branch of the Army, during the Korean War, the Transportation Corps kept the UN Forces supplied through three winters. By the time the armistice was signed, the Transportation Corps had moved more than 3 million soldiers and 7 million tons of cargo, the Vietnam War saw the most diversified assortment of transportation units ever assembled
United States Army Transportation Corps
–
The Pop Valve a
self-published magazine of the 19th Division while based at
Nevers, France in WWI
United States Army Transportation Corps
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Transportation Corps branch insignia
United States Army Transportation Corps
–
6th Transportation Battalion
11.
Fort Lee, Virginia
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Fort Lee also hosts two Army museums, the U. S. Army Quartermaster Museum and the U. S. Army Womens Museum. The Armys Ordnance Museum relocated to Fort Lee in 2009-2010 and has plans to return its collection to display at Fort Lee. The fort is named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, Fort Lee is also a census-designated place, with population of 3,393 at the 2010 census. Just 18 days after a state of war with Germany was declared, in June 1917, building began and within sixty days some 14,000 men were on the installation. When construction work ended, there were accommodations for 60,335 men, on 15 July 1917, the War Department announced that the camp would be named in honor of General Robert E. Lee, the most famous of the Confederate Civil War commanders. After World War I, Camp Lee was taken over by the Commonwealth of Virginia, later, portions of the land were incorporated into the Petersburg National Battlefield and the Federal Correctional Institution, Petersburg. In 1920 Camp Lee was still active, as the US1920 Census showed many soldiers stationed there. In October 1940, the War Department ordered the construction of another Camp Lee on the site of the earlier installation, built as rapidly as the first, construction was still ongoing when the Quartermaster Replacement Training Center started operation in February 1941. Their number grew to 25,000 in 1942, and peaked at 35,000 in 1944, Camp Lee was also the home of a Medical Replacement Training Center, but as the Quartermaster training increased, it was decided to relocate the MRTC at Camp Pickett. Later, the QMRTC was re-designated as an Army Services Forces Training Center, while the QMRTC was getting underway, the Quartermaster School was transferred to Camp Lee. A full program of courses was conducted, including Officer Candidate School, by the end of 1941, Camp Lee was the center of both basic and advanced training of Quartermaster personnel and held this position throughout the war. When World War II ended, the fate of Camp Lee was in question, in 1946, the War Department announced that Camp Lee would be retained as a center for Quartermaster training. Official recognition of its permanent status was obtained in 1950 and the post was redesignated as Fort Lee, immediately troops began Quartermaster training for the Korean War and continued for the next three years. Fort Lee also had a Womens Army Corps training center, after the Korean War, progress was made on an ambitious permanent building program. Under the twenty-year program, Fort Lee changed from an installation of wooden structures to a modern Army post with permanent brick. The Quartermaster Training Center, created to supervise the training of Quartermaster personnel and troop units, as a result, the courses formerly taught at other locations were incorporated in the curriculum of the Quartermaster School. Profound changes were evident at Fort Lee during 1962, the post became a Class 1 military installation under Second United States Army. The Quartermaster School became a part of the Continental Army Command service school system and was selected to serve as the home of the Quartermaster Corps and Corps Historian
Fort Lee, Virginia
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"The Living Uncle Sam" formed by 19,000 military officers and men at Camp Lee, Virginia in 1918, during World War I
Fort Lee, Virginia
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Shoulder sleeve insignia and emblems of units or agencies stationed at Fort Lee
12.
Mulberry Island
–
Mulberry Island is located along the James River in the city of Newport News, Virginia, in southeastern Virginia at the confluence of the Warwick River on the Virginia Peninsula. Mulberry Island, settled shortly after Jamestown, was established a few miles downriver in 1607. It was at Mulberry Island where the colonists who were preparing to leave Virginia during the Starving Time in 1610 were met by Thomas West, by 1614, thousands of acres were under cultivation with tobacco, the export crop introduced by John Rolfe which saved the Virginia Colony financially. Magruder during the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, from 1898 to 1918 Mulberry Island was home to David & Kimpton Brickyard. The brickyard sat on the west bank of the Warwick River, prior to its acquisition by the U. S. government for $538,000 Mulberry Island was primarily farmland. During the first World War, Camp Abraham Eustis was established on the island and adjacent land in Warwick County, upstream from Newport News Shipbuilding. Named for Abraham Eustis, a famous U. S. Army General from Petersburg, the camp had balloon observation school, Camp Eustis became Fort Eustis and a permanent Army base in 1923. In 2010, it was combined with nearby Langley Air Force Base to form Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Fort Eustis is currently home to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. An Army Aviation School is also located at Fort Eustis, an array of ships part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet are anchored adjacent to Mulberry Island in the middle of the James River. Considered an environmental hazard, the numbers of this reserve fleet are being reduced each year as ships are transported away as scrap and these ships are termed the Ghost Fleet in local parlance. Eustace Families Association website Fort Eustis history Fort Eustis official website Davis & Kimpton Brickyard - DoI National Historic Places Registration
Mulberry Island
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One of several rows of ships in the Ghost Fleet
13.
Jamestown, Virginia
–
The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown is where the British Empire began, Jamestown was established by the Virginia Company of London as James Fort on May 4,1607, and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699. The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, the natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations with the newcomers soured fairly early on, leading to the annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within 3 years. Mortality at Jamestown itself was very high due to disease and starvation, the Second Supply also brought the first two European women to the settlement. They most likely worked in the fields as indentured servants. The modern conception of slavery in the future United States was formalized in 1640 and was entrenched in Virginia by 1660. In 1676, the town was burned during Bacons Rebellion. In 1699, the capital was relocated from Jamestown to what is today Williamsburg, after which Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement, existing today only as an archaeological site. Today, Jamestown is one of three locations comprising the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia, along with Williamsburg and Yorktown, with two primary heritage sites, Historic Jamestowne, the archaeological site on Jamestown Island, is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site and Preservation Virginia. Jamestown Settlement, a living history site, is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation. Spain, Portugal, and France moved quickly to establish a presence in the New World, the English did not attempt to found colonies until many decades after the explorations of John Cabot, and early efforts were failures—most notably the Roanoke Colony which vanished about 1590. Late in 1606, English entrepreneurs set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World, the fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed, all under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport. They made a long voyage of four months, including a stop in Puerto Rico. The expedition made landfall on April 26,1607 at a place which they named Cape Henry, Captain Edward Maria Wingfield was elected president of the governing council on April 25,1607. On May 14, he selected a piece of land on a peninsula some 40 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was not inhabited by nearby Virginia Indian tribes, the island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking
Jamestown, Virginia
–
The ruined tower of the 1639
Jamestown Church; the
nave was reconstructed in 1907 on the original foundations
Jamestown, Virginia
–
Location in Virginia
Jamestown, Virginia
–
Salt
marshes along Jamestown Island. The ample wetlands on the island proved to be a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Jamestown, Virginia
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Detail of the map made by Pedro de Zúñiga, depicting the fort in about 1608
14.
James River (Virginia)
–
The James River is a river in the U. S. state of Virginia. It is 348 miles long, extending to 444 miles if one includes the Jackson River, the James River drains a catchment comprising 10,432 square miles. The watershed includes about 4% open water and an area with a population of 2.5 million people and it is the 12th longest river in the United States that remains entirely within a single state. Tidal waters extend west to Richmond, the capital of Virginia, larger tributaries draining to the tidal portion include the Appomattox River, Chickahominy River, Warwick River, Pagan River, and the Nansemond River. At its mouth near Newport News Point, the Elizabeth River, many boats pass through this river to import and export Virginia products. The navigable portion of the river was the highway of the Colony of Virginia during its first 15 years, facilitating supply ships delivering supplies. However, for the first five years, despite many hopes of gold and riches, in 1612, businessman John Rolfe successfully cultivated a non-native strain of tobacco which proved popular in England. Soon, the became the primary means of exporting the large hogsheads of this cash crop from an ever-growing number of plantations with wharfs along its banks. This development made the efforts of the Virginia Company of London successful financially, spurring even more development, investments. The upper reaches of the river above the head of navigation at the line were explored by fur trading parties sent by Abraham Wood during the late 17th century. Although ocean-going ships were unable to navigate beyond present-day Richmond, portage of products, produce from the Piedmont and Great Valley regions traveled down the river to seaports at Richmond and Manchester through such port towns as Lynchburg, Scottsville, Columbia and Buchanan. The James River was considered as a route for transport of produce from the Ohio Valley, the James River and Kanawha Canal was built for this purpose, to provide a navigable portion of the Kanawha River, a tributary of the Ohio River. For the most mountainous section between the two points, the James River and Kanawha Turnpike was built to provide a link via wagons. However, before the canal could be completed, in the mid-19th century, railroads emerged as a more practical technology. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was completed between Richmond and the Ohio River at the new city of Huntington, West Virginia by 1873, dooming the canals economic prospects. In the 1880s, the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad was laid along the portion of the canals towpath. In modern times, this line is used primarily in transporting West Virginia coal to export coal piers at Newport News. The James River contains numerous parks and other recreational attractions, canoeing, fishing, kayaking, hiking, and swimming are some of the activities that people enjoy along the river during the summer
James River (Virginia)
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James River at the crossing of the
Blue Ridge Parkway
James River (Virginia)
–
The James, hidden by trees, at Percival's Island Riverwalk in
Lynchburg,
Virginia
James River (Virginia)
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James River at Huntington Park Beach in Newport News
James River (Virginia)
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ACL Railroad crossing at the falls in Richmond.
15.
Colony of Virginia
–
The Colony of Virginia was the first permanently settled English colony in North America. Newfoundland, with settlements, had been established as a colony by Royal Charter in 1583. American archaeologist William Kelso says Virginia is where the British Empire began and this was the first colony in the British Empire. The colony existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution, the name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. In 1607, members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded Jamestown, tobacco became Virginias first profitable export, the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns. In 1624, the Virginia Companys charter was revoked by King James I, from 1619 to 1776, the legislature of the Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg and it experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacons Rebellion of 1676. The name Virginia is the oldest designation for English claims in North America, the latter word may have inspired the Queen to name the colony Virginia, noting her status as the Virgin Queen. in Carolina Algonquian, and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood. Virginia was originally a term used to refer to North Americas entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel north to 48th parallel and this area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia. In gratitude for Virginians loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War, Charles II gave it the title of Old Dominion, Virginia maintains Old Dominion as its state nickname. Accordingly, the University of Virginias athletic teams use Cavaliers as one of their nicknames, earlier attempts had been made by the Spanish in what is now Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, and by the French in South Carolina. Farther south, the Spanish colony of Spanish Florida, centered on St. Augustine, was established in 1565, while to the north, in 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonization mission to the island of Roanoke. This was the first English settlement, although it did not survive and it was a military research expedition with a very narrow focus. In 1587, Raleigh sent another group to attempt to establish a permanent settlement. The first English child born in the New World was named Virginia Dare, the expedition leader, John White returned to England for supplies that same year, but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain. When he finally did return in 1590, he found the colony abandoned, the houses were intact, but the colonists had completely disappeared. Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony, Dare County was named in honor of the baby Virginia Dare, who was among those whose fate is unknown. The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree, the name of a tribe on a nearby island, following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, King James I ascended to the throne
Colony of Virginia
–
"
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles ", by
Capt. John Smith
Colony of Virginia
–
Flag
Colony of Virginia
–
Lines show legal treaty frontiers between Virginia Colony and Indian Nations in various years, as well as today's state boundaries. Red: Treaty of 1646. Green: Treaty of Albany (1684). Blue: Treaty of Albany (1722). Orange:
Proclamation of 1763. Black: Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774). Area west of this line in present-day Southwest VA was ceded by the Cherokee in 1775.
Colony of Virginia
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Indian massacre of 1622, depicted in a 1628 woodcut by
Matthäus Merian out of
Theodore de Bry 's workshop.
16.
Lord Delaware
–
De La Warr is pronounced Delaware. There have been two creations of Baron De La Warr, and West came from the second. He was the son of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, of Wherwell Abbey in Hampshire and Anne Knollys, daughter of Catherine Carey and he was born at Wherwell, Hampshire, England, and died at sea while travelling from England to the Colony of Virginia. Thomas West received his education at Queens College, Oxford and he served in the army under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and, in 1601, was charged with supporting Essexs ill-fated insurrection against Queen Elizabeth, but he was acquitted of those charges. He succeeded his father as Baron De La Warr in 1602, Lord De La Warr was appointed governor-for-life and captain-general of the Colony of Virginia, to replace the governing council of the colony under the presidency of Captain John Smith. As part of Englands response, De La Warr recruited and equipped a contingent of 150 men, the supply fleet arrived in Jamestown in June, just in time to persuade the original settlers not to give up and go home to England. These tactics, identical to those practiced by the Powhatan themselves, Lord De La Warr returned to England due to illness in the spring of 1611, leaving his deputy, Sir Samuel Argall, in charge of the colony. Later that year, De La Warr wrote and published a book titled The Relation of the Right Honourable the Lord De-La-Warre, Lord Governour and Captaine Generall of the Colonie and he died at sea en route to Virginia. It was thought for years that Lord De La Warr had been buried in the Azores or at sea. By 2006, researchers had concluded that his body was brought to Jamestown for burial, a grave site thought to contain the remains of Captain Bartholomew Gosnold may instead contain those of Lord De La Warr. Lord De La Warrs brother, John West, later governor of Virginia. On 25 November 1596, De La Warr married Cecily, the daughter of Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, Sussex and Anne and they had children, Cecily or Cecilia, who married firstly Sir Francis Bindlosse and secondly after 1629 John Byron, 1st Baron Byron. She was buried at Hucknall-Torkard in Nottinghamshire, lucy, who married Sir Robert Byron, Governor of Liverpool and a Colonel in the service of the Royalist Infantry Forces who fought in the English Civil War. Henry, who succeeded his father as the 4th Baron De La Warr, married Isabella, daughter of Sir Thomas Edmunds and he died at the age of 24 and was succeed by his son Charles West, 5th Baron De La Warr. Lundy, Darryl Roger, ed. Thomas West, 3rd Baron Delaware, pp.14230 at §142296,13955 at §139543,14230 at §142295–§142296,20756 at §207553, §207556, §207558,24497 at §244965. Cokayne, George Edward, et al. eds, the Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Mosley, Charles, ed. Burkes Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, the Complete Peerage or a History of the House of Lords and All its Members From the Earliest Times, Volume XIV, Addenda & Corrigenda. Biography at Encyclopedia Virginia De la Warr, Thomas West, Lord
Lord Delaware
–
Lord De La Warr.
Lord Delaware
–
Depiction of the arrival of De La Warr at Jamestown
17.
John Rolfe
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John Rolfe was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as a crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas. Rolfe was born in Heacham, Norfolk, England, as the son of John Rolfe and Dorothea Mason, at the time, Spain held a virtual monopoly on the lucrative tobacco trade. Most Spanish colonies in the New World were located in southern climates more favourable to growth than the English settlements. As the consumption of tobacco had increased, the balance of trade between England and Spain began to be seriously affected, Rolfe was one of a number of businessmen who saw the opportunity to undercut Spanish imports by growing tobacco in Englands new colony in Virginia. A project of the proprietary Virginia Company of London, Jamestown had been established by an group of settlers on 14 May 1607. Heading the Third Supply fleet was the new flagship of the Virginia Company, the Third Supply fleet left England in May 1609 destined for Jamestown with seven large ships, towing two smaller pinnaces. In the southern region of the North Atlantic, they encountered a three-day-long storm, the ships of the fleet became separated. The new Sea Venture, whose caulking had not cured, was taking on water faster than it could be bailed, the Admiral of the Company, Sir George Somers, took the helm and the ship was deliberately driven onto the reefs of Bermuda to prevent its foundering. All aboard,150 passengers and crew, and 1 dog, most remained for ten months in Bermuda, subsequently also known as The Somers Isles, while they built two small ships to continue the voyage to Jamestown. A number of passengers and crew, however, did not complete this journey, some had died or been killed, lost at sea, or left behind to maintain Englands claim to Bermuda. Because of this, although the Virginia Companys charter was not extended to Bermuda until 1612, among those left buried in Bermuda were Rolfes wife and his infant daughter, Bermuda Rolfe. In May 1610, the two newly constructed ships set sail from Bermuda, with 142 castaways on board, including Rolfe, Admiral Somers, Stephen Hopkins, and Sir Thomas Gates. On arrival at Jamestown, they found the Virginia Colony almost destroyed by famine, very few supplies from the Third Supply had arrived because the same hurricane that caught the Sea Venture badly affected the rest of the fleet. After finally settling in—although his first wife, the English-born Sarah Hacker, in competing with Spain for European markets, there was another problem beside the warmer climates the Spanish settlements enjoyed. The native tobacco from Virginia was not liked by the English settlers, however, Rolfe wanted to introduce sweeter strains from Trinidad, using the hard-to-obtain Spanish seeds he brought with him. The appeal of Orinoco tobacco was in its nicotine, and the conviviality of its use in social situations. In 1612, Rolfe established Varina Farms, a plantation along the James River about 30 miles upstream from Jamestown, and across the river from Sir Thomas Dales progressive development at Henricus
John Rolfe
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An 1850s painting of John Rolfe and
Pocahontas
John Rolfe
–
Rolfe (right, standing behind Pocahontas) as portrayed in The Baptism of Pocahontas, 1840, by
John Gadsby Chapman
18.
Bermuda
–
Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,070 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community. The first person known to have reached Bermuda was the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 and he claimed the islands for the Spanish Empire. Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but made two visits to the archipelago, of which he created a recognisable map, shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on Portuguese Rock. Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, the island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615, at that time, the companys charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, after 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda became the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory and its first capital, St. Georges, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World. Bermudas economy is based on insurance and reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the worlds highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century, recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. The island is in the belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island. It is 898 nautical miles northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west-northwest of Cape Verde, southeast of New York City, New York, north-northwest of Brazil and north of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The archipelago is formed by points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the process that formed the floor of the Atlantic. It has 103 km of coastline, the two incorporated municipalities in Bermuda are the City of Hamilton and the Town of St George. Bermuda is divided into nine parishes, which have some localities called villages, such as Flatts Village, although usually referred to in the singular, the territory consists of 181 islands, with a total area of 53.3 square kilometres
Bermuda
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View from the top of Gibb's Hill Lighthouse
Bermuda
–
Flag
Bermuda
–
Bermuda pictured from the
International Space Station
Bermuda
–
The image of the
Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles, in
Hamilton, devoted by all the
Azoreans in Bermuda islands.
19.
Sea Venture
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Sea Venture was a seventeenth-century English sailing ship, part of the Third Supply mission to the Jamestown Colony, that was wrecked in Bermuda in 1609. Sea Ventures wreck is thought to have been the inspiration for Shakespeares play The Tempest. The entire operation was characterized by a lack of resources and experience, yet the investors of the London Company expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the Second Supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form and it fell to the third president of the Council to deliver a reply. Ever bold, Captain John Smith delivered what must have been a call to the investors in London. Smith did begin his letter with something of an apology, saying I humbly intreat your Pardons if I offend you with my rude Answer, there are strong indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smiths message. Their Third Supply mission was by far the largest and best equipped and they even had the newly constructed purpose-built flagship Sea Venture placed in the most experienced hands of Christopher Newport. The Company built Sea Venture, probably in Aldeburgh, as Englands first purpose-designed emigrant ship and she measured 300 tunnes, cost £1,500, and differed from her contemporaries primarily in her internal arrangements. Her guns were placed on her deck, rather than below decks as was then the norm. This meant that the ship did not need double-timbering, and she may have been the first single-timbered, armed merchant ship built in England, the hold was sheathed and furnished for passengers. She was armed with eight 9-pounder demi-culverins, eight 5-pounder sakers, four 3-pounder falcons, the ship was launched in 1609, and her uncompleted journey to Jamestown appears to have been her maiden voyage. On 2 June 1609, Sea Venture set sail from Plymouth as the flagship of a fleet destined for Jamestown, Virginia as part of the Third Supply. On 24 July, the fleet ran into a storm, likely a hurricane. A pinnace, Catch, went down with all aboard lost, Sea Venture however, fought the storm for three days. Comparably sized ships had survived such weather, but Sea Venture had a flaw in her newness. The caulking was forced from them, and the ship began to leak rapidly. All hands were applied to bailing, but water continued to rise in the hold, the ships starboard-side guns were reportedly jettisoned to raise her buoyancy, but this only delayed the inevitable. The Admiral of the Company himself, Sir George Somers, was at the helm through the storm
Sea Venture
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Sylvester Jordain's A Discovery of the Barmudas, 1610
Sea Venture
–
The
coat of arms of Bermuda features a representation of the Sea Venture wreck.
Sea Venture
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Captain John Smith's 1624 map of the Somers Isles (
Bermuda), showing
St. George's Town and related fortifications, including the
Castle Islands Fortifications.
Sea Venture
–
Characters
20.
Pocahontas
–
Pocahontas was a Native American woman notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah. Some historians have suggested that this story, as told by Smith, is untrue, Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613, and held for ransom. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca, when the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in January 1615, bore their son, in 1616, the Rolfes traveled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the savage in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became something of a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, in 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend of unknown causes. She was buried in a church in Gravesend in the United Kingdom, numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, and she is a subject of art, literature, Pocahontass birth year is unknown, but some historians estimate it to have been around 1596. In A True Relation of Virginia, Smith described the Pocahontas he met in the spring of 1608 as being a child of ten years old. In a letter written in 1616, he described her as she was in 1608. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, Pocahontass childhood was probably little different from that of most girls who lived in Tsenacommacah. She learned how to perform what was considered to be work, which included foraging for food and firewood, farming. As she grew older, she helped other members of Powhatans household with preparations for large feasts, serving feasts, such as the one presented to John Smith after his capture, was a regular obligation of the Mamanatowick, or paramount chief. Bestowed at different times, the names carried different meanings and might be used in different contexts, Early in her life she was given a secret name, Matoaka, but later she was also known as Amonute. Matoaka means Bright Stream Between the Hills, Amonute cannot be translated, according to the anthropologist Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas revealed to the English only after she had taken another religious—baptismal—name, Rebecca. Pocahontass Christian name, Rebecca, may have been a gesture to Rebecca of the Book of Genesis who, as the mother of Jacob
Pocahontas
–
Portrait engraving by
Simon de Passe, 1616.
Pocahontas
Pocahontas
Pocahontas
–
John Gadsby Chapman, The Baptism of Pocahontas (1840)
21.
Peninsula Campaign
–
The Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B, McClellan, was an amphibious turning movement against the Confederate States Army in Northern Virginia, intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. McClellan landed his army at Fort Monroe and moved northwest, up the Virginia Peninsula, Magruders defensive position on the Warwick Line caught McClellan by surprise. His hopes for a quick advance foiled, McClellan ordered his army to prepare for a siege of Yorktown, just before the siege preparations were completed, the Confederates, now under the direct command of Johnston, began a withdrawal toward Richmond. The first heavy fighting of the campaign occurred in the Battle of Williamsburg, in which the Union troops managed some tactical victories, an amphibious flanking movement to Elthams Landing was ineffective in cutting off the Confederate retreat. In the Battle of Drewrys Bluff, an attempt by the U. S. Navy to reach Richmond by way of the James River was repulsed. As McClellans army reached the outskirts of Richmond, a battle occurred at Hanover Court House. The battle was inconclusive, with casualties, but it had lasting effects on the campaign. On August 20,1861, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan formed the Army of the Potomac, with himself as its first commander. During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a degree of organization to his new army. It was an achievement, in which he came to personify the Army of the Potomac. He created defenses for Washington that were almost impregnable, consisting of 48 forts and strong points, on November 1,1861, Gen. Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general in chief of all the Union armies. The president expressed his concern about the vast labor involved in the role of army commander and general in chief. On January 27, Lincoln issued an order that all of his armies to begin offensive operations by February 22. On January 31, he issued an order for the Army of the Potomac to move overland to attack the Confederates at Manassas Junction. Although Lincoln believed his plan was superior, he was relieved that McClellan finally agreed to begin moving, on March 8, doubting McClellans resolve, Lincoln called a council of war at the White House in which McClellans subordinates were asked about their confidence in the Urbanna plan. They expressed their confidence to varying degrees, after the meeting, Lincoln issued another order, naming specific officers as corps commanders to report to McClellan. McClellan retooled his plan so that his troops would disembark at Fort Monroe, Virginia, in the Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia defeated wooden U. S
Peninsula Campaign
–
George B. McClellan and
Joseph E. Johnston, respective commanders of the
Union and
Confederate armies in the Peninsula Campaign.
Peninsula Campaign
–
Brig. Gen.
Samuel P. Heintzelman
Peninsula Campaign
–
Brig. Gen.
Erasmus D. Keyes
Peninsula Campaign
–
Maj. Gen.
D. H. Hill
22.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
–
New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
23.
Fort Crafford
–
Fort Crafford is a historic archaeological site located at Fort Eustis, Newport News, Virginia. It is an earthwork located on Mulberry Island and built by Confederate forces in 1862. The earthworks on Mulberry Island are considered part of the Warwick Line, the purpose of these works was to prevent the Union from flanking the line on the James River. The fort formed the James River terminus of the second defensive line. Mulberry Point Battery, a battery, guarded the Swash Channel along the James River. This battery was a complement to Fort Huger on the side of the river. The fort was called the work at Mulberry Island, ” or Mulberry Island Fort. This fort was not intended to be part of the main Warwick Line, Confederate forces withdrew from Mulberry Island in May 1862 to move closer to Richmond, so Fort Crafford never saw combat. The foundation of the Crafford house located within the earthwork was excavated in the 1970s by amateur archaeologists of the Fort Eustis Historical and Archaeological Association, the brick and oyster-shell mortar foundation of the house remains, surrounded by a protective fence. Three areas of domestic activity were identified. Fort Crafford was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974
Fort Crafford
–
Foundation of the Crafford house.
24.
Virginia Peninsula
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The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, USA, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. It is sometimes known as the Lower Peninsula to distinguish it from two other peninsulas to the north, the Middle Peninsula and the Northern Neck and it is the site of historic Jamestown, founded in 1607 as the first English settlement in North America. Geographically located at the northwestern reaches, Charles City and New Kent counties are part of the Virginia Peninsula, in the 21st century, they are also considered part of the Richmond-Petersburg region. The rest of the Virginia Peninsula is all part of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, the Hampton Roads MSA is the common name for the metropolitan area that surrounds the body of water of the same name. It is the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the Southeast and the 32nd largest in the United States, the land portion of Hampton Roads has been historically divided into two regions, the Virginia Peninsula or Peninsula on the north side, and South Hampton Roads on the south side. More recently, the boundaries of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area have expanded to include the two southernmost counties of the Middle Peninsula, across the York River from the Virginia Peninsula. Early in the 16th century, Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to see the Chesapeake Bay and they were searching for the Northwest Passage to India and the Orient. They named the now known as Virginia, as Ajacán. The Spanish succeeded in founding a settlement in the New World in 1565 at St. Augustine. It was the first founded by Europeans in what is now the United States and they established small Spanish outposts along the eastern coast into present-day Georgia and the Carolinas. The northern-most post was Santa Elena, from there Juan Pardo was commissioned to lead expeditions into the interior, founding Fort San Juan in 1567-1568 at the regional Mississippian culture chiefdom of Joara. Located in present-day western North Carolina, this was the first European settlement in the interior of North America, the first permanent English settlement in North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown. The first continuously occupied settlement was at Kecoughtan in Elizabeth City County what is now the City of Hampton, nearby, Fort Monroe, the countrys oldest military base still in use is located at Old Point Comfort. Old Point Comfort is also the site of the first landing of Africans in America, after declaring independence from Great Britain, Virginias first state capital was Williamsburg. Also, the battle of the American Revolution, the siege of Yorktown in 1781. At the outset of the Peninsula Campaign, the Battle of Hampton Roads between the first ironclad warships took place near the mouth of the James River off the tip of Warwick County. The 1862 Siege of Yorktown took place along the York River, finally, after a lengthy standoff, the largest Union Army of the war under General George B. As the region and Virginia rebuilt during Reconstruction, the Chesapeake, however, the tidal portion of the James River, while navigable from Hampton Roads to the fall line at Richmond, couldnt accommodate the deep drafts of collier ships
Virginia Peninsula
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This 1996 satellite photo shows
Hampton Roads, with the lower (southeastern) end of Virginia Peninsula filling most of the top half of the image
Virginia Peninsula
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The Virginia Peninsula is highlighted in orange
Virginia Peninsula
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James River Bridge, viewed from Huntington Park Beach
Virginia Peninsula
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Two F-22A turn in on final approach to Langley Air Force Base
25.
Yorktown, Virginia
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Yorktown is a census-designated place in York County, Virginia, United States. It is the county seat of York County, one of the eight original shires formed in colonial Virginia in 1682, Yorktowns population was 195 as of the 2010 census, while York Countys population was 66,134 in the 2011 census estimate. Although the war would last for another year, this British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war, Yorktown also figured prominently in the American Civil War, serving as a major port to supply both northern and southern towns, depending upon who held Yorktown at the time. Today, Yorktown is one of three sites of the Historic Triangle, which also includes Jamestown and Williamsburg as important colonial-era settlements and it is the eastern terminus of the Colonial Parkway connecting these locations. Yorktown is also the terminus of the TransAmerica Trail, a bicycle touring route created by the Adventure Cycling Association. One of Yorktowns historic sister cities is Zweibrücken in Germany, based on participation of a unit from there during the American Revolutionary War. Yorktown, named for the ancient city of York in Yorkshire, the lawyer Thomas Ballard was the principal founder of the city along with Joseph Ring. It was called York until after the American Revolutionary War, when the name Yorktown came into common use, the town reached the height of its development around 1750, when it had 250 to 300 buildings and a population of almost 2,000 people. It was the base of British General Charles Cornwallis during the 1781 siege, in his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson noted that the York River at Yorktown affords the best harbour in the state for vessels of the largest size. The river there narrows to the width of a mile, and is contained within very high banks, in addition, tobacco exhausted the soil, and planters shifted to mixed crops, which required less slave labor. Many generations of younger sons migrated out of the Tidewater area to new lands further west, into the Piedmont and beyond to Kentucky, Tennessee and what became the Northwest Territory. During the 1862 Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War, the town was captured by the Union following the Siege and it was used as a base by the Union Army of the Potomac under General George B. McClellan to launch an attack on Richmond. One of Yorktowns sister cities is Zweibrücken, Germany and this was one of the four regiments that arrived at Newport, Rhode Island with Rochambeau in 1780. It participated on the side of Americans in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, during World War I, to support Atlantic defenses, the federal government in 1918 acquired about 13,000 acres for development by the US Navy as Mine Depot, Yorktown. This large installation straddled York, Warwick and James City counties and it has since expanded and been developed as Naval Weapons Station Yorktown. Cheatham Annex, a facility which was developed over the town of Penniman, is also included as part of the base. United States Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown serves as a school for the United States Coast Guard. Also relatively close to Yorktown are Camp Peary, the Northrop Grumman Newport News Shipbuilding yards and facilities, other major installations in the area are Naval Station Norfolk, located at Norfolk, and Langley Air Force Base in Hampton
Yorktown, Virginia
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Yorktown, Virginia
Yorktown, Virginia
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Surrender of
Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. (Painting by
John Trumbull)
Yorktown, Virginia
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The Somerwell House (c.1700) on Main Street.
Yorktown, Virginia
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Monument at Yorktown, celebrating victory in the
American Revolutionary War. Installed 1884.
26.
York River (Virginia)
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The York River is a navigable estuary, approximately 34 miles long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. It ranges in width from 1 mile at its head to 2.5 miles near its mouth on the west side of Chesapeake Bay and its watershed drains an area including portions of 17 counties of the coastal plain of Virginia north and east of Richmond. Its banks were inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years, in 2003 evidence was found of the likely site of Werowocomoco, one of two capitals used by the paramount chief Powhatan before 1609. The site was inhabited since 1200 CE as a major village, enormously important in later U. S. history, the river was also the scene of early settlements of the Virginia Colony. It was the site of significant events and battles in both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War, the York River is formed at West Point, approximately 35 miles east of Richmond, by the confluence of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers. It drains into the Chesapeake Bay towards the southeast, entering the bay approximately 5 miles east of Yorktown, U. S. Highway 17 crosses the estuary from Yorktown to Gloucester Point on the George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge. The York River was formerly known as the Pamunkey River by the Native Americans, colonists of the Virginia Company in the 17th century first called it the Charles River. In 2002-2003, archeological evidence was found of an ancient settlement on the York River at Purtan Bay. With excavations since then, researchers have concluded this is likely the site of Werowocomoco and they have found evidence of a large residential village inhabited since 1200 CE, with major earthworks constructed in 1400 CE, more than 200 years prior to the English colonists. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, excavations continue by a team from the College of William and Mary, the Virginia Department of Natural History and representatives of Virginia descendant tribes of the Powhatan. The peninsula formed by the York and the James rivers just to the south became the scene of the end campaign of the American Revolutionary War in October 1781. The British Army under Cornwallis at Yorktown found itself cornered by the Americans under George Washington on land, the ensuing American victory at the Battle of Yorktown forced the surrender of Cornwallis and the end of the war in the east. During the American Civil War, the area became the theater of the Peninsular Campaign of 1862. In modern times, York River State Park is located along the southern shore northwest of Yorktown in James City County, also on the south shore are several large military reservations, including Camp Peary and the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown of the U. S. Navy. Large areas of preserved wetlands and forest are considered important to migratory waterfowl. The National Park Services Colonial Parkway provides a passage through a portion of this natural area between Williamsburg and Yorktown. The only vehicular crossing of the York River is the George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge, the toll bridge, which was rebuilt and expanded in the mid-1990s, collects a $2 toll for automobile traffic, the fee is collected only from northbound drivers. The bridge has one of the sites of a special program to establish
York River (Virginia)
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York River at Yorktown, ca. 1903
York River (Virginia)
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The banks of the York near Yorktown
York River (Virginia)
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The George P. Coleman Bridge
27.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
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Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
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Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
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This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
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Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
28.
Fort Monroe
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Fort Monroe is a decommissioned military installation in Hampton, Virginia—at Old Point Comfort, the southern tip of the Virginia Peninsula. Surrounded by a moat, the star fort is the largest stone fort ever built in the United States. During the initial exploration by the mission headed by Captain Christopher Newport in the earliest days of the Colony of Virginia, beginning by 1609, defensive fortifications were built at Old Point Comfort during Virginias first two centuries. The first was a wooden stockade named Fort Algernourne, however, the much more substantial facility of stone to become known as Fort Monroe were completed in 1834. The principal facility was named in honor of U. S. President James Monroe, throughout the American Civil War, although most of Virginia became part of the Confederate States of America, Fort Monroe remained in Union hands. It became notable as a historic and symbolic site of early freedom for former slaves under the provisions of contraband policies, for two years thereafter, the former Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, was imprisoned at the fort. His first months of confinement were spent in a cell of the fort walls that is now part of its Casemate Museum. In the 20th century, it housed the Coast Artillery School and later the United States Army Training, Fort Monroe was decommissioned on September 15,2011, and many of its functions were transferred to nearby Fort Eustis. Several re-use plans for Fort Monroe are under development in the Hampton community, on November 1,2011, President Barack Obama signed a proclamation to designate portions of Fort Monroe as a National Monument. This was the first time that President Obama exercised his authority under the Antiquities Act and it has a 332-slip marina and shallow water inlet access to Mill Creek, suitable for small watercraft. The land area where Fort Monroe is became part of Elizabeth Cittie in 1619, Elizabeth River Shire in 1634, on their initial exploration, they recognized the strategic importance of the site at Old Point Comfort for purposes of coastal defense. They initially built Fort Algernourne at the location of the present Fort Monroe and it is assumed to have been a triangular stockade, based on the fort at Jamestown. Other small forts known as Fort Henry and Fort Charles were built nearby in 1610, in the latter part of August 1619, a Dutch ship, the White Lion, appeared off the coast of Old Point Comfort. Its cargo included more than 30 Africans captured from the slave ship Sao Joao Bautista, traded for work and supplies from the English, they were the first Africans to come ashore on British-occupied land in what would become the United States. Although the Bantu Africans from Angola were considered indentured servants, their arrival is considered to mark the beginning of slavery in America, another fort, known only as the fort at Old Point Comfort was constructed in 1632. In 1728, Fort George was built on the site and its masonry walls were destroyed by a hurricane in 1749, but the wood buildings in the fort were used by a reduced force until at least 1775. In 1781, during the Siege of Yorktown, the French West Indian fleet established a battery on the ruins of Fort George, throughout the Colonial period, fortifications were manned at the location from time to time. Following the War of 1812, the United States realized the need to protect Hampton Roads, in March 1819, President James Monroe came up with a plan of building a network of coastal defenses
Fort Monroe
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Fort Monroe
Fort Monroe
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The
Old Point Comfort Light at Fort Monroe, built in 1802
Fort Monroe
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Map of Fort Monroe by Robert Knox Sneden, 1862
Fort Monroe
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Slaves escape to the fort after Gen. Butler's decree that all slaves behind Union lines would be protected. The policy was called the "Fort Monroe Doctrine", alluding to Butler's headquarters at the Fort.
29.
Hampton Roads
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Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water in Virginia and the surrounding metropolitan region in Southeastern Virginia and Northeastern North Carolina, United States. The body of known as Hampton Roads is one of the worlds largest natural harbors. It incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River, Nansemond River, the land area includes a collection of cities, counties and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the areas further from the harbor may or may not be included as part of Hampton Roads. The Combined Statistical Area includes four counties in North Carolina, pushing the regional population to over 1.8 million residents. The area is steeped in 400 years of American history, with hundreds of historical sites, the harbor was the key to Hampton Roads growth, both on land and in water-related activities and events. While the harbor and its tributaries were important transportation conduits, at the time they presented obstacles to land-based commerce. Creating and maintaining adequate infrastructure has long been a major challenge, the term Hampton Roads is a centuries-old designation that originated when the region was a struggling English outpost nearly four hundred years ago. The origin of the two words is noteworthy, the word Hampton honors one of the founders of the Virginia Company of London and a great supporter of the colonization of Virginia, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. The early administrative center of the new colony was known as Elizabeth Cittie, named for Princess Elizabeth, the daughter of King James I, the town at the center of Elizabeth Cittie became known as Hampton, and a nearby waterway was designated Hampton Creek. Other references to the Earl include the area to the north across the bay became known as Northampton. As with Hampton, both of these remain in use today. The term Roads indicates the safety of a port, as applied to a body of water, examples of other roadsteads are Castle Roads, in another of the Virginia Companys settlements, Bermuda, and Lahaina Roads, in Hawaii. In 1755, the Virginia General Assembly recorded the name Hampton Roads as the channel linking the James, Elizabeth, and Nansemond rivers with the Chesapeake Bay. Hampton Roads has become known as the worlds largest natural harbor, the U. S. Postal Service changed the areas postmark from Tidewater Virginia to Hampton Roads, Virginia beginning in 1983. While the borders of what locals call Hampton Roads may not perfectly align with the definition of the MSA, Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News, VA–NC MSA is a U. S. According to the 2010 Census, its population is 1,676,822, since a state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities and they are not legally located in a county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia, each MSA is listed by its counties, then cities, in alphabetical order and not by size
Hampton Roads
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Hampton Roads Also known as Tidewater, Virginia
Hampton Roads
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The harbor area of Hampton Roads, from official state map of pre-civil war Virginia circa 1858. image from the Library of Virginia
Hampton Roads
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Battle of Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads
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View of the Elizabeth River with Downtown Norfolk at top right. The carrier in the foreground is
USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75).
30.
Old Point Comfort
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Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton. It lies at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the United States. According to a combination of old records and legend, the derived from an incident when the Jamestown settlers first arrived. Captain Christopher Newports flagship, Susan Constant, anchored nearby on 28 April 1607, members of the crew rowed to a point where they found a channel which put them in good comfort. They named the adjacent land Cape Comfort, now known as Old Point Comfort to differentiate it from New Point Comfort 21 miles up the Chesapeake Bay, Point Comfort formed the beginning of the boundary of colonial Virginia. It allowed its western claims to become the state of Kentucky in 1790, Kentucky was officially admitted as a state on June 1,1792. The lighthouse was captured by the British during the War of 1812, after their futile attempt to seize the town of Norfolk, the invading British Navy landed at Old Point Comfort and used the lighthouse tower as an observation post. From there they invaded and burned Hampton on June 25,1813, Old Point Comfort is the location of historic Fort Monroe, The Chamberlin, and the Old Point Comfort Light. Old Point Comfort was the site in 1909 where Southern Baptists and she hit shoal water a distance of three ship-lengths from the main channel. Lifted some seven feet above waterline, she stuck hard and fast, with the aid of tugboats, pontoons, and an incoming tide, she was refloated on 1 February 1950 and repaired. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Old Point Comfort lighthouse, Lighthouse Friends Website
Old Point Comfort
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Old Point Comfort, ca.1900
