1.
Foster's Group
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Fosters Group was an Australian beer group with interests in brewing and soft drinks. Fosters Group Limited was based in Melbourne, Victoria and was renamed Carlton & United Breweries prior to sale to British-South African multinational SABMiller in 2011, Fosters Group was the brewer of the Fosters Lager. Fosters wine business was split into a company, Treasury Wine Estates. SABMiller ceased to exist as a corporation, SABMiller also ceased trading on global stock markets. As a result, Fosters Group is now a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. It was founded in Melbourne in 1888 by two American brothers William and Ralph Foster of New York, who happened to own a refrigeration plant, cooling was necessary to brew and store acceptable lagers in Australias hot climate, unlike the English-style dark ales commonly brewed at the time. They sold the brewery the following year and returned to the United States, in 1983 Elders IXL, a giant Australian diversified conglomerate, purchased Carlton and United Breweries, and renamed it Elders Brewing Group. Then in 1990, the Elders Brewing Group changed its name to the Fosters Group, in 2005, Fosters Group acquired the Australian wine-making group Southcorp. This acquisition added brands such as Penfolds, Lindemans and Rosemount to the Fosters stable. Fosters Group was acquired by SABMiller plc in December 2011 In May 2011, the first day of trading saw its share price soaring, valuing the separate entity at A$2.2 billion. There had long been speculation that the sector or all of Fosters Group will be subject to a takeover by a larger firm. Groups to express such an interest over the years have included Diageo, SABMiller, Molson Coors, in September 2011, the board of Fosters agreed to a takeover bid by SABMiller, valuing the company at A$9. 9bn. Fosters Group Limited shares were suspended from trading on the ASX on 2 December 2011, since October 10,2016, when Anheuser-Busch InBev acquired SABMiller, Fosters Group has been owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. In 1990, Asahi Breweries acquired a 19. 9% stake in Australian brewery giant Elders IXL which later became Foster s Group, Fosters Group imports, licenses, and distributes a large number of brands. In Australia, Fosters distributes the Cinzano, Perrier, Skyy vodka, Stella Artois, while in the United States and Canadian markets, Molson brews and sells Fosters Lager under license. In August 2008, it was convicted and fined more than $1-million for two breaches of Victorias Occupational Health and Safety Act which led to the death of a worker in 2006. The prosecution of the company by the Director of Public Prosecutions for WorkSafe Victoria resulted in a call for the company to report on health. CEO Trevor OHoy, resigned on 10 June 2008 after poor performance by the division of the group
2.
Anheuser-Busch InBev
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Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is a multinational beverage and brewing company with global headquarters in Leuven, Belgium. Additional main offices are located in New York City, São Paulo, St. Louis, London, Mexico City, Johannesburg, Toronto, Buenos Aires, the company was enlarged in October 2016 when AB InBev purchased SABMiller and concluded a merger of the two entities. It was the worlds largest brewer even before the acquisition of SABMiller and is considered one of the largest Fast-Moving Consumer Goods companies in the world. The estimated annual sales for the company in 2017 will be US$55 billion, prior to the merger, the company is expected to have an estimated global market share of 28 percent, according to Euromonitor International. In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev announced a successful bid to acquire multinational competitor SABMiller for £69 billion. Shareholders for both companies approved the merger on 28 September 2016, the deal closed on October 10,2016. The new entity has approximately 500 beer brands in 50 countries as of January 2017, SABMiller ceased trading on global stock markets. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is a listed company, with its primary listing on the Euronext Brussels. It has secondary listings on Mexican Stock Exchange, Johannesburg Stock Exchange, AB InBev was formed following the acquisition of American brewer Anheuser-Busch by Belgian-Brazilian brewer InBev, which is a merger of AmBev and Interbrew. Interbrew was formed in 1987 from a merger of the two largest breweries in Belgium, Artois and Piedboeuf, the Artois brewery, previously known as Den Hoorn, was established by 1366. In 1995, Interbrew expanded by acquiring Labatt Brewing Company, the largest brewer in Canada, in 2002 it acquired Becks, the maker of the worlds top selling German beer. AmBev was created in 1999 with the merger of the two biggest Brazilian brewers, Antarctica and Brahma, Anheuser-Busch was established in 1852 in St. Louis, Missouri as Anheuser & Co In 2004, Interbrew and AmBev merged, creating the worlds largest brewer, InBev. The deal was valued at $11.5 billion and combined the 3rd largest, the deal consolidated the top brands from Belgium, Canada, Germany and Brazil. In 2007, subsidiary Labatt acquired Lakeport in Canada, and InBev increased its shareholding in QUINSA, strengthening the company’s foothold in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Under the terms of the agreement, all shares of Anheuser-Busch were acquired for 70 USD per share in cash. In 2013, Anheuser-Busch InBev joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking, the following is a diagram of Anheuser-Buschs major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors, produced prior to the acquisition of SABMiller. After the merger in 1987, Interbrew acquired a number of breweries in Belgium. By 1991, a phase of targeted external growth began outside Belgium
3.
Heineken International
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Heineken N. V. is a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2017, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries and it produces 250 international, regional, local and specialty beers and ciders and employs approximately 73,000 people. Heinekens Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, s-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre, the original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience. Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, the Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast, in 1873 the brewerys name changed to Heinekens Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij, and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur and this yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer. The founders son, Henry Pierre Heineken, managed the company from 1917 to 1940, during his tenure, Heineken developed techniques to maintain consistent beer quality during large-scale production. After World War I, the company focused more and more on export, three days after Prohibition ended in the United States, the first Heineken shipment landed in New York. From that day on, Heineken has remained one of the most successful imported beer brands in the United States, Henry Pierres son, Alfred Henry Freddy Heineken, started working at the company in 1940, and in 1971 was appointed Chairman of the Executive Board. He was a force behind Heinekens continued global expansion, and while he retired from the Executive Board in 1989. During this period, Heineken tried to increase its price by purchasing competing breweries. After World War II, many breweries were bought or closed. In 1968 Heineken merged with its biggest competitor, Amstel, the Amstel brewery was closed in 1980, and its production moved to Zoeterwoude and Den Bosch. Since the merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller in October 2016, Heineken has been the second largest brewer in the world. On January 12,2010, Heineken International successfully bought the division of Mexican giant FEMSA. The company will sell its products there through FEMSA, which is the largest bottler and brewery in all of Latin America, and maker of such brands as Dos Equis XX, Bohemia and Sol. FEMSA now owns 20% of Heineken N. V. after the early 2010 all-stock deal, becoming its largest single shareholder after the Dutch families who owns 25. 83% and public shareholders owning 54. 17%. The FEMSA acquisition is expected to keep Heineken in its position by growing its market share in the Latin American markets
4.
Molson Coors Brewing Company
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The Molson Coors Brewing Company is a multinational brewing company, formed in 2005 by the merger of Molson of Canada, and Coors of the United States. It is the seventh largest brewer by volume. While the company is incorporated in the United States, it is traded on exchanges in both the United States and Canada, and control is equally shared between the Molson and Coors families. Molson Coors expanded significantly after the merger of Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller in October 2016 and this was achieved because during the plans for the merger, SABMiller had agreed to divest itself of the Miller brands by selling its stake in MillerCoors to Molson Coors. On 9 October 2007, SABMiller and Molson Coors Brewing Company announced a joint venture to be known as MillerCoors for their U. S. operations that will all of their products. MillerCoors is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, on 2 February 2011, the company purchased Sharps Brewery of Cornwall in England for around £20 million. On 26 May 2011, seventh-generation family member Andrew Molson succeeded Pete Coors as acting Chairman of the company, in early 2012 the company expanded into the Central and Eastern Europe markets by acquiring the regions market-leading brewery StarBev from CVC Capital Partners. In September 2014, it was revealed in the media that the firm was in talks to acquire Heineken’s operations in the Czech Republic, the merger between the two companies closed on October 10,2016. The agreement made Molson Coors the worlds third largest brewer, in Canada, Molson Coors regained the right to make and market Miller Genuine Draft and Miller Lite. After SABMiller divested itself of all interests in MillerCoors, then Molson Coors became the largest brewer in the U. S. Molson Coors has a number of divisions and subdivisions, since October 11,2016, MillerCoors has been the US business division of Molson Coors. Molson Coors then provided the results to the Colorado Department of Health which culminated in a $1.05 million fine for the 189 violations of state pollution laws. Although Molson Coors said they did not know about volatile organic compounds they were emitting, molsons Canada Coors Brewing Company Coors Brewers Limited Molson Coors Corporate Website Official Coors Light Website
5.
MillerCoors
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MillerCoors is a beer brewing company is the United States. In 2002 South African Breweries purchased Miller Brewing Company to create SABMiller, in 2005, Molson Brewery of Canada and Coors Brewing Company merged to form the Molson Coors Brewing Company. Then, in 2008, SABMiller and Molson Coors created MillerCoors as a joint venture for their operations in the U. S, the company is the second-largest brewer in the U. S. after Anheuser-Busch. These component companies had different backgrounds. The original Molson Brewery was started by John Molson in Montreal, in effect, MillerCoors became the U. S. business unit of Molson Coors. In Canada, Molson Coors regained the right to make and market Miller Genuine Draft, Molson Coors plans to keep the MillerCoors name and the Chicago headquarters and plans to operate it in much the same way as before October 11,2017. For the consumer, and for employees, the change to 100 percent ownership by Molson Coors will not be apparent, according to Jon Stern, the good news is that none of this impacts Milwaukee or Wisconsin. Miller Lite, Coors light, Miller High Life and Leinenkugels --, MillerCoors is the US businesses of Molson Coors and employs around 9,000 people. The U. S. company brews, markets and sells the MillerCoors portfolio of brands in the U. S. the venture was completed on June 30,2008 and MillerCoors began operation on July 1,2008. On September 14,2015, Miller Coors announced that it would shut down its Eden, the company has newer plants in Virginia and Georgia that will serve the Eden plants distribution area. In May 2016, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that Pabst Brewing Company, by selling its stake in MillerCoors to Molson Coors. After the merger on October 10,2016 was concluded, SABMiller sold to Molson Coors full ownership of the Miller brand portfolio outside of the U. S. the agreement made Molson Coors the worlds third largest brewer. The company is now also the largest brewer in the U. S, the Molson Coors press release provides a summary of the net effect in terms of the Miller portfolio. In the U. S. the change is one of ownership. However, the company was planning to increase investment in several of its brands, including new national marketing and advertising campaigns, to increase sales
6.
Alcohol by volume
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Alcohol by volume is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the number of millilitres of pure ethanol present in 100 millilitres of solution at 20 °C, the number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/ml. The ABV standard is used worldwide, the International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, such as the U. K and France, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac and this results in the slight difference in marked % noted later in this article. Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume, mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called partial molar volume. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, for example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content, in the United States, a few states regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight, expressed as a percentage of total mass. Some brewers print the ABW on beer containers, particularly on low-point versions of domestic beer brands. However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the factor is not constant. 100% ABW, of course, is equivalent to 100% ABV, during the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol, the density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in gravity of the solution before. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated, there are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author C. J. J, the number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of a 100% ethanol solution. The difference between the starting SG and the final SG measures the specific gravity lost to CO2 release
7.
Pale lager
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Pale lager is a very pale-to-golden-coloured lager beer with a well attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness. This approach was picked up by brewers, most notably Josef Groll of Bavaria who produced Pilsner Urquell in the city of Pilsen in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The resulting Pilsner beers – pale-coloured, lean and stable beers – were very successful, Bavarian brewers in the sixteenth century were required by law to brew beer only during the cooler months of the year. In order to have beer available during the hot months, beers would be stored in caves and stone cellars. In the period 1820–1830, a brewer named Gabriel Sedlmayr II the Younger, whose family was running the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria, when he returned, he used what he had learned to get a more stable and consistent lager beer. The new recipe of the lager beer spread quickly over Europe. Pale lagers tend to be dry, lean, clean-tasting and crisp, flavours may be subtle, with no traditional beer ingredient dominating the others. Hop character ranges from negligible to a dry bitterness from noble hops, the main ingredients are water, Pilsner malt and noble hops, though some brewers use adjuncts such as rice or corn to lighten the body of the beer. There tends to be no butterscotch flavour from diacetyl, due to the slow, cold fermentation process. In 1842 Josef Groll of Pilsen, a city in western Bohemia in what is now the Czech Republic, used some of these methods to produce Pilsner Urquell and this beer proved so successful that other breweries followed the trend, using the name Pilsner. With the success of Pilsens golden beer, the town of Dortmund in Germany started brewing pale lager in 1873, as Dortmund was a major brewing centre, and the town breweries grouped together to export the beer beyond the town, the brand name Dortmunder Export became known. Today, breweries in Denmark, the Netherlands, and North America brew pale lagers labelled as Dortmunder Export, the earliest known brewing of pale lager in America was in the Old City section of Philadelphia by John Wagner in 1840 using yeast from his native Bavaria. Modern American lagers are usually made by large breweries such as Anheuser-Busch, lightness of body is a cardinal virtue, both by design and since it allows the use of a high percentage of rice or corn. Though all lagers are well attenuated, a fully fermented pale lager in Germany goes by the name Diät-Pils or Diätbier. Because the available sugars are fully fermented, dry beers often have an alcohol content. The first dry beer, Gablingers Diet Beer, was released in 1967, Owades developed an enzyme that could further break down starches, so that the finished product contained fewer residual carbohydrates and was lower in food energy. Since the 2012 revisions to the Diätverordnung, it is no longer permitted to label beer as Diät in Germany, but it may be advertised as suitable for diabetics. Prior to this change, a Diätbier could contain no more than 7.5 g of unfermented carbohydrates per liter, and this was followed by other dry beer brands such as Bud Dry, though the marketing concept was not considered a success
8.
Lager
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Lager is a type of beer that is conditioned at low temperatures, normally at the brewery. It may be pale, golden, amber, or dark, although one of the most defining features of lager is its maturation in cold storage, it is also distinguished by the use of a specific yeast. On the other hand, German Altbier and Kölsch, brewed with a top-fermenting yeast at a warm temperature, until the 19th century, the German word Lagerbier referred to all types of bottom-fermented, cool-conditioned beer, in normal strengths. In Germany today however, the term is reserved for the prevalent lager beer styles of southern Germany, Helles. Pilsner, a heavily hopped pale lager, is most often known as Pilsner, Pilsener. Other lagers are Bock, Märzen, and Schwarzbier, in the United Kingdom, the term lager commonly refers specifically to pale lagers, many of which are derived from the Pilsner style. Worldwide, pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer and it is often known primarily by its brand name, and labeled simply as beer. Well-known brands include Miller, Stella Artois, Becks, Brahma, Budweiser, Corona, Snow, Tsingtao, Kirin Company, Heineken, Carling, Fosters, and Carlsberg. In 2011, a team of researchers claimed to have discovered that Saccharomyces eubayanus is responsible for creating the hybrid yeast used to make lager. To further protect the cellars from the heat, they would plant chestnut trees. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the beer garden. The first large-scale refrigerated lagering tanks were developed for Gabriel Sedelmayrs Spaten Brewery in Munich by Carl von Linde in 1870, Lager beer uses a process of cool fermentation, followed by maturation in cold storage. The German word Lager means storeroom or warehouse, the yeast generally used with lager brewing is Saccharomyces pastorianus. It is a relative of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used for warm fermented ales. While prohibited by the German Reinheitsgebot tradition, lagers in some countries often feature large proportions of adjuncts, adjuncts entered United States brewing as a means of thinning out the body of U. S. beers, balancing the large quantities of protein introduced by six-row barley. Adjuncts are often used now in beermaking to introduce a large quantity of sugar, there are however cases in which adjunct usage actually increases the cost of manufacture. The examples of lager beers produced worldwide vary greatly in flavour, colour, composition, pale lager Helles Pilsner — Pilsner Urquell, Stella Artois Märzen Bock Dark lager Dunkel Dopplebock Schwarzbier The most common lager beers in worldwide production are pale lagers. The flavor of these lighter lagers is usually mild, and the producers often recommend that the beers be served refrigerated, pale lager is a very pale to golden-coloured lager with a well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness
9.
Megalitres
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The litre or liter is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre,1,000 cubic centimetres or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre occupies a volume of 10×10×10 centimetres and is equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI. The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is litre, the less common spelling of liter is more predominantly used in American English. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact, a litre is defined as a special name for a cubic decimetre or 10 centimetres ×10 centimetres ×10 centimetres. Hence 1 L ≡0.001 m3 ≡1000 cm3, from 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of a platinum/iridium cylinder held at Sèvres in France and was intended to be of the mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, additionally, the mass-volume relationship of water depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was abandoned in favour of the current one, although the litre is not an official SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols, a litre is equal in volume to the millistere, an obsolete non-SI metric unit customarily used for dry measure. The litre is often used in some calculated measurements, such as density. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, similarly,1 millilitre of water has a mass of about 1 g,1,000 litres of water has a mass of about 1,000 kg. It is now known that density of water depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes, the most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name cubic centimetre. It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine and cooking, Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold
10.
Carling
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Carling brewery was founded in London, Ontario, Canada in 1818. In 1952 Carling lager was first sold in the United Kingdom, in South Africa the Carling brands are distributed by SABMiller. The history of Carling dates back to 1818, when Thomas Carling, a farmer from the English county of Yorkshire and he brewed an ale which became popular, and eventually took up brewing full-time. The first Carling brewery had two kettles, a horse to turn the mill and six men to work on the mash tubs. In 1840 Carling began a small brewing operation in London, selling beer to soldiers at the local camp, in 1878 his sons, John and William, built a six-storey brewery in London, which was destroyed by fire a year after opening. Thomas Carling, shortly after helping to fight the fire, died of pneumonia, William and John took over the company, naming it the W & J Carling Brewing Co. John Carling died in 1911 and the company changed hands numerous times since and it was acquired by Canadian Breweries Limited, which was eventually renamed Carling OKeefe, which merged with Molson, which then merged with Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company. In the 1950s Carling was first sold in the UK, it became the UKs most popular brand in the early 1980s. UK sales in 1999 were one billion pints, in 20072.3 billion pints, in 20094.1 billion pints, in 201017.6 billion pints worldwide, in 201124.9 billion pints worldwide. The largest pub chain in the UK, J D Wetherspoon, stopped selling Carling in September 2009, from Q12011 Amstel, Carling, Heineken and Staropramen were again sold by Wetherspoons, at higher prices than Carlsberg. Carling sponsored English footballs Premier League from its season in 1993 until 2001, returning as an official partner in 2016. Carling are the official beer of the Scotland national football team, in 2012, Carling ended their nine-year sponsorship of the Football League Cup, then called the Carling Cup. As of 2013 they sponsored Northern Irelands IFA Premiership, Carling sponsored the two leading Scottish football clubs, Celtic and Rangers, from 2003 to 2010. Carling was a sponsor of live music in the UK, sponsoring the Academy Music Group venues. In 1927, Carling offered a $25,000 prize for the first Canadian or British pilot to fly from London, Ontario to London and this was done just after Lindbergh had made his successful flight. The pilot, Terrence Tully, and James Medcalf the navigator made the attempt in a Stinson SM-1, the plane took off on August 29,1927, but soon turned back due to heavy fog. Their second attempt a few days later brought them to Newfoundland, from which on September 7 they headed for London, after two days had passed with no sighting of them, it was assumed they were lost at sea. Carling Black Label is a beer sold in Canada and South Africa and it has an alcohol content of 5% in Canada and 5. 5% in South Africa
11.
Beer in Australia
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Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. The most popular style in modern Australia is lager. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824, within an alcoholic beverage market worth some $16.3 billion, beer comprises about 48% compared to wine at 29% and spirits at 21%. Within the beer sector, premium beers have a 7. 8% share of the market, full strength beer has 70. 6%, mid-strength holds 12%, 85% of beer is produced by national brewers, the remainder by regional or microbreweries. Microbreweries manufacturing less than 30,000 litres receive a 60% excise rebate, the history of Australian beer starts very early in Australias colonial history. Captain James Cook brought beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means of preserving drinking water, ill eat yer Norfolk Dumpling Like a juicy Spanish plum, Even dance the Newgate Hornpipe If yell only gimme Rum. The first official brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage from Indian corn bittered with cape gooseberry leaves and it is likely though that beer was brewed unofficially much earlier. The first pub, the Mason Arms was opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra, Lager was not brewed in Australia until 1885. Early beers were also brewed without the benefit of hops, as no-one had successfully cultivated hops in Australia, James Squire was the first to successfully cultivate hops in 1804, and he also opened a pub and brewed beer. The Government Gazette from 1806 mentions that he was awarded a cow herd from the government for his efforts, in September 1804, a government-owned brewery opened in Parramatta, followed by a rival privately owned brewery three months later. The government brewery was sold two years later to Thomas Rushton, who was its head brewer, as of 2013, the Parramatta brewery remains the only government-run brewery in Australia. Brewing rapidly expanded in all of the Australian colonies and by 1871 there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone, notable events from this period include,1824 – Peter Degraves starts the Cascade brewery in Tasmania. As of 2013, the brewery is Australias oldest operational brewery,1838 – John Mills establishes the first brewery in Melbourne. 1862 – Thomas Cooper establishes the Coopers Brewery, as of 2013, the brewery is owned and operated by the Cooper family, and is the largest Australian-owned brewery. 1864 – Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne 1881 - CS Button opens the Esk Brewery in Launceston,1885 – Gambrinus brewery in Melbourne becomes the first brewery in Australia to brew lager. 1887 – The Foster brothers arrive from New York with refrigeration equipment,1889 – Lager is first brewed in Queensland at the Castlemaine and Quinlan brewery. By 1900 the number of breweries had begun to dwindle as a result of the recession of the 1890s, in 1901, just after Federation, the new federal government passed the Beer and Excise Act. This act regulated the making and selling of beer and made homebrewing illegal, the provisions in this act, regarded by many as draconian, led to the closure of many breweries
12.
Carlton & United Breweries
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Carlton & United Breweries is an Australian brewing company that operates as a subsidiary of Fosters Group. It is based in Abbotsford, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, in 1983 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Elders IXL and CUB was delisted. In 1990, Elders IXL was renamed as Fosters Group, and in July 2004, in February 2009, Fosters announced the decision to separate the Australian Wine division from the Australian Beer, Cider & Spirits division, and rename BCS to Carlton & United Breweries. CUB produces many of Australias most successful beverages, including Australias best selling beer, in December 2011, South African owned brewer SAB Miller acquired Fosters Group, and took over ownership of Carlton & United Breweries as part of the acquisition. SABMiller ceased to exist as a corporation after the acquisition, sABMiller also ceased trading on global stock markets. As a result, Carlton & United is now owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, emil Resch played a significant role in enabling the amalgamation. Resch also went on to become the first general manager of CUB, the merge allowed CUB to raise prices and remain profitable in what had been an unprofitable market. In 1907 this group merged into a company known as the Carlton & United Breweries. The company became public in 1913 with the issue of 100,000 shares, over time it has bought out many other brewers, such as Abbotsford Co-operative Brewery in 1924 Their first interstate acquisition was Northern Australian Breweries and the Cairns Brewery in 1931. Further acquisitions were the Ballarat Brewing Company, Queensland Brewery Ltd, Thos McLauchlin & Co Pty Ltd, Richmond Brewery and Tooth & Co. In 1983 as an ironic twist of fate, CUB was wholly bought by Elders IXL, Elders Brewing Group continued to acquire brewing companies in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Finally in 1990 Elders Brewing Group changed its name to Fosters Group, in July 2004, Carlton & United Breweries changed its name to Carlton & United Beverages, citing the companys diversification into pre-mixed drinks, juices, ciders and non-alcoholic drinks. SABMiller have made no comment regarding the pay and poorer conditions offered to workers. Several pubs in Victoria have stopped selling CUB products in support of the sacked workers, Australian beer List of breweries in Australia Official website History of the Fosters Group, Fosters. com
13.
Victoria Bitter
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Victoria Bitter is a lager produced by Carlton & United Breweries, a subsidiary of Fosters Group in Melbourne, Victoria. It was first brewed by Sam Barrett and Charlie Moir at Victoria Brewery in 1854 and it is one of the highest selling beers in Australia. The origins of Victoria Bitter date back to Victoria Brewery founder and head brewer Vincent Burkitt, the campaign was used until quite recently. Like most Australian Lagers, VB is made using a wortstream brewing process, currently one third of the packaged beer sales in Australia are of VB. It is available in tinnies, stubbies, Long Necks and Twisties, Throwies or Grenades, as of 2005 VB also comes in 500 ml tinnies, which are commonly drunk by trade workers on lunch, being just enough to quench their thirst. It used to be available in the Northern Territory in a 1-litre tinnie nicknamed a Killer can, as with all packaged beer sold in Australia it was for many years only available in 750 mL or 26 2/3 fl oz bottles, until the introduction of stubbies and smaller cans. In July 2007 Fosters announced it would cut the alcohol content of VB from 4. 9% to 4. 8% in a bid to save millions of dollars in tax payments. The brewer cut the percentage of VB further in 2009. On 3 September 2012, CUB announced VB would be going back to its original 4. 9% alcohol recipe, CUB had received many complaints since it was changed to 4. 6% in 2009, and the beer had lost a large amount of market share. The updated VBs began rolling out in late October 2012, in 2016, VB was among the CUB products boycotted by unions after 55 CUB workers were allegedly sacked after refusing a 65% wage cut. The Australian Manufacturing Workers Union has said that they will not stop the boycott until the situation is rectified, according to ACNielsen in 2009 Victoria Bitter was claimed to be Australias only billion dollar retail beer brand, selling the equivalent of one slab every second. At one time VB sold twice as much as any other full strength beer and was the only Australian beer brand that is in the top 3 sellers in every state. Victoria Bitter held the highest market share of all beer sold in Australia for more than two decades, but in 2012 lost this position to XXXX Gold, in April 2011 VB held 13. 7% volume share and XXXX Gold had 11. 7%. Just one year on in April 2012 VB had dropped to 12. 3%, in addition to being sold in Australia, Victoria Bitter is also available in New Zealand, Bali, Indonesia, the UK, and, to a limited extent, other countries abroad. Despite its name, Victoria Bitter is a standard commercial lager rather than a bitter, since late 2012, Victoria Bitter has been sold at a strength of 4. 9% ABV after an interim period of producing the same product at an ABV of 4. 6%. The VB sold commercially in New Zealand is both 4. 9% and 4. 6% available in 375ml quantities in either bottles or cans, in May 2007, The launch was Fosters first ever mainstream variation of the VB brand. VB Midstrength changed its name to VB Gold in 2009 and sells over 1m cases every year and is growing strongly following its launch in late 2007, TV builder Scott Cam, a self-confessed VB fan, is the appointed VB Mid Ambassador. On 24 July 2007, The Australian reported that three months of Fosters launching VB Midstrength, market share for the full strength VB and mid VB had increased
14.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
15.
Second Boer War
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The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain, inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared, the Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener and they relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defense of their homeland, the British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over, Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender and they reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, the British solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, then the British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties The war ended in surrender, the British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, the conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War is much less well known. Boer was the term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Companys original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is officially called the South African War and it is known as the Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog, Tweede Boereoorlog, in South Africa it is officially called the South African War
16.
SABMiller
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SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in Woking, England on the outskirts of London until 10 October 2016 when it was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev. Prior to that date, it was the worlds second-largest brewer measured by revenues and was also a major bottler of Coca-Cola and its brands included Fosters, Miller, and Pilsner Urquell. It operated in 80 countries worldwide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages, since 10 October 2016, SABMiller has been a business division of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, a Belgian corporation with headquarters in Leuven. SABMillers origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 to serve a market of miners and prospectors in. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, from the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, in May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc. The acquisition of SABMiller by Anheuser-Busch InBev on October 10,2016 ended the use of the name SABMiller. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV began trading on the Brussels Stock Exchange as ABI, as BUD on the New York stock exchange, SABMiller ceased trading on global stock markets The company divested itself of its interests in the MillerCoors beer company to Molson Coors. On 21 December 2016, the agreed to sell the former SABMiller Ltd. business in Eastern Europe to Asahi Breweries Group Holdings. Anheuser-Busch InBev had previously agreed to sell Grolsch Brewery, Peroni Brewery and Meantime Brewery to Asahi, on the same day, the sale of SABMillers 49 percent share in Snow beer to China Resources Enterprise also closed. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is also selling much of an SABMillers subsidiary that was bottling and distributing Coca-Cola to the Coca-Cola Company, the affected regions include Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, El Salvador and Honduras. The origins of the date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 in South Africa. Following this, the next major acquisition was of a major interest in Bavaria S. A. South Americas second largest brewer and owner of the Aguila and Club Colombia brands in 2005, the company became engaged in the hostile takeover of Fosters in August 2011, and in September 2011 the board of Fosters agreed to a takeover bid valuing the company at A$9. 9bn. The deal was completed by the end of 2011, but excluded the Fosters lager brand in the UK and Europe, in November 2011, SABMiller launched Impala Cervejas in Africa, the first commercially produced cassava beer, although Africans have been making cassava home brews for generations. The taste is described as bitter, somewhat tangy, not sweet. In 2013, the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking, SABMillers stake at the time was valued at approximately ZAR11.7 billion. The new bottler, Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, will serve 12 high-growth countries accounting for approximately 40 percent of all Coca-Cola beverage volumes in Africa, SABMiller will hold 57 percent shareholding in the proposed venture
17.
Adjuncts
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Both solid and liquid adjuncts are commonly used, as well as spices. The sense here is that the ingredient is additional and strictly unnecessary, though it may be beneficial and attractive. Under the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot purity law it would be considered that an adjunct is any beer ingredient other than water, barley, hops, and yeast, this, however, is an antiquated view. This purity law originated in 16th-century German and did not initially include yeast due to the fact that it had not been discovered yet. The term adjunct is often used to refer to corn and rice and this use of ingredients as substitutes for the main starch source is where the term adjunct is most often used. Adjuncts can be classified according to the physical form in which they are used into solids. Solid adjuncts are either starchy adjuncts which need to be converted to simpler sugars, cereals with a higher gelatinisation temperature than the standard mashing temperatures must be cooked in a cereal cooker to gelatinise the starch before adding to the mash. Solid sugar adjuncts include granulated sugar and glucose chips, liquid adjuncts may also be added after fermentation as primings sugars to give sweetness to the beer for secondary fermentation as in cask or bottle conditioning. Barley is used as an un-malted grain at up to 10% of the grist, barley is also used in the mash as roasted barley to provide colour to the beer. Cassava is a novel adjunct used in Africa either as a wet cake or as a purified starch, corn is commonly used in the production of American-style pale lagers, particularly malt liquor. Corn is generally used in brewing as corn syrup, and as such is highly fermentable, corn is cheaper than barley, so it is used as a cost-saving measure. Oats are used in oatmeal stouts, oatmeal stouts usually do not specifically taste of oats. The smoothness of oatmeal stouts comes from the content of proteins, lipids. The gums increase the viscosity and body adding to the sense of smoothness, rice is sometimes used in the production of pale lagers, most notably Anheuser-Buschs Budweiser. Anheuser-Busch is the largest North American buyer of U. S. rice, rice may be used to lighten the body and the mouthfeel, or increase alcohol content, or add a little sweetness. Rye is used in roggenbiers from Germany and in rye beers from America, rye is notoriously difficult to brew with, so most rye beers only include a small amount of rye. Rye provides a spicy flavour to beer and dramatically increases head formation, sorghum is used in Africa as a local ingredient saving on expensive imported malt and developing the local agricultural sector. Sorghum has a high temperature and is added to a mash cooker to gelatinise the starch before adding to the mash tun
18.
Queensland Brewery Ltd
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Queensland Brewery Ltd was a company that operated a brewery in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Originally, the brewery was based at Bulimba on the bank of the Bulimba Reach of the Brisbane River and was known as the Eagle Brewery. In May 1883, Messrs Tooth and Company sold the Eagle Brewery and Sugar Refinery to Mr Huesman and partners for £15,500. In August 1884 at the Brisbane Exhibition, the Queensland Brewing Company Limited won prizes for its draught malt ale, draught XXX ale, draught porter, bottled malt ale, the Queensland Brewery Ltd company appeared to be established in 1888. At some point, it was renamed Queensland Brewery, in 1901, it was producing draught beer as well as two bottled beers known as Silver top and Gold top. In 1906, it relocated to Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, in the early 1940s, the company built a new headquarters and wine and spirit store at 501 Ann Street in Fortitude Valley. Designed in the Functionalist style with Art Deco motifs, the Queensland Brewery Company Building is now listed on the Queensland Heritage Register, in 1961, the company was taken over by Carlton & United Breweries in 1961. In 1993 the brewery was relocated to Yatala in 1993, thomas Welsby was chairman of the board of directors in 1907 Australian pub Beer in Australia List of breweries in Australia
19.
Yarra River
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The Yarra River or historically, the Yarra Yarra River, is a perennial river in east-central Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river are where the city of Melbourne was established in 1835, the river was a major food source and meeting place for indigenous Australians from prehistoric times. Shortly after the arrival of European settlers land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri to neighbouring territories, originally called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri, the current name was mistranslated from another Wurundjeri term in the Boonwurrung language, Yarro-yarro, meaning ever-flowing. The river was utilised primarily for agriculture by early European settlers, the landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. The course has been disrupted and the river widened in places. The first of many Crossings of the Yarra River to facilitate transport was built in Princes Bridge, beginning with the Victorian gold rush it was extensively mined, creating the Pound Bend Tunnel in Warrandyte, and the Big and Little Peninsula Tunnels above Warburton. Widening and dams, like the Upper Yarra Reservoir have helped protect Melbourne from major flooding, the catchments upper reaches are also affected by logging. Industrialisation ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra, today, the mouth and including Swanson and Appleton Docks are used for container shipping by the Port of Melbourne which is the busiest on the continent. The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercraft, has increased use for both transport and recreational boating. In recent years however recreational use of the river is threatened by high levels of pollution in its lower stretches, the upper reaches remain relatively healthy. The annual Moomba festival celebrates the Yarra Rivers increasing cultural significance to Melbourne, the river was called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri people who occupied the Yarra Valley and much of Central Victoria prior to European settlement. It is thought that Birrarung is derived from Wurundjeri words meaning ever flowing, another common term was Birrarung Marr, thought to mean river of mist or river bank. However it is believed that Yarra means waterfall, flow, or refers to running or falling water, descriptive of any river or creek in the area, not just the Yarra. The name Yarra Yarra is said to mean ever flowing river, between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, the basin flooded forming Port Phillip Bay and moving the mouth of the Yarra over 50 km inland. A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD extending the Yarra to Bass Strait during this period. The area surrounding the Yarra River and modern day Melbourne was originally inhabited by Natives of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation and it is believed that the area was occupied by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years. The rivers resources were utilised sustainably by the Wurundjeri until the advent of early European settlement in the early-mid-19th century and he selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that this will be the place for a village. The river was instrumental in the establishment of Melbourne along its banks from 1835 onwards, the new settlements main port was sited near Queensbridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater
20.
Hops
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Hops are the flowers of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a called a hopfield, hop garden. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, the first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen,300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used gruit, composed of a variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound, ground ivy. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagnes father, historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage. The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, however, in a will of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne,768 hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavoring, gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops. Whichever was taxed made the then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a wicked, in 1471, Norwich, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale. In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century, there was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church, unlike on gruit, for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer. Therefore, in the hop industry there are words which originally were Dutch words. Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen, near breweries for infrastructure convenience, in England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English, before national alcohol prohibition, cultivation was mainly centered around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington. Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New Yorks production by the 1920s, Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the worlds production occurring near the 48th parallel north. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England, in 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone. Important production centers today are the Hallertau in Germany, the Yakima and Willamette valleys, the principal production centers in the UK are in Kent which produces Kent Goldings hops, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Essentially all of the hops are used in beer making. Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, as hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile
21.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
22.
Molson Brewery
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The Molson Brewery was formed in Montreal in 1786. In 2005 Molson merged with US-based Coors to form Molson Coors Brewing Company, the Canadian division of the Molson Coors Brewing Company is Molson-Coors Canada Inc. Molsons first brewery was located on the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal where the Molson family continues to maintain its operations today, founded in Montreal in 1786, the Molson Brewery is the oldest brewery in North America and continues to produce beer on the site of the original brewery. The company brews and markets a number of the most popular brands of beer in Canada, domestic labels include Molson Canadian, Molson M, Molson Export, Molson Dry, Molson Exel De-Alcoholized beer, Old Style Pilsner, Rickard’s, Creemore Springs and Granville Island Brewing. Molson employs 3,000 people in Canada and operates five breweries in locations across the country, as well as the Creemore micro-brewery in Ontario, Molson Coors Canada is part of the Molson Coors Brewing Company. The Montreal facility is the oldest brewery in North America, with operations ongoing on the site of the brewery since the time of founding. On May 2,1782, at the age of 18, John Molson left England for Canada, shortly after his arrival, he began working at the Thomas Loyd brewery. He went on to purchase it in an auction in 1784, not long after his arrival in Montreal in 1782, Molson sensed the market potential for beer in the then British colony. Prices for wine, rum and port were rising and an influx of English and Irish immigrants were particularly partial to beer, in 1785 he temporarily closed his business to cross the Atlantic in search of the modern equipment and ingredients. Upon his return, he offered the free of charge to neighbouring Montreal farmers who agreed to grow them to satisfy the brewerys need for malt. Molson delivered his first brew, an ale in 1786, only six weeks after taking the helm, priced at five cents a bottle, his brew sold well. Molson took advantage of the business opportunities of the time. He quickly diversified his investments, opened a yard and began issuing loans to local Montreal merchants. In 1816, the enterprise began to take shape when founder John Molson entered into an association with his three sons, John junior, Thomas and William. Although brewing proved to be Molsons most sustainable field of endeavour, Molson was the first company to own and operate a fleet of steamboats which were used to transport people and goods between Quebec and Ontario. John Molson and his sons founded the Molson Bank which later merged with Bank of Montreal. In 1816 John Molson formed a partnership with his three sons – John, Thomas and William and it was Thomas who would eventually follow in his father’s footsteps by continuing the Molson brewing tradition and upholding the high standards of quality. Molson Brewery considerably expanded the breadth of activities throughout the 20th century
23.
Crown Lager
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Crown Lager is a 4. 9% premium Australian beer originally made by Carlton & United Breweries, a subsidiary of Fosters Group. The beer was first brewed in 1919 under its former name, during the first royal visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Australia in 1954, Carlton & United Breweries marked the occasion releasing Crown Lager. The company is currently re-investigating this history following claims that Fosters Crown Lager was brewed prior to 1919, harvey was the artist chosen by General Douglas McArthur to draw critical and highly secretive maps during the war. Harvey produced the Crown Lager artwork at print size using only a paintbrush, in 2003, former Foster’s President and CEO Ted Kunkel declared that in that year in a speech that 2003 would be the 50th anniversary for Crown Lager. Kunkel had also announced that the continued to show high growth. Crown Lager was originally produced as an export beer—the current bottle shape, Crown Lager has marketed itself as a premium beer in the Australian market. As such it has formed an affiliation with Golf Australia to create the Crown Lager Social Golf Club, in 2006 CUB released two alternative types of beer under the crown banner. Crown Gold is a Mid-strength beer, available only in Queensland, Western Australia, the ale was launched in 2014 to hold its market share in an increasing competitive beer market. Crown Lager sales in the March 2014 results had shown that it had declined in the past year, Crown Pilsner – a limited release European-style beer available at selected venues. Crown Golden Ale – Australian-style ale with citrus and floral aromas, list of breweries in Australia Crown Lager Crown Golden Ale. Site redirects to Drinkwise, no trace of CUB/Crown Golden Ale as @ 6-12-2015 Carlton & United Breweries Fosters Group Description Crown Lager Social Golf Club site
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