1.
Bonnybridge
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Bonnybridge is a small village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is 4.0 miles west of Falkirk,5.3 miles north-east of Cumbernauld and 8.3 miles south-southwest of Stirling, the village is situated near the Bonny Water which runs through the town and lies north of the Forth and Clyde Canal. To the south-east of Bonnybridge is a section of the Antonine Wall, and the remnants of Rough Castle Fort. According to the 2001 Census, the stands at 6,870 residents. However, the Bonnybridge settlement area, which includes Banknock, Denny, Dunipace, Bonnybridge developed greatly during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Significant industries that were established include paper milling, sawmilling, chemical manufacturing, refractory brick manufacture, the output from these foundries was transported via the Forth & Clyde Canal to local markets, and also to Glasgow for export. Bonnybridge was also well served by rail, with the Glasgow to Edinburgh, Kilsyth and Bonnybridge. With the canal and rail links Bonnybridge became a centre for industrial production, the town has three primary schools, Bonnybridge Primary School, Antonine Primary School and St. Josephs R. C. The former two are catchment primaries for Denny High School and the latter is within the catchment area of St. Mungos High School, ruth Connell, theatre, television and film actress and producer
2.
Larbert
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Larbert is a small town in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. The town lies in the Forth Valley above the River Carron which flows from the west, Larbert is 3 miles from the shoreline of the Firth of Forth and 2.5 miles northwest of Falkirk, the main town in the area. The village of Stenhousemuir lies directly east of Larbert, with both settlements being contiguous and sharing certain public amenities with one another. In medieval times, the Larbert area was forested, but this was cleared. The coming of industry and especially the arrival in the 1840s of the Scottish Central Railway, from the late 18th century until the mid-20th century heavy industry, such as boilermaking, casting and manufacturing underpinned the economy of Larbert. The Victorian era also saw the opening of the Stirling District Lunatic Asylum at Bellsdyke and this made Larbert central in providing care, both locally and nationally. Although the traditional base of Larbert dwindled with the decline of heavy industry. Many residents work in the towns of Falkirk and Stirling, as well as the cities of Edinburgh. The origins of the name Larbert are uncertain, historically, the name was variously written as Lairbert scheills or Laithbert scheills which signifies the scheills, or huts, of a man named Lairbert or Laithbert. Historians believe that the origin of Larbert dates back to the Dark Ages when Scotland was beginning to emerge as a nation, the area in which Larbert lies was heavily forested at this time. The lands to the south of Larbert and Camelon, in the area traversed by the Antonine Wall, were important to the Romans. The crossing point on the River Carron at Larbert was an important transportation route for the Romans on the road constructed from Watling Lodge on the Antonine Wall to Stirling. Early Ordnance Survey maps showed Larbert located on an old Roman Road between Camelon and Stirling, with the site of a Roman camp close by, an early Christian community, with a chapel, is believed to have existed close to the crossing point on the Carron around 1160. By the 1750s, Larbert constituted a settlement on the main road between Falkirk and Stirling, which was turnpiked by an Act of Parliament in 1752. At this time, Larbert had at three mills powered by water from the nearby River Carron and these mills shut down in the 1980s and since then salmon and sea trout have returned in good numbers. The surrounding population, largely scattered, engaged in agriculture and took part in the important Falkirk Tryst held annually in nearby Stenhousemuir. In the 1950s, archaeological excavations to the north of present-day Larbert uncovered remains of a pottery works with eight kilns dating from the 15th or 16th centuries. Larberts later growth is tied to the development in the village itself as well as the wider parish
3.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
4.
Firth of Forth
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The Firth of Forth is the estuary of the River Forth in Scotland, where it flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north and Lothian to the south. It was known as Bodotria in Roman times, in the Norse sagas it was known as the Myrkvifiörd. Geologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period, the Kincardine Bridge, the Clackmannanshire Bridge, the Forth Road Bridge and the Forth Bridge carry traffic across the firth. Queensferry Crossing, alongside the Forth Road Bridge, was expected to open in 2016 but has since been delayed until May 2017. From 1964 to 1982, a tunnel existed under the Firth of Forth, the shafts leading into the tunnel were filled and capped with concrete when the tunnel was closed, and it is believed to have filled with water or collapsed in places. In July,2007, a passenger service completed a two-week trial between Portobello, Edinburgh and Kirkcaldy, Fife. The trial of the service was hailed as an operational success. It was estimated the service would decrease congestion for commuters on the Forth road, despite the initial success, the project was cancelled in December,2011. Historic villages line the Fife shoreline, Limekilns, Charlestown and Culross, established in the 6th century, the firth is important for nature conservation and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Firth of Forth Islands SPA is home to more than 90,000 breeding seabirds every year, there is a bird observatory on the Isle of May. The youngest person to swim across the Firth of Forth was 13-year-old Joseph Feeney, in 2008, a controversial bid to allow oil transfer between ships in the firth was refused by Forth Ports. SPT Marine Services had asked permission to transfer 7.8 million tonnes of oil per year between tankers, but the proposals were met with determined opposition from conservation groups
5.
Firth of Clyde
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The Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth of Clyde, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. Within the Firth of Clyde is another major island - the Isle of Bute, given its strategic location, at the entrance to the middle/upper Clyde, Bute played a vitally important military role during World War II. The Firths climate enjoys the benefit of the Gulf Stream from America, at its entrance the firth is some 26 miles wide. Its upper reaches include an area where it is joined by Loch Long and this includes the large anchorage off Greenock known as the Tail of the Bank in reference to the sandbar which separates the firth from the estuary of the River Clyde. The Clyde is still almost 2 miles wide at the sandbar, in Scottish Gaelic the landward end is called Linne Chluaidh, while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas. The Firth encompasses many Islands and Peninsulas and has ferry routes connecting them to the mainland. Sometimes called the Clyde Waters, this body is customarily considered an element of the Irish Sea. The ferry services are run by Caledonian MacBrayne and by Western Ferries, a great number of sea lochs adjoin the Firth, the largest being Loch Fyne. The Cowal peninsula extends into the Firth of Clyde and forms the upper firth west shoreline. The main town on the Cowal peninsula is Dunoon and these routes across the Firth of Clyde save time, rather than traveling round by road, via Loch Eck side, the Rest and be thankful and Loch Lomond side. The service between Dunoon and Gourock in Inverclyde, operated by the Caledonian MacBrayne subsidiary Argyll Ferries LTD is a passenger only service. This service connects directly with the ScotRail service to Glasgow, Western Ferries LTD operate the service between Hunters Quay and McInroys Point near Gourock and carry all types of vehicular transport and foot passengers. This lists the towns and some of the numerous villages along the firth. There are many islands in the firth, the largest all have thriving communities and regular ferry services connecting them to the mainland. They are, Arran Bute Cumbrae The Clyde formed an important sea route from the earliest times, and the Battle of Largs in 1263 marked the turning point for the end of Viking ambitions in Britain. During World War II Glasgow and the Clyde became Britains main entry point for Allied merchant shipping, military personnel and equipment, the Clyde formed the largest base of naval ships. The area became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding with notable designers including, William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G L Watson and it was also the location of many famous yacht yards. Clyde-built wooden yachts are known for quality and style today
6.
Scottish Lowlands
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The Lowlands are a cultural and historic region of Scotland. The Lowlands is not a geographical or administrative area of the country. There are two main regions, the Midland Valley and the Southern Uplands. The term Lowlands mainly refers to the Midland Valley, however, in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands. The boundary is considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh. The Lowlands lie south and east of the line, note that some parts of the Lowlands are not physically low, Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet, while some areas indisputably in the Highlands are low-lying. In geological terms, the line between Lowlands and Highlands is the Highland Boundary Fault. There was also a legally defined Highland Line in the post-Culloden years, traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus, Dunbartonshire, Stirlingshire, Perthshire, Kincardineshire, Aberdeenshire, Banffshire and Moray. Geographically, Scotland is divided into three areas, the Highlands, the Central plain, and the Southern Uplands. The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two, the northeast plain is also low-land, both geographically and culturally, but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands. The term Lowlands is sometimes used in a restricted sense to refer specifically to the Midland Valley. Much of this area, which has a structure of sedimentary rocks with coal deposits, lies within the basins of the Rivers Forth. Historically, this valley has been the most agriculturally productive region of Scotland, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, coal deposits promoted concentrated industrial activity and urbanization in the Midland Valley, where 80 percent of the population of Scotland now live. The southernmost counties of Scotland, nearest the border with England, are known as the Borders. They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of the Lowlands
7.
Grangemouth
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Grangemouth is a town in east Stirlingshire and is part of the Falkirk council area, Scotland. The town lies in the Forth Valley, on the banks of the Firth of Forth,3 miles east of Falkirk,5 miles west of Boness and 13 miles south-east of Stirling, Grangemouth had a resident population of 17,906 according to the 2001 Census. Preliminary figures from the 2011 census reported the number as 17,373, grangemouths original growth as a town relied mainly on its geographical location. Originally a bustling port, trade flowed through the town with the construction of the Forth and Clyde Canal in the 18th century. Nowadays, the economy of Grangemouth is focused primarily on the petrochemical industry of the area which includes the oil refinery, owned by Ineos. The town is twinned with La Porte, Indiana, residents of the town are known as Portonians. Grangemouth was founded by Sir Lawrence Dundas in 1768 as a result of the construction of the Forth and this township name was never approved by the founders. The settlement was also named Grangeburnmouth for a period and then finally to Grangemouth, a map held at the National Library of Scotland dated 1817 by John Grassom, records the town as Grangemouth. As canal and general shipping traffic came to the town the area became more prosperous and this was aided by the high tariffs at the port of Leith which caused more traffic to pass through Grangemouth instead. Being downstream from the world famous Carron Company also increased the volume of shipping to the town as cast iron products and armaments were transported around the globe. Until 1810, duties had to paid on cargoes through the house at Boness which benefited from the duties paid. With poor roading between the towns, ships captains and agents had to undertake multiple journeys by foot or by horse and cart to register cargoes and pay their duties in weathers fair and foul. After years of appealing Grangemouth was granted its own Customhouse and a fine 3 storied stone building was erected on the Northern side of the harbour, the 1830s saw 750 ships in port and over 3,000 trade journeys using the canal. The local shipyard had a graving or drydock built by the Earl of Zetland in 1811, the harbour and the river were unable to handle the volume of shipping and larger vessels had to rely completely on the tide to reach wharves on the river bank. A new dock was commissioned to be built and dredging and further re-alignment of the River Carron were undertaken,200 men dug out what is now called the Old Dock with lock gates were built allowing vessels to enter the port at any time and tide. A canal link to the south west was named Junction lock and this allowed timber logs from Scandinavia to be floated in rafts right up to the sawmills almost a mile inland. There was also Grangemouth Dockyard Company established in 1885, a 1936 LMS advert said that the docks had 121 acres of water, direct access to the Forth and Clyde Canal and handled 3,250,000 tons of goods a year. Grangemouth Port is one of the ports in the UK with the largest container terminal in Scotland
8.
River Clyde
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The River Clyde is a river, that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the eighth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the second-longest in Scotland, flowing through the major city of Glasgow, it was an important river for shipbuilding and trade in the British Empire. In the early medieval Cumbric language it was known as Clud or Clut, the Clyde is formed by the confluence of two streams, the Daer Water and the Potrail Water. The Southern Upland Way crosses both streams before they meet at Watermeetings to form the River Clyde proper. At this point the Clyde is only 10 kilometres from Tweeds Well, the source of the River Tweed, and 13 kilometres from the Devils Beef Tub, the source of the River Annan. From there it meanders northeastward before turning to the west, its flood plain used for major roads in the area. On the banks of the Clyde, the industrialists David Dale and Robert Owen, built their mills, the mills harness the power of the Falls of Clyde, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A hydroelectric power station generates electricity here, although the mills are now a museum. Between the towns of Motherwell and Hamilton the course of the river has altered to create an artificial loch within Strathclyde Park. Part of the course can still be seen, and lies between the island and the east shore of the loch. The river then flows through Blantyre and Bothwell, where the ruined Bothwell Castle stands on a defensible promontory, past Uddingston and into the southeast of Glasgow the river begins to widen, meandering a course through Rutherglen and Dalmarnock. From there, it flows past the shipbuilding heartlands, through Govan, Partick, Whiteinch, Scotstoun and Clydebank, all of which housed major shipyards, of which only two remain. The river flows out west of Glasgow, past Renfrew, opposite, on the south shore, the river continues past the last Lower Clyde shipyard at Port Glasgow to Greenock where it reaches the Tail of the Bank as the river merges into the Firth of Clyde. At the mouth of the River Clyde there has been a significant issue of oxygen depletion in the water column, the valley of the Clyde was the focus for the G-BASE project from the British Geological Survey in the summer of 2010. The success of the Clyde at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution was driven by the location of Glasgow, tobacco and cotton trade began the drive in the early 18th century. However, the shallow Clyde was not navigable for the largest ocean-going ships, in 1768 John Golborne advised the narrowing of the river and the increasing of the scour by the construction of rubble jetties and the dredging of sandbanks and shoals. A particular problem was the division of the river into two channels by the Dumbuck shoal near Dumbarton. After James Watts report on this in 1769, a jetty was constructed at Longhaugh Point to block off the southern channel and this being insufficient, a training wall called the Lang Dyke was built in 1773 on the Dumbuck shoal to stop water flowing over into the southern channel
9.
Bowling, West Dunbartonshire
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Bowling is a village in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, with a population of 740. It lies on the bank of the Firth of Clyde. It is at one end of the Antonine Wall and therefore represents the limit of the Roman Empire on the west coast of the island of Great Britain. Bowling is the location of the terminus of the Forth and Clyde Canal, opened in 1790. At the time there were plans for use of an area of 140 acres of land adjacent to Bowling. In 2007, Bowling welcomed the Vital Spark, one of five surviving Clyde puffers. The Forth & Clyde Canal is regarded as the birthplace of the puffers, the archetypal puffer, the Vital Spark, appeared in the Para Handy books by Neil Munro and two television series of the same name. Bowling has been associated with shipbuilding and ship repairing. The opening of the Forth and Clyde canal at Bowling in 1790 increased the number of passing through the small village on their way to Glasgow. The first shipbuilding name in Bowling is that of Thomas MacGill and he rented the Graving dock in 1800, for which he paid £25 in the first year. McGill and two of his sons built vessels at Bowling until 1843 when the yard was forced to close due to an extension of the Forth and Clyde Canal basin. In 1834 George Mills and Charles Wood entered into partnership, opening a shipyard at Littlemill in Bowling and this partnership did not last long, as Charles Wood left to set up a shipyard in Dumbarton on his own. In 1840/1 George Mills retired from shipbuilding and the shipyard closed, in 1851 a new partnership was formed at Bowling between Thomas MacGills two sons, David and Thomas, and James Scott, whose father owned land at Littlemill. The company was known as Scott & MacGill, the shipyard was located on ground known as Frisky Hall Orchard and this small yard built wooden sailing vessels until, in 1874, it built its first iron vessel. In 1876 Thomas MacGill retired from the firm, leaving James Scott on his own, a partnership was formed in 1892 between James Scott and his two sons, Charles Wood Scott and James Scott Junior. The firms name was changed again, to Scott and Sons, the firm continued to prosper well into the twentieth century, building in excess of 450 vessels, many of these being passenger vessels and coasters for Gardner & Stewart. In 1958, following the retirement of James W. Scott, in June 1965, the company was taken over by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock. In 1979 the decision was taken to close the shipbuilding yard, the last vessel to leave the yard was the Laggan built for Forth Tugs Limited of Grangemouth
10.
Twechar
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Twechar is a small former mining village in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland close to the boundary with North Lanarkshire. It lies between the towns of Kirkintilloch and Kilsyth. The Forth and Clyde Canal runs close to the village to the north, there are visible remains of the wall on Barhill and the Roman Fort is a local tourist attraction. There is a history of mining activity in the Twechar locality but it was not until the coming of William Baird & Co. to the area, about 1860. Pits were sunk at Twechar and Gartshore and a row of houses was built on the south bank of the Forth and Clyde canal. The coal mining industry begun by the Bairds in the 1860s lasted for just over a century. Twechar No.1 Pit, on the bank of the canal to the east of Twechar Bridge, closed in 1964, while Gartshore 9/11. Thereafter some Twechar men travelled each day to collieries such as Bedlay and Cardowan in Lanarkshire, until they too were closed, during the early 1980s. Baird & Co. provided rail connections to their local pits at an early date, as part of the deal the coal company agreed to transport a proportion of its coal by canal although this requirement lapsed early in the twentieth century. However, the bridge continued in use until the mid-1960s, its hand-winding apparatus having been made redundant on 1 January 1963. The original housing provided by William Baird & Co soon proved inadequate and around 1880 the Barrhill Rows were constructed at right angles to Main Street, on its western side. At first there were four rows, supplemented by two more about 1900, by which date the number of dwellings in the rows was 160. The row nearest the canal included a Gartsherrie Co-operative shop and accordingly was known as the Store Row, initially the houses had no sanitation and were lit by paraffin lamps. Communal wash houses were provided at intervals along each row, most of the houses were of the two-apartment variety. A great improvement was made in 1925, when Baird & Co. provided good quality housing for their mine workers at Burnbrae, Annieston, Sunnyhill. There were 200 dwellings in all, some two-apartment and some three-apartment and they were provided with bathrooms and electric lighting. When these houses were built the old row on the bank of the canal was demolished. The Barrhill Rows, however, lasted until 1957, the Baird houses of 1925 are currently being demolished and little remains of Burnbrae, Whitelaw Terrace, Shirva lea and Merryflats
11.
Kilsyth
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Kilsyth is a town and civil parish in North Lanarkshire of 10,100 roughly halfway between Glasgow and Stirling in Scotland. Kilsyth is at 60 metres above sea level and occupies a strip of land between the Kilsyth Hills to the north and the River Kelvin to the south. To the east and west it is bordered by marshland and bogs, the centre of the town is close to the confluence of the Garrell and Ebroch burns. The main A80/M80 motorway is close by to the south, formerly two separate stations existed in the town on separate, although linked, railway lines. One, The Kelvin Valley Railway went to Glasgow, Maryhill while the other, the town occupies a sheltered position in the Kelvin Valley, and is bisected by the A803 between Kirkintilloch and Falkirk. The old drovers road from Stirling, and the south to Cumbernauld via Auchinstarry Bridge. The Civil War Battle of Kilsyth took place on hillsides between Kilsyth and Banton, North Lanarkshire in 1645, Kilsyth was later closely associated with the various attempts by the Jacobites to regain the crown. The town economy has shifted over the past three centuries from farming, handloom weaving and extractive industries to light engineering, transport and service industries, many of the townsfolk of working age now commute to work in nearby Glasgow and other larger towns nearby. William Irvine was born in Kilsyth in 1863, the formation of the new Church of God, the first Pentecostal Church in Scotland in 1902 led to further outbreaks of revival in 1908 and to Kilsyth becoming an early focus of Pentecostalism. Kilsyth was originally part of the earldom of Lennox, the parish was called variously Monyabroch, Monaeburgh, or Moniabrocd, but part of the parish was called Kelvesyth by the beginnings of the 13th century. The lands passed through the hands of branches of the Callendar and Livingston families as their fortunes waxed and waned, Kilsyth was established as a Burgh of Barony in 1620. A Town Charter was granted in 1826, permitting the holders of plots to elect a Town Council and it used to be part of Stirlingshire, but is now within North Lanarkshire jurisdiction. In 2012, the ward was represented by three elected councillors, Jean Jones, Heather McVey and Alan Stevenson. Jamie Hepburn MSP was elected as Cumbernauld and Kilsyth member of the Scottish Parliament on 5 May 2011 with a majority of 3459, since May 2015, Stuart MacDonald has been Westminster MP for the Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East. Kilsyth Community Council, as the elected representative body, is an active community group. The nearby villages of Croy, Banton, Queenzieburn, and Twechar are within walking distance from Kilsyth. Townhead reservoir, known locally as Banton Loch, is the site of the Battle of Kilsyth and is the reservoir for the Fort. A thriving marina has been developed at Auchinstarry close to the climbing wall, Kilsyth Lennox Golf Club was founded in 1899
12.
Croy, North Lanarkshire
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Croy is a village in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. A former mining community, Croy is situated some 13 miles from Glasgow and 37 miles from Edinburgh on the railway line between the two cities. Croy railway station is the hub for the surrounding area and is one of the busiest stations in the Scottish Central Belt. The station has frequent services 7 days a week to Glasgow, the station has undergone significant expansion in recent years including extended platforms, increased car parking facilities and a new station building & ticket office. Further improvements and maintenance are expected until at least 2017, a tombstone was found at Croy Hill, showing a soldier flanked by men, possibly his sons. Other finds include a bronze arm purse, now in the Hunterian Museum, Croy was a key point in the Roman built Antonine Wall. The modern settlement of Croy as it today was primarily the result of a coal mine being established in the mid 1800s. This attracted a population of Irish immigrants to the area seeking employment and is the reason for the villages strong Roman Catholic origins. A single row of miners cottages are still present and in use on the Constarry Road high street. They feature a distinctive red brickwork and are exceptionally well preserved. The local residents refer to the row as Coronation Street - due to the similarity with the houses of the iconic UK television series. Croy has a Roman Catholic primary school and a large Catholic Church that services a substantial congregation from all over the local area, the Church has been established for over 100 years and has some impressive architectural features. The church bells are rung prior to service and can be heard throughout the whole village. Another impressive architectural feature of the village is the Croy Railway Viaduct, built in the mid-1800s, the viaduct can be accessed via a heritage path running alongside Croy Station. The path was redeveloped with the Croy station improvements and is now well sign posted, a notable feature of the village is the Croy Shrine located in the Nethercroy area to the North East. The Shrine fell into a state of disrepair over the due to neglect. In 2013 some local residents rebuilt it and a ceremony was held in 2014. Despite the small scale of the village, Croy has a series of remarkable high-profile links with Scottish football team Glasgow Celtic, at one stage there was a junior football team in the village, known as Croy Celtic
13.
River Forth
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The River Forth,47 km long, is a major river draining the eastern half of the watershed of Scotlands Central Belt. The Forth rises in Loch Ard in the Trossachs, a mountainous area 30 km west of Stirling and it flows roughly eastward, through Aberfoyle, joining with the Duchray Water and Kelty Water, and out over the vast flat expanse of the Carse of Stirling including Flanders Moss. It is then joined by the River Teith and the Allan Water, at Stirling the river widens and becomes tidal, and it is here that the last ford of the river exists. From Stirling, the Forth flows east over the Links of Stirling and past the towns of Cambus, Alloa, Fallin, upon reaching Kincardine the river begins to widen into an estuary, the Firth of Forth. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Stirling harbour was a port, with goods coming into Scotland. Links with the Hansa towns were strong, and Stirling had a close relationship with Veere in the Netherlands. After 1707 much of the trade shifted to the port of Glasgow, during the First and Second World Wars, however, Stirling harbour thrived again as a gateway for supplies of tea to Scotland. Trade slowly returned after the wars but the few agricultural merchants based at Stirling found such shipping uncompetitive due to high shore dues levied by the harbour’s owners, today Stirling harbour is no more. Upstream of Stirling, the river is small and is crossed in numerous places. After its confluence with the Teith and Allan, the river is sufficiently wide that a significant bridge is required. A bridge has existed at Stirling since at least the 13th century, the Alloa Swing Bridge, a railway bridge between Alloa on the north shore and Throsk on the south opened in 1885 and was closed in 1970. The Clackmannanshire Bridge just upstream of the Kincardine Bridge opened on 19 November 2008, much further downstream joining North Queensferry and South Queensferry is the famous Forth Bridge opened in 1890, and the Forth Road Bridge which opened in 1964. In 2011 construction began on the Queensferry Crossing, to the west of the Forth Road Bridge,400 kV Forth Crossing List of rivers of Scotland Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland Forth, the name of one of the sea areas of the British Shipping Forecast
14.
Antonine Wall
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Representing the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire, it spanned approximately 63 kilometres and was about 3 metres high and 5 metres wide. Security was bolstered by a ditch on the northern side. It is thought there was a wooden palisade on top of the turf. The barrier was the second of two great walls created by the Romans in Northern Britain and its ruins are less evident than the better-known Hadrians Wall to the south, primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away, unlike its stone-built southern predecessor. Construction began in AD142 at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, Antoninus Pius never visited Britain, whereas his predecessor Hadrian did. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus to send the troops further north. The Antonine Wall was protected by 16 forts with small fortlets between them, troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians in decorative slabs, the wall was abandoned only eight years after completion, and the garrisons relocated back to Hadrians Wall. In 208 Emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs, the occupation ended a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius ordered the construction of the Antonine Wall around 142, quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor of Roman Britain at the time, initially supervised the effort, which took about twelve years to complete. The wall stretches 63 kilometres from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Carriden near Boness on the Firth of Forth, the wall was intended to extend Roman territory and dominance by replacing Hadrians Wall 160 kilometres to the south, as the frontier of Britannia. The Romans called the north of the wall Caledonia, though in some contexts the term may refer to the whole area north of Hadrians Wall. The Antonine Wall was shorter than Hadrians Wall and built of turf on a stone rather than of stone. The stone foundations and wing walls of the original forts demonstrate that the plan was to build a stone wall similar to Hadrians Wall. As built, the wall was typically a bank, about four metres high, made of layered turves and occasionally earth with a ditch on the north side. The Romans initially planned to build forts every 10 kilometres, but this was revised to every 3.3 kilometres. The best preserved but also one of the smallest forts is Rough Castle Fort
15.
Aqueduct (water supply)
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An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge on an artificial watercourse, the word is derived from the Latin aqua and ducere. Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and ancient Rome, in modern times, the largest aqueducts of all have been built in the United States to supply the countrys biggest cities. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth, much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground, modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water, the Indian subcontinent is believed to have some of the earliest aqueducts. Evidence can be found at the sites of present-day Hampi, Karnataka, the massive aqueducts near river Tungabhadra supplying irrigation water were once 15 miles long. The waterways supplied water to royal bath tubs, in Persia from early times a system of underground aqueducts called qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. This technique, taps into subterranean water in a manner that water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the lower than the source. Allows water to be transported long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage. Throughout Petra, Jordan, the Nabataean engineers took advantage of natural spring. They constructed aqueducts and piping systems that allowed water to flow across mountains, through gorges and into the temples, homes, and gardens of Petras citizens. Walking through the Siq, one can spot the remains of channels that directed water to the city center. On the island of Samos, the Tunnel of Eupalinos was built during the reign of Polycrates and it is considered an underground aqueduct and brought fresh water to Pythagoreion for roughly a thousand years. Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they totaled over 415 kilometres. The aqueducts supplied water to public baths and for drinking water, in large cities across the empire
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Reservoir
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A reservoir is a storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water, hydrocarbons or gas, a reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that drains a body of water. They can also be constructed in river valleys using a dam, alternately, a reservoir can be built by excavating flat ground or constructing retaining walls and levees. Tank reservoirs store liquids or gases in storage tanks that may be elevated, at grade level, tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns. Underground reservoirs are used to store liquids, principally either water or petroleum, a dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually need the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel. In hilly regions, reservoirs are constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs the new top water level exceeds the height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at Llyn Clywedog in Mid Wales. In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir, where water is pumped or siphoned from a river of variable quality or quantity, bank-side reservoirs may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or embankment, the water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and almost eliminate any turbidity. The use of reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time. Service reservoirs store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution, many service reservoirs are constructed as water towers, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be almost entirely underground, especially in hilly or mountainous country. In the United Kingdom, Thames Water has many underground reservoirs, sometimes called cisterns, built in the 1800s. A good example is the Honor Oak Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909, when it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe
17.
Banton, North Lanarkshire
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Banton is a small village located near to the town of Kilsyth in Scotland. Originally a cluster of houses and a farm to the north was what existed of the village and then coal-mining brought about the settlement we see today. Nestled under the Kilsyth Hills, the village is a community with few local amenities, save for a shop and post office. A number of Banton residents in the past secured employment in the Banton weaving mill, however once the mill closed this changed and locals had to seek employment in other fields. Businesses with operations in the village include Bennett Homes and Border Demolition based at the old mill, a livery business and a dog grooming parlour have recently become established in the Mailings side of Banton and a computer repair business on Mill Road. The Townhead Reservoir is in the vicinity of the village, and it was widely used by a boating club for many years, but has latterly been secured for use by a local fishing club. The source of the River Kelvin is situated at the south east corner of the village near the site of the old Lammerknowes Farm Photo, transport is provided today by the A803 non-trunk road between the Falkirk area to the east and Kilsyth and Glasgow city to the west. The village lies on a spur of this road 1/2mile due north, an hourly bus service between Falkirk/Camelon/Larbert/Bonnybridge/Banknock - Kilsyth/Kirkintilloch/Bishopbriggs/Springburn/Glasgow is operated every day by First
18.
Kirkintilloch
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Kirkintilloch is a town and former royal burgh in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It lies on the Forth and Clyde Canal, about 8 miles northeast of central Glasgow, historically part of Dunbartonshire, the town is the administrative centre of the East Dunbartonshire council area, and its population in 2009 was estimated at 19,700. Kirkintilloch comes from the Gaelic Cair Ceann Tulaich or Cathair Cheann Tulaich and this, in turn, may come from a Cumbric name, Caer-pen-taloch, which has the same meaning. A possible reference to the site is made in the 9th century Welsh text Historia Brittonum, in which the Antonine Wall is said to end at Caerpentaloch. The fort referred to is the former Roman settlement on the wall, the etymology is sometimes taken literally as Kirk in tilloch. Its long name is shortened by locals to the colloquial Kirkie or Kirky. Through it the Antonine Wall was routed, its course continues through the centre of the town to this day, there are many archeological artifacts found in Kirkintilloch on display at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow. There is no evidence of habitation on the site for the following thousand years until Clan Cumming established a castle. A small settlement grew and was granted burgh status in 1211, from this time, a weekly market was held in the town, probably at the foot of Peel Brae. Soldiers from the castle were dispatched to arrest William Wallace at Robroyston in 1305, later the same year, the garrison is recorded as having sent a petition to King Edward of England complaining of non-payment of wages. The castle was attacked by Scottish forces in 1306 under Bishop Wishart of Glasgow, but the siege was unsuccessful. The castle is thought to have been destroyed on the orders of Robert Bruce later in the conflict, although the traces of a mot surrounded by a ditch can still be seen in the Peel Park. The establishment was part of the endowment of Cambuskenneth Abbey, and was accompanied by a grant of one oxgang of land, a chapel to the Virgin Mary was established in the town itself, sometime before 1379, and was endowed with land at Duntiblae by Sir David Fleming. Hitherto part of Stirlingshire, the area became a detached part of the county of Dumbarton. On 3 January 1746, the retreating Jacobite army of Charles Stuart made its way through Kirkintilloch, on its way back from Derby, one of the Highland armys stragglers was shot dead at the town cross by a man hidden in a barn at the Kiln Close. On hearing of the murder, Charles halted his army on the Kilsyth road and threatened to turn back, the town magistrates persuaded him to continue marching, in return for an unspecified payment, and the town was spared. The town was one of the hotbeds of the Industrial Revolution in Scotland, there were 185 weavers in Kirkintilloch by 1790, and in 1867 James Slimons cotton mill at Kelvinside employed 200 women. This industrial heritage lives on in the designation as the Canal Capital of Scotland
19.
Bishopbriggs
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Bishopbriggs is a town in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It lies on the fringe of Greater Glasgow, approximately 4 miles from the City Centre. Historically in Lanarkshire, the area was part of the historic parish of Cadder - originally lands granted by King William the Lion to the Bishop of Glasgow. It was later part of the county of Lanarkshire, and then an independent burgh from 1964 to 1975, today, Bishopbriggs close geographic proximity to Glasgow now effectively makes it a suburb and commuter town of the city. The towns Gaelic name Coille Dobhair reflects the name of the old parish of Cadder and it was ranked the 2nd most desirable postcode in Scotland to live in following a study by the Centre for Economic and Business Research in 2015 and 2016. It has a population of approximately 23,500 people, in July 2016, Google Maps entry for Bishopbriggs was hacked, causing the main picture for it to appear as a resort in Mauritius. As early as 1568, reference is made to a path northwards from Glasgow as the passage to Bischopis Briggis. Bishopbriggs was first documented in the Cadder Parish records of 1655, even more than a century later, after substantial growth, the village was still being referred to in the terms of the larger settlement of Cadder. By 1793, the introduction of new farming techniques had improved yields, by 1836 there were almost no cotters with the largest farms employing no more than ten people, and some of those only as maid servants. Land reclamation changed the landscape so that crops could grow, where there was only marshland. Dairy farming was relied upon to cover ground rents, with the completion of the Forth and Clyde Canal in 1790, the area began to attract ironstone and coal mining industry. The Carron Company, became the main employer, building the mining villages of Mavis Valley. From there, the Forth and Clyde Canal formed a convenient, there were also freestone quarries established at Coltpark, Crowhill, Huntershill and Kenmure. Development during the 19th century was slow compared to the expansion of other nearby areas. In 1836 Bishopbriggs population stood at 175, compared to neighbouring Auchinairn Villages 284, the population of Bishopbriggs was recorded as 658 in 1861 and 782 in 1871. At the time, the village had also known as Bishopbridges and was so described in published maps up to the mid-1850s. The arrival of the railway heralded a change, although the first printed tickets called the station Bishopbridges, platform signage showed Bishopbriggs, the blonde coloured Bishopbriggs Sandstone is from the Upper Limestone Formation of the Lower Carboniferous age. It was one of the most important Glasgow building stones, and was a supplier of stone for Victorian Glasgow along with stone from quarries in other local areas such as Giffnock
20.
Maryhill
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Maryhill is an area of the City of Glasgow in Scotland. Maryhill stretches over 7 miles along Maryhill Road, the far north west of the area is served by Maryhill railway station. Hew Hill, the Laird, or Lord, of Gairbraid, had no heir and so he left his estate to his daughter. She married Robert Graham of Dawsholm in 1763, but they had no income from trade or commerce and had to make what they could from the estate. They founded coalmines on the estate but they proved to be wet and unprofitable and it is still known as Acre today. No doubt they would have continued with the struggle, but on 8 March 1768 Parliament approved the cutting of the Forth and Clyde Canal through their estate, which provided some much-needed money. The canal reached the estate in 1775, but the company had run out of money. The Government granted funds from forfeited Jacobite estates to start it again, five locks, the great Kelvin Aqueduct and, between two of the locks, a dry dock boatyard were built. The then village was to be in all times called the town of MaryHill, the new canal waterway attracted industries including, boat-building, saw-milling and ironfounding to its banks within Marys estate. By 1830 the scattered houses had grown to form a village with a population of 3000 people. It was later absorbed into the boundaries of the city of Glasgow in 1891, a part of the Antonine Wall runs through Maryhill, in the Maryhill Park area, where there is the site of a Roman fort adjoining the wall in nearby Bearsden. A roman bath-house may still be seen there, Maryhill had the first Temperance Society in the United Kingdom after lawlessness filled the streets in the Victorian era. Maryhill also boasts one of Glasgows original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed by the Inverness architect James Robert Rhind, Maryhill Barracks was opened in 1872 and once dominated the area that is now the Wyndford housing estate. It was home to the Scots Greys and the Highland Light Infantry, the barracks were decommissioned in the early 1960s. However the Territorial Army unit, the 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion,32 Signal Regiment is also based near Kelvinside, with 105 Regiment, Royal Artillery in nearby Partick. Maryhill was known as the Venice of the North for its canals and also for being the centre of the industry, with its Caledonia Works. The Glasgow Girl Industrial School moved to Maryhill in 1882, Maryhill is part of the Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn constituency in the Scottish Parliament and of 21 Maryhill/Kelvin Ward on Glasgow City Council. Glasgow Maryhill was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 2005 when it was subsumed into the new Glasgow North constituency
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Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
22.
Port Dundas
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Port Dundas is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, located 1 mile to the north of the city centre. It lies to the north of Cowcaddens, and to the west of Sighthill, with Hamiltonhill and Possilpark to the north-west. The Port Dundas terminus was established at One Hundred Acre Hill between 1786 and 1790 and was named after Sir Lawrence Dundas, one of the backers of the Forth. Port Dundas formed the terminus of a branch of the Forth and Clyde Canal in the centre of Glasgow, in 1859, a brick chimney was built at Port Dundas for F. Townsend. At 454 feet it was the tallest chimney in the world at the time, in 1900, the coal fired Pinkston Power Station was built at Port Dundas to generate electricity for the Glasgow Corporation Tramways network. Equipped with Belliss and Morcom generator sets, Glasgow Corporation had decided to electrify the network by 1901 for the opening of the International Exhibition at Kelvingrove Park, a large cooling tower was added in 1954 and was the largest in Europe at the time. After passing to the South of Scotland Electricity Board in 1958, it was decommissioned in the 1960s, industry in the area declined through the 20th century. The Monkland Canal was closed to navigation in 1952, and the Forth, charles Tennants St. Rollox Chemical Works, at one time the largest chemical manufacturer in the world closed its plant to the east of Port Dundas in 1964. The M8 motorway was constructed immediately to the south, over the route of the Monkland Canal, in the 1970s, obstructing access to the canal basin. Early in the 21st century, the Forth and Clyde Canal was restored as an attraction. The area is the site of a former large Scotch Grain distillery, originally there were two distilleries in the locality, the first was established in 1811 by Daniel McFarlane. Two years later the one was established by Brown, Gourlie & Co. During 1845 Coffey Stills for the manufacture of Grain whisky were installed in both distilleries, both distilleries merged in the 1860s and later became part of the Distillers Company in 1877. They were destroyed by fire in 1903 but were rebuilt and reopened in 1913, the distillery was closed for the duration of World War II. A large modernisation programme was undertaken during the 1970s, when a new intake, spirit store, still house, boiler house. It produced Grain whisky used in the Johnnie Walker, J&B, Bells, Black & White, Vat 69, Haig and White Horse blended whisky brands owned by Diageo
23.
University of Glasgow
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The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands four ancient universities. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century and it is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group. Glasgow University served all of students by preparing them for professions, the law, medicine, civil service, teaching. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science, originally located in the citys High Street, since 1870 the main University campus has been located at Gilmorehill in the West End of the city. Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as the Veterinary School in Bearsden, and it is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, as one of the Ancient Universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow University is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate masters degrees in certain disciplines. The University has been without its original Bull since the mid-sixteenth century, in 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace, although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. If they had not been lost by time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees. Teaching at the University began in the chapterhouse of Glasgow Cathedral, subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow, the University was given 13 acres of land belonging to the Black Friars on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old site and is now attached to the Main Building. To continue this work in his will he founded Andersons College, in 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first woman professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the University to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fuel industry. The University is currently spread over a number of different campuses, the main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead. The University has also established joint departments with the Glasgow School of Art, the Universitys initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with a decorated west front facing the High Street, called the Nova Erectio, over the following centuries, the Universitys size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotlands first public museum and it was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained
24.
Forth and Cart Canal
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The Forth and Cart Canal was a short 0. 5-mile link canal which provided a short cut between the Forth and Clyde Canal, at Whitecrook, and the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Cart. It was intended to provide a link between the town of Paisley, the Firth of Forth and Port Dundas, Glasgow, without having to go via Bowling. The Forth and Cart Canal was closed in 1893, Railway works destroyed most of it soon afterwards. An Act of Parliament obtained in 1753 authorised improvements to the White Cart Water, to make it navigable, the works included making the channel straighter and deeper. Work started on 23 August 1787, and was expected to be completed within a year, with the anticipated building of the Forth and Cart Canal, further work was carried out in 1835 to improve the harbour facilities at Paisley. The River Cart and the White Cart Water provided a waterway between the River Clyde and the centre of Paisley. The idea of a connection between the Cart Navigation and the Forth and Clyde Canal had first been suggested by Hugh Baird in 1799. There was no waterway between them and so goods had to be transferred by road and it was also expected that coal from Coatbridge would reach Paisley via the Monkland Canal, the Forth and Clyde, the proposed new canal and the Cart Navigation. It would save water on the Forth and Clyde, as boats could pass down the link, rather than using the larger locks to the west. The Forth and Cart canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament in May 1836 and was completed in 1840 and it joined the River Clyde almost opposite the mouth of the River Cart and joined the Forth and Clyde Canal at Whitecrook. It had three locks which were 67 feet long and 15 feet wide, limiting vessels to that size. Although the Forth and Clyde Canal obtained an Act of Parliament to allow it to take over the Forth and Cart in 1842, the transfer did not take place for another 13 years. By then, revenue was only £325 per year, and costs, the canal was in a poor state, and it was estimated that £3,100 needed to be spent on it to return it to good order. The annual traffic was around 40,000 tons, as the railways now supplied the coal that Paisley used. The Forth and Clyde estimated that they made £739 per year from trade which passed from the Forth and Cart to their canal, if traffic exceeded 90,000 tons, the original proprietors would receive an extra penny per ton. Although the payment would not clear the debts, and the likelihood of traffic increasing sufficiently to generate the tonnage payments was slight, the committee had little option but to accept. It was taken over by the Forth and Clyde Canal in 1855, and, together with the Forth and Clyde Canal, the Forth and Cart Canal was closed in 1893 as it was unprofitable. The closure of the canal provided an opportunity for the Glasgow - Clydebank railway and this line opened in 1896, and destroyed the first section of the canal
25.
River Cart
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The River Cart is a tributary of the River Clyde, Scotland, which it joins from the west roughly midway between the towns of Erskine and Renfrew and opposite the town of Clydebank. The River Cart itself is short, being formed from the confluence of the Black Cart Water. The River Cart and its tributary the White Cart Water were navigable as far as the Seedhill Craigs at Paisley, and, as with the River Clyde, various improvements were made to this river navigation. In 1840 the 0.50 mile Forth and Cart Canal was opened, linking the Forth and Clyde Canal, at Whitecrook near Clydebank, to the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Cart. The aim was to provide a link between Paisley, Port Dundas, Edinburgh, and the Firth of Forth. The Black Cart Water originates at Castle Semple Loch in Lochwinnoch, from there, it flows northeast to Johnstone, and then under the M8 motorway at Blackstoun, where it is joined by the River Gryfe. The river then flows parallel with the runway of Glasgow International Airport, passing under the A8 at Renfrew by means of a stone bridge. The White Cart Water originates on the edge of Eaglesham moor in East Renfrewshire and it then flows northwards around the south of East Kilbride to Waterfoot. Here, the river turns west, flowing through Pollokshaws and cutting through Pollok Country Park, under the M77 motorway towards Crookston, where it is joined by the River Levern. From Crookston, the passes the grounds of Leverndale Hospital and then crosses into Renfrewshire and flows through the farmlands of Hawkhead. On entering the town of Paisley, the falls over rapids called the Hammils. From there it runs, mostly hidden from view, towards Glasgow International Airport, in the town of Paisley the White Cart is joined by a number of tributary streams including the Lady Burn, the St Mirin Burn, the Sneddon Burn and the Espedair Burn. Just outside the boundary, close to Glasgow Airport, the river meets with the Abbots Burn. The Greenock Road, between Inchinnan and Renfrew, passes over the White Cart Water by means of the Swing Bridge, the White Cart Water then joins with the Black Cart Water, just downstream of the bridge, to become the River Cart. Robert Burns poem The Gallant Weaver mentions the River Cart, a major flood alleviation scheme has been built by Glasgow City Council to protect vulnerable property on the south side of Glasgow. Designed by Halcrow the scheme was at the time the largest flood alleviation project undertaken in Scotland, Paisley Abbey has a medieval drain, belonging to the monastery, which was rediscovered in the 1990s, and excavated by archaeologists. The abbey/monastery drain linked with the White Cart Water both upstream and downstream of the abbey, near to where the Town Hall now stands, the White Cart Water provided both drinking water for the monastery and was used to flush away kitchen waste and the latrines. The River Cart and the White Cart Water are navigable to Paisley, being blocked in the 1960s, at Sneddon Street, a further Act of Parliament was obtained by the Cart Trust for the rivers improvement in 1787, in response to pressure from Paisleys shipbuilders
26.
Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet
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Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet was a Scottish businessman, landowner and politician. He was the son of Thomas Dundas and Bethia Baillie and he made his first fortune by supplying goods to the British Army during their campaigns against the Jacobites and in Flanders during the Seven Years War, 1756-1763. He subsequently branched out into banking, property and was a backer of the Forth and Clyde Canal which happened to run through his estate, centered on Kerse House. James Boswell accounted him a shrewd man of the world. Sir Lawrence was also a man of taste, elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti in 1750 and his house in St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, designed by Sir William Chambers, became the headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1825. The facade and later 1857 ceiling feature on the current designs of the banknotes issued by the Royal Bank, a pair of marquetry commodes in the French taste by a French cabinet-maker working in London, Pierre Langlois, is at Aske. Capability Brown worked on the park at Aske and provided a design for a bridge, in the 1770s, Sir Lawrence turned to Robert Adam for further remodelling and designs for furnishings. The Aske estate included the borough of Richmond, so Sir Lawrence was therefore able to appoint the Member of Parliament. Sir Lawrence married Margaret Bruce, and they had one son, Sir Lawrence died in 1781 and is buried in the Dundas Mausoleum at Falkirk Old Parish Church where his wife and son eventually joined him. A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840, 3rd edition 1995, the Life and Work of Thomas Chippendale 1978
27.
M9 motorway (Scotland)
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The M9 is a major motorway in Scotland. It runs from the outskirts of Edinburgh, bypassing the towns of Linlithgow, Falkirk, Grangemouth, the road is approximately 30 miles long, and runs in a roughly north-west direction from the M8. It meets the A8 at Newbridge – a traffic blackspot before the junction was grade separated and its next junction is a motorway spur towards the Forth Road Bridge. This spur was extended in September 2007 and now meets the A90 at Scotstoun, at Stirling it meets the M80, taking over the main route through the Carse of Lecropt to the final roundabout at Dunblane. From there, the A9 runs all the way to Thurso, moto services are located at the M9/M80 junction, accessed via a roundabout which allows access to all routes. List of motorways in the United Kingdom City of Edinburgh Council Leaflet Forth Estuary Transport Authority Project Page The Motorway Archive – M9
28.
The Helix (Falkirk)
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The most visible feature of the development is the two unique equine sculptures known as The Kelpies. The Forth and Clyde Canal was reopened as part of the Millennium Link project in 2001, and included the Falkirk Wheel, by 2014, the Falkirk Wheel had become one of Scotlands most popular tourist attractions, second only to Edinburgh Castle among destinations that charge for entry. The final part of the route to the outlet at Grangemouth Docks had been obliterated by the construction of a motorway. This provided limited headroom when the tide was high, and insufficient water to enter the lock when it was low, an alternative route was therefore sought. The opportunity to remedy the situation and to make the end of the canal more accessible to the general public was provided by the Big Lottery Fund Living Landmarks programme. £140 million of funding was on offer, and in 2005 the Helix project was awarded one of the top four prizes, the plans included a new 950-yard section of canal, which would join the river below the four fixed bridges at a new sea lock. A new tunnel under the M9 motorway would be constructed by cut and cover methods, the plans also included the re-routing of two high-pressure oil pipelines which crossed the area to feed the refinery at Grangemouth. The project was designed to transform under-used land between Falkirk and Grangemouth into an urban greenspace called The Helix. The central area is known as Helix Park and the development covers some 350 hectares. Access around The Helix will be provided by 27 kilometres of cycleways, the name ‘Helix’ comes from the distinctive shape of the project as it spirals down from Langlees to Laurieston and Polmont. Falkirk Council led a Big Lottery Living Landmarks bid in partnership with British Waterways, in 2007 the consortium were successful in their application, which saw 316 entries and 3 winners, with The Helix receiving an award of £25m. This award was the first of its kind in Scotland through the programme, additional funding was received from a number of other sources including the Scottish Government, Sustrans, Score Environmental and Forth Environmental Trust. A contract worth £13.5 million was awarded to Balfour Beatty in early 2012 for the construction of the new canal, another £1 million contract for the visitor centre was awarded to Nicholl Russell Studios, a firm of architects based in Dundee. The most visible feature of the development is the two unique equine structures known as The Kelpies, each structure measures around 100 feet in height. The Kelpies were the brainchild of Andy Scott who also created the Heavy Horse sculpture at the side of the M8 motorway between Glasgow and Edinburgh. Another inspiration was the fact that Carnera, the UKs largest Clydesdale horse, once resided in Falkirk, construction of the 1600-tonne foundations for the Kelpies began in early 2013. The steel structures for the Kelpies were fabricated at Sherburn-in-Elmet in North Yorkshire by SH Structures, each Kelpie weighs 300 tonnes, and once the structural steel framework was erected, they were clad in 990 uniquely shaped stainless steel plates, with construction completed in October 2013. The Kelpies will host a visitor experience, enabling visitors to examine the complex, by December 2012, the channel for the canal link had been excavated, and the first major artwork was erected in the Abbotshaugh Community Woodland in early 2013
29.
Union Canal (Scotland)
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The Union Canal is a canal in Scotland, running from Falkirk to Edinburgh, constructed to bring minerals, especially coal, to the capital. It was opened in 1822 and was successful, but the construction of railways, particularly the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, opened in 1842. It fell into slow decline and was closed to commercial traffic in 1933. It was officially closed in 1965, the canal is listed as three individual Scheduled monuments by Historic Scotland according to the three former counties, Midlothian, West Lothian and Stirlingshire, through which it flows. It is now in use for leisure purposes. It was originally 32 miles in length, running to Port Hopetoun basin in Edinburgh from the junction at Falkirk, the Edinburgh terminal was a basin in the space between Semple Street and Lothian Road, south of Morrison Street. The final mile has been truncated and the Edinburgh terminal is now at Lochrin Basin in Tollcross, adjacent to Fountainbridge. Its course hence is by Ratho House, and across Leith River, to the city of Edinburgh, where it terminates by a basin at the Lothian Road, about half a mile south-west of the castle. When new bridges were installed as part of the Millennium Link, no CAD information was available on narrowboats, however, as narrowboats are rigid, some of these bends are very tight and difficult to navigate. The promoters wished to access to the minerals of the Lanarkshire Region to Edinburgh. This undertaking was designed by Mr. Thomas Telford and Mr. Baird, 2d. of which sum £198,650 was subscribed before going to parliament. Is entitled, An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from the Lothian Road, near the city of Edinburgh, to join the Forth and Clyde Navigation near Falkirk, in the county of Stirling. When the Company got its Act, Linlithgow and Edinburgh petitioned to be compensated for any loss of dues and charges they were accustomed to receive, the Company are therefore directed to pay the same on all Goods which may be imported by this Navigation. They are also bound to indemnify the Edinburgh Road Trustees, the Bathgate, and another Trust, in any Diminution of Tolls arising from these Turnpike Roads, the income from the project was derived from tolls, and charges for wharfage etc. Maximum prices for these were laid down in the Act, the tolls were based on tonnage of the merchandise being conveyed, there was a toll for empty vessels, and this was to be remitted if the vessel returned laden within fourteen days. In 2004, an investigation by a team from Headland Archaeology uncovered the stern of a 21 metre long wooden barge. The vessel was discovered on the bank of the canal between the Leamington Lift Bridge and Viewforth Bridge in Edinburgh. The remains represent the final berth of an early to mid 19th century canal barge or scow, typical cargoes included coal and lime from Lanarkshire although there were a number of passenger carriers too, the actual function of this vessel is unknown
30.
Falkirk Wheel
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The Falkirk Wheel is a rotating boat lift in Scotland, connecting the Forth and Clyde Canal with the Union Canal. The lift is named after the town of Falkirk in central Scotland. It opened in 2002, reconnecting the two canals for the first time since the 1930s as part of the Millennium Link project, planners decided early on to create a dramatic 21st-century landmark structure to reconnect the canals, instead of simply recreating the historic lock flight. The wheel raises boats by 24 metres, but the Union Canal is still 11 metres higher than the aqueduct which meets the wheel, boats must also pass through a pair of locks between the top of the wheel and the Union Canal. The Falkirk Wheel is the only rotating boat lift of its kind in the world, the two canals served by the wheel were previously connected by a series of 11 locks. With a 35-metre difference in height, it required 3,500 tonnes of water per run, by the 1930s these had fallen into disuse, and the locks were dismantled in 1933. Restoration of sea-to-sea navigation was deemed too expensive at the time, a 1979 survey report documented 69 obstructions to navigation, and sought the opinions of twenty interested parties to present the Forth and Clyde Local Plan in 1980. The Lotteries Act 1993 resulted in the creation of the Millennium Commission to disseminate funds raised by the sale of tickets for selected good causes. In 1996, when sufficient funds had accumulated, the Commission invited applications to do anything they thought desirable. To support worthwhile causes which would mark the year 2000 and the start of the new millennium, the conditions were that the Commission would fund no more than half of the project, with the remaining balance being covered by project backers. The BWB had made a plan for the reopening of the canal link. In 1994, the BWB announced its plan to bid for funding, the plans called for the canals to be opened to their original operating dimensions, with 3 metres of headroom above the water. The whole project had a budget of £78 million, on Valentines Day 1997, the Commission announced it would support the Link with £32 million of funding, 42% of the project cost. The Wheel and its basin was priced at £17 million. The Morrison-Bachy Soletanche Joint Venture Team submitted their design, which resembled a Ferris wheel with four gondolas. It was agreed by all parties that the design was functional, after being asked to reconsider, a 20-strong team of architects and engineers was assembled by British Waterways. Under the leadership of Tony Kettle from architects RMJM, the concepts and images were created with the mechanical concepts proposed by the design team from Butterley. This was a period of work with the final design concept completed in a three-week period during the summer of 1999
31.
Monkland Canal
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The Monkland Canal was a 12 1⁄4-mile-long canal designed to bring coal from the mining areas of Monklands to Glasgow in Scotland. In the course of a long and difficult process, it was opened progressively as short sections were completed. Locks were later constructed linking the two sections, and the canal was connected to the Forth and Clyde Canal, giving additional business potential. Maintaining an adequate supply was a problem, and later an inclined plane was built at Blackhill, in which barges were let down and hauled up. Originally intended as a measure to be used in summer only. Much of the route now lies beneath the course of the M8 motorway, the eastern end of the final extent of the canal is at Calderbank, south of Woodside Drive, where there were coal pits, the canal was fed there from the North Calder Water. A reservoir was created at Hillend to sustain the canal in the dry season, the canal ran close to the north side of the North Calder Water, passing more coal pits at Faskine and Palacecraig, then turning north there. Palacecraig was later the southern extremity of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, the canal passed under the road at Sikeside, from where it is nowadays in culvert. Turning west it passed under what is now Locks Street, Coatdyke, there was a lock to the east of the road, and a basin and second lock to the west of it. This location was called Sheepford Locks, and was the extremity of the canal as originally built. A branch canal called Dixons Cut was later built from the basin southwards to Dixons Calder Ironworks, the canal then continued westward, a little to the south of the Airdrie to Coatbridge main road. It passed south of the present-day Main Street area of Coatbridge and it was built to serve coal pits and then extended to serve the Dundyvan Ironworks with a complex of railway trans-shipment sidings at its termination. The main canal then ran fairly straight from the present-day A725 roundabout at the east end of Coatbridge Main Street to the Sunnyside Street roundabout. It was originally planned to serve coal pits, but it was unfinished in 1830 when the Baird Brothers established their Gartsherrie Ironworks at its termination. Continuing westward, the canal originally crossed the Gartsherrie Burn on Cotes Bridge. The aqueduct collapsed and had to be repaired in 1858, the canal then ran broadly west between Bank Street and West Canal Street, then turning a little more northerly from Blairhill Street, south of the present King Street, as far as Blair Street. There was an 80-yard tunnel under Bank Street and Buchanan Street, onwards from Blair Bridge the canal is open again, the route here arcs northward towards and through the Drumpellier estate, passing north of Drumpellier Home Farm. The estate had a bridge connecting the northern area, the canal then heads west again, with a short northerly spur serving coal pits at Drumpellier, continuing under the present-day railway line, and under the Cuilhill Road bridge
32.
M8 motorway (Scotland)
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The M8 is the busiest motorway in Scotland and one of the busiest in the United Kingdom. It connects the two largest cities, Glasgow and Edinburgh, and serves other large communities including Airdrie, Coatbridge, Greenock, Livingston. The motorway is 60 miles long – excluding a 6-mile gap between the Glasgow suburb of Baillieston and Newhouse, the motorway has one service station, located in Harthill. The motorway was constructed piecemeal in several stages bypassing towns, beginning in 1965 with the opening by Minister of State for Scotland George Willis of the bypass of Harthill. In 1968 the Renfrew Bypass was opened as the A8, becoming part of the M8 when the motorway to the west was connected, together, these three sections of motorway make up the present day M8. Most of the length was complete by 1980. The programme is forecast to be complete by early 2017, from the Edinburgh City Bypass, the road runs west to junction with the M9 motorway, bypassing to the north of Livingston and south of Bathgate. It continues across Scotlands Central Belt before abruptly terminating at Newhouse, the central section – the uncompleted Glasgow Inner Ring Road – contains numerous junctions serving local communities including Cowcaddens, Garnethill, Kelvingrove and Anderston. It then crosses the River Clyde on the Kingston Bridge, runs west through Kinning Park, continuing west, it bypasses Renfrew and Paisley before serving Glasgow International Airport, running to the south of Erskine, and terminating at Langbank, around 10 miles east of Greenock. The M8 nominally comprises sections of the international E-road network, namely E05 and E16, the M8, more explicitly the Glasgow section, is unusual amongst UK motorways in that it directly serves a large urban area, whereas most other motorways bypass such conurbations. It contains one of the busiest river crossings in Europe at the Kingston Bridge, the speed limit there is reduced to 50 mph as a result. There were successive failed attempts to build the southern flank of the Glasgow Inner Ring Road as defined by the Bruce Report, following many years of intensive political discussion and legal battles, construction of the M74 Completion scheme began in 2008, and it opened in June 2011. Early indications are that the new road has been successful in reducing traffic levels on the section of the M8. The result of this is long periods of traffic congestion
33.
Dalmuir
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Dalmuir is an area on the western side of Clydebank, in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is neighboured by the village of Old Kilpatrick, the Mountblow and Parkhall areas of Clydebank and it has a 5-platform railway station, Dalmuir railway station, on the North Clyde Line. Its most well-known area is Dalmuir Park, there are also a few pubs, including The Horse and Barge, and The Mountblow bar. The William Beardmore and Company shipbuilding and engineering works attracted a population to settle in the area. Part of their site has been developed for the Golden Jubilee Hospital. John Baird I, an architect who worked on numerous buildings in Glasgow. Dalmuir Barclay Church is a congregation of the Church of Scotland, located in the Dalmuir area of Clydebank, the first church was Dalmuir Parish Church in 1894. Initially, the met in the old Masonic Hall but subsequently moved to a 500-seat hall before moving again in 1903 to a new building on the corner of Dumbarton Road. The next was Dalmuir West United Free Church, which was established in 1906 and it opened in 1915 but was destroyed during the Clydebank Blitz. A replacement was built in Kimberley Street in Mountblow in the early 1950s and it united with Dalmuir Parish Church in 1976 and the old Parish Church building was acquired for the Roman Catholic Our Lady of Loretto Church. St Stephens Church is a Roman Catholic church, established in 1907 and our Lady of Loretto Catholic Primary School St. Stephens Catholic Primary School Clydemuir Primary, non-denominational
34.
William Symington
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William Symington was a Scottish engineer and inventor, and the builder of the first practical steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas. Symington was born in Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, to a family he described as being respectable and his father worked as a practical mechanic at the Leadhills mines. Although his parents intended for him to enter the ministry, he intended to use his education to make a career as an engineer. So, in 1785, he joined his brother George in his attempts to build an engine at Wanlockhead. While there, he impressed the manager of a mining company, Gilbert Meason. By the time William joined his brother, George had already succeeded in building the engine using James Watts design to be built in Scotland. William Symington quickly saw a way to marry the efficiency of the Watt engine with the simplicity of that devised by Thomas Newcomen, encouraged by Gilbert Meason, Symington demonstrated the practicality of his idea and his improved atmospheric engine was patented in 1787. The power piston worked by the pressure acting on the vacuum created by the condensing steam. After its completion, Symington drew up a prospectus outlining the advantages of his invention, the trial was said to have been a success. Alexander Nasmyth depicted her on her trial run, a version of the illustration held by the Science Museum in London, Ref No.0307379 shows her flying a red saltire, presumably a lithographers mistake. James Nasmyth in his published in 1883 stated erroneously that she was built of tinned iron plate. After the successful demonstration of an engine on a boat. The parts for the engine were ordered and a similar to that used previously. The first trial, on 2 December 1789, was unsuccessful because the wheels were not up to the task. Patrick Miller, the patron of the venture, sanctioned repairs and, on 26 and 27 December, although Symington is best remembered for his contribution to steam powered vessels, he also built successful engines for mines and mills. The first of these was built on a mine in Wanlockhead in 1790 and this was followed by engines in Sanquhar, and then in London. In 1792, he built a pumping engine that James Watt was also considered for. In the same year, he built an engine for the colliery of James Bruce and this marked a move to live near Falkirk and, later, a place as engine consultant for the Carron Company
35.
Steamboat
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A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS, S. S. or S/S or PS, the term steamboat is used to refer to smaller, insular, steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers, particularly riverboats. As using steam became more reliable, steam power became applied to larger, Early attempts at powering a boat by steam were made by the French inventor Denis Papin and the English inventor Thomas Newcomen. Papin invented the steam digester and experimented with closed cylinders and pistons pushed in by atmospheric pressure, Papin proposed applying this steam pump to the operation of a paddlewheel boat and tried to market his idea in Britain. He was unable to convert the piston motion into rotary motion. Newcomens design did solve the first problem, but remained shackled to the inherent limitations of the engines of the time, a steamboat was described and patented by English physician John Allen in 1729. In 1736, Jonathan Hulls was granted a patent in England for a Newcomen engine-powered steamboat, William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, having learned of Watts engine on a visit to England, made his own engine. In 1763 he put it in a boat, the boat sank, and while Henry made an improved model, he did not appear to have much success, though he may have inspired others. At its first demonstration on 15 July 1783, Pyroscaphe travelled upstream on the river Saône for some fifteen minutes before the engine failed, presumably this was easily repaired as the boat is said to have made several such journeys. Following this, De Jouffroy attempted to get the government interested in his work, De Jouffroy did not have the funds for this, and, following the events of the French revolution, work on the project was discontinued after he left the country. Similar boats were made in 1785 by John Fitch in Philadelphia and William Symington in Dumfries and this boat could typically make 7 to 8 miles per hour and traveled more than 2,000 miles during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. The following year, a boat made 30-mile excursions, and in 1790. Miller sent King Gustav III of Sweden an actual version,100 feet long. Miller then engaged engineer William Symington to build his patent steam engine drove a stern-mounted paddle wheel in a boat in 1785. The boat was successfully tried out on Dalswinton Loch in 1788 and was followed by a steamboat the next year. The boat was built by Alexander Hart at Grangemouth to Symingtons design with a cylinder engine. Trials on the River Carron in June 1801 were successful and included towing sloops from the river Forth up the Carron and thence along the Forth, in 1801, Symington patented a horizontal steam engine directly linked to a crank
36.
Charlotte Dundas
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Charlotte Dundas is regarded as the worlds second successful steamboat, the first towing steamboat and the boat that demonstrated the practicality of steam power for ships. Development of experimental steam engined paddle boats by William Symington had halted when the sponsor, Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, Symington had continued building steam pumping engines and mill engines. In 1793 he had developed a drive using a pivoted crosshead beam above the cylinder to transmit power to a crank. The boat was built by Alexander Hart at Grangemouth to Symingtons design with a cylinder engine. Trials on the River Carron in June 1801 were successful and this first boat may have been named Charlotte Dundas and the trials apparently included towing sloops from the river Forth up the Carron and thence along the Forth and Clyde Canal. There was concern about damage to the canal banks, and possibly the boat was found to be underpowered on the canal. Symington designed a new hull around his powerful horizontal engine, with the crank driving a large wheel in a central upstand in the hull. The new boat was 56 ft long,18 ft wide and 8 ft depth, with a wooden hull, after a model of the boat was made and shown to Lord Dundas, the boat was built by John Allan, and the engine by the Carron Company. The first sailing was on the canal in Glasgow on 4 January 1803, with Lord Dundas and this demonstrated the practicality of steam power for towing boats. Charlotte Dundas was left in a backwater of the canal at Bainsford until it was broken up in 1861, steamboat Paddle steamer William Symington William Symington, inventor of steam navigation Ships of the World, An Historical Encyclopedia-Charlotte Dundas
37.
John Smeaton
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John Smeaton FRS was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer, and often regarded as the father of civil engineering and he was associated with the Lunar Society. Smeaton was born in Austhorpe, Leeds, England, in 1750, his premises were in the Great Turnstile in Holborn. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1753, Smeatons water wheel experiments were conducted on a small scale model with which he tested various configurations over a period of seven years. The resulting increasing efficiency in water power contributed to the Industrial Revolution and this led him into conflict with members of the academic establishment who rejected Leibnizs theory, believing it inconsistent with Sir Isaac Newtons conservation of momentum. Recommended by the Royal Society, Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse and he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. Portland cement led to the re-emergence of concrete as a building material. He also acted as a consultant on the disastrous 63-year-long New Harbour at Rye, the project is now known informally as Smeatons Harbour, but despite the name his involvement was limited and occurred more than 30 years after work on the harbour commenced. Employing his skills as a engineer, he devised a water engine for the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in 1761. In 1782 he built the Chimney Mill at Spital Tongues in Newcastle upon Tyne and he also improved Thomas Newcomens atmospheric engine, erecting one at Chacewater mine, Wheal Busy, in Cornwall in 1775. In 1789 Smeaton applied an idea by Denis Papin, by using a pump to maintain the pressure. This bell, built for the Hexham bridge project, was not intended for underwater work, Smeaton is also credited with explaining the fundamental differences and benefits of overshot versus undershot water wheels. Smeaton experimented with the Newcomen steam engine and made marked improvements around the time James Watt was building his first engines, highly regarded by other engineers, he contributed to the Lunar Society and founded the Society of Civil Engineers in 1771. He coined the term civil engineers to distinguish them from military engineers graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, the Society was a forerunner of the Institution of Civil Engineers, established in 1818, and was renamed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1830. His pupils included canal engineer William Jessop and architect and engineer Benjamin Latrobe and he died after suffering a stroke while walking in the garden of his family home at Austhorpe, and was buried in the parish church at Whitkirk, West Yorkshire. Smeaton is one of six civil engineers depicted in the Stephenson stained glass window, designed by William Wailes, a memorial stone commemorating Smeaton himself was unveiled in the Abbey on 7 November 1994, by Noel Ordman, President of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. John Smeaton Academy, a school in the suburbs of Leeds adjacent to the Pendas Fields estate near Austhorpe, is named after Smeaton
38.
Geologist
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A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes that shape it. Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, field work is an important component of geology, although many subdisciplines incorporate laboratory work. Some geologists work in the mining business searching for metals, oils and they are also in the forefront of natural hazards and disasters prevention and mitigation, studying natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, weather storms. Their studies are used to warn the public of the occurrence of these events. Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions, james Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795. The first geological map of the U. S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure, in 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him and this antedates William Smiths geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks. Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology and this book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earths history and are still occurring today, in contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earths features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time, most geologists also need skills in GIS and other mapping techniques. Geology students often spend portions of the year, especially the summer though sometimes during a January term, geologists may concentrate their studies or research in one or more of the following disciplines, Dendrochronology, the study of dating based on tree ring patterns. Economic geology, the study of ore genesis, and the mechanisms of ore creation, geochemistry, the applied branch deals with the study of the chemical makeup and behaviour of rocks, and the study of the behaviour of their minerals. Geochronology, the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events. Geomorphology, the study of landforms and the processes that create them Hydrogeology, igneous petrology, the study of igneous processes such as igneous differentiation, fractional crystallization, intrusive and volcanological phenomena. Isotope geology, the case of the composition of rocks to determine the processes of rock. Metamorphic petrology, the study of the effects of metamorphism on minerals, marine geology, the study of the seafloor, involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal margins. Marine geology has strong ties to physical oceanography and plate tectonics, palaeoclimatology, the application of geological science to determine the climatic conditions present in the Earths atmosphere within the Earths history
39.
James Hutton
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James Hutton FRSE was a Scottish geologist, physician, chemical manufacturer, naturalist, and experimental agriculturalist. He originated the theory of fundamental principle of geology—which explains the features of the Earths crust by means of natural processes over geologic time. Huttons work established geology as a science, and thus he is often referred to as the Father of Modern Geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, also called time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism. Some of his writings anticipated the Gaia hypothesis, Hutton was born in Edinburgh on 3 June 1726 OS as one of five children of William Hutton, a merchant who was Edinburgh City Treasurer, and his wife, Sarah Balfour. His father died in 1729, when James was only three. e and he was apprenticed to the lawyer George Chalmers WS when he was 17, but took more interest in chemical experiments than legal work. At the age of 18, he became a physicians assistant, after three years he went to the University of Paris to continue his studies, taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Leiden University in 1749 with a thesis on blood circulation. After his degree Hutton returned to London, then in mid-1750 went back to Edinburgh and resumed chemical experiments with close friend, Hutton owned and rented out properties in Edinburgh, employing a factor to manage this business. Hutton inherited from his father the Berwickshire farms of Slighhouses, a farm which had been in the family since 1713. In the early 1750s he moved to Slighhouses and set about making improvements, introducing farming practices from other parts of Britain and experimenting with plant and he recorded his ideas and innovations in an unpublished treatise on The Elements of Agriculture. This developed his interest in meteorology and geology, in a 1753 letter he wrote that he had become very fond of studying the surface of the earth, and was looking with anxious curiosity into every pit or ditch or bed of a river that fell in his way. Clearing and draining his farm provided ample opportunities and his theoretical ideas began to come together in 1760. While his farming activities continued, in 1764 he went on a tour of the north of Scotland with George Maxwell-Clerk. In 1768 Hutton returned to Edinburgh, letting his farms to tenants but continuing to take an interest in farm improvements and he developed a red dye made from the roots of the madder plant. He had a built in 1770 at St Johns Hill, Edinburgh. This later became the Balfour family home and, in 1840, Hutton held no position in Edinburgh University and communicated his scientific findings through the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was particularly friendly with Joseph Black, and the two of them together with Adam Smith founded the Oyster Club for weekly meetings, at this time he is listed as living on Bernard Street in Leith. In 1777 he published a pamphlet on Considerations on the Nature, Quality and Distinctions of Coal, in 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
40.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
41.
Act of Parliament
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Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament. Act of the Oireachtas is an equivalent term used in the Republic of Ireland where the legislature is known by its Irish name. It is also comparable to an Act of Congress in the United States, a draft Act of Parliament is known as a bill. In territories with a Westminster system, most bills that have any possibility of becoming law are introduced into parliament by the government. This will usually happen following the publication of a paper, setting out the issues. A bill may also be introduced into parliament without formal government backing, in territories with a multicameral parliament, most bills may be first introduced in any chamber. However, certain types of legislation are required, either by convention or by law. For example, bills imposing a tax, or involving public expenditure, are introduced into the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, Canadas House of Commons, conversely, bills proposed by the Law Commission and consolidation bills traditionally start in the House of Lords. Once introduced, a bill must go through a number of stages before it can become law, in theory, this allows the bills provisions to be debated in detail, and for amendments to the original bill to also be introduced, debated, and agreed to. In bicameral parliaments, a bill that has been approved by the chamber into which it was introduced then sends the bill to the other chamber, broadly speaking, each chamber must separately agree to the same version of the bill. Finally, the bill receives assent, in most territories this is merely a formality. In some countries, such as in Spain and Portugal, the term for a bill differs depending on whether it is initiated by the government, again, the second reading of a Government bill is usually approved. A defeat for a Government bill on this reading signifies a major loss, if the bill is read a second time, it is then considered in detail Consideration in detail, This usually takes place on the floor of the House. Generally, committees sit on the floor of the House and consider the bill in detail, third reading, A debate on the final text of the bill, as amended. Very rarely do debates occur during this stage, passage, The bill is then sent to the other House, which may amend it. If the other House amends the bill, the bill and amendments are posted back to the original House for a further stage, the State of Queenslands Parliament is unicameral and skips this and the rest of the stages. Consideration of Senate/Representatives amendments, The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House and it may agree to them, amend them, propose other amendments in lieu, or reject them. However, the Senate may not amend money bills, though it can request the House to make amendments, a bill may pass backwards and forwards several times at this stage, as each House amends or rejects changes proposed by the other
42.
Caledonian Railway
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The Caledonian Railway was a major Scottish railway company. It was formed in the early 19th century with the objective of forming a link between English railways and Glasgow and it progressively extended its network soon reaching Edinburgh and Aberdeen, with a dense network of branch lines in the area surrounding Glasgow. It was absorbed into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, many of its principal routes continue active at the present day, and the original main line between Carlisle and Glasgow is in use as part of the West Coast Main Line railway. In the mid-1830s railways in England evolved from local concerns to longer routes that connected cities, in Scotland it was clear that this was the way forward, and there was a desire to connect the central belt to the incipient English network. Although the company was supported by Scottish investors, more than half of its shares were held in England, the company established primacy in some areas, but remained less than successful in others, considerable sums were expended in the process, not always finding the approval of shareholders. It extended from Aberdeen to Portpatrick, and from Oban to Carlisle, running passenger services. The industrial development led to the construction of other railways contiguous with the M&KR, in particular the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway and these two lines worked in harmony, merging to form the Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway in 1841, and competing with the M&KR and its allies. All these lines used the track gauge of 4 ft 6in. During this period, the first long-distance railways were opened in England, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and it was clearly desirable to connect central Scotland into the emerging network. At first it was assumed that one route from Scotland to England would be feasible. Many competing schemes were put forward, not all of them well thought out, the share capital was to be £1,800,000. The Glasgow and Edinburgh lines combined at Carstairs, and the route ran through Annandale, however if they hoped to operate the only Anglo-Scottish route, they were disappointed. The North British Railway opened between Edinburgh and Berwick-upon-Tweed on 22 June 1846, forming part of what has become the East Coast Main Line, the main line was opened from Carlisle to Beattock on 10 September 1847, and throughout between Glasgow and Carlisle on 15 February 1848. A continuous railway route between Glasgow and London existed for the first time, the Caledonian Railways Edinburgh line from Carstairs opened on 1 April 1848. The terminal at Edinburgh was Lothian Road, Glasgow was reached over the Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway, and the Wishaw and Coltness Railway, which the Caledonian had leased from 1 January 1847 and 1 January 1846 respectively. The Glasgow station was the Townhead terminus of the Glasgow, Garnkirk, during the process of seeking Parliamentary authorisation, the Caledonian observed that the Clydesdale Junction Railway was being promoted. The Caledonian acquired that line during its construction, and it opened in 1849 and it gave an alternative, and shorter access to another Glasgow passenger terminal, named South Side, and to the Clyde Quays at General Terminus. The South Side station was already being used by the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway, one day, they hoped, they might extend that line into Ayrshire
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British Waterways
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British Waterways, often shortened to BW, was a statutory corporation wholly owned by the government of the United Kingdom. It served as the authority for the majority of canals. On 2 July 2012 all of British Waterways assets and responsibilities in England, in Scotland British Waterways continues to operate as a standalone public corporation under the trading name Scottish Canals. The British Waterways Board was initially established as a result of the Transport Act 1962, British Waterways was sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in England and Wales, and by the Scottish Government in Scotland. British Waterways managed and maintained 2,200 miles of canals, rivers and docks within the United Kingdom including the buildings, half of the United Kingdom population lives within five miles of a canal or river once managed by British Waterways. In addition to the watercourses, British Waterways also cared for, a further 800 areas have special designation and a further hundred are Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Since the transfer of the assets and responsibilities of British Waterways to the Canal & River Trust the Waterways Trust in England and it continues, however, as an independent charity in Scotland. During the early 20th century, the network was in decline following a declining usage and increasing competition from the railways. Freight and other cargo was carried on the canals, by now owned by the railway companies. When the railways were nationalised in 1948, the canals they owned also transferred into a new British Transport Commission, in the same year a remarkably harsh winter saw many boats frozen into their moorings, and unable to move for weeks at a time. This was one of the reasons given for the decision by BWB to formally cease most of its commercial narrow boat carrying on the canals. By this time the network had shrunk to just 2,000 miles. However, the network was still intact with many of the closures affecting duplicate routes or branches. British Waterways Board was required under the Act to keep Commercial and Cruising Waterways fit for their respective traffic and use. However, these obligations were subject to the caveat of being by the most economical means, as a result, many remainder waterways could face abandonment or transference to the local authority who would contribute to the waterways upkeep as part of the act. Additionally, many of these waterways were crossed by new roads. As the century progressed leisure boating on the canals began to expand, additionally, the work of voluntary restoration groups succeeded in restoring some waterways to their former condition. Its plans involved moving to become a charitable trust, in charge of the current canal systems in addition to acquiring other waterways, such as those operated by the Environment Agency
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