1.
Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall
–
Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall is a Joint Base of the United States military that is located around Arlington, Virginia which is made up of Fort Myer, Fort McNair, and Henderson Hall. It is the residue of the Base Realignment and Closure,2005 process. It is commanded by the United States Army but has resident commands of Army, Navy, most conspicuous is the Arlington National Cemetery Honor Guard. The two eponymous bases are co-located along the west boundary of the cemetery, and Fort McNair is across the Potomac River, in Washington, DC, on the Anacostia River. On Fort McNair sits Grant Hall which is the location of the 1865 military tribunal of the conspirators of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, each quarter the Hall is open to the public where people can visit the courtroom and learn more about the trials. Fort Myer is headquarters to service personnel working throughout the National Capital Region, the JBMHHs mission is to operate the Armys community and support Homeland Security in the nations capital. Stationed here are, The First and Fourth battalions of the 3rd U. S, johnson, is located on Summerall Field,200 feet northeast of the parade grounds flagpole. Due to its proximity to Arlington National Cemetery, this is also the base of operations for most Services Honor Guards, a large percentage of burials in Arlington National Cemetery originate from Old Post Chapel, one of the two chapels on Fort Myer. Visitors are also access to the caissons, stables and the Old Guard Museum. The militarys largest child development center, named the Cody Child Development Center, is located here, the Pentagram is written and produced here. It is a newspaper that is delivered to the joint base
2.
Military District of Washington
–
The United States Army Military District of Washington is one of nineteen major commands of the United States Army. Its headquarters are located at Fort Lesley J. McNair in Washington, the missions of the units in the Military District of Washington include ceremonial tasks as well as a combat role in the defense of the National Capital Region. The current Commanding General of the Military District of Washington is Major General Bradley A. Becker, the Military District of Washington Chief of Staff, and liaison to the JFHQ-NCR, is Colonel Mark A. Bertolini. MDW can trace its origin back to 1921 when the War Department created the District of Washington, today MDW is one of the Armys major commands. Its installations include Fort McNair, the nations second-oldest military post still in use, the District of Washington initially included Fort Washington, Md. Fort Hunt, Va. the District of Columbia and Fort Myer. In 1942, about five months after the U. S. entered World War II, MDW was headquartered during those years in temporary buildings at Gravelly Point, Virginia. It moved to Second Street, S. W. in Washington, D. C. in the early 1960s, during the World War II era, MDW was gradually reorganized as a service-and-support command. One of MDWs main responsibilities was servicing the newly built Pentagon through the Army Headquarters commandant, the U. S. Army Band, Pershings Own, also became an integral part of the commands ceremonial mission during this period. At the end of World War II, the 3rd U. S, Infantry Regiment was deactivated in Germany. This regiment, the oldest U. S. infantry unit, was reactivated in 1948 and assigned to MDW to meet the commands tactical commitments, although MDWs mission has remained the same, it has gained, lost and regained various installations and support responsibilities over the years. Vint Hill Farms and Arlington Hall Station, both in Virginia, and Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D. C. were once part of MDW, Cameron Station and Davison Army Airfield, near Fort Belvoir, joined MDW in the 1950s. In 1980 MDW gained responsibility for the administration and daily operation of Arlington National Cemetery, in 1987 MDWs support responsibilities for the Pentagon were transferred elsewhere. Fort Belvoir became a subordinate command in 1988. In 1992 Davison Aviation Command was reorganized as the Operational Support Airlift Command, additionally, they provide rotary-wing support to Army leadership and distinguished officials in the National Capital Region. In April 1993, MDW reorganized its MACOM staff and the Fort Myer Military Community formed a garrison staff to support Forts Myer and McNair, and Cameron Station. On 1 October 1993, Fort Meade, Fort Holabird and Fort Ritchie in Maryland, the command more than doubled in size as MDW went from four posts totaling 9,802 acres to eight posts totaling 91,889 acres. The number of members and civilians on MDW installations also increased from 16,166 to 61,531
3.
National Defense University
–
It is chartered by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, with Major General Frederick M. Padilla, USMC, as president. It is located on the grounds of Fort Lesley McNair in Washington, the universitys mission is to support the joint warfighter by providing rigorous Joint Professional Military Education to members of the U. S. Armed Forces and select interagency civilians in order to develop leaders that have the ability to operate and creatively think in an unpredictable, the schools masters program is a one-year intensive study program. Before 1946, the U. S. military relied on specially-created programs to meet specific needs and they also made use of smaller training programs elsewhere. The closer integration of forces and increasing complexity of strategy and technology necessitated the foundation of The National War College. To better integrate all the programs, Congress created the National Defense University in 1976. In 1981, the Joint Forces Staff College was created, followed by the Department of Defense Computer Institute in 1982, in 1984 the university created the Institute for National Strategic Studies to meet the demand for military research. After the Goldwater-Nichols Act and the House Armed Services Committee Skelton Panel Report, the university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Official website National Defense University publications on the Internet Archive
4.
United States Army
–
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
5.
Greenleaf Point
–
Buzzard Point is an urbanized area located on the peninsula formed by the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers in the southwest quadrant of Washington, D. C. George Washington had envisioned the use of some of Greenleafs lots at the Point by the military, in 1791, he and Pierre Charles LEnfant chose the site for the emplacement of a redoubt of some sort. They acquired approximately 28 acres by a deed of trust in that year, apparently, LEnfant intended for a fortification to be placed there, according to his city plan, setting it aside as Military District No. 5, because, as one wrote, the peninsula where the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers met was an obvious. This site, sported a one-gun battery mounted behind earth breastworks, possibly as early as 1791 but, at any rate, within a few years, The U. S. Arsenal at Greenleaf Point grew from 28 to more than 89 acres, by 1803, the Fort was first referred to as an Arsenal and Congress provided money for the construction of additional buildings. During the American Civil War, experiments on new weaponry were carried out both at the nearby Washington Navy Yard and at the Washington Arsenal as the Army installation had come to be called. Breechloaders, the Spencer carbine, and the Gatling gun were among the tested on the peninsula. In 1908, the tip of the peninsula bore the name of Arsenal Point because of its use at the time. Washington Arsenal was renamed Fort Lesley J. McNair in 1948. From its earliest times the Point was largely ignored by the population of the District, much as in a larger sense all of Southwest Washington remained somewhat separated. ”The marshy James Creek, flowing alongside the Arsenal served only as a source of disease. An 1875 survey of Buzzard Point found only 36 residences, eight “shanties” and six businesses, census figures show the population peaking at 323 in 1894 and then falling gradually,231 in 1900,185 in 1920,19 in 1940. The area always claimed an almost perfect balance between black and white residents, generally living side-by-side and all of the working class. “Farmer” was the most common profession up to about 1920, when “driver” replaced it. ”It is bordered on either side by true market gardens in the highest state of cultivation. ”The neighborhood understandably had a feel, and was seldom visited by outsiders, “A stranger is a very strange thing on Buzzard Point. ”Deterioration had clearly set in by the 1910s as fields were abandoned. As the population declined District planners looked for other uses for this neglected and this concerted effort destroyed what little was left of the old rural area without bringing in more than the railroad lines, the magnificent 1933 PEPCO power plant, and an oil/gas storage facility. Through the mid- and late-twentieth century these two facilities and adjoining smaller ones mostly closed as new development loomed from the nearby Navy Yard area. Some boat yards and marinas maintained themselves on National Park Service-owned land along the Anacostia River, the United States Geological Surveys most recent topographic maps identify the tip of the peninsula that contains Fort McNair as Greenleaf Point. The USGS maps also identify a point to the northeast of Greenleaf Point as Buzzard Point
6.
Peninsula
–
A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
7.
Potomac River
–
The Potomac River /pəˈtoʊmək/ is located along the mid-Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States and flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is approximately 405 miles long, with an area of about 14,700 square miles. In terms of area, this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States, over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed. The river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington, D. C. on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the right descending bank. The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of the State of Maryland, exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia, and the border with Virginia being delineated from point to point. Except for a portion of its headwaters in West Virginia. The South Branch Potomac River lies completely within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters, the Potomac River runs 405 miles from the Fairfax Stone in West Virginia on the Allegheny Plateau to Point Lookout, Maryland, and drains 14,679 square miles. The length of the river from the junction of its North and South Branches to Point Lookout is 302 miles, the average flow is 10,800 ft³/s. The largest flow recorded on the Potomac at Washington, D. C. was in March 1936 when it reached 425,000 ft³/s. The lowest flow recorded at the same location was 600 ft³/s in September,1966. The source of the North Branch is at the Fairfax Stone located at the junction of Grant, Tucker, the source of the South Branch is located near Hightown in northern Highland County, Virginia. The rivers two branches converge just east of Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia, to form the Potomac. Once the Potomac drops from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain at Little Falls, tides further influence the river as it passes through Washington, D. C. salinity in the Potomac River Estuary increases thereafter with distance downstream. The estuary also widens, reaching 11 statute miles wide at its mouth, Potomac is a European spelling of Patowmeck, the Algonquian name of a Native American village, perhaps meaning something brought. Native Americans had different names for different parts of the river, calling the river above Great Falls Cohongarooton, meaning honking geese and Patawomke below the fall, meaning river of swans. The spelling of the name has many forms over the years from Patawomeke to Patawomeck, Patowmack. The rivers name was decided upon as Potomac by the Board on Geographic Names in 1931. The river itself is at least two years old, likely extending back ten to twenty million years before present when the Atlantic Ocean lowered and exposed coastal sediments along the fall line
8.
Anacostia River
–
The Anacostia River /ænəˈkɒstiə/ is a river in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States. It flows from Prince Georges County in Maryland into Washington, D. C. where it joins with the Washington Channel to empty into the Potomac River at Buzzard Point and it is approximately 8.7 miles long. The name Anacostia derives from the early history as Nacotchtank. Heavy pollution in the Anacostia and weak investment and development along its banks have led to it becoming what many have called D. C. s forgotten river, in recent years, however, private organizations, local businesses, and the D. C. Maryland and federal governments have made joint efforts to reduce its pollution levels in order to protect the ecologically valuable Anacostia watershed, the mainstem of the Anacostia is formed by the confluence of the Northwest Branch and the Northeast Branch just north of Bladensburg, Maryland. Tributaries of these sources include Sligo Creek, Paint Branch, Little Paint Branch, Indian Creek, Upper Beaverdam Creek, Dueling Branch, tributaries of the mainstem Anacostia include Watts Branch, Lower Beaverdam Creek and Hickory Run. The watershed of the river roughly covers 176 sq mi in eastern Montgomery County and northern Prince Georges County, as well as parts of Washington, on earlier maps, the river was known as the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River until it received its current, official name. The Washington City Canal operated from 1815 until the mid-1850s, initially connecting the Anacostia to Tiber Creek and the Potomac River, the city canal fell into disuse in the late 19th century, and the city government covered over or filled in various sections. One of the biggest problems facing the Anacostia River is raw sewage that enters the river, the sewage creates a public health threat because of fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens, it also impairs water quality and can create hypoxic conditions that lead to large fish kills. The Anacostia Watershed Society sued the Washington, D. C, water and Sewer Authority in 1999 for allowing more than 2,000,000,000 US gallons of combined sewage and urban runoff to flow into the river via its antiquated combined sewer overflow system. In settling the lawsuit, WASA agreed to invest $140 million on pump station rehabilitation, pipe cleaning and maintenance, the governments of Montgomery County and Prince Georges County also operate stormwater management programs in their respective jurisdictions. In late 2004, AWS and other organizations announced plans to sue the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission over similar problems with contamination from the Maryland suburbs. According to WSSC, more than 4,000,000 US gallons of raw sewage were released into Anacostia tributaries between January 2001 and June 2004. Another large source of pollution is the Washington Navy Yard. In May 2009, a Bandalong Litter Trap floating litter-control system was placed in the Watts Branch tributary of the Anacostia River as part of Mayor Adrian Fentys Green DC Agenda. In its first year of operation, it removed more than 500 pounds of litter per month from the river. The Bladensburg Waterfront Park, part of the Prince Georges County Department of Parks and Recreation, the Port Towns Community Boathouse at the park is home to the rowing crews of the University of Maryland, The Catholic University of America, and several local high schools. 11th Street Bridges Anacostia Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge John Philip Sousa Bridge List of rivers of Washington, D. C
9.
Washington Channel
–
The Washington Channel is a channel that parallels the Potomac River in Washington, D. C. It is located between the Southwest Waterfront on the east side and East Potomac Park on the west side, the channel is two miles long, receives outflow from the Tidal Basin at its north end, and empties into the Anacostia River at Hains Point at its south end. The channels depth ranges from 8.8 feet to 23 feet, the Washington Channels east bank is lined with restaurants, inns, and marinas including Washington Marina, Gangplank Marina, and Capital Yacht Club. The Maine Avenue Fish Market is situated at the end of the channel. The Womens Titanic Memorial, Fort Lesley J. McNair, the National Defense University, as of August 2010, the USS Sequoia—a former United States presidential yacht—is docked at a pier in the Washington Channel. The bill was passed by the House on July 20,2010, nortons bill is part of a larger plan to redevelop the Southwest Waterfront, some goals of which are to extend docks and increase maritime activity just a short eyeshot from the U. S. Capitol building. The Coast Guard, the Navy, and the Army Corps of Engineers have agreed that this transfer will not affect navigation interests or adversely affect navigation safety
10.
United States Military Academy
–
It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
11.
Carlisle Barracks
–
Carlisle Barracks is a United States Army facility located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It is part of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and is the site of the U. S. Army War College and it is the nations second-oldest active military base. A brief 1756 encampment at Carlisle preceded the more permanent settlement in May 1757, after the American Revolutionary War, from 1783–1837, the town of Carlisle was significant as the frontier gateway, as a greatly increased wave of land-hungry migrants moved west. While the facility might have used to store ammunition and explosives. The Hessian Powder Magazine, now Hessian Guardhouse Museum, was built in 1777, in 1794, Carlisle Barracks became the center of intense military activity with the outbreak of the Whiskey Rebellion. President George Washington journeyed to the barracks to review the troops—perhaps as many as 10,000 men, the crisis was posed by farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania, who refused to pay a tax on the commercial whiskey they distilled from their corn crops. They had found corn processed as alcohol more easily transported east over the Alleghenies, president Washington recommended the barracks as the site for a Federal military academy, but Pennsylvania lost that political battle to the state of New York and its West Point location. The government decided to clear up ownership of the post, in 1801, in 1838 the School of Cavalry Practice was established at Carlisle Barracks. It was the small but elite mounted force, the forerunner of the Armor School now at Fort Benning. Sumner found most of the buildings in disrepair, the maneuver area less than adequate. Overcoming these problems included drilling his recruits at the time on foot to simulate the trotting of the missing horses. Another mounted organization, horse-drawn light artillery, also established its school at Carlisle Barracks, in 1839, Captain Samuel Ringgold arrived to begin training recruits and testing equipment for the flying artillery, as it was sometimes called. From the early Civil War days, south-central Pennsylvania was rife with rumors of a Confederate invasion up the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley from Virginia to Pennsylvania. Although many miles from the front, the garrison at Carlisle became a central supply center for ordnance stores, horses. Recruits once destined for Indian-fighting units on the frontier were prepared to replace casualties in Regular Army units. Entire units were sent to the barracks to refit before specific deployment, in June 1863, the Rebels are coming. In spite of a small defensive Pennsylvania militia and home guard force, Jenkins led his mounted brigade east along the Trindle Road, where they bivouacked while they took rations by wagon from the town. He had levied a demand for food for his 1,500 men, three North Carolina brigades occupied Carlisle Barracks, the troops camped on the parade grounds
12.
Mary Surratt
–
Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt was an American boarding house owner who was convicted of taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. Sentenced to death, she was hanged, becoming the first woman executed by the United States federal government, Surratt was the mother of John H. Surratt, Jr. who was later tried but was not convicted of involvement in the assassination. Mary Elizabeth Jenkins was born to Archibald and Elizabeth Anne Jenkins on a plantation near the southern Maryland town of Waterloo. Sources differ as to whether she was born in 1820 or 1823, there is uncertainty as to the month as well, although most sources say May. She had two brothers, John Jenkins, born in 1822, and James Jenkins, born in 1825 and her father died in the fall of 1825 when Mary was either two or five years old, upon which Marys mother inherited their property. She was a first cousin, once removed, of novelist F. Scott Fitzgeralds father Edward Fitzgerald, Marys maternal aunt, Sarah Latham Webster, was a Catholic, which may have influenced where she was sent to school. Within two years, Mary converted to Roman Catholicism and adopted the name of Maria Eugenia. She stayed at the Academy for Young Ladies for four years, leaving in 1839 and she remained a devout Catholic for the rest of her life. Mary Jenkins met John Harrison Surratt in 1839, when she was 16 or 19 and his family had settled in Maryland in the late 1600s. An orphan, he was adopted by Richard and Sarah Neale of Washington, the Neales divided their farm among their children, and Surratt inherited a portion of it. His background was questionable at best, and he had fathered at least one out of wedlock. John Surratt converted to Roman Catholicism prior to the marriage, John Surratt purchased a mill in Oxon Hill, Maryland, and the couple moved there. The Surratts had three children over the few years, Isaac, Elizabeth Susanna, and John, Jr. In 1843, John Surratt purchased from his adoptive father 236 acres of land straddling the D. C. /Maryland border, Richard Neale died in September 1843, and a month later John purchased 119 acres of land adjoining Foxhall. John and Mary Surratt and their children moved back to Johns childhood home in the District of Columbia in 1845 to help Johns mother run the Neale farm. But Sarah Neale fell ill and died in August 1845, having shortly before her death deeded the remainder of the Neale farm to John. Mary Surratt became involved in raising funds to build St. Ignatius Church in Oxon Hill and his behavior deteriorated over the next few years. John Surratt drank heavily, often failed to pay his debts, in 1851, the Neale farmhouse burned to the ground
13.
Lewis Powell (assassin)
–
Lewis Thornton Powell, also known as Lewis Payne and Lewis Paine, was an American citizen who attempted to assassinate United States Secretary of State William H. Seward on April 14,1865. He was a conspirator with John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln the same night, Powell was a Confederate soldier wounded at Gettysburg. He later served in Mosbys Rangers before working with the Confederate Secret Service in Maryland and he met Booth and was recruited into an unsuccessful plot to kidnap Lincoln. On April 14,1865, Booth resolved to assassinate Lincoln, Seward, Powell was given the task of killing Seward. He was assisted by David Herold, who guided Powell to Sewards home, Powell severely injured Seward, and Herold fled before Powell could exit the Seward home. Powell lost his way in the city, and three days later arrived at a house run by Mary Surratt, mother of co-conspirator John Surratt. By chance, the police were searching the house at that moment, Powell and three others, including Mary Surratt, were sentenced to death by a military tribunal and were executed at the Washington Arsenal. Lewis Thornton Powell was born in Randolph County, Alabama, on April 22,1844, to George Cader and he was the youngest son in a family of eight children. About this time, Lewis father freed the three slaves he owned, Powell and his siblings were all educated by their father, who was the local schoolmaster. In his early years, Lewis was described as quiet and introverted and he enjoyed carving, fishing, singing, reading, and studying. He also loved attending church, Sunday school, and prayer meetings and he often nursed and cared for sick and stray animals, earning the nickname Doc from his sisters. But Lewis could also be stubborn, and the entire family was well known for their hot tempers. When Lewis was 13, he was kicked in the face by the family mule, the break healed in a manner that made the left side of his jaw more prominent. Lewis late teen years were spent on the move, George Powell co-signed a loan for a family friend, and when that friend defaulted in 1859 the Powells were forced to sell their farm to make good the debt. The Powells moved that year to the village of Belleville in Hamilton County. On May 30,1861, Lewis Powell left home and traveled to Jasper, Florida and he was accepted because he lied about his age. Powells unit fought in March and April 1862 in the Peninsula Campaign, Powell became a battle-hardened and effective soldier. He won praise from his officers, and claimed that when he shot his rifle he did so to kill
14.
David Herold
–
David Edgar Herold was an accomplice of John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865. After the shooting, Herold accompanied Booth to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, the two men then continued their escape through Maryland and into Virginia, and Herold remained with Booth until the authorities cornered them in a barn. Herold surrendered but Booth was shot and died a few hours later, Herold was sentenced to death and hanged with three other conspirators at Washington Arsenal. David E. Herold was born in Maryland, the sixth of eleven children of Adam George Herold, Adam and Mary were married on November 9,1828 in Washington, D. C. David was their only son to survive to adulthood. His father Adam was the Chief Clerk of the Naval Storehouse at the Washington Navy Yard for over 20 years. Herolds family was financially and lived in a large brick house at 636 Eighth Street S. E. in Washington. David attended Gonzaga College High School, Georgetown College, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, in 1860 Herold received a certificate in pharmacy from Georgetown College. He then worked as an assistant and as a clerk for a doctor. He became acquainted with John Surratt while attending classes at Charlotte Hall Military Academy in the late 1850s, a few years later, in December 1864, Surratt introduced him to John Wilkes Booth. Years later, Tumblety would be named as one of the Jack the Ripper suspects, on the night of April 14,1865, Herold guided Lewis Powell to Seward’s house. Inside, Powell attempted to kill Seward, severely wounding him, the ensuing commotion frightened Herold and he rode off, leaving Powell to fend for himself. He then met with Booth outside of Washington, D. C. and they proceeded to Surrattsville, another conspirator, George Atzerodt, was supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, but never made the attempt. It was at point that John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Fords Theater. When Booth jumped onto the stage of the Fords theater, he broke his fibula. When Booth was first across the bridge into Maryland and they retrieved their weapons cache and proceeded to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, who set Booths leg. Herold remained with Booth and continually aided him until Union cavalry caught up with them, Herold and Booth were trapped by authorities on April 26,1865, after taking refuge in a barn on the property of Richard Henry Garrett. Herold surrendered, but Booth refused to lay down his arms and was shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett through a crack in the barn wall and he died a few hours later. Corbett was ratified in his actions, as orders to hold fire had not been given, Herold was tried before a military tribunal. His defense being unsuccessful, Herold was convicted and sentenced to death and he was hanged in Washington City on July 7,1865
15.
George Atzerodt
–
George Andrew Atzerodt was a conspirator, with John Wilkes Booth, in the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. Vice President Andrew Johnson, he lost his nerve and did not make an attempt and he was executed along with three other conspirators by hanging. Atzerodt was born in Dörna, today part of Anrode, Germany and he immigrated to the United States in 1843 at the age of eight. As an adult, he opened his own carriage repair business in Port Tobacco, in January 1865, some years after opening his failed carriage repair business, Atzerodt was introduced to John Wilkes Booth in Washington, D. C. by John Surratt. Atzerodt was willing to join in Booths earlier conspiracy to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln, as he admitted in his trial. According to the prosecution, Booth assigned Atzerodt to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson on April 14,1865, on that morning, Atzerodt booked room 126 at the Kirkwood House in Washington, where Johnson was staying. However, he could not muster the courage to kill Johnson so he began drinking at the hotel bar and he presumably got drunk and spent the night walking the streets of Washington. During his stay at the hotel, Atzerodt had asked the bartender about Johnsons whereabouts and that aroused suspicion the next day after Lincoln was assassinated. An employee of the hotel contacted the police regarding a suspicious looking man in a gray coat, the military police then conducted a search of Atzerodts room on April 15 and found that he had not slept in it the night before. Additionally, he had a revolver concealed under his pillow as well as a concealed Bowie knife. The police also found a book belonging to Booth in the room. Atzerodt was arrested on April 20 and he was apprehended at the house of his cousin, Hartman Richter, in Germantown, Maryland. However, that was to no avail, after the conviction Atzerodt offered a confession to Reverend Butler, a minister who came to his cell to offer him comfort. Butler said that Atzerodt admitted going to the meeting in March to help plan the kidnapping of Lincoln while he attended a play at a hospital, Atzerodt said he first heard about Booths plan to assassinate the President just two hours before the shooting. Atzerodt said that Booth really wanted David Herold to assassinate Vice President Johnson because he thought that Herold had more pluck than Atzerodt did, Atzerodt said Booth wanted him to back up Herold and give him more courage. Atzerodt and three other convicted conspirators were hanged in Washington, D. C. on July 7,1865, Atzerodts last words were May we all meet in the other world. He did not die instantly, his neck did not break upon impact, Atzerodt is interred in Glenwood Cemetery, located at 2219 Lincoln Road NE in Washington, D. C. Biography and Images of George Atzerodt, Assassination Conspirator, university of Missouri Kansas City School of Law
16.
Alexander Gardner (photographer)
–
Alexander Gardner was a Scottish photographer who immigrated to the United States in 1856, where he began to work full-time in that profession. He is best known for his photographs of the American Civil War, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, Alexander was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, on 17 October 1821. He became a jeweller at the age of 14, lasting seven years. Gardner had a Church of Scotland upbringing and was influenced by the work of Robert Owen, Welsh socialist, by adulthood he desired to create a cooperative in the United States that would incorporate socialist values. In 1850, Gardner and others purchased land near Monona, Iowa, for this purpose and he stayed there until 1856, becoming owner and editor of the Glasgow Sentinel in 1851. Visiting The Great Exhibition in 1851 in Hyde Park, London, he saw the photography of American Mathew Brady, in 1856, Alex and his family immigrated to the United States. Finding that many friends and family members at the cooperative he had helped to form were dead or dying of tuberculosis and he initiated contact with Brady and came to work for him that year, continuing until 1862. At first, Gardner specialized in making large photographic prints, called Imperial photographs, in 1858, Brady put him in charge of his Washington, D. C. gallery. Abraham Lincoln became the American President in the November 1860 election, Gardner, being in Washington, was well-positioned for these events, and his popularity rose as a portrait photographer, capturing the visages of soldiers leaving for war. Brady had the idea to photograph the Civil War, Gardners relationship with Allan Pinkerton was the key to communicating Bradys ideas to Lincoln. Pinkerton recommended Gardner for the position of chief photographer under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, following that short appointment, Gardner became a staff photographer under General George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, at this point, Gardners management of Bradys gallery ended. The honorary rank of captain was bestowed upon Gardner, and he photographed the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, developing photos in his travelling darkroom. Gardner has often had his work misattributed to Brady, and despite his considerable output, Lincoln dismissed McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac in November 1862, and Gardner’s role as chief army photographer diminished. About this time, Gardner ended his relationship with Brady. That winter, Gardner followed General Ambrose Burnside, photographing the Battle of Fredericksburg, next, he followed General Joseph Hooker. In May 1863, Gardner and his brother James opened their own studio in Washington, D. C, Gardner photographed the Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege of Petersburg during this time. In 1866, Gardner published a work, Gardners Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War
17.
Pierre Charles L'Enfant
–
Pierre Peter Charles LEnfant was a French-born American architect and civil engineer best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington, D. C. the LEnfant Plan. In 1758, his brother Pierre Joseph died at the age of six and he studied art at the Royal Academy in the Louvre, as well as with his father at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He left school in France to enlist in the American Revolutionary War on the side of the rebelling colonials, LEnfant was recruited by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to join in the American Revolutionary War in the American colonies. He arrived in 1777 at the age of 23, and served as an engineer in the Continental Army with Major General Lafayette. He was commissioned as a captain in the Corps of Engineers on April 3,1779 to rank from February 18,1778, despite his aristocratic origins, LEnfant closely identified with the United States, changing his first name from Pierre to Peter. LEnfant served on General George Washingtons staff at Valley Forge, while there, the Marquis de Lafayette commissioned LEnfant to paint a portrait of Washington. He was wounded at the Siege of Savannah on October 9,1779 and he recovered and became a prisoner of war at surrender of Charleston, South Carolina on May 12,1780. He was exchanged in November 1780 and served on General George Washingtons staff for the remainder of the Revolutionary War, LEnfant was promoted by brevet to Major of Engineers on May 2,1783, in recognition of his service to the cause of American liberty. He was discharged when the Continental Army was disbanded in December 1783, after the war, LEnfant designed the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former officers of the Continental Army, shaped as an eagle, at the request of Washington. He was sent to France to have made for members of the Society. Following the American Revolutionary War, LEnfant established a successful and highly profitable civil engineering firm in New York City and he achieved some fame as an architect by redesigning the City Hall in New York for the First Congress of the United States. He also designed furniture and houses for the wealthy as well as coins and medals and he was also a friend of Alexander Hamilton. While LEnfant was in New York City, he was initiated into Freemasonry and his initiation took place on April 17,1789, at Holland Lodge No. 8, F & A M, which the Grand Lodge of New York F & A M had chartered in 1787, LEnfant took only the first of three degrees offered by the Lodge and did not progress further in Freemasonry. Included in the new district were the port towns of Georgetown. LEnfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9,1791, and began his work, Washington arrived later on March 28, to meet with LEnfant and the Commissioners for several days. On June 22, LEnfant presented his first plan for the city to the President. On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President, President Washington retained a copy of one of LEnfants plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners
18.
Arsenal
–
An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned. Arsenal and armoury or armory are mostly regarded as synonyms, although differences in usage exist. A sub-armory is a place of storage or carrying of weapons and ammunition. From Italian, arsenale, and French, arsenal, from Arabic, دار تعبئة, dār a-tabiya, in a second-class arsenal, the factories would be replaced by workshops. The situation of an arsenal should be governed by strategic considerations. If of the first class, it should be situated at the base of operations and supply, secure from attack, not too near a frontier, the importance of a large arsenal is such that its defences would be on the scale of those of a large fortress. The usual subdivision of branches in a great arsenal is into storekeeping, under construction, Gun factory, carriage factory, laboratory, small-arms factory, harness and tent factory, powder factory, etc. In a second-class arsenal there would be instead of these factories. Frederick Taylor introduced command and control techniques to arsenals, including the U. S. s Watertown Arsenal, armorer Dresden Armory Halifax Armoury Harpers Ferry Armory Kremlin Armoury Royal Arsenal Royal Armouries Springfield Armory Zeughaus Magazine
19.
Burning of Washington
–
The Burning of Washington was a British attack against Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. S. government. The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada and it marks the only time in U. S. history that Washington, D. C. has been occupied by a foreign force. President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a town in Montgomery County, Maryland. President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, bentleys house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville. Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden, following the storm, the British returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours, after the Storm that saved Washington, as it soon came to be called, the Americans were able to regain control of the city. The British government, already at war with Napoleonic France, adopted a strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812. Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was made on local militias. However, after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 and it was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada. The commanders were under orders, however, not to carry out operations far inland. He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia, Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane, stressing that the defenses there were weak, Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the ease of attacking the national capital. Cochrane instructed, You will spare merely the lives of the inhabitants of the United States. Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the Presidents Mansion, during which time a storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast. They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen and they requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings. Major-General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order, throughout the events of that day, a severe storm blew into the city, worsening on the night of August 24,1814
20.
War of 1812
–
Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
21.
United States Capitol
–
The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
22.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
23.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
–
Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered. An unsuccessful attempt had made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the stage actor John Wilkes Booth. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government. As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of three or four feet, hitting him in the back of the head. At 7,22 a. m. the following day, the rest of the conspirators plot failed, Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnsons would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made an escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning, John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was a proud Southerner and an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860, Booth was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore, born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the general of all the Unions armies. As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South. John Wilkes Booth conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael OLaughlen, Lewis Powell, and John Surratt to help him. Surratts mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, while Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth in The Marble Heart at Fords on November 9,1863. Subsequently Lincoln sent a invitation backstage inviting Booth to visit the White House, afterwards, actor Frank Mordaunt stated that Booth evaded multiple invitations from the president. Lincoln was an admirer of the man who assassinated him and that actor was John Wilkes Booth. Booth attended Lincolns second inauguration on March 4,1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, on March 17,1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital
24.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
25.
Quartermaster Corps
–
The United States Army Quartermaster Corps is a Sustainment, formerly combat service support, branch of the United States Army. It is also one of three U. S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Transportation Corps and the Ordnance Corps, the officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Rodney D. Fogg, the Quartermaster Corps is the U. S. Armys oldest logistics branch, established 16 June 1775. On that date, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution providing for one Quartermaster General of the grand army, from 1775 to 1912, this organization was known as the Quartermaster Department. In 1912, Congress consolidated the former Subsistence, Pay, Quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every U. S. military operation from the Revolutionary War to current operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Regimental Insignia was authorized in 1986 and revised in 1994 to the current insignia, attached below the device is a gold scroll inscribed SUPPORTING VICTORY in black. The original regimental insignia was all gold and approved on 31 March 1986, the design was changed on 7 June 1994 to add color to the insignia. The Regimental DUI is worn on the Soldiers right side above the name tag, the Branch Insignia was approved in its present form in 1913. The sword is characteristic of military forces and symbolized the Quartermaster Corps control of military supplies, the key is representative of the Corps traditional storekeeping function. The wheel is styled after a wheel and represents transportation. The wheel has thirteen spokes, a red and white hub, the thirteen stars and spokes of the wheel represent the original colonies and the origin of the Corps which occurred during the Revolutionary War. The gilt eagle is the bird and is symbolic of our nation. The colors red, white and blue are the national colors, the Branch Insignia is worn on the lapel of the Army Service Uniform, singly on a brass disk for Enlisted personnel and in pairs for Officers. S. Army Remount Service horses/war dogs military heraldry Quartermaster detachments, companies, Quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery, water, and mortuary affairs units. Most are company level except petroleum and water, which has battalion, there is one Bulk petroleum Company on Active Duty. The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Rodney D. Fogg and this school provides enlisted advanced individual training and leader training for Quartermaster officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers. For a list of US Army Quartermaster Generals, see Quartermaster General, the Quartermaster Corps provides a host of vital services to the U. S. Army. But, because jobs are often not glamorous, very little is mentioned about Quartermaster soldiers in the mainstream media
26.
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
–
The Walter Reed Army Medical Center — known as Walter Reed General Hospital until 1951 — was the U. S. Armys flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011. Located on 113 acres in Washington, D. C. it served more than 150,000 active, the center was named after Major Walter Reed, an army physician who led the team that confirmed that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct contact. Since its origins, the WRAMC medical care facility grew from a bed capacity of 80 patients to approximately 5,500 rooms covering more than 28 acres of floor space. WRAMC combined with the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda, Maryland in 2011 to form the tri-service Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and its position at the confluence of the Anacostia River and the Potomac River made it an excellent site for the defense of the nations capital. Dating back to 1791, the post served as an arsenal, played an important role in the nations defense, today, Fort McNair enjoys a strong tradition as the intellectual headquarters for defense. It is reported that Walter Reed lived and worked in the facility when he was assigned as Camp Surgeon from 1881 to 1882, after having served on other assignments, he returned as Professor of Medicine and Curator of the Army Medical Museum. Some of his work included studies at Washington Barracks. Regarding the structure itself, since the 1890s the health clinic was used as an Army General Hospital where physicians, corpsmen, in 1899, the morgue was constructed which now houses the Dental Clinic, and in 1901 the hospital became an entirely separate command. This new organizational command relocated eight years later with the aide of horse-drawn wagons, having departed Ft. McNair, the organization has since developed into the Walter Reed Army Medical Center that we know today. As for the facility they left behind at Fort McNair, it functioned in a role as a post hospital until 1911 when the west wing was converted into a clinic. Congressional legislation appropriated $192,000 for the construction of Walter Reed General Hospital, lieutenant Colonel William Cline Borden was the initiator, planner and effective mover for the creation, location, and first Congressional support of the Medical Center. Due to his efforts, the facility was nicknamed Bordens Dream, in 1923, General John J. Pershing signed the War Department order creating the Army Medical Center within the same campus as the WRGH. Pershing lived at Walter Reed from 1944 until his death there July 15,1948, in June 1955, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology occupied the new Building 54 and, in November, what had been MDPSS was renamed the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. 1964 saw the birth of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower died at WRAMC on March 28,1969. Starting in 1972, a huge new WRAMC building was constructed, WRAIR moved from Building 40 to a large new facility on the WRAMC Forest Glen Annex in Maryland in 1999. Subsequently, Building 40 was slated for renovation under an enhanced use lease by a private developer, in February 2007, The Washington Post published a series of investigative articles outlining cases of alleged neglect at WRAMC as reported by outpatient soldiers and their family. Kiley, hospital commander from 2002 to 2004, Congressional committee hearings were called and numerous politicians weighed in on the matter including President George W. Bush, who had appointed Harvey and Vice-President Dick Cheney. Several independent governmental investigations are ongoing and the controversy has spread to other health facilities
27.
Walter Reed
–
This insight gave impetus to the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion of work on the Panama Canal by the United States. Reed followed work started by Carlos Finlay and directed by George Miller Sternberg who has called the first U. S. bacteriologist. Walter Reed was born in Gloucester County, Virginia, to Lemuel Sutton Reed and his first wife, during his youth, the family resided at Murfreesboro, North Carolina with his mothers family during his fathers preaching tours. After the American Civil War, Rev. Reed remarried, to Mrs. Mary C. Byrd Kyle of Harrisonburg, Virginia, young Walter enrolled at the University of Virginia. After two years, Reed completed the M. D. degree in 1869, two months before he turned 18 and he was the youngest-ever recipient of an M. D. from the university. After interning at several New York City hospitals, Walter Reed worked for the New York Board of Health until 1875 and he married Emilie Lawrence of North Carolina on April 26,1876 and took her West with him. Later, Emilie would give birth to a son and a daughter, finding his youth limited his influence, and dissatisfied with urban life, Reed joined the U. S. Army Medical Corps. This allowed him both professional opportunities and modest financial security to establish and support a family, after Reed passed a grueling 30-hour examination in 1875, the army medical corps enlisted him as an assistant surgeon. By this time, two of his brothers were working in Kansas, and Walter soon was assigned postings in the American West, Reed noticed the devastation epidemics could wreak and maintained his concerns about sanitary conditions. During one of his last tours, he completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory and these positions also allowed Dr. Reed to break free from the fringes of the medical world. In 1896, Reed first distinguished himself as a medical investigator and he proved that yellow fever among enlisted men stationed near the Potomac River was not a result of drinking the river water. He showed officials that the men who got yellow fever had a habit of taking trails through the local swampy woods at night. Their yellow fever-free fellow officers did not do so, Reed also proved that the local civilians drinking from the Potomac River had no relation to the incidence of the disease. Reed traveled to Cuba to study diseases in U. S. Army encampments there during the Spanish–American War, Yellow fever also became a problem for the Army during this time, felling thousands of soldiers in Cuba. In May 1900, Major Reed returned to Cuba when he was appointed head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases, during Reeds tenure with the U. S. The risky but fruitful work was done with human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel, such as Clara Maass. Reed often cited Finlays papers in his own articles and gave him credit for the discovery, the Cuban physician was a strong advocate of the transmission theory as the cause of yellow fever and discovered the type of mosquito that transmits yellow fever. His unsophisticated experiments that proved this were discounted by many, but were the basis of Reeds research, after Reed returned from Cuba in 1901, he continued to speak and publish on yellow fever
28.
United States Army War College
–
The United States Army War College is a U. S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments. Each year, a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission, approximately 800 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long distance learning program, and the other half in an on-campus, full-time resident program lasting ten months. Upon completion, the college grants its graduates a masters degree in Strategic Studies, Army applicants must have already completed the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, the required Professional Military Education for officers in the rank of major. Majors with the specialty of Function Area 59, Strategist, formerly Strategic Plans and Policy, also attend their qualification course, the Basic Strategic Arts Program, at the college. The Army War College is one of the three senior service colleges of the U. S. Department of Defense, joined by the Naval War College for the U. S. Navy, the Army War College is a split-functional institution. While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research, students are instructed in leadership, strategy. Established from the learned in the Spanish–American War, the College was founded by Secretary of War, Elihu Root. Washington Barracks—now called Fort Lesley J. McNair—in Washington, D. C. was chosen as the site, theodore Roosevelt attended the Masonic laying of the cornerstone of Roosevelt Hall on 21 February 1903. The first president of the Army War College was Major General Samuel B. M. Young in July 1902, the College remained at Washington Barracks until the 1940s, when it was closed due to World War II. It reopened in 1950 at Fort Leavenworth, and moved one year later to its present location, the Basic Strategic Art Program is one of the academic programs taught at the U. S. Army War College. FA59 officers have deployed to combat since the onset of the Global War on Terror in 2001, since then, graduates of this program served in key positions in Iraq, Afghanistan, all combatant commands, and at the Pentagon. The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute is located at the War College, the institutes mission is to serve as the U. S. S. S. Army heraldic entitlements for the War College What Is the War College, a May 2004 article from Slate
29.
Roosevelt Hall (National War College)
–
Roosevelt Hall is an immense Beaux Arts-style building housing the National War College on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC, USA. The original home of the Army War College, it is now designated a National Historical Landmark, the historic Washington Arsenal was selected as the site. Between 1901 and 1903, the early 19th-century arsenal buildings were razed to make way for the projected complex, the cornerstone for Roosevelt Hall was laid on February 21,1903, and on June 30,1907, the building was occupied for the first time. Roosevelt Hall housed the Army War College from 1907 to 1946 when that institution moved to Fort Leavenworth, the role of the NWC closely parallels that of the AWC, but on a broader, multi-service basis. Additional subterranean office space was excavated in the 1960s beneath the front terrace of Roosevelt Hall so as not to affect the structures exterior, the two main interior spaces have for the most part remained undisturbed over a century. Roosevelt Hall was designed by the noted New York architectural firm McKim, Mead, the Neo-Classical style building is constructed of red brick with granite trim. It faces north onto a long greensward while the buildings rear elevation overlooks the Potomac. The ground plan of Roosevelt Hall is oriented on a formed by the intersection of a domed central pavilion and wings extending laterally to the east and west. The main pavilion is pedimented and, on the facade, is distinguished by a tall arched loggia featuring a distyle in antis Ionic screen. Surmounting the entablature of this screen, in each instance, is a symbolic sculpted eagle. Acroteria adorn the long, slate-covered ridge roof, at the central pavilion, a two-story windowless, pilastered, vaultless apse projects from the south elevation. It was originally intended that the terraces on the north side of Roosevelt Hall would include impressive statuary of great warriors. Podia for statues were constructed, but they were never installed, except for one of Frederick the Great, anti-German sentiment at the time of World War I forced its removal. The central feature of the interior is a three-story, marble-floored rotunda, an inner saucer dome of vaulted brick covers the rotunda and terminates in an oculus through which a large metal chandelier is suspended from the outer dome. Contrasting with the white walls of the space are exposed brick structural members, pilasters. Between two of the pilasters is a large marble plaque commemorating the efforts of Secretary of War Root in the establishment of the AWC. Flanking the plaque are portraits of Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry Stimson, additional portraits and busts of prominent American military figures also adorn the rotunda. The east wing was extensively modernized in the century and contains classrooms ranged along a central corridor at all three main levels
30.
McKim, Mead and White
–
McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm that thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firms founding partners were Charles Follen McKim, William Rutherford Mead and they hired many other architects, partners, associates, designers and draftsmen, who came to prominence during or after their time at the firm. The firms New York City buildings include Manhattans former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library and Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D. C. the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy. McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872 and they were joined in 1879 by White, who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Its vision was to clean up the confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White, McKim, among the firms final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964, Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates, lewis Colt Albro – who formed a partnership with Harrie T. Lindeberg from 1906 to 1914. Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897, boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton. Page Brown - worked with the beginning in the 1880s, went to California. Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm, he took it over in 1961, john Merven Carrère – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings. Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, Thomas Hastings – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885. William Mitchell Kendall, worked with the firm from 1882 until his death, Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until Whites death in 1906. Austin W. James Kellum Smith – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961, full partner in 1929, and he primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History. Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice, robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firms business after Whites death. William M. Wells – worked as firms first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90, often considered to be the fourth partner
31.
National War College
–
The National War College of the United States is a school in the National Defense University. It is housed in Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, the National War College was officially established on July 1,1946, as an upgraded replacement for the Army-Navy Staff College, which operated from June 1943 to July 1946. The college was one of James Forrestals favorite causes and its graduates will exercise a great influence on the formulation of national and foreign policy in both peace and war. Mid-level and senior officers who are likely to be promoted to the most senior ranks are selected to study at the War College in preparation for higher staff. About 75 percent of the student body is composed of equal representation from the land, air, the remaining 25 percent are drawn from the Department of State and other federal departments and agencies. In addition, international fellows from a number of countries join the student body, the curriculum is based upon critical analysis of strategic problem solving with emphasis on strategic leadership. Starting with the 2014–2015 academic year, the curriculum will be based upon a standard throughout National Defense University. All lectures at the National War College are conducted under a strict no quotation nor attribution policy which has facilitated discussion on some of the most difficult issues of the day. Graduates of the National War College include numerous current and former officers, general officers. Notable graduates include former U. S. Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, U. S. Jones, former U. S Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki, former U. S. Roosevelt Hall is a Beaux Arts–style building housing the NWC since its inception in 1946, designed by the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead and White, it is now designated a National Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
32.
Lieutenant general (United States)
–
In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and the United States Air Force, lieutenant general is a three-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-9. Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general, Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of generals that may be concurrently active to 230 for the Army,60 for the Marine Corps. For the Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute, officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The President may also add three-star slots to one if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the presidents discretion during time of war or national emergency, the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy is almost always a U. S. Army lieutenant general, either upon appointment or shortly thereafter. The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, the nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute, some statutory limits under the U. S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare, other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer, otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a number of three-star slots available to each service. Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon. Currently, five women serve as lieutenant generals in the US Army, in theory, a general vacates their three or four-star rank at termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur, who served as general and Army Chief of Staff. Even with the status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade
33.
Lesley J. McNair
–
Lesley James McNair was a senior United States Army officer who served during World War I and World War II. He attained the rank of lieutenant general during his life, he was killed in action during World War II, a Minnesota native and 1904 graduate of the United States Military Academy, McNair was a Field Artillery officer with a background in the Ordnance Department. His outstanding performance resulted in his promotion to brigadier general, at age 35. McNair was born in Verndale, Minnesota on May 25,1883 and he was the second-born of their six children, and the first son. His siblings who lived to adulthood were, sister Nora, the wife of Harry Jessup, brother Murray Manz McNair, and sister Irene, the wife of Harry R. Naftalin. McNair attended school in Verndale through the grade, the highest available locally, his parents then relocated to Minneapolis so McNair. After graduating from South High School, he competed successfully for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, frustrated with the wait to start at the Naval Academy, in 1900 McNair applied for admission to the United States Military Academy. Selected as an alternate in July 1900, he was accepted as a member of the class that began that August. While at West Point, his fellow students nicknamed him Whitey for his ash blond hair, McNair graduated in 1904, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. The top five or six graduates usually chose the Engineer branch, McNairs high class standing earned him a place in the choice of most graduates. McNair was first assigned as a leader with the 12th Battery of Mountain Artillery at Fort Douglas. While there, he requested duty with the Ordnance Department, after approval of his transfer request, he was first assigned to Sandy Hook Proving Ground, New Jersey, where he began a lifelong interest in testing and experimenting with new equipment and weapons. In addition, he gained first hand experience with the uses and applications of several used in foundries, including forges, steam hammers, lathes, planing machines. He was promoted to first lieutenant in June 1905 and temporary captain May 1907, in 1909, McNair returned to the Artillery branch and was assigned to the 4th Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Russell, Wyoming. Assigned to command of Battery C, he earned accolades for his leadership skills, while carrying out this assignment in 1913, he also spent seven months in France to observe and gather information on the French Armys artillery training, education, and employment. In April 1914, he was promoted to permanent captain, from April to November 1914, McNair took part in the Veracruz Expedition as the 4th Field Artillery Regiments commissary officer. During 1915 and 1916, he was assigned to the Field Artillery School. In May 1917, he was promoted to major, from May to August, he was assigned as an instructor for the officer training camp at Leon Springs, Texas
34.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
35.
Operation Cobra
–
Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy Campaign of World War II. Once a corridor had been created, the First Army would then be able to advance into Brittany, after a slow start the offensive gathered momentum and German resistance collapsed as scattered remnants of broken units fought to escape to the Seine. Lacking the resources to cope with the situation, the German response was ineffectual, Operation Cobra, together with concurrent offensives by the British Second Army and the Canadian First Army, was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign. Having been delayed several times by weather, Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July. Units of the U. S. VII Corps led the initial two-division assault, progress was slow on the first day but opposition started to crumble once the defensive crust had been broken. By 27 July, most organized resistance had been overcome and the VII and VIII Corps advanced rapidly, by 31 July, XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army, which emerged from the bocage. Although this led to the bloodiest phase of the battle, it was mounted by already exhausted, on 8 August, troops of the newly activated Third United States Army captured the city of Le Mans, formerly the German 7th Army headquarters. Following the successful Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, General Sir Bernard Montgomery—commanding all Allied ground forces in Normandy—intended Caen to be taken on D-Day, while Cherbourg was expected to fall 15 days later. The Second Army was to seize Caen and then form a front to the southeast, extending to Caumont-lÉventé, to acquire airfields, caens capture has been described by historian L. F. Ellis as the most important D-Day objective assigned to Lieutenant-General Crockers British I Corps. Ellis and Chester Wilmot called the Allied plan ambitious since the Caen sector contained the strongest defences in Normandy. In part, operations were slow due to the constraints of the landscape of densely packed banked hedgerows, sunken lanes. With no port facilities in Allied hands, all reinforcement and supply had to place over the beaches via the two Mulberry harbors and was at the mercy of the weather. On 19 June, a storm descended on the English Channel. The First US Army advance in the sector was eventually halted by Bradley before the town of Saint-Lô. Organized German resistance ended only on 27 June, when the 9th US Infantry Division managed to reduce the defences of Cap-de-la-Hague, north-west of the city. Within four days, VII Corps resumed the offensive toward Saint-Lô, alongside XIX Corps and VIII Corps, the originator of the idea for Operation Cobra is disputed, according to Montgomerys official biographer, the foundation of Operation Cobra was laid on 13 June. Planning was immensely aided by detailed Ultra intelligence which supplied up-to-date decodes of communications between Oberkommando der Wehrmacht and Hitlers generals, Montgomerys plan at that time called for the U. S. First Army to take Saint-Lô and Coutances and then make two southward thrusts, one from Caumont toward Vire and Mortain and the other from Saint-Lô toward Villedieu and Avranches
36.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
37.
Eighth Air Force
–
The Eighth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Global Strike Command. It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, the command serves as Air Forces Strategic – Global Strike, one of the air components of United States Strategic Command. The Eighth Air Force includes the heart of Americas heavy bomber force, the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, the B-1 Lancer supersonic bomber, and it was the largest of the deployed combat Army Air Forces in numbers of personnel, aircraft, and equipment. Elements of 8 AF engaged in operations during the Korean War, Vietnam War. Eighth Air Force is one of two active duty numbered air forces in Air Force Global Strike Command, Eighth Air Force, with headquarters at Barksdale AFB, in the Bossier City – Shreveport, Louisiana, metro area, supports U. S. Joint Forces Command, and is designated as U. S. Strategic Commands Task Force 204, providing on-alert, the mission of The Mighty Eighth is to safeguard Americas interests through strategic deterrence and global combat power. Eighth Air Force controls long-range nuclear-capable bomber assets throughout the United States and its flexible, conventional and nuclear deterrence mission provides the capability to deploy forces and engage enemy threats from home station or forward positioned, anywhere, any time. The 8th Air Force motto is Peace Through Strength and this air power includes the heart of Americas heavy bomber force, the B-2 Spirit and the B-52 Stratofortress. The B-2 force consists of 20 bombers assigned to the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, for additional history and lineage, see United States Air Forces in Europe The history of Eighth Air Force begins on 2 January 1942 with its activation at Savannah Air Base, Georgia. In quick order, on 5 January, Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force at Bolling Field, Washington, on 8 January the order activating the U. S. Air Forces in the British Isles was announced. On 12 May, the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force, on 15 June, Spaatz arrived in England to establish the Headquarters of Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park,15 miles WSW of London. Eighth Air Force was the command and control organization over its operational components, VIII Bomber Command Strategic bombardment using heavy, VIII Fighter Command Provide fighter escort of heavy bombers VIII Air Support Command Provide reconnaissance, troop transport, and tactical bombardment using twin-engine medium bombers. VIII Air Service Command Service and logistical support, VIII Bomber Command was activated at Langley Field, Virginia, It was reassigned to Savannah Air Base, Georgia on 10 February 1942. The first combat group of VIII Bomber Command to arrive in the United Kingdom was the ground echelon of the 97th Bombardment Group, during World War II, the offensive air forces of the United States Army Air Forces came to be classified as strategic or tactical. In Europe, Eighth Air Force was the first USAAF strategic air force, Eighth Air Force carried out strategic daytime strategic bombing operations in Western Europe from airfields in eastern England. On 4 January 1944, the B-24s and B-17s based in England flew their last mission as a part of VIII Bomber Command. On 22 February 1944, a reorganization of American airpower took place in Europe. VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force, with VIII Fighter and this is from where the present-day Eighth Air Forces history, lineage and honors derive
38.
120th Infantry Regiment (United States)
–
The 120th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. The unit is an element of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard. Currently, 1st Battalion is the active battalion in the regiment and is organized as a combined arms battalion under the Brigade Unit of Action table of organization. The 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment is headquartered in Wilmington, the 2nd Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment was most famous for its actions in the Battle of Mortain, repelling a German advance and preserving an American breakout from 7-13 August 1944. The 2/120ths actions sustained the American initiative as Allied forces pushed through Northern France after the Normandy invasion, attached below the shield is a blue scroll inscribed VIRTUS INCENDIT VIRES in gold. The shield is blue for infantry, the cactus represents service on the Mexican border as the 3rd Infantry, North Carolina National Guard. The tunnel symbolizes the mouth of the tunnel in the Hindenburg Line at Bellicourt, France, captured by the 120th Infantry on 29 September 1918. The 1/120th, known as the Tusk Hogs, was deployed to combat for the first time in nearly 60 years in early 2004 as part of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, in Iraq, the 30th HBCT served under the 1st Infantry Division. Brigade headquarters was at FOB Caldwell, east of Baghdad, while the 1/120th battalion headquarters and Charlie Company was based at FOB Bernstein, the brigade, including the 120th, redeployed Dec.2004 - Feb.2005. On 6 June 2004 -60 years after the D-Day invasion - soldiers of the 1/120th were awarded right-shoulder unit patches signifying wartime service, the 1/120th lost four soldiers during the 2004 deployment, Spc. Daniel A. Desens Jr. and Staff Sgt, the Tusk Hogs were again called to serve in late 2008. The 120th redeployed with the 30th HBCT in January–February 2010, francis S. Currey earned the Medal of Honor for his actions as a Sergeant in Company K, 120th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On 21 December 1944, in Malmedy, Belgium, Currey repeatedly exposed himself to fire to attack the German forces. He was awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on 17 August 1945, paul Luther Bolden earned the Medal of Honor as a Staff Sergeant in Company I, 120th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On 23 DEC44, at Petit-Coo, Belgium, he, while his comrade provided covering fire from across the street, Bolden tossed grenades through a window, rushed to the door, and began firing. Wounded by the superior number of German soldiers inside, he retreated from the house. Realizing that the Germans would not surrender, he returned to the house despite his serious wounds, for these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on 30 August 1945. Jack James Pendleton earned the Medal of Honor as a Staff Sergeant in Company I, 120th Infantry Regiment, on 12 OCT44, in Bardenberg, Germany, Pendleton voluntarily led his squad in an attack against an enemy machine gun
39.
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
–
The Vice Chief of Staff generally handles the day-to-day administration of the Army Staff, freeing the Chief of Staff to attend to the interservice responsibilities of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. By statute, the Vice Chief of Staff is appointed as a general in the United States Army while so serving. The incumbent Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, since August 2014, is General Daniel B, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Army the Vice Chief of Staff assists the Chief of Staff on missions and functions related to their duties. The Vice Chief of Staff also assists the Chief of Staff in the management/oversight of U. S. Army installations, the Vice Chief of Staff is the designated Army representative to the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. If the Chief of Staff is incapacitated or otherwise relieved of duty, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among the general officers of the Army
40.
Joint Forces Staff College
–
The Joint Forces Staff College located in Norfolk, Virginia, was established as the Armed Forces Staff College in 1946 and incorporated into the National Defense University in August 1981. It educates and acculturates joint and multinational warfighters to plan and lead at the operational level, military operations increasingly require the Armed Services to work jointly and JFSC provides students the tools to operate in a joint environment. JFSC is composed of four schools, each with different student populations, the demands of World War II brought out the urgent need for joint action by ground, sea, and air forces. To alleviate the friction and misunderstanding resulting from lack of joint experience, ANSCOL conducted a four-month course that was successful in training officers for joint command and staff duties. ANSCOL, which had established to meet the immediate needs of war, was discontinued upon its conclusion. A joint committee was appointed to prepare a directive for a new school and this directive, which was approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 28 June 1946, established the Armed Forces Staff College. Responsibility for the operation and maintenance of its facilities was charged to the Chief of Naval Operations, following a temporary residence in Washington, D. C. AFSC was established in Norfolk, Virginia, on August 13,1946, the site, formerly a U. S. Naval Receiving Station, was selected by the Secretaries of War and Navy because of its immediate availability and its proximity to varied high-level military activities. There were 150 students from all Services in the first class and they assembled in converted administration buildings on February 3,1947 to be greeted by the first commandant, Air Force Lieutenant General Delos C. The faculty officers came from joint assignments in all theaters of World War II, with the construction of Normandy Hall in 1962, AFSC completed its transition from a temporary to a permanent institution. AFSC was assigned to the National Defense University on 12 August 1981, on 30 October 2000, the President Bill Clinton signed the Defense Authorization Bill renaming Armed Forces Staff College to the Joint Forces Staff College. The staff, faculty, and students are assigned by each Service to foster a joint atmosphere. This 10-week satellite program course with equal air, land, and sea service is offered by JFSC and this model reflects input from the combatant commands, which preferred the 10-week, full-time option rather than a longer-term, after-hours option that was originally proposed. In the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress authorized a five-year test of non-resident JPME II at no more than two combatant command headquarters. S, although most of the students come from USCENTCOM and USSOCOM, one international fellow and one interagency student also attend each class. Congress requires the Secretary of Defense to report on the value of the program in 2015, pending congressional approval, the satellite option may be offered to other combatant commands as soon as 2016. The satellite program complements the existing JPME II course offered on-site at JFSC in Norfolk, being identical in length, the only academic difference is in the lessons on the elements of operational design, which use locally relevant case studies. Each year, about a students graduate from the 10-week Joint. The course had been taught since 2004. S, Congress, since the Department of Defense had already initiated an investigative inquiry
41.
Joint Chiefs of Staff
–
After the 1986 reorganization of the military undertaken by the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not have operational command of U. S. military forces. Today, their responsibility is to ensure the personnel readiness, policy. The Joint Chiefs of Staff also act in an advisory capacity for the President of the United States. However, the Coast Guard is always a service and may operate under the Department of the Navy during wartime. The commandant of the Coast Guard is however, occasionally invited by the chairman to attend meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As the military of the United States grew in size following the American Civil War, the Army and Navy were unsupportive of each other at either the planning or operational level and were constrained by disagreements during the Spanish–American War in the Caribbean campaigns. The Joint Board acting as a committee was created to plan joint operations. Yet, the Joint Board accomplished little as its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions, the Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the Secretaries of War and Navy. As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner the United States conducted World War I, after World War I, in 1919 the two Secretaries agreed to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. The mission of the General staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war, the US was always designated Blue and potential enemies were assigned various other colors. This time, the Joint Boards membership would include the Chiefs of Staff, their deputies, under the Joint Board would be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the Board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative, however, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions. President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill established the Combined Chiefs of Staff during the 1942 Arcadia Conference, the CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the combined US-British Empire war effort. The UK portion of the CCS would be composed of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Joint Board had little influence during the war and was ultimately disbanded in 1947. Modeled on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the JCS first formal meeting was held on 9 February 1942, to coordinate U. S. military operations between War and Navy Departments. On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, with the chiefs of staff of the services serving under his leadership. The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were, As the table indicates, by the end of the war, however, each had been promoted, Leahy and King to Fleet Admiral, Marshall and Arnold to General of the Army. Arnold was later appointed to the grade of General of the Air Force, one of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee
"Washington Barracks". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"
