Four Evangelists

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For the painting, see The Four Evangelists (painting).
See also: Synoptic gospels
Jacob Jordaens, The Four Evangelists, 1625–1630.

In Christian tradition, the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles: Gospel according to Matthew; Gospel according to Mark; Gospel according to Luke and Gospel according to John.

Gospels[edit]

The four winged creatures that symbolise the Four Evangelists surround Christ in Majesty on the Romanesque tympanum of the Church of St. Trophime in Arles.
The lion symbol of St. Mark from the Echternach Gospels, here without wings.

The gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels, because they include many of the same stories, often in the same sequence. While the periods to which the gospels are usually dated suggest otherwise,[1][2] convention traditionally holds that the authors were two of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, John and Matthew, as well as two "apostolic men,"[3] Mark and Luke:

  • Matthew – a former tax collector who was called by Jesus to be one of the Twelve Apostles,
  • Mark – a follower of Peter and so an "apostolic man,"
  • Luke – a doctor who wrote what is now the book of Luke to Theophilus. Also known to have written the book of Acts (or Acts of the Apostles) and to have been a close friend of Paul of Tarsus,
  • John – a disciple of Jesus and the youngest of his Twelve Apostles.

They are called evangelists, a word meaning "people who proclaim good news," because their books aim to tell the "good news" ("gospel") of Jesus.[4]

Symbols[edit]

In iconography, the evangelists often appear in Evangelist portraits derived from classical tradition, and are also frequently represented by the symbols which originate from the four "living creatures" that draw the throne-chariot of God, the Merkabah, in the vision in the Book of Ezekiel (Chapter 1) reflected in the Book of Revelation (4.6-9ff), though neither source links the creatures to the Evangelists. Images normally, but not invariably, appear with wings like angels.[5][6] When the symbols of the Four Evangelists appear together, it is called a Tetramorph, and is common in the Romanesque art of Europe, in church frescoes or mural paintings, for instance.

English trans. of 3rd edn,

The meanings accruing to the symbols grew over centuries, with an early formulation by Jerome,[5] and were fully expressed by Rabanus Maurus, who set out three layers of meaning for the beasts, as representing firstly the Evangelists, secondly the nature of Christ, and thirdly the virtues required of a Christian for salvation:[6] These animals may have originally been seen as representing the highest forms of the various types of animals, i.e., man, the king of creation as the image of the creator; the lion as the king of beasts of prey (meat-eating); the ox as the king of domesticated animals (grass-eating) and the eagle as the king of the birds.

The symbols of the four Evangelists are here depicted in the Book of Kells. The four winged creatures symbolize, clockwise from top left, Matthew, Mark, John, and Luke.
  • Matthew the Evangelist, the author of the first gospel account, is symbolized by a man. Matthew's gospel starts with pointing Jesus as the son of David, son of Abraham. It then proceeds with genealogy starting from Abraham. David is mentioned first in this gospel to present Jesus as a King and speaks a lot of the Kingdom of Heaven.
  • Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel account, is symbolized by a winged lion – a figure of labourous worker. It does not mention genealogy, as it is not of importance for servant.
  • Luke the Evangelist, the author of the third gospel account (and the Acts of the Apostles), is symbolized by a winged ox.– a figure of Jesus as our High Priest, a man that represents man to God. The genealogy goes all the way back to Adam. The gospel starts off with a "mute" Hight Priest that can not bless, and ends with Jesus blessing his disciples as He is ascending to Heaven. This tells Christians that they now have Jesus that represents us before God in Heaven as our High Priest.

Each of the symbols is depicted with wings, following the biblical sources first in Ezekiel 1–2, and in Revelation. The symbols are shown with, or in place of, the Evangelists in early medieval Gospel Books, and are the usual accompaniment to Christ in Majesty when portrayed during the same period, reflecting the vision in Revelation. They were presented as one of the most common motifs found on church portals and apses, as well as many other locations.[7]

When surrounding Christ, the figure of the man usually appears at top left – above Christ's right hand, with the lion above Christ's left arm. Underneath the man is the ox and underneath the lion is the eagle. This both reflects the medieval idea of the order of "nobility" of nature of the beasts (man, lion, ox, eagle) and the text of Ezekiel 1.10. From the thirteenth century their use began to decline, as a new conception of Christ in Majesty, showing the wounds of the Passion, came into use.[8] Sometimes in Evangelist portraits they appear to dictate to the writing evangelist.

Naming[edit]

Matthew is often cited as the "first Gospel account," not only owing to its place in the canon, but also in view of the patristic witness to this effect. Most biblical scholars however, see the gospel account of Mark as having been written first (see Markan priority) and John's gospel account as having been written last.

It has become customary to speak of "the Gospel of Matthew" ... "the Gospel of John", not least because it is shorter and rolls much more smoothly off the tongue; but it is worth noting that the ancient titles do not use the genitive of possession, but the preposition "according to", signifying that each evangelist sets forth the one "Gospel of God" according to his own capacity, but not in the sense of creating his own story.

Depictions[edit]

Miniatures from the Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany, Queen consort of France (1477–1514)
Saint Matthew
Saint Mark
Saint Luke
Saint John
The Four Evangelists, 10th century
Saint Matthew
Saint Mark
Saint Luke
Saint John

The same iconography of the Angel, the Lion, the Bull and the Eagle is used extensively in Freemasonry and is clearly displayed on the coat of arms of the United Grand lodge of England amongst others. In Masonic circles it is used to represent the Four Seasons - Lion (Leo - Summer), Bull (Taurus - Spring), Angel (Aquarius - Winter) and Eagle (Scorpio - Autumn).[9]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lincoln, Andrew (2005-11-25). Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries. ISBN 9781441188229.
  2. ^ France, R.T (2007-07-11). The Gospel of Matthew. p. 18. ISBN 9780802825018.
  3. ^ Tertullian, Adv. Marc. V.2.
  4. ^ "The good news of Jesus Christ, the Son of God." Mark 1:1
  5. ^ a b "Jerome, Preface to Commentary on Matthew". The Fathers of the Church. 117.
  6. ^ a b Male, Emile (1913). L'Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France [The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century] (3 ed.). London: Collins. pp. 35–7. ISBN 978-0064300322.
  7. ^ Male, op. cit.
  8. ^ Male, op. cit.
  9. ^ https://pubastrology.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/house-of-the-rising-sun-v0_7.pdf

External links[edit]

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