Four Freedoms

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This article is about Franklin D. Roosevelt's themes. For other uses, see Four Freedoms (disambiguation).
Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C.

The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:

  1. Freedom of speech
  2. Freedom of worship
  3. Freedom from want
  4. Freedom from fear

Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that caused the United States to declare war on Japan, December 8, 1941. The State of the Union speech before Congress was largely about the national security of the United States and the threat to other democracies from world war that was being waged across the continents in the eastern hemisphere. In the speech, he made a break with the tradition of United States non-interventionism that had long been held in the United States, he outlined the U.S. role in helping allies already engaged in warfare.

In that context, he summarized the values of democracy behind the bipartisan consensus on international involvement that existed at the time. A famous quote from the speech prefaces those values: "As men do not live by bread alone, they do not fight by armaments alone." In the second half of the speech, he lists the benefits of democracy, which include economic opportunity, employment, social security, and the promise of "adequate health care". The first two freedoms, of speech and religion, are protected by the First Amendment in the United States Constitution, his inclusion of the latter two freedoms went beyond the traditional Constitutional values protected by the U.S. Bill of Rights. Roosevelt endorsed a broader human right to economic security and anticipated what would become known decades later as the "human security" paradigm in social science and economic development, he also included the "freedom from fear" against national aggression and took it to the new United Nations he was setting up.

Historical context[edit]

In the 1930s many Americans, arguing that the involvement in World War I had been a mistake, were adamantly against continued intervention in European affairs.[1] With the Neutrality Acts established after 1935, U.S. law banned the sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions on travel with belligerent vessels.[2]

When World War II began in September 1939, the neutrality laws were still in effect, and ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and France. With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939, Roosevelt adopted a "methods-short-of-war policy" whereby supplies and armaments could be given to European Allies, provided no declaration of war could be made and no troops committed.[3] By December 1940, Europe was largely at the mercy of Adolf Hitler and Germany's Nazi regime. With Germany's defeat of France in June 1940, Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Winston Churchill, as Prime Minister of Britain, called for Roosevelt and the United States to supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort.[citation needed]

The 1939 New York World's Fair had celebrated Four Freedoms - religion, speech, press and assembly - and commissioned Leo Friedlander to create sculptures representing them. Mayor of New York City Fiorello La Guardia described the resulting statues as the "heart of the fair". Later Roosevelt would declare his own "Four Essential Freedoms" and call on Walter Russell to create a Four Freedoms Monument that was eventually dedicated at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[4]

Declarations[edit]

The Four Freedoms Speech was given on January 6, 1941. Roosevelt's hope was to provide a rationale for why the United States should abandon the isolationist policies that emerged from World War I. In the address, Roosevelt critiqued Isolationism, saying: "No realistic American can expect from a dictator's peace international generosity, or return of true independence, or world disarmament, or freedom of expression, or freedom of religion–or even good business; such a peace would bring no security for us or for our neighbors. "Those, who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety."[5]

The speech coincided with the introduction of the Lend-Lease Bill, which promoted Roosevelt's plan to become the "arsenal of democracy"[6] and support the Allies (mainly the British) with much-needed supplies.[7] Furthermore, the speech established what would become the ideological basis for America's involvement in World War II, all framed in terms of individual rights and liberties that are the hallmark of American politics.[1]

The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text, known as the "Four Freedoms":[5]

     In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
     The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
     The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
     The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
     The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.
     That is no vision of a distant millennium.
     It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation.
     That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.

— Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941
The four freedoms flag or "United Nations Honor Flag" ca. 1943–1948

The declaration of the Four Freedoms as a justification for war would resonate through the remainder of the war, and for decades longer as a frame of remembrance;[1] the Freedoms became the staple of America's war aims, and the center of all attempts to rally public support for the war. With the creation of the Office of War Information (1942), as well as the famous paintings by Norman Rockwell, the Freedoms were advertised as values central to American life and examples of American exceptionalism.[8]

Opposition[edit]

The Four Freedoms Speech was popular, and the goals were influential in the postwar politics. However, in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism from anti-war elements.[9] Critics argued that the Four Freedoms were simply a charter for Roosevelt's New Deal, social reforms that had already created sharp divisions within Congress. Conservatives who opposed social programs and increased government intervention argued against Roosevelt's attempt to justify and depict the war as necessary for the defense of lofty goals.[10]

While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American thought on the war, they were never the exclusive justification for the war. Polls and surveys conducted by the United States Office of War Information (OWI) revealed that "self-defense", and vengeance for the attack on Pearl Harbor were still the most prevalent reasons for war.[11]

Limitations[edit]

In a 1942 radio address, President Roosevelt declared the Four Freedoms embodied "rights of men of every creed and every race, wherever they live."[12]

On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt authorized Japanese American internment and internment of Italian Americans with Executive Order 9066, which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones," from which "any or all persons may be excluded." This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and much of Oregon, Washington and Arizona, except for those in internment camps.[13] By 1946, the United States had incarcerated 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent, of whom about 80,000 had been born in the United States.[14]

United Nations[edit]

The concept of the Four Freedoms became part of the personal mission undertaken by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt regarding her inspiration behind the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly Resolution 217A. Indeed, these Four Freedoms were explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which reads, "Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common people...."[15]

Disarmament[edit]

FDR called for "a world-wide reduction of armaments" as a goal for "the future days, which we seek to make secure" but one that was "attainable in our own time and generation." More immediately, though, he called for a massive build-up of U.S. arms production:

Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the world... The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily—almost exclusively—to meeting this foreign peril. ...[T]he immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production. ...I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. ...Let us say to the democracies...

— Franklin D. Roosevelt[16]

Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park[edit]

Main article: Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park

The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a park designed by the architect Louis Kahn for the south point of Roosevelt Island.[17] The Park celebrates the famous speech, and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the Park.

Awards[edit]

Main article: Four Freedoms Award

The Roosevelt Institute[18] honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals; the Four Freedoms Award medals are awarded at ceremonies at Hyde Park, New York and Middelburg, Netherlands during alternate years. The awards were first presented in 1982 on the centenary of President Roosevelt's birth as well as the bicentenary of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands.

Among the laureates have been:

In popular culture[edit]

Norman Rockwell's paintings[edit]

Main article: Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)

Roosevelt's speech inspired a set of four paintings by Norman Rockwell.

Paintings[edit]

The members of the set, known collectively as The Four Freedoms, were published in four consecutive issues of The Saturday Evening Post;[27] the four paintings subsequently were displayed around the US by the United States Department of the Treasury.

Essays[edit]

Each painting was published with a matching essay on that particular "Freedom":[28]

Postage stamps[edit]

Rockwell's Four Freedoms paintings were reproduced as postage stamps by the United States Post Office in 1943,[33] in 1946,[34] and in 1994,[35] the centenary of Rockwell's birth.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 11
  2. ^ Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 393–94
  3. ^ Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (1999) 427–434
  4. ^ Inazu, John D. (2012). Liberty's Refuge: The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300173156.
  5. ^ a b "FDR, "The Four Freedoms," Speech Text |". Voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu. January 6, 1941. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  6. ^ The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Random House and Harper and Brothers, 1940) 633–44
  7. ^ Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 469
  8. ^ Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 12
  9. ^ Kennedy, David M., Freedom From Fear: the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 470–76
  10. ^ Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 14–15
  11. ^ Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 14
  12. ^ Foner, Eric, The Story of American Freedom. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998) 223
  13. ^ Korematsu v. United States dissent by Justice Owen Josephus Roberts, reproduced at findlaw.com. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
  14. ^ Park, Yoosun, Facilitating Injustice: Tracing the Role of Social Workers in the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans. (Social Service Review 82.3, 2008) 448
  15. ^ White, E.B. & Lerner, Max & Cowley, Malcolm & Niebuhr, Reinhold (1942). The United Nations Fight for the Four Freedoms. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. ASIN B003HKRK80.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  16. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1941). Four Freedoms speech  – via Wikisource.
  17. ^ "About the Park". Four Freedoms Park Conservancy. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  18. ^ Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
  19. ^ Vo, Tuan (October 2010), Forgotten Treasure, State Magazine, pp. 20–23, retrieved June 1, 2014
  20. ^ City Council Chamber & Murals, retrieved June 1, 2014
  21. ^ Official Website of Michael Lenson - WPA Muralist and Realist Painter, retrieved June 1, 2014
  22. ^ War and Peace (1948), SF Mural Arts, retrieved June 1, 2014
  23. ^ Lucas, Sherry (May 21, 2014). "Richton mural donated to Miss. Museum of Art". Hattiesburg American. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  24. ^ The American Story in Art: The Murals of Allyn Cox in the U.S. Capitol, The United States Capitol Historical Society, retrieved June 1, 2014
  25. ^ Silverton Mural Society
  26. ^ "Thoughts on Democracy". Wolfsonian FIU. 2008.
  27. ^ On February 20, 1943; February 27, 1943; March 6, 1943; and March 13 1943.
  28. ^ Perry, P., (2009a) "Norman Rockwell’s Four Freedoms", The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009; Perry, P., (2009b) "Norman Rockwell’s Four Freedoms", The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009;
  29. ^ Booth Tarkington’s ‘Freedom of Speech’, The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009.
  30. ^ Will Durant’s ‘Freedom of Worship’, The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009.
  31. ^ Carlos Bulosan’s ‘Freedom from Want’, The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009.
  32. ^ Stephen Vincent Benét’s ‘Freedom from Fear’, The Saturday Evening Post, January/February 2009.
  33. ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps (908)
  34. ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps (933)
  35. ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps (2840)

External links[edit]

Preceded by
1940 State of the Union Address 		Four Freedoms
1941 		Succeeded by
1942 State of the Union Address
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