1.
Fort Rock
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Fort Rock is a volcanic landmark called a tuff ring, located on an ice age lake bed in north Lake County, Oregon, United States. The ring is about 4,460 feet in diameter and stands about 200 feet high above the surrounding plain and its name is derived from the tall, straight sides that resemble the palisades of a fort. The region of Fort Rock Basin contains about 40 such tuff rings, william Sullivan, an early settler in the area, named Fort Rock in 1873 while searching for lost cattle. Fort Rock was created when magma rose to the surface. Powered by a jet of steam, molten basalt was blown into the air, creating a fountain of hot lava particles and frothy ash. The pieces and blobs of hot lava and ash rained down around the vent and formed a ring of lapilli tuff. Steam explosions also loosened angular chunks of black and red lava rock comprising the valley floor and these blocky inclusions are incorporated into the fine-grained tuff layers at Fort Rock. Waves from the lake waters eroded the outside of the ring, cutting the steep cliffs into terraces 66 feet above the floor of Fort Rock Valley, the wave-cut terraces on the south side of the ring mark former lake levels of this now-dry lakebed. Previous age estimates of Fort Rock ranged upwards to 1.8 million years, recently, the age of Fort Rock has been estimated at 50,000 to 100,000 years. This coincides with a period of time when large pluvial lakes filled the valleys of central Oregon, at its maximum, the water in Fort Rock Lake was estimated to cover nearly 900 square miles and was about 150 feet deep where the Fort Rock tuff ring formed. The extensive terrace on the side of Fort Rock marks one lakeshore about 14,000 years ago, even higher water levels are recorded on the tuff cliffs and at one point only the tops of the tuff ring were exposed as rocky islands in this inland sea. An age of about 21,000 years ago has been found for this highest lake level, Fort Rock is designated as Fort Rock State Natural Area. Hole-in-the-Ground and Big Hole are two nearby maars nearly one mile in diameter formed by steam explosion and they resemble impact craters formed by meteorites, but lack the heavy metal signature residues of space objects. Crack in the Ground and Fossil Lake are two more nearby Ice Age geological features, south Ice Cave is a lava tube. Derrick Cave is estimated to be 1,200 feet long, devils Garden Lava Field and East Lava Field are other geological oddities northeast of Fort Rock a few miles. Inflated lava, kīpuka, and lava ponds are found here, Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum and the small community of Fort Rock are one mile south of Fort Rock State Natural Area. Alt, David D. Hyndman, Donald W. Roadside Geology of Oregon, picture of Fort Rock in 1911
2.
Fort Rock Cave
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Fort Rock Cave was the site of the earliest evidence of human habitation in the US state of Oregon before the excavation of Paisley Caves. Fort Rock Cave featured numerous well-preserved sagebrush sandals, ranging from 9,000 to 13,000 years old, the cave is located approximately 1.5 miles west of Fort Rock near Fort Rock State Natural Area in Lake County. Fort Rock Cave was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, the cave was found on Reub Longs ranch. It was formerly known as Menkenmaier Cave and Cow Cave, university of Oregon archaeologist Luther Cressmans 1938 excavations at Fort Rock Cave placed human habitation in Oregon as early as 13,200 years ago. Cressmans team also recovered numerous examples of sandals woven from sagebrush bark below a layer of Mazama Ash and this sandal style is known as Fort Rock style, since they were first discovered there. This sandal style is distinct from other variants, they are flat and they have been found at other sites, such as Cougar Mountain and Catlow Caves, as well. Several other prehistoric artifacts have been found at Fort Rock Cave, including basketry, the artifacts found by Stephen Bedwell in 1970 were found in one of the remaining unvandalized areas of the cave
3.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
7.
Lake County, Oregon
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Lake County is a county in the south-central region of the U. S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,895, the county is named for the many lakes found within its boundaries, including Lake Abert, Summer Lake, Hart Lake, and Goose Lake. Lake County is in the desert region known as the Oregon Outback. The county is divided between the communities around Lakeview and Paisley to the south and the communities around Christmas Valley, Fort Rock. Its economy consists largely of agriculture and natural resource management and extraction and it is home to many large cattle ranches, hay farms, and timber holdings, as well as several frontier towns and early 20th-century homesteads. Although lumber was once an economic driver in Lake County, today only one mill remains. Pre-Clovis era coprolites found in the Paisley Caves in northern Lake County in 2007 have been dated to 14,300 calendar years before present. DNA extracted from human remains bears certain genetic markers found only in Native American populations. European traders, explorers and military expeditions arrived in the region during the part of the 19th century. Peter Skene Ogden led Hudsons Bay Company trappers to Goose Lake in 1827, in 1832, the Hudson Bay trappers under John Work were in the Goose Lake Valley and their journals mentioned Hunters Hot Springs. Works expedition visited Warner Lakes and Lake Abert and camped at Crooked Creek in the Chandler Park area, there they documented eating wild plums, which still grow in the area. They also reported being attacked by Indians, in 1838, Colonel J. J. Abert, a U. S. engineer, prepared a map that includes Warner Lakes and other natural features using information from the Hudson Bay trappers. Fremont led a party which named Christmas Lake, Lake County once hosted significant populations of Basque and Irish sheepherders. Disputes over grazing rights, exacerbated by the introduction of wheat farming, at least one band of masked rifle-armed cattlemen killed sheep in the northern part of the county and in Deschutes County during the early 20th century and they came to be known as sheepshooters. According to the Oregon History Project,2,300 sheep were killed in a night in April 1904 in Lake County. Lake County grew with the arrival of homesteaders, but the dry climate made for challenging development, Lake County was created from Jackson and Wasco Counties on October 24,1874, by the State Legislature. It then included the present Klamath County and all of the present Lake County except Warner Valley, in 1882, land was assigned to create Klamath County, and in 1885 the Warner area from Grant County was added. Linkville, now Klamath Falls, was the first county seat, M. Bullard gave 20 acres as the Lakeview townsite
8.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
11.
Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin
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The Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin is the basin of a former inland sea that existed in that region from Pliocene through late Pleistocene time. The Fort Rock basin maar field includes over 30 hydrovolcanic landforms spread over an area of 1,500 square miles, Moffitt Butte is a dissected basaltic tuff ring,4,600 feet in diameter and 400 feet high. Moffitt Butte is not associated with a basin, as is the case for Fort Rock and Hole-in-the-Ground. The crater floor of Moffitt Butte is about 260 feet above the surrounding plain, a smaller vent and small tuff ring,1,700 feet in diameter, are located on Moffitt Buttes southwestern flank. The crater of the vent is filled with lava that issued from a dike on its northwest edge. The cone is capped with flat-lying basalt which once filled the crater, dikes extend north and south of the craters lava lake. On the lower flanks of the cone, the rocks are mostly palagonite lapilli-tuff, near the summit, the uppermost palagonites are overlain by massive cinders and bombs from fire-fountaining that preceded the filling of the crater with lava. List of volcanoes in the United States of America Portions of this article include public domain text from the USFS Deschutes & Ochoco National Forests - Crooked River National Grassland
12.
Homestead Acts
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The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres. The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan, after the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act, between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States, Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it, the Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory, then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854, and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855. Southern Democrats had continually fought previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract European immigrants, after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act. The intent of the first Homestead Act, passed in 1862, was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 and its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley. The homestead was an area of land in the West granted to any US citizen willing to settle on. The law required a three-step procedure, file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household, could file an application to claim a land grant
13.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
14.
Silver Lake, Oregon
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Silver Lake is an unincorporated community in western Lake County, Oregon, United States, along Oregon Route 31. Facilities include a gas station and a store, a post office. The community of Silver Lake is located in the desert of Central Oregon. The town is named for a lake of the name that is 6 miles east of town. On December 9,1875, the post office was established, the post office location has moved at least twice, depending on where the house of the postmaster was at the time. A fire broke out at a Christmas Eve celebration inside the crowded second-floor hall above a store, ed OFarrell rode 100 miles to Lakeview for medical help. After receiving the message Doctor Bernard Daly drove his buggy over bad roads for twenty-four hours to reach Silver Lake. Doctor Daly’s efforts to reach and treat the victims earned statewide recognition, North Lake School in Silver Lake serves approximately 260 students from the towns of Silver Lake, Christmas Valley, and Fort Rock and consists of a single K-12 school building, which opened in 1991. Wildlife is abundant in the area, such as deer, pronghorn antelope, elk, coyotes, badgers, eagles. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Silver Lake has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. Silver Lake is located 75 miles southeast of Bend and 95 miles north of Lakeview on Oregon Route 31, Silver Lake Forest Service Strip is an airport located near Silver Lake. New York Times article on fire in 1894
15.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
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The agency employs approximately 700 scientists, engineers, technicians, administrators, and environmental specialists. The Laboratory and Environmental Assessment Division operates a laboratory in Hillsboro. The agencys director has the authority to impose fines for violations of the states anti-pollution laws and it administers the states pollution laws, the first of which were enacted in 1889
16.
Underground storage tank
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Underground storage tanks fall into four different types, Steel/aluminum tank, made by manufacturers in most states and conforming to standards set by the Steel Tank Institute. Tanks made from material, fiberglass/aramid or carbon fiber with a metal liner. Composite tanks such as carbon fiber with a polymer liner, see rotational molding and fibre-reinforced plastic. Petroleum USTs are used throughout North America at automobile filling stations, many have leaked, allowing petroleum to contaminate the soil and groundwater and enter as vapor into buildings, ending up as brownfields or Superfund sites. Many USTs installed before 1980 consisted of steel pipes, which corrode over time. Faulty installation and inadequate handling may also cause leaks, USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and air. In December 1988, EPA regulations asking owners to locate, remove, upgrade, most upgrades to USTs consisted of the installation of corrosion control, overfill protection, spill containment, and leak detection for both the tank and piping. Many USTs were removed without replacement during the 10-year program, piping was replaced during the same period with much of the new piping being double-wall construction and made of fiberglass or plastic materials. Tank monitoring systems capable of detecting small leaks were installed and other methods were adopted to alert the operator of leaks. U. S. regulations required that UST cathodic protection systems be tested by a cathodic protection expert, many owners, who previously stored fuel in underground tanks, switched to above-ground tanks to enable closer environmental monitoring of fuel storage and to reduce costs. Many states, however, do not permit above-ground storage of fuel for resale to the public. The EPA Underground Storage Tank Program is considered to have very successful. The national inventory of underground tanks has been reduced by more than half, of the approximately one million underground storage tanks sites in the United States as of 2008, most of which handled some type of fuel, an estimated 500,000 have had leaks. As of 2009, there were approximately 600,000 active USTs at 223,000 sites subject to federal regulation, in 2012, EPA published how to screen buildings vulnerable to petroleum vapor intrusion, and in June 2015, U. S
17.
Monastic grange
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A monastic grange was a manor or other centre of an outlying farming estate belonging to a monastery and used for food production in Great Britain, Ireland, or Austria. In France such a supporting satellite farm, often a replica on a scale of the mother house, was a doyenné, which is to say. In English contexts grange is often used to refer to the manor house surrounded by its farm-buildings. The granges were particularly important to urban-based monasteries and might be located at some distance and they could farm livestock or produce crops. Specialist crops might include apples, hops or grapes to make beverages or herbs for the infirmary, many granges included fish-ponds to supply Friday meals to the monastery. The produce could both sustain the monks and be sold for profit, favoured manor houses might be used as country retreats by the abbot. Granges are often referred to as monasteries. However, whilst under overall control, many would rarely see a monk and were run on a day-to-day basis by a steward. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries, all manors were seized by King Henry VIII. They were sold off or given away to the nobility and landed gentry, granges often retained their grange names and many can still be found in the British landscape today. The word has become popular in modern times in the naming of smaller country houses. Though initially just a description of the area of used for food production, in Ireland. Most Irish counties have a place called Grange, some have a number, eventually Grange replaced Killenagolach as name of the local townland and parish, and has remained the name of the area ever since. Austria is home to several large-scale granges built by the Cistercian order in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, in 2006 the Lilienfelder Hof was acquired by the Kartause Gaming Private Foundation, led by Architect Walter Hildebrand, on the basis of a 99-year leasehold. The foundation is currently in the process of restoring and revitalising both the buildings and 20 hectares of vineyards. The Thallern estate in Gumpoldskirchen, another Cistercian grange, owned by Heiligenkreuz Abbey, Grange stone circle The Adventure of the Abbey Grange
18.
Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum
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The Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum is located in Fort Rock, Oregon, United States. Opened in 1988, it is a collection of original homestead era buildings including a church, school, houses, homestead cabins, the structures were moved to the museum site from various locations around the Fort Rock Valley, named for volcanic landmark Fort Rock. Most of the buildings contain items used by local homesteaders including furniture, dishes, household products. The museum is open for self-guided tours from mid-March through September, the Fort Rock Valley covers over 200 square miles at an average elevation of 4,400 feet. From 1905 until about 1915, large numbers of homesteaders moved to the Fort Rock Valley to claim Federal lands for farms, numerous small towns were established throughout the valley. These included Fremont, Lake, Sink, Fleetwood, Connley, Arrow, Buffalo, View Point, Cliff, Loma Vista, however, the high desert country around Fort Rock has hot, dry summers and extremely cold winters. The valleys average rainfall is less than 9 inches per year, the last average frost date in the spring is June 29, because of the extreme weather most homesteaders were forced to abandon their claims within a few years. Most of the towns had post offices by 1912. Today, the only two towns that still exist are the small unincorporated communities of Fort Rock and Silver Lake. The original vision for the Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum came from Frank and Vivian Stratton, in 1981, the Strattons joined six other individuals interested in local history to form the Fort Rock Valley Historical Society. The society conceived and promoted the development of a museum to preserve the Fort Rock Valleys pioneer heritage. As a result of the efforts, the Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum was opened in 1988 with two historic buildings. Since its opening, the museum has grown significantly, acquiring land from the Bureau of Land Management. Many of the buildings were considered hazardous and were scheduled to be burned or demolished, the museums interest saved them from destruction. The Fort Rock Valley Historical Homestead Museum docents and volunteers work to preserve, restore, a seasonal interpretive visitor center and gift shop offers guided tours and independent study of the eleven rescued historic buildings, most of which originate from the Fort Rock Valley. The Webster Cabin was one of the two museum buildings open in 1988. The cabin was built by Britt Webster and it was originally located about 10 miles northeast of Fort Rock. This cabin was used as a home until 1986, the Sunset School is the only remaining pioneer schoolhouse of twenty built in the Fort Rock Valley
19.
Bureau of Land Management
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President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies, the General Land Office and the Grazing Service. Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. The mission of the BLM is to sustain the health, diversity, originally BLM holdings were described as land nobody wanted because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits, the agency manages 221 wilderness areas,23 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System totaling about 30 million acres. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands, total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups. The BLMs roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and these laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original 13 colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution. As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, during the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, England, France, in the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio. By this time, the United States needed revenue to function, Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted, the Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error, once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, in 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled, over the years, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. Several different types of patents existed and these include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. A system of land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory. This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States, the laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded. The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, in 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior. It took several years for new agency to integrate and reorganize
20.
Lewis A. McArthur
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Lewis Ankeny McArthur, known as Tam McArthur, was an executive for Pacific Power and Light Company. He was also the secretary for the Oregon Geographic Board for many years and his book, now in its seventh edition, is a comprehensive source of information on the origins and history of Oregon place names. It is a reference book in libraries throughout Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. Tam McArthur Rim in the Cascade Mountains is named in his honor, McArthur was born on April 27,1883, in The Dalles, Oregon. He grew up on a farm near Rickreall and his family later moved to Portland, where he attended Portland Academy. His family had long associated with Oregon history and government. His paternal grandfather, Navy Lieutenant William P. McArthur, had conducted the first survey of the Pacific Coast for the United States Coast Survey in 1849 and 1850. His father, Lewis Linn McArthur, served as a justice on the Oregon Supreme Court from 1870 to 1878 and his mother, Harriet Nesmith McArthur, organized of the Oregon Historical Society and served on its board from 1898 until 1924. McArthur attended University of California, graduating in 1908, during his college years, he worked for The Oregonian newspaper during the summer. After graduation, he got a job with the Oregon Electric Railway, in 1910, McArthur went to work for the Pacific Power and Light Company, as one of its first employees. By 1923, he was appointed vice-president and general manager and he continued with the company until his retirement in 1946. McArthur also served as president of the Oregon Historical Society from 1937 until 1945 and he died in Portland on November 8,1951. McArthurs official connection with Oregon geography began when Governor Oswald West appointed him to the Oregon Geographic Board in 1914, two years later, he was elected board secretary. He served in that position until 1949, when he resigned after 35 years on the board, McArthur’s position on the Oregon Geographic Board allowed him the opportunity to research the history of Oregon place names using a wide range of sources. He studied the journals of early explorers, read pioneer diaries, browsed newspapers archives, researched government documents and he also conducted personal interviews with pioneer Oregonians who were still living at the time. The Oregon Historical Society published his research in eight issues of the Oregon Historical Quarterly in the early 1920s, in 1928, McArthur paid to have the first edition of Oregon Geographic Names published. The book was recognized as the authoritative source for information regarding the origins. A second edition was published in 1944, in that edition, McArthur added a great deal of new information about Oregon post offices and abandoned settlement sites
21.
Oregon Geographic Names
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Oregon Geographic Names is a compilation of the origin and meaning of place names in the U. S. state of Oregon, published by the Oregon Historical Society. The book was published in 1928. It was compiled and edited by Lewis A. McArthur, as of 2011, the book is in its seventh edition and is compiled and edited by Lewis L. McArthur. Entries are listed in alphabetical order beginning with A B Crossing, the last entry is Zwagg Island, an island near Brookings, Oregon. The seventh edition also includes a CD-ROM with a complete biographic and geographic index as well as maps of Oregon locations. The current authors daughter, Mary McArthur, reportedly took over editorship for the books upcoming 8th edition
22.
Oregon Historical Society
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The Oregon Historical Society is an organization that encourages and promotes the study and understanding of the history of the Oregon Country, within the broader context of U. S. history. Incorporated in 1898, the Society collects, preserves, and makes available materials of historical character and interest, the society operates the Oregon History Center that includes the Oregon Historical Society Museum in downtown Portland. The Society was organized on December 17,1898, in Portland at the Portland Library Building, the first president was Harvey W. Scott, with memberships totaling 370 in the first year. George H. Himes was appointed the Societys first curator in 1899, shortly after its formation, the Society opened its first office and museum in Portland City Hall and began the development of a regional research library and a collection of historical artifacts. In 1900, the first issue of the Oregon Historical Quarterly was printed as the publication of the organization. In 1966, the Society moved to its current location, thomas Vaughan stepped down from his 35-year directorship in 1989. Tramposch resigned in 1991, and Orloff returned as director in 1992. He remained in the position for ten years, retiring at the end of 2000, george L. Vogt, a former president of the American Association for State and Local History was appointed as the eighth Executive Director of OHS in November 2006. In July 2007, the Oregon Historical Society was awarded a $2.8 million biennial appropriation from the State of Oregon, the $2.8 million given by the state over the two years equals 30% of the annual operating budget. In 2011, Vogt retired and was replaced by Kerry Tymchuk, the Society sold the Sovereign Hotel in 2014. In 2011, the Oregon Legislative Assembly approved $2, at the end of 2011, the Society received a $2 million bequest from the late Fred Fields, a noted businessman and philanthropist in Oregon. The Societys museum, archives and research library contains approximately 8.5 million feet of film and videotape, the society has one of the largest collections of historic photographs in the United States. OHS has published the Oregon Historical Quarterly continuously since 1900, since 1929, the Oregon Historical Society Press has published over 150 books on Oregon history, politics, culture, and biographies, including Oregon Geographic Names. As of 2009, the press has suspended operations, university of Washington Press is handling all distribution of OHS Press books still in print. Publication of the Oregon Historical Quarterly will continue, the OHS Museum Store is located in the lobby of the National Register of Historic Places-designated Sovereign Hotel. The building was added to the register in 1981, from 1986 to 2001, the Society used the former Meier & Frank Delivery Depot, in the Pearl District, to house its collection and for processing of new acquisitions. In 2000, after property values began rising due to redevelopment in the Pearl that started in the late 1990s and it moved its storage and processing to a warehouse in suburban Gresham over a four-month period in the first half of 2001. Noting that the four presidents after Harvey Scott were attorneys, historian E. Kimbark MacColl stated
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
National Archives and Records Administration
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The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U. S, Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment. The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations and it also administers the Electoral College. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants, the Office of Government Information Services is a Freedom of Information Act resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies, NARAs mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters. Originally, each branch and agency of the U. S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949, in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA, connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration. The Archivist served as an official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives. An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information, the program was originally scheduled to end in 2007. In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives, Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records. NARAs holdings are classed into record groups reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated, Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog. The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, as of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARAs records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials, most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U. S. governments security classification system. Many of NARAs most requested records are used for genealogy research
25.
Lake County Examiner
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The Lake County Examiner is a weekly newspaper published in Lakeview, Oregon, United States. The newspaper was founded in 1880 by Stephen P. Moss, over the years, the paper has had a number of publishers. Today, it is owned by the Pioneer News Group, in addition to the weekly newspaper, the Examiner staff publishes a number of special editions each year along with a local real estate guide and a twice-weekly news flyer. The Lake County Examiner is a newspaper that serves Lake County. The newspaper is published every Wednesday in Lakeview, the county seat of Lake County, the Examiner is a community newspaper that primarily covers local news, sports, business, and events. Most of the advertising is local as well. As of 2014, the Examiner had a circulation of approximately 2,400, the newspaper maintains an online presence through www. lakecountyexam. com, a web-site that features local news, commentary, sports, obituaries, and community announcements. The Examiner is owned by the Pioneer News Group, the newspaper normally has between five and nine employees. As of 2014, there were six staff members plus one part-time employee working at the Examiner. The newspaper’s annual revenue is estimated to be between $1 million and $2.5 million, the Examiner is a member of the Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association, Oregons newspaper trade association. In addition to the newspaper, the Examiner staff publishes up to twelve special editions each year. The special editions focus on industries such as farming, ranching. The staff also publishes a local real-estate guide called Home Sweet Home, twice a week the Examiner publishes a legal-size street flyer called the Lakeview Low Down. This offers news bullets and local advertising and is distributed through Lakeview area restaurants, the company also does job-order printing and publishing, photocopying, bookbinding, and engraving. The Examiner is registered to do printing and publishing work for the federal government. Lake County was created by the Oregon State Legislature in 1874, the town of Lakeview was established two years later and became the county seat for Lake County. The Lake County Examiner was founded by Charles A. Cogswell and it was started as a weekly newspaper published in Lakeview. The newspapers first editor was Frank Coffin, in its early editions, the Examiner used extremely small print type
26.
The Bulletin (Bend)
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The Bulletin is the daily newspaper of Bend, Oregon, United States. The Bulletin is owned by Western Communications, a corporation founded by publisher Robert W. Chandler. Over the years, a number of journalists have been associated with the newspaper. To start a newspaper in Bend, a press and other publishing equipment items were brought overland from the railhead at Shaniko by freight wagon. The Bend Bulletin was first published as a newspaper on March 27,1903. The newspaper’s first publisher was Max Lueddemann with Don P. Rea serving as the first editor, when it began, the newspaper’s only other employee was a printer named A. H. Kennedy. The newspaper office was located in a cabin on the east bank of the Deschutes River. In the summer of 1904, the newspaper was sold to J. M. Lawrence and he moved the newspaper to an office building in downtown Bend. Putnam bought the Bend Bulletin from Lawrence, while he was the newspaper’s editor for only four years, Putnam continued as publisher for several more years. During his tenure, Putnam was active in local and state politics, the Bend Bulletin shifted from a weekly publication to a daily newspaper on December 6,1916. Robert W. Sawyer purchased Putnam’s interest in the newspaper in 1919 and he hired Henry Fowler, who owned a minority share in the newspaper, as editor. Sawyer was a conservationist, who used his influence as a publisher to help preserve Oregon’s natural resources. He also championed the establishment of state parks as well as leading the effort to preserve key portions of the John Day Fossil Beds. Sawyer continued as publisher of the Bend Bulletin for 34 years, in 1953, Sawyer put the newspaper up for sale. He received offers from several large newspaper chains, but eventually sold the newspaper to Robert Chandler, to make the purchase affordable, Sawyer only required a $6,000 down payment. Chandler ran the newspaper for the next 43 years, first as The Bend Bulletin, during his tenure, Chandler brought new technology into the newspaper’s operation. Soon after he bought the paper, he expanded the photoengraving facilities, in 1956, he replaced the paper’s flatbed press with a new rotary press that printed 13,000 32-page sections per hour. The new press also allowed the paper to print photographs in color, in 1966, The Bulletin moved to a new building on Hill Street in the southern part of Bend
27.
KTVZ
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KTVZ is the NBC-affiliated television station for Central Oregon that is licensed to Bend. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 21 from a transmitter in the city on Awbrey Butte west of U. S.97. Owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company, the station is sister to low-powered Fox affiliate KFXO-LD, all three share studios on Northwest O. B. KTVZ is rebroadcast on the following translator stations, the stations digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 18 to channel 21. KTVZ went on-the-air November 6,1977 and it was started by former owners Ray Johnson of KMED-AM-TV in Medford and C. Howard Lane from KOIN-TV in Portland who formed Ponderosa Broadcasting, Inc. The station has always been an NBC affiliate but also began to carry CBS programming on a secondary basis, efforts to carve out Deschutes County from the Portland television market began in 1980. By Fall 1981, Nielsen formed the newly created Bend DMA, sierra Cascade Communications sold the station to Stainless Broadcasting Company in 1986 which later became known as Northwest Broadcasting in 1997 based in Spokane, Washington. By 1997, KTVZ discontinued CBS programing since KOIN in Portland already had full translator, later in 2002, Northwest Broadcasting sold KTVZ to the News-Press & Gazette Company. By 2006, they added more network affiliations to the growing Central Oregon area when The CW was added as a digital channel. In late 2006, it was announced that Meredith would sell KFXO to the News-Press & Gazette Company which occurred on May 24,2007, bendBroadband filed a petition with Federal Communications Commission to block the proposed sale but it still went through. KQRE-LP was originally a repeater of KTVZ, in January 2007, that station completed a transmitter move that brought it closer to Bend making the rebroadcast redundant. The station then began airing Telemundos schedule, syndicated programming on KTVZ includes, Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy. Dr. Oz, Live with Kelly, and Dr. Phil, all are distributed by CBS Domestic Television. On June 22,2007, KFXOs own prime time news at 10 pm was replaced by one produced by KTVZ, in September of that year, this station began to air its newscasts in 16,9 widescreen format. It broadcasts five hours of news every weekday. It produces a two-hour weekday morning show and nightly hour-long newscast for KFXO, like all CW Plus affiliates in the Pacific Time Zone, KTVZ-DT2 airs the nationally syndicated morning show The Daily Buzz on weekdays from 6 to 9 a. m
28.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
29.
Lakeview, Oregon
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Lakeview is a town in Lake County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,294 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Lake County. The city bills itself as the Tallest Town in Oregon because of its elevation, Lakeview is situated in the Goose Lake Valley at the foot of the Warner Mountains and at the edge of Oregons high desert country. Its economy is based on agriculture, lumber production, and government activities, in addition, tourism is an increasingly important part of the citys economy. Oregons Outback Scenic Byway passes through Lakeview, Native Americans may have occupied the area around Lakeview for as much as 14,000 years, as evidenced by artifacts found in the Paisley Caves north of Lakeview. When the first white explorers came through the Goose Lake Valley, in 1827, Peter Skene Ogden led a brigade of Hudsons Bay Company trappers through the Goose Lake Valley. He was followed in 1832 by John Work and his trappers, Work noted the hot springs north Goose Lake in his journal. The hot springs are approximately 2 miles north the Lakeview town site and this was part of the conflict known as the Snake War. Crook used Camp Warner as his supply depot and administrative headquarters, the camp was abandoned in 1874. Camp Warner was located northeast of the site that is now Lakeview, in 1869, M. W. Bullard settled along Bullard Creek at the mouth of Bullard Canyon at the northern end of the Goose Lake Valley. This is the location eventually became the town of Lakeview. William Heryford brought cattle into the Goose Lake Valley in 1872, in 1873, the areas first post office was opened at the Tenbrook Ranch, south of present-day Lakeview. Lake County was separated from Jackson County and Wasco County in 1874, the temporary county seat was located in Linkville. In June 1876, an election was held to select a permanent county seat, prior to the election, W. M. Bullard offered to donate 20 acres along Bullard Creek in the Goose Lake Valley as a site for the county courthouse. In the election, Bullard Creek received 120 votes while Linkville got only 88 votes, however, a majority of the 384 votes cast was needed to determine the permanent county seat. Bullard Creek fell short because many voters wrote in names like Goose Lake, Goose Lake Valley, Bullards ranch, as a result, a second election was scheduled in November 1876. Prior to that election, the town of Lakeview was organized at a meeting of Goose Lake Valley residents, the town site they selected was on Bullard Creek. In the second election, the new site of Lakeview was select to replace Linkville as Lake Countys seat of government
30.
Paisley, Oregon
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Paisley is a city in Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is along Oregon Route 31 between Summer Lake and Lake Abert, the population was 243 at the 2010 census. There are two theories regarding the origin of the name Paisley, one story says that Charles Mitchell Innes, from Scotland, named the place for Paisley in his home country, in about 1873. Another informant stated that the place was named by Samuel G. Steele, Steele was the first postmaster of the Paisley post office, which was established in 1879. Archeological sites from the 1930s at Paisley Caves and 1966 at Fort Rock give the oldest known evidence for early Native Americans, radiocarbon dating of coprolites indicate they are from 12,750 to 14,290 years before the present. Paisley is home to an annual Mosquito Festival that raises funds for vector control, the festival is held the last full weekend of July. Paisley is also home to the Paisley Players Community Theater, a organization with a board of directors. The group stages a play each year in the spring, either at the Community Center or the Paisley School Auditorium, Paisley is located at an elevation of 4,369 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.44 square miles. The Chewaucan River flows through the city, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Paisley has a steppe climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 243 people,125 households, the population density was 552.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 156 housing units at a density of 354.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 8% White,2. 1% African American,1. 2% Native American,0. 8% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 6% of the population. 39. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 1.94 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the city was 53.6 years. 17. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 1% were from 25 to 44,33. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 26. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 247 people,115 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The population density was 556.3 people per square mile, there were 176 housing units at an average density of 396.4 per square mile
31.
New Pine Creek, Oregon
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New Pine Creek is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lake County, Oregon, United States. Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office with a ZIP code of 97635, New Pine Creek lies on U. S. Route 395 at the Oregon–California border, just north of New Pine Creek, California, and east of Goose Lake. West of town is the Goose Lake State Recreation Area, along Stateline Road near the lake, the north–south running Lake County Railroad passes near the recreation area. East of town is the Fremont National Forest, thought to be Lake Countys oldest settlement, New Pine Creek was originally to be named Pine Creek after a nearby stream. However, since another community was already using that name, postal authorities preferred an alternative, the New Pine Creek post office opened in 1876. S. A. Hamersley was the first postmaster, New Pine Creek is the southernmost settlement in the state of Oregon. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, New Pine Creek has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps
32.
Plush, Oregon
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Plush is an unincorporated rural community in the Warner Valley of Lake County, in the U. S. state of Oregon. The community is in an arid, sparsely populated part of the state about 37 miles northeast of Lakeview, the valley surrounding Plush contains many marshes and shallow lakes, most of them intermittent. Frequented by Native Americans for many thousands of years, the became a region of sheep grazing. Plushs infrastructure includes a store, a school, and a church. Nearby attractions include Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Warner Wetlands, people have lived in the Warner Valley for more than 10,000 years. Evidence of Native American occupation includes petroglyphs, hunting blinds, flakes from obsidian tools, by historic times, the Kidütökadö band of Northern Paiute frequented the valley and the uplands of Hart Mountain, the fault block ridge to the east. The Euro-American settler community of Plush developed in the late 19th century around sheep grazing, catholics from Ireland found work here as shepherds, their surnames and their churches are part of the regional heritage. The name Plush is said to have derived from a mispronunciation of the word flush during a 19th century poker game played in the community, the Plush post office was established in 1888, and David R. Jones was the first postmaster. Daniel Boone, a relative of the famous Kentucky pathfinder of the name, became postmaster in 1898. By highway, Plush is about 37 miles northeast of Lakeview and 18 miles north of Adel in the Warner Valley of south-central Oregon, honey Creek flows generally east from near the south end of Abert Rim through Plush and into the lake. Plush is about 4,500 feet above sea level, while Abert Rim reaches about 5,800 feet, Plush is also near a large Oregon sunstone gemfield, which is partly on private land and partly on public land. The Oregon Sunstone Public Collection Area, overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, is about 25 miles north of Plush and it allows amateur geologists to remove sunstones—feldspar crystals that formed in lava beds over the past 13 to 14 million years. Sunstone is the Oregon state gemstone, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Plush has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps. On average, about 7 inches of precipitation falls on Plush each year, july is the warmest month with an average high temperature of about 87 °F. January is the coldest, when low temperatures average about 20 °F, Plush School District 18 is one of five school districts comprising the Lake County Education Service District. Plush School, grades K–3, shares students with Adel School District 21, the two schools combined have about a dozen students. For grades 9–12, the students generally attend Lakeview High School or Paisley School, Antelope Hot Springs, also known as Hart Mountain Hot Springs
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Adel, Oregon
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Adel is an unincorporated community in southeastern Lake County, in the U. S. state of Oregon. The community is in an arid, sparsely populated part of the state, along Oregon Route 140, the Warner Valley surrounding Adel contains many marshes and shallow lakes, most of them intermittent. Frequented by Native Americans for many thousands of years, the became a region of sheep grazing. Adels infrastructure includes a store, a school, and a church. Hot springs and related features have made one of the nearby ranches a potential site for a geothermal power station. People have lived in the Warner Valley for more than 10,000 years, evidence of Native American occupation includes petroglyphs, hunting blinds, flakes from obsidian tools, and other material artifacts. By historic times, the Kidütökadö band of Northern Paiute frequented the valley and the uplands of Hart Mountain, the Euro-American settler community of Adel developed in the late 19th century around sheep grazing and small cattle ranches. Catholics from Ireland found work here as shepherds, their surnames, a stagecoach line connected early Adel to Fort Bidwell in northern California and offered transportation three times a week. J. J. Monroe owned the Adel store, mail service at that time was limited to three days a week. Crump Lake, immediately north of Adel, is named after Thomas Crump, the lake, toward the southern end of a north–south chain of marshes and mainly intermittent lakes, covers about 8,500 acres with a shoreline of about 70 miles. In 1959, two days after the Nevada Thermal Power Company drilled a well on the Crump family property, however, during the 1960s the Crump Geyser became plugged with rocks, though it continued to emit steam. In the 21st century, the sites geoelectric potential makes it a candidate for a power station, the states first geothermal plant began operation at the Oregon Institute of Technology in Klamath Falls in 2010. Another went online near Vale in 2012 and another, near Paisley, Adel lies along Oregon Route 140 about 30 miles east of Lakeview in south-central Oregon. Deep Creek, flowing east from the Warner Mountains, passes through Adel into marshlands, Adel is 4,547 feet above sea level. To the northeast, the Hart Mountain ridge rises to 8,017 feet, the region is moderately geologically active with a retired geyser and several hot springs. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adel has a steppe climate, total annual precipitation in Adel averages about 9 inches. The warmest month is July, with an maximum temperature of 88 °F
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Christmas Valley, Oregon
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Christmas Valley is an unincorporated community in Lake County, Oregon, United States. The community was named after nearby Christmas Lake, usually dry, east of the present townsite and the site of the former Lake post office, real estate development around a planned community by M. Penn Phillips, called Christmas Valley, started after World War II. Christmas Valley post office was established in 1963 as a station of Silver Lake. These names were applied as early as September 29,1877, Whiteaker himself had an interest in the fossil beds at nearby Fossil Lake, and ranching interests in the area as well. The name Christmas was a corruption of the name Christman that became entrenched in the vernacular by 1900. The Christman family often spelled their name with a T although some members would omit it. Several examples of both spellings were found in print, some in government documents, Whiteaker himself referred to the lake as both Christman Lake and Christmas Lake in his letter to the editor, and unmistakably pinpointed the lakes location. The company quickly sold out the parcels, though despite Phillips claims that the community would soon have more than 5,000 residents, in the early 1970s, the Phillips company faced lawsuits about misrepresentation of the property and the Phillips era is usually considered a scam. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Christmas Valley has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. Christmas Valley is largely a hay farming community, the community has a number of commercial businesses including two grocery stores, two motels, four restaurants, and a gas station. The Christmas Valley Air Force Station was a radar station that was deactivated in 2002. Christmas Valley is near Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley Basin, Fort Rock, Four Craters Lava Field, the community is perhaps best known by off-road all-terrain vehicle enthusiasts worldwide who ride in the Christmas Valley Sand Dunes. Christmas Valley students are served by the North Lake School District, Christmas Valley Chamber of Commerce Christmas Valley Park and Recreation
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Summer Lake, Oregon
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Summer Lake is an unincorporated community in northwest Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is on Oregon Route 31 approximately halfway between Bend and Lakeview and it is at the base of the eastern slope of Winter Ridge adjacent to the Fremont–Winema National Forests. Summer Lake, for which the town is named, is one of the largest in Oregon at approximately 20 miles long and 10 miles wide and it was named by Captain John C. Frémont during his 1843 mapping expedition through Central Oregon, frémont and his Army Topographical team were mapping the Oregon Country as they traveled from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutters Fort in Sacramento, California. On December 16,1843, the expedition struggled down a cliff from a snow-covered plateau to reach a lake in the valley below. Frémont named them Winter Ridge and Summer Lake, the first settlers began to arrive in the Summer Lake Valley around 1870. However, the desert was difficult to farm, and many early settlers stayed only a few years before moving on to greener country. As a result, the population of the valley never grew beyond a few hundred people, Summer Lake has a borderline Mediterranean /continental Mediterranean climate, quite typical for upland Oregon and characterised by cold winters and summers with chilly mornings and hot afternoons. Spring typically warm up rapidly, although nights are normal into June, the last freezing minimum can be expected around May 28. During the summer, afternoons are hot, an average summer will see 37.9 afternoons reach 90 °F or 32.2 °C and 3.7 exceed 100 °F or 37.8 °C. The record high temperature is 107 °F on July 10 and 112002, though the high minimum is only 75 °F on July 13 of 2002 –. Facilities in Summer Lake include a post office, gas station, store, motel, restaurants, the school closed in 1919, and then briefly reopened in 1926 for three more years. In 1929, Summer Lake students began attending school in Paisley twenty miles south of Summer Lake and this makes Summer Lake a favorite bird watching and hunting area. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains the Summer Lake Wildlife Area on the side of the lake. The refuge consists of a large wetland marsh fed by the Ana River, the refuge headquarters and several housing units are located adjacent to Oregon Route 31 at the south end of the town. The Department of Fish and Wildlife operation and the visitors who come to the refuge are an important part of the Summer Lake economy
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Valley Falls, Oregon
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Valley Falls is a small unincorporated community in Lake County, Oregon, United States. The settled area is located at the junction of U. S. Route 395, the community is named for a small falls on the Chewaucan River just north of the occupied site. East of Valley Falls, the face of Abert Rim overlooks the community. The area around Valley Falls was occupied by Native Americans for up to 11,000 years prior to the arrival of white settlers, archaeological evidence shows that the peak period for use by native tribes was between 2,000 and 500 years ago. During that period, the people who lived in the Valley Falls area were probably ancestors of the Klamath, most of these Native Americans lived in pit-houses along the shore of Abert Lake, just north of Valley Falls. There are also a number of ancient petroglyphs near Valley Falls, the Abert Lake Petroglyphs, at the foot of Abert Rim, are thought to be over 10,000 years old. In 1832, John Work led his Hudsons Bay Company trapping brigade through the Valley Falls area, Work recorded the visit in his journal. Fremont explored the area around Valley Falls, fremont name Abert Rim and nearby Abert Lake after the head of the United States Armys topographical engineers, Colonel John J. Abert. The community was founded and named by C. W. E. Jennings in about 1908 and it was named for a small falls on the Chewaucan River approximately 1 mile north of the community. In 1909, a post office was established at Valley Falls, the office was located near the base of Abert Rim. The first postmaster was Ernest L. H, however, Jennings later took over from Meyer. In 1942, the post office was moved one mile west to the junction of U. S. Route 395. The Valley Falls post office was closed in 1943, the unincorporated community of Valley Falls is located at the junction of U. S. Route 395 and Oregon Route 31 in the high desert country of Lake County in south-central Oregon. There are only five structures at the site, the main business is a combined gas station and store, located on the west side of the highway, south of the junction. There is also a vehicle park and a guest ranch nearby. Valley Falls is 23 miles north of Lakeview, Oregon, on Route 395,23 miles southeast of Paisley, Oregon, on Route 31, Abert Rim is approximately one mile east of Valley Falls. The rim is one of the highest escarpments in the United States, the top 800 feet is a sheer-cliff. The rim cliff runs over 30 miles from north to south, the rim is basalt, formed by large lava flows during the Miocene epoch
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