1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
National Historic Site (United States)
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A National Historic Site is a protected area of national historic significance in the United States. An NHS usually contains a historical feature directly associated with its subject. As of 2015, there are 50 NHPs and 90 NHSs, most NHPs and NHSs are managed by the National Park Service. Some federally designated sites are owned by local authorities or privately owned, one property, Grey Towers National Historic Site, is managed by the U. S. Forest Service. As of October 15,1966, all areas, including NHPs and NHSs. There are also about 80,000 NRHP sites, the majority of which are neither owned nor managed by the NPS. Of these, about 2,500 have been designated at the highest status as National Historic Landmark sites, National Historic Sites are generally federally owned and administered properties, though some remain under private or local government ownership. There are currently 90 NHSs, of which 78 are official NPS units,11 are NPS affiliated areas, one is managed by the US Forest Service, and one by the Bureau of Land Management. Derived from the Historic Sites Act of 1935, a number of NHSs were established by United States Secretaries of the Interior, in 1937, the first NHS was created in Salem, Massachusetts in order to preserve and interpret the maritime history of New England and the United States. There is one International Historic Site in the US park system, the title, given to the site of the first permanent French settlement in America, recognizes the influence that has had on both Canada and the United States. The NPS does not distinguish among these designations in terms of their preservation or management policies, in the United States, sites are historic, while parks are historical. The NPS explains that a site can be intrinsically historic, while a park is a legal invention. As such, a park is not itself historic, but can be called historical when it contains historic resources and it is the resources which are historic, not the park. Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park was formally established in 1998 by the United States and Canada, the park comprises Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park in Washington and Alaska, and Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site in British Columbia. It was this trail which so many prospectors took in hopes of making their fortunes in the Klondike River district of Yukon, list of World Heritage Sites in the Americas Designation of National Park System Units
4.
Bastion
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A bastion is an angular structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly at the corners. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks with fire from the flanks being able to protect the wall and also the adjacent bastions. It is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries, Bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defense in the age of gunpowder artillery compared with the medieval fortifications they replaced. By the middle of the 15th century, artillery pieces had become powerful enough to make the traditional medieval round tower, during the Eighty Years War Dutch military engineers developed the concepts further lengthening the faces and shortening the curtain walls of the bastions. To augment this change they placed v shaped outworks in front of the bastions, Bastions differ from medieval towers in a number of respects. Bastions are lower than towers and are normally of similar height to the adjacent curtain wall, the height of towers, although making them difficult to scale, also made them easy for artillery to destroy. A bastion would normally have a ditch in front, the side of which would be built up above the natural level then slope away gradually. This glacis shielded most of the bastion from the cannon while the distance from the base of the ditch to the top of the bastion meant it was still difficult to scale. In contrast to late medieval towers, bastions were flat sided rather than curved. This eliminated dead ground making it possible for the defenders to fire upon any point directly in front of the bastion, Bastions also cover a larger area than most towers. This allows more cannons to be mounted and provided space for the crews to operate them. Surviving examples of bastions are usually faced with masonry, unlike the wall of a tower this was just a retaining wall, cannonball were expected to pass through this and be absorbed by a greater thickness of hard-packed earth or rubble behind. The top of the bastion was exposed to fire. If a bastion was successfully stormed, it could provide the attackers with a stronghold from which to further attacks. Some bastion designs attempted to minimise this problem and this could be achieved by the use of retrenchments in which a trench was dug across the rear of the bastion, isolating it from the main rampart. Various kinds of bastions have been used throughout history, solid bastions are those that are filled up entirely, and have the ground even with the height of the rampart, without any empty space towards the centre. Void or hollow bastions are those that have a rampart, or parapet, only around their flanks and faces, so that a void space is left towards the centre. The ground is so low, that if the rampart is taken, no retrenchment can be made in the centre, but what will lie under the fire of the besieged
5.
Bourgeoisie
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A legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the Ancien Régime in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city. This bourgeoisie destroyed aristocratic privilege and established civic equality after the French monarchy collapsed, the aristocracy crumbled because it refused to reform institutions and financial systems. An affluent and often opulent stratum of the class who stand opposite the proletariat class. In English, bourgeoisie identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, hence, since the 19th century, the term bourgeoisie usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society. The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in such as the drame bourgeois and bourgeois tragedy. The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the bourgs of Central and this urban expansion was possible thanks to economic concentration due to the appearance of protective self-organisation into guilds. Guilds arose when individual businessmen conflicted with their feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed. In English, the bourgeoisie is often used to denote the middle classes. In fact, the French term encompasses both the upper and middle classes, a misunderstanding which has occurred in other languages as well. The bourgeoisie in France and many French-speaking countries consists of four evolving social layers, petite bourgeoisie, moyenne bourgeoisie, grande bourgeoisie, the petite bourgeoisie consists of people who have experienced a brief ascension in social mobility for one or two generations. It usually starts with a trade or craft, and by the second and third generation, the petite bourgeois would belong to the British lower middle class and would be American middle income. They are distinguished mainly by their mentality, and would differentiate themselves from the proletariat or working class and this class would include artisans, small traders, shopkeepers, and small farm owners. They are not employed, but may not be able to afford employees themselves, the moyenne bourgeoisie or middle bourgeoisie contains people who have solid incomes and assets, but not the aura of those who have become established at a higher level. They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations, some members of this class may have relatives from similar backgrounds, or may even have aristocratic connections. The moyenne bourgeoisie is the equivalent of the British and American upper-middle classes, the grande bourgeoisie are families that have been bourgeois since the 19th century, or for at least four or five generations. Members of these tend to marry with the aristocracy or make other advantageous marriages. This bourgeoisie family has acquired an established historical and cultural heritage over the decades, the names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the regions history. These families are respected and revered and they belong to the upper class, and in the British class system are considered part of the gentry
6.
McKenzie County, North Dakota
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McKenzie County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,360 and its county seat is Watford City. Between 2010 and 2015, according to Census Bureau estimates, it was the fastest growing county in the United States, the county lies immediately adjacent to the Williston Micropolitan Statistical Area, although, technically, by Census Bureau definition, is not a part of it. McKenzie County was first created by the March 8,1883 Dakota Territory legislature, the county was then recreated by the 1905 state legislature, with the county government first organizing on April 20,1905. The name comes from early North Dakota politician Alexander McKenzie, before becoming Watford City, the county seat was Alexander from 1905 to 1907 and Schafer from 1907 to 1941. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,861 square miles. It is the largest county in North Dakota by area, between the two rivers is a large area of prairie, ranging from gentle rolling terrain to rocky, rugged pastures. The population density was 2 people per square mile, there were 2,719 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile. 1. 01% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 4% were of Norwegian and 20. 9% German ancestry. 25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 30. 60% under the age of 18,5. 50% from 18 to 24,23. 30% from 25 to 44,24. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 100.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,342, and the median income for a family was $34,091. Males had an income of $26,351 versus $20,147 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,732, about 13. 70% of families and 17. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 10% of those under age 18 and 12. 70% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 6,360 people,2,410 households, the population density was 2.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,090 housing units at a density of 1.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 3% white,22. 2% American Indian,0. 3% Asian,0. 1% black or African American,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races
7.
Williams County, North Dakota
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Williams County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,398, between 2010 and 2015, according to Census Bureau estimates, it was the second-fastest growing county in the United States, trailing only neighboring McKenzie County, to its south. The Williston Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Williams County, the Micropolitan Statistical Area is the fastest-growing Primary Statistical Area, growing 57. 6% in population from 2010 to 2015. In 2014, Williams County had the lowest percentage of unemployed people of any county in the United States, there have been two Williams counties in the history of North Dakota. The first, created in 1873, was located south of the Missouri River near where Dunn, the second Williams County was established by the 1891 state legislature and consists of the contemporary Williams and Divide counties. The name comes from Erastus Appelman Williams, a politician from Bismarck who served in both the territorial and state legislatures. The county government was first organized on December 8,1891, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,148 square miles, of which 2,077 square miles is land and 70 square miles is water. It is the fourth-largest county in North Dakota by area, lake Sakakawea, a reservoir on the Missouri River, is situated on the southern boundary of the county. Little Muddy Creek is entirely within Williams County, the confluence of the Yellowstone River with the Missouri is west of Williston. The Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site is located in Williams County along the Missouri River on the Montana border, Williams County is one of several western North Dakota counties with significant exposure to the Bakken formation in the Williston Basin. The population density was 10 people per square mile, there were 9,680 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 95% White,0. 12% Black or African American,4. 40% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 14% from other races, and 2. 21% from two or more races. 0. 94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,48. 3% were of Norwegian and 22. 0% German ancestry. Of all households 30. 9% were made up of individuals and 13. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was out with 26. 2% under the age of 18,7. 80% from 18 to 24,25. 5% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males, the median income for a household in the county was $31,491, and the median income for a family was $39,065. Males had an income of $29,884 versus $19,329 for females
8.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
9.
Richland County, Montana
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Richland County is a county in the U. S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,746, Richland County was created by the Montana Legislature in 1914 from part of Dawson County. An early proposed name for the county was Gate, but Richland was decided upon instead as a way to new settlers. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,103 square miles. The population density was 5 people per square mile, there were 4,557 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 57% White,0. 09% Black or African American,1. 46% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 85% from other races, and 0. 85% from two or more races. 2. 16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 3% were of German,22. 4% Norwegian,7. 2% Irish,6. 2% English and 5. 4% American ancestry. 28. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was out with 27. 50% under the age of 18,6. 40% from 18 to 24,26. 80% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 98.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,110, and the median income for a family was $39,348. Males had an income of $29,069 versus $19,203 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,006, about 8. 10% of families and 12. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 90% of those under age 18 and 9. 00% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 9,746 people,4,167 households, the population density was 4.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,550 housing units at a density of 2.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 0% white,1. 7% American Indian,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% black or African American,0. 8% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3. 0% of the population, in terms of ancestry,37. 8% were German,23. 1% were Norwegian,13. 0% were Irish,8. 7% were American, and 6. 5% were English. The average household size was 2.33 and the family size was 2.88
10.
Roosevelt County, Montana
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Roosevelt County is a county located in the U. S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,425 and its county seat is Wolf Point. Roosevelt County was created by the Montana Legislature in 1919 from Sheridan County, the name honors former president Theodore Roosevelt, who had died shortly before the county was formed. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,369 square miles. Over 74 percent of the land area lies within the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. The population density was 4 people per square mile, there were 4,044 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile. 1. 23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,12. 6% were of Norwegian and 11. 5% German ancestry. 94. 8% spoke English and 3. 4% Dakota as their first language,23. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.40. In the county, the population was out with 34. 60% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,25. 80% from 25 to 44,20. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 98.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $24,834, and the median income for a family was $27,833. Males had an income of $25,177 versus $19,728 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,347, about 27. 60% of families and 32. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41. 60% of those under age 18 and 15. 10% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,425 people,3,553 households, the population density was 4.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,063 housing units at a density of 1.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 60. 4% American Indian,35. 8% white,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% black or African American,0. 2% from other races, and 3. 0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry,20. 0% were Norwegian,16. 3% were German,6. 1% were Irish, and 1. 3% were American
Media related to Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site at Wikimedia Commons
