1.
Telephone
–
A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice and this instrument was further developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, the essential elements of a telephone are a microphone to speak into and an earphone which reproduces the voice in a distant location. Until approximately the 1970s most telephones used a dial, which was superseded by the modern DTMF push-button dial. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear, the dial may be located either on the handset, or on a base unit to which the handset is connected. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the network to the receiving phone. The receiving telephone converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver, telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends to talk simultaneously. The first telephones were connected to each other from one customers office or residence to another customers location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. For greater mobility, various systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the middle 20th century. Hand-held mobile phone]s was introduced for personal service starting in 1973, by the late 1970s several mobile telephone networks operated around the world. In 1983, the Advanced Mobile Phone System was launched, offering a standardized technology providing portability for users far beyond the residence or office. These analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with better security, greater capacity, better regional coverage, the public switched telephone network, with its hierarchical system of many switching centers, interconnects telephones around the world for communication with each other. With the standardized international numbering system, E.164, each line has an identifying telephone number. Although originally designed for voice communications, convergence has enabled most modern cell phones to have many additional capabilities. Since 1999, the trend for mobile phones is smartphones that integrate all mobile communication, a traditional landline telephone system, also known as plain old telephone service, commonly carries both control and audio signals on the same twisted pair of insulated wires, the telephone line. The control and signaling equipment consists of three components, the ringer, the hookswitch, and a dial, the ringer, or beeper, light or other device, alerts the user to incoming calls
2.
Satellite television
–
A direct-broadcast satellite is a type of artificial satellite which usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home reception. The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television or direct-to-home television and these services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country. Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, in 1977, the ITU adopted an international BSS Plan under which each country was allocated specific frequencies at specific orbital locations for domestic service. Over the years, this plan has been modified to, for example, accommodate new countries, increase coverage areas, at present, numerous countries have brought into use their BSS Plan allocations. By contrast, the term DTH can apply to similar services transmitted over a range of frequencies transmitted from satellites that are not part of any internationally planned band. The term DBS is often used interchangeably with DTH to cover both analog and digital video and audio services received by relatively small dishes, a DBS service usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country. In certain regions of the world, especially in North America, DBS is used to refer to providers of subscription satellite packages, the second commercial DBS service, Sky Television plc, was launched in 1989. Sky TV started as a four-channel free-to-air analogue service on the Astra 1A satellite, by 1991, Sky had changed to a conditional access pay model, and it launched a digital service, Sky Digital, in 1998, with analogue transmission ceasing in 2001. Since the DBS nomenclature is used in the UK or Ireland. News Corporation has a 32% stake in BSkyB, PrimeStar began transmitting an analog service to North America in 1991, and was joined by DirecTV, in 1994. At the time, DirecTVs introduction was the most successful consumer electronics debut in American history, although PrimeStar transitioned to a digital system in 1994, it was ultimately unable to compete with DirecTV, which required a smaller satellite dish and could deliver more programming. DirecTV purchased PrimeStar in 1999 and moved all of that subscribers to DirecTV equipment. In 2008, Liberty Media Corporation purchased News Corporations controlling interest in DirecTV, in 1996, EchoStars Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTVs primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under, astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system. Dominion Video Satellite Inc. s Sky Angel launched on a platform in the United States in 1996, with its DBS service geared toward the faith. It grew from six to 36 television and radio channels of entertainment, Christian-inspirational programming. Dominion, under its corporate name Video Satellite Systems Inc. Sky Angel, although a separate and independent DBS service, used the satellites, transmission facilities
3.
Hybrid fibre-coaxial
–
Hybrid fiber-coaxial is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network that combines optical fiber and coaxial cable. It has been commonly employed globally by cable television operators since the early 1990s, in a hybrid fiber-coaxial cable system, the television channels are sent from the cable systems distribution facility, the headend, to local communities through optical fiber trunk lines. At the local community, a box called an optical node translates the signal from a beam to electrical signal. The fiberoptic trunk lines provide adequate bandwidth to allow future expansion, a master headend will usually have satellite dishes for reception of distant video signals as well as IP aggregation routers. Some master headends also house telephony equipment for providing services to the community. The various services are encoded, modulated and upconverted onto radio frequency carriers, combined onto an electrical signal. This optical transmitter converts the signal to a downstream optically modulated signal that is sent to the nodes. Fiber optic cables connect the headend or hub to optical nodes in a point-to-point or star topology, or in some cases, in a protected ring topology. A fiber optic node has an optical receiver, which converts the downstream optically modulated signal coming from the headend or hub to an electrical signal going to the homes. As of 2015, the signal is a RF modulated signal that typically begins at 50 MHz. The fiber optic node also contains a reverse- or return-path transmitter that sends communication from the back to the headend. In North America, this signal is a modulated RF ranging from 5–42 MHz while in other parts of the world. The optical coupler combined with the receiver forms a node. The optical portion of the network provides an amount of flexibility. If there are not many fiber-optic cables to the node, wavelength division multiplexing can be used to combine multiple optical signals onto the same fiber, optical filters are used to combine and split optical wavelengths onto the single fiber. For example, the signal could be on a wavelength at 1490 nm. The coaxial portion of the network connects 25–2000 homes in a tree-and-branch configuration off of the node, RF amplifiers are used at intervals to overcome cable attenuation and passive losses of the electrical signals caused by splitting or tapping the coaxial cable. Trunk coaxial cables are connected to the node and form a coaxial backbone to which smaller distribution cables connect
4.
IPTV
–
Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
5.
Advertising slogan
–
Advertising slogans are short, memorable groups of words used in advertising campaigns. The advertising phrases are means of drawing attention to one distinctive feature, the purpose is to emphasize a phrase that an entity wishes to be remembered by, Particularly, for marketing a specific corporate image, Or, connection to a business product or consumer base. Some slogans are created just for specific campaigns, others are intended as a corporate slogan. Various slogans start out as the former, and are, over time, some advertising slogans are memorable after general use is discontinued. According to the 1913 Websters Dictionary, a slogan derives from the Gaelic sluagh-ghairm and it has come to mean in its contemporary sense, a distinctive advertising motto, or advertising phrase, used by any entity to convey a purpose or ideal, Or, a catchphrase. Taglines, tag lines, or tags are American terms for public communication promoting products. In the UK they are called end lines, endlines, or straplines, in Japan, they are called catchcopy or catch phrase. A marketing slogan can play a part in the interplay between rival companies and it is a business function for attracting customers. Advertising slogans as a system of control include devices similar to watchwords, catchwords. Advertising slogans have extended into areas, such as politics. Fountainheads of strength are found in such features as antithesis, alliteration, euphoniousness, punning, obviousness, the use of slogans may be examined in so far as the slogans continue unconscious and unintentional responses
6.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
7.
News Corp Australia
–
News Corp Australia is one of Australias largest media companies, employing more than 8,000 staff nationwide and approximately 3,000 journalists. News Corp Australia owns approximately 142 daily, Sunday, weekly, bi-weekly and tri-weekly newspapers, the company publishes a further thirty magazine titles across Australia. According to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation, in 2011 News Corp Australia accounted for 23% of the titles in Australia. With interests in media, the companys sites include news. com. au, Business Spectator and Eureka Report, Kidspot. com. au, taste. com. au. It has 50% stakes in CareerOne. com. au and carsguide. com. au, the companys other Australian assets include all of Fox Sports Australia, 50% ownership of subscription television provider Foxtel and shares in the Brisbane Broncos NRL team. Until the formation of News Corporation in 1979, News Limited was the holding company for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch. Since then, News Limited had been owned by News Corporation. In 2004, News Corporation announced its intention to reincorporate to the United States, on 3 November News Corp Limited ceased trading on the Australian Stock Exchange, and on 8 November, News Corporation began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. On 28 June 2013, News Corporation was split into two separate companies, Murdochs newspaper interests became News Corp, which was the new parent company of News Limited. News Limited was renamed News Corp Australia following the listing of the new News Corp on 1 July 2013, News Limited was established in 1923 by James Edward Davidson, when he purchased the Broken Hill Barrier Miner and the Port Pirie Recorder. He went on to purchase Adelaides weekly Mail and to found The News, Sir Keith Murdoch acquired a minority interest in the company in 1949. Following the death of his father, Sir Keith, in 1952, Rupert Murdoch inherited The News, in 1964, News Limited made its next important advance when it established The Australian, Australias first national daily newspaper, based initially in Canberra and later in Sydney. The News Limited holding in INL fluctuated over the years and was just over 49 percent in 1997, the INL business was bought by News Limiteds main rival in 2003 – Fairfax Media. Over the next ten years, as his press empire grew, Murdoch established a lucrative financial base. In his early years of newspaper ownership Murdoch was an aggressive, by the 1970s, this power base was so strong that Murdoch was able to acquire leading newspapers and magazines in both London and New York, as well as many other media holdings. Chairman and chief executive of News Limited, John Hartigan, announced the appointment of Richard Freudenstein as chief executive of the division, some of the victims of the alleged hacking, such as Austar were later taken over by News Corp and others such as Ondigital later went bust. The emails were from the drive of NDS European chief. It was also revealed that Australian Federal police were working with UK police to investigate hacking by News Corp, on 28 June 2013, News Corporation split into two publicly traded companies focused on publishing, and broadcasting/media respectively
8.
Telstra
–
Telstra has a long history in Australia, originating together with Australia Post as a government department, the Postmaster-Generals Department. Telstra is now fully privatised and has been undergoing a change program to become more customer focused under its recent CEO, New CEO Andy Penn was expected to increase the focus on growth in international markets although this plan is now in doubt. The federal governments National Broadband Network is causing changes to the industry and will see the company progressively sell its copper, Telstra head office is the Telstra Corporate Centre located at 242 Exhibition St, Melbourne, Australia. Australian telecommunications services were controlled by the Postmaster-Generals Department, formed in 1901 as a result of Australian Federation. Prior to 1901, telecommunications were administered by each colony, on 1 July 1975, separate commissions were established by statute to replace the PMG. Responsibility for postal services was transferred to the Australian Postal Commission, the Australian Telecommunications Commission, trading as Telecom Australia, ran domestic telecommunication services. In 1989, the ATC was reconstituted as the Australian Telecommunications Corporation, the AOTC was renamed to Telstra Corporation Limited in 1993. The name Telstra is derived from the word Telecom Australia, the corporation then traded under the Telstra brand internationally and Telecom Australia domestically until uniform branding of Telstra was introduced throughout the entire organisation in 1995. Telstra has faced competition since the early 1990s from Optus and a number of smaller providers, Telstra also has pay TV and data cable network Foxtel. Other companies offering fixed-line services must therefore deal with Telstra, except Optus, TransACT, the Overseas Telecommunications Commission was established by an Act of Parliament in August 1946. The new organisation underwent a corporate identity review and was subsequently renamed Telstra Corporation Limited for international business in 1993, Telstra was privatised in three different stages, informally known as T1, T2 and T3 in 1997,1999 and 2006 respectively. In T1, the government sold one third of its shares in Telstra for A$14 billion, in 1999, a further 16% of Telstra shares were sold to the public, leaving the Australian government with 51% ownership. In 2006, T3 was announced by the government and was the largest of the three releases, reducing the governments ownership of Telstra to 17%. The 17% remainder of Telstra was placed in Australias Future Fund, in 2009, the Future Fund sold off another $2.4 billion worth of shares reducing the governments stake in Telstra to 10. 9%. In August 2011, the Future Fund sold its remaining above market weight Telstra shares, with over one million shareholders, Telstra is currently the most widely held ASX listed company. As a result, Telstra was removed from the National Broadband Network RFP process on 15 December 2008. In response, Telstra has announced that it will raise speeds on its existing Next G network, following Telstras exclusion from the National Broadband Network bidding process Telstras share price suffered the biggest one day percentage fall in its history. As part of the agreement, Telstra would not be able to market their mobile network as an alternative to the NBN for a number of years, Telstra remains the owner of its networks
9.
Duopoly
–
A duopoly is a form of oligopoly where only two sellers exist in one market. In practice, the term is used where two firms have dominant control over a market. It is the most commonly studied form of due to its simplicity. The Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts. When both firms use this logic, they reach a Nash equilibrium. Existence of only two sellers 2, presence of monopoly elements, so long products are differentiated, the firms enjoy some monopoly power, as each product will have some loyal customers 4. There are two modes of duopoly, i. e. Cournot’s Model and Chamberlain’s Model. Third Parties have encountered various blocks in getting onto ballots at different levels of government as well as other electoral obstacles, a commonly cited example of a duopoly is that involving Visa and MasterCard, who between them control a large proportion of the electronic payment processing market. In 2000 they were the defendants in a U. S. Department of Justice antitrust lawsuit, an appeal was upheld in 2004. Examples where two companies control a large proportion of a market are, Airbus and Boeing in the market for commercial airplanes. See also, Competition between Airbus and Boeing, televisa and Azteca in the Mexican Television market. RAI and Mediaset in the Italian Television market, radio Televisyen Malaysia and Media Prima in the Malaysian Television market. Air Canada and WestJet in the Canadian Aviation market, woolworths and Coles in the Australian supermarket market. Mitre 10 MEGA and Bunnings Warehouse in the Australian and New Zealand retail/trade timber, intel and AMD in X86 CPU market and Nvidia and AMD in consumer and professional PC GPU market. The BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad have a duopoly on freight traffic in the Western United States. Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation operate a duopoly on freight traffic in the Eastern United States. Apple and Microsoft in the electronics industry, apples iOS and Googles Android in the mobile operating system market. Globe Telecom and Smart Communications in the Philippine Telecomunnications industry, first American Financial Corporation and Fidelity National Financial in the American title insurance sector
10.
Cable television
–
This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels
11.
Monopoly
–
A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. The verb monopolise or monopolize refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors, in economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is an entity that has significant market power, that is. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly, a small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry. A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in there is only one buyer of a product or service. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel, in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations in one or a few entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers. Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration, in many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, patents, copyrights, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government-granted monopolies. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly, There are four basic types of market structures in traditional economic analysis, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. A monopoly is a structure in which a single supplier produces, if there is a single seller in a certain market and there are no close substitutes for the product, then the market structure is that of a pure monopoly. Sometimes, there are many sellers in an industry and/or there exist many close substitutes for the goods being produced and this is termed monopolistic competition, whereas in oligopoly the companies interact strategically. Most economic textbooks follow the practice of explaining the perfect competition model. The boundaries of what constitutes a market and what does not are relevant distinctions to make in economic analysis, in a general equilibrium context, a good is a specific concept including geographical and time-related characteristics. Most studies of market structure relax a little their definition of a good, price Maker, Decides the price of the good or product to be sold, but does so by determining the quantity in order to demand the price desired by the firm. High Barriers, Other sellers are unable to enter the market of the monopoly, single seller, In a monopoly, there is one seller of the good, who produces all the output. Therefore, the market is being served by a single company, and for practical purposes. Price Discrimination, A monopolist can change the price or quantity of the product and he or she sells higher quantities at a lower price in a very elastic market, and sells lower quantities at a higher price in a less elastic market
12.
News Corporation
–
The original News Corporation or News Corp. was an American multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City. It was the worlds fourth-largest media group in 2014 in terms of revenue, board members include prominent former Spanish prime minister José María Aznar. News Corporation was a traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Formerly incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York and its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited, News International, Dow Jones & Company, the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group. News Corp was created in 1979 by Rupert Murdoch as a company for News Limited. News Limited was created in 1923 in Adelaide, subsequently the controlling interest was bought by The Herald, in 1949, Sir Keith Murdoch took control of The Adelaide News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in an Adelaide afternoon tabloid, News Limited operates today as News Corporations Australian brand, The Australian operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney. News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post. In 1981, News Corp bought half of the movie studio 20th Century Fox, in 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U. S. commercial broadcasting television network. On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal closed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched and this network, known on-screen as Fox, can now be picked up in over 96% of U. S. households. In 1986 and 1987, News Corp moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, a number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdochs powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical, the move of News Internationals London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked, in 1993, News Corp acquired a 63. 6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36. 4% in July 1995. Murdoch declared that, have proved a threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere. Satellite broadcasting makes it possible for residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels. In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the FCC when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdochs ownership of Fox illegal, the FCC, however, ruled in Murdochs favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the publics best interests
13.
News Corp
–
News Corporation is an American multinational mass media company, formed as a spin-off of the former News Corporation focusing on newspapers and publishing. On June 28,2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that News Corporations publishing operations would be spun off to form a new, the move also came in the wake of a series of scandals that had damaged the reputation of multiple News Corporation-owned properties. The logo of the new News Corporation was unveiled at a presentation on May 28,2013. The shares fell in price by 3% to $14.55 per share, the new News Corp began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol NWS on July 1,2013, at the same time, the former News Corporation was renamed 21st Century Fox. The newspapers will be operated by GateHouse Media, a group owned by Fortress. Robert Thomson indicated that the newspapers were not strategically consistent with the portfolio of the company. GateHouse then filed for prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 27,2013, then GateHouse emerged from bankruptcy on November 26,2013. On May 2,2014, News Corp acquired romance novel publisher Harlequin Enterprises from Torstar for $415 million, the deal closed on August 1, it is now operated a subsidiary. On September 30,2014, News Corp announced its acquisition of Move, Inc. a real estate listings company, a 20% stake is owned by REA Group, a publicly-traded subsidiary of News Corp Australia. In October 2015, News Corp sold its digital education brand Amplify Education to a management team supported by a group of investors for an undisclosed sum. HarperCollins, a book trade publisher News America Marketing, a distributor of advertising and coupon promotions Wireless Group
14.
Sky UK
–
Sky UK Limited is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers. It is the UKs largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 and it was the UKs most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth, formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, Sky became the UKs largest digital subscription television company. Following Skys 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90. 04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, the United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. Sky UK Limited is an owned subsidiary of Sky plc, with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith. Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division, after the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and later the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted. In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the four for £1. 3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4. 2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 and this represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices, in September 1993, BSkyB launched Sky Multichannels which was the present digital platforms analogue predecessor. Sky Multichannels was a package that gave access not only to Skys own channels
15.
Electronic program guide
–
Some guides also feature backward scrolling to promote their catch up content. They are commonly known as guides or TV guides, EPGs are transmitted by specialized video character generation equipment housed within each such providers central headend facility. By tuning into an EPG channel, a menu is displayed that lists current, a more modern form of the EPG, associated with both television and radio broadcasting, is the interactive program guide. A typical IPG provides information covering a span of seven or 14 days, in 1981, United Video Satellite Group launched the first EPG service in North America, a cable channel known simply as The Electronic Program Guide. It allowed cable systems in the United States and Canada to provide on-screen listings to their subscribers 24 hours a day on a cable channel. In 1986 at a show in Nashville, STV/Onsat, a print programming guide publisher, introduced SuperGuide. The system was the focus of a 1987 article in STV Magazine, the original system had a black-and-white display, and would locally store programming information for around one week in time. A remote control was used to interact with the unit, when the user found a show they wanted to watch, they would have to turn off the guide and then tune the satellite receiver to the correct service. The system was developed by Chris Schultheiss of STV/OnSat and engineer Peter Hallenbeck, the guide information was distributed by satellite using the home owners dish as the receiver. The information was stored locally so that the user could use the guide without having to be on a satellite or service. In March 1990, a second generation SuperGuide system was introduced that was integrated into the Uniden 4800 receiver and this version had a color display and the hardware was based on a custom chip, it was also able to disseminate up to two weeks of programming information. When the user found the show of interest, they pressed a button on the remote and this unit also had a single button recording function, and controlled VCRs via an infrared output. Available in North America, it was the first commercially available unit for use that had a locally stored guide integrated with the receiver for single button viewing and taping. A presentation on the system was given at the 1990 IEEE consumer electronics symposium in Chicago, in June 1988, US4751578 was awarded to Eli Reiter, Michael H. Zemering and Frank Shannon. This patent concerned the implementation of an electronic program guide – an interactive program guide. In 1996, Prevue Networks introduced the first IPG service in the United States, Prevue Interactive, Prevue Interactive would later become TV Guide Interactive, and then i-Guide. In Western Europe,59 million television households were equipped with EPGs at the end of 2008, the situation varies from country to country, depending on the status of digitization and the role of pay television and IPTV in each market. Inview Technology is one of the UKs largest and oldest EPG producers, dating back to 1996 and currently in partnership with Humax, scandinavia also is a highly innovative EPG market
16.
Southbank, Victoria
–
Southbank is an inner urban neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,1 km south of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area are the Cities of Melbourne and Port Phillip, at the 2011 Census, Southbank had a population of 11,235. Its northernmost area is considered part of the Central Business District, Southbank is bordered to the north by the Yarra River, and to the east by St Kilda Road. Southbanks southern and western borders are bounded by Dorcas Street, Kings Way, Southbank was formerly an industrial area and part of South Melbourne. It was transformed into a populated district of high rise apartment and office buildings beginning in the early 1990s. With the exceptions of the precinct along St Kilda Road. Today, Southbank is dominated by high-rise development and it is also one of the most densely populated areas of Melbourne, with a large cluster of apartment towers, including Australias tallest tower measured to its highest floor, the Eureka Tower. Southbank Promenade and Southgate Restaurant and Shopping Precinct, on the bank of the Yarra River. Southgates landmark Ophelia sculpture by Deborah Halpern has been used to represent Melbourne in tourism campaigns, before European settlement, the area now called South Melbourne was a series of low lying swamps inhabited by Aboriginal tribes. The Arts Centre precinct opened in the 1980s on former parkland, the area was the subject of urban renewal in the 1980s and early 1990s. In part, this was aimed at stimulating development in a period when Melbourne was experiencing an economic downturn during the global recession on 1991–92. Denton Corker Marshall designed and oversaw the original Southbank Promenade in 1990, at the eastern end of the area is the Victorian Arts Centre. Since then, the pylon underneath the award winning Southbank Pedestrian Bridge has been utilised and is now home to Ponyfish Island, further buildings including the Esso headquarters were built between 1992 and 1995. Development expanded along the Yarra westward, with the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre in 1996 and Crown Casino in 1997, Clarendon Towers also attracted the owner occupiers. Beginning with Southbank Towers in 1997, Central Equity began a swathe of apartment towers, in 2002 the neighbouring Yarras Edge precinct of the new Melbourne Docklands began to kick off. The arts precinct was extended with the construction of the award winning buildings for the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art in 2002, at around the same time a new headquarters for the State Emergency Service was built. Central Equity apartments are aimed at both the owner occupier and rental market with management provided by Melbourne Inner City Management, an owned subsidiary of Central Equity. With a boom in apartment building and the success of the Melburnian, the 91 floor Eureka Tower was begun in 2002, aimed at being the tallest residential tower in the world and was completed in 2006
17.
Galaxy (Australian television)
–
Galaxy is a former provider of pay television programming in Australia via satellite and wireless cable delivery methods. Galaxy was founded in 1993, and begin test broadcasting on 1 January 1995 via microwave transmission and it was officially launched on Australia Day. At launch only two channels were fully operational, the local Premier Sports and international news channel ANBC, digital satellite broadcasts began in September 1995. Galaxy was a joint venture between Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media and their main competitors were Foxtel and Optus Vision, both of which operated separate cable networks. The Galaxy channel package was franchised to CETV and East Coast Television in regional areas, at its peak, there were around 120,000 Galaxy subscribers. The service ceased shortly after Australis Media went into liquidation on 18 May 1998, in January 1992, the Government of Australia called tenders for Australias first pay-TV licenses. Surprisingly, the first license was purchased not by one of the media players but by an entrepreneur, Albert Hadid. Australis paid a total of A$333 million for the satellite and microwave licenses they would require to launch a service to be branded Galaxy. The output of these studios formed three channels – Showtime, Encore and TV1 – that would become the mainstay of Galaxys programming.5 billion over 25 years, Galaxy, along with Austar were the providers for the Sega Channel in Australia for Sega Australia. Despite this lucrative deal, the situation at Australis was troubling. The installation cost of equipment was high, forcing them to greatly subsidise installation costs, furthermore, increased competition from Foxtel and Optus Vision forced Galaxy to lower prices further or lose customers. The financial crisis at Australis meant that much of Galaxys life seemed to be spent trying to save the company from receivership, in October 1995 a merger was proposed by Australis and its biggest rival, Foxtel. The proposal was rejected by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, another Australis-Foxtel merger was proposed in July 1997 but was also vetoed for similar reasons. Another proposal made in August 1996 under which Australis and Optus would share satellite infrastructure was approved by the ACCC but later blocked by the Australian Federal Court. With hopes of a merger dashed and serious cashflow problems continuing to plague the company, on 18 May 1998 the Supreme Court of New South Wales declared that Australis was insolvent and the company went into liquidation. It has been estimated that losses totalled A$800 million, after Australiss insolvency, its eight channels continued to run on the Foxtel platform, and five of them are present in some form on all the major pay television providers in Australia. An extract from Mark Westfields Gatekeepers which recounts the negotiations between Australis and PBL for the first rescue package, the Demise of Australis – an editorial using the death of Galaxy as an example of the negative effects of Australian media regulations. Online news article announcing that Australis has collapsed
18.
Publishing and Broadcasting Limited
–
Publishing and Broadcasting Limited was one of Australias largest companies, with interests primarily in media and gaming. The company demerged in late 2007, spinning out its gaming interests into Crown Limited, PBL, now a stub, renamed itself to Consolidated Media Holdings. PBL originated with Australian Consolidated Press, established by media magnate Frank Packer, who inherited the interests of his father Robert Packer. In 1936, Packer merged with E. G, theodores Sydney Newspapers and Associated Newspapers to form Australian Consolidated Press. Frank Packer was chairman of ACP from 1936 until his death in 1974, ACP was granted a broadcasting license in Sydney when television began in Australia in the 1950s. Its television station, TCN-9 in Sydney was the first station in Australia to go to air, launched 1956, by an announcement from Bruce Gyngell Good evening, and welcome to television. In 1960, it purchased GTV-9 Melbourne to form the first television network in Australia, in 1987, Kerry Packer sold the Nine Network to Alan Bond for $1 billion, who then expanded the network to include QTQ-9 Brisbane and STW-9 Perth. Packer later bought the back for half of what he sold it for in 1990. Publishing and Broadcasting Limited was formed in 1994, from the merger of The Nine Network Australia, in the late 1990s PBL lost millions on a venture called Nine India. Its most tangible form was a block on two of the channels operated by Doordarshan. It planned to become a player in Indian television, but by early in the next decade. In 1999, Crown Limited was merged into PBL, and the division of PBL. In 2002, PBL entered a deal with Prime Television, giving it an effective 50% stake in Prime NZ, in 2004, PBL purchased the Burswood Casino in Perth, and a 50% stake in Hoyts Cinemas, along with West Australian Newspapers. Hoyts was previously owned by the Packer private company, Consolidated Press Holdings Ltd and it also sold Papua New Guineas only television network, EM-TV to Fiji Television. On 18 October 2006, James Packer announced the sell-off of 50% of PBLs media interests for A$4.5 billion to focus on its gambling business, the sell-off included Nine Network and its 50 per cent interest in NineMSN. PBL was involved in two projects in Macau, the $260 million Crown Macau, scheduled for completion in 2006-07. The projects are joint ventures with Melco International Development, a Macau company, in March 2006, PBL announced that it had spent US$900 million to purchase a casino sub-concession from Wynn Resorts that would give the Melco-PBL joint venture the right to conduct casino operations. PBLs commitment to these ventures is the biggest investment by an Australian company in the PRC to date
19.
Optus Television
–
Optus Television is the cable television division of Australian telecommunications company Optus. Optus Vision used a hybrid fibre coaxial cable network to connect homes to its network, Optus Vision added broadband cable internet access to its network. Optus Vision used the Optus telecommunications licence as authority to build a cable network, the Optus Vision network was rolled out in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The major competitor to Optus Vision was Foxtel, a 50/50 joint venture between Telstra and News Corporation and these competed heavily in the metropolitan areas. Optus Vision negotiated exclusive access to AFL football Rugby League, and it also had exclusive access to Disney Channel, ESPN and MTV Australia though it always lacked the general entertainment channels that Foxtel had. From 1995 to 1997, the Super League War waged between the two consortia over lucrative rugby league rights, in March 1997, Optus bought out the other shareholders in exchange for equity in itself, to float. In 2002 Optus let go of some of its exclusive content contracts, MTV Australia, Disney Channel ESPN and the premium Movie Network channels all became available on Foxtel as soon as they were able. In 2009 Optus Television stopped offering its service to new subscribers, from February 2011 Optus were again offering Optus TV featuring Foxtel including IQ2 services. On February 142016, Singtel-Optus renewed their contract with Astro-Fetch TV in preparation for the 2016/17 EPL season, Optus, along with Austar had a joint venture in the use of Satellite broadcasting for the delivery of Subscription Television. Originally, Foxtel had not previously offered a Satellite service, until purchasing the satellite subscribers from Australis Media within their service area, until 2004, Foxtel was a customer of the Austar/Optus joint venture. Optus utilised this joint venture to initially trial and subsequently offer a basic satellite service, the service was very select with not many being able to access the service. It was also offered to Norfolk Island and some smart cards were enabled for some residents to take part in a trial of the service, the ability to offer the service came about due to Optus offering a large number of channels to East Coast Television. After Optus axed the VIP Service, it sold its share in the joint venture to Austar. In 2004, the roles reversed and Austar became the customer to Foxtel for satellite delivery, until 2002, Optus did not offer the Fox Sports sporting channels on their service as Foxtel and Austar did, instead offering channels from Sportsvision, and ESPN. During the Super League/ARL war, the Optus sports channels had the rights to the ARL competition, Seven bought Sportsvision, which became Optus and Austar exclusive C7 Sport and progressively lost sporting rights to Fox Sports. During that time Foxtel granted Optus an NRL Channel, screening all of the NRL matches that had previously been exclusively on the Foxtel platform. In 2000, Seven and C7 Sport lost the AFL rights to a Nine/Ten, in March 2002, the commencement of the new AFL broadcasting deal with Foxtel led Optus and Austar to drop C7 Sport from their services, leading to the demise of the channel. Optus replaced the C7 channels with an Optus rebadged version of Fox Sports, Optus dropped the Optus Sports name in October 2002
20.
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
–
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission is an independent authority of the Australian government. It was established in 1995 with the amalgamation of the Australian Trade Practices Commission and its mandate is to protect consumer rights, business rights and obligations, perform industry regulation and price monitoring and prevent illegal anti-competitive behaviour. The ACCC administers the Competition and Consumer Act, and has standing to take action in the Federal Court of Australia to enforce its provision, the ACCC, under the Act, also regulates certain industries by providing access to national infrastructure. The ACCC also has a role and seeks to educate both consumers and businesses as to their rights and responsibilities under the act. The Australian Energy Regulator is a constituent but separate part of the ACCC and is responsible for economic energy regulation and it shares staff and premises with the ACCC, but has a separate board, although at least one board member must also be a Commissioner at the ACCC. In most cases the spirit of the act, and thus the actions of the ACCC, favours neither consumer nor supplier, the ACCC is committed in bringing court actions against companies that breach the Competition and Consumer Act. Penalties for non-compliance of the CCA can be quite severe, companies that do not comply with the restrictive trade practices provisions of CCA may be fined by the Federal Court. There are three ways the maximum fine can be calculated, the maximum possible fine is the larger of A$10,000,000, or three times the value of the illegal benefit, or 10% of turnover for the preceding 12 months. Companies that do not comply with the consumer protection provisions of CCA may be fined by the Federal Court, up to $1.1 M for companies and $220,000 for individuals. The ACCC also has power to accept, on its on behalf, court enforceable undertakings under s87B of the Competition, such undertakings may include a wide range of remedies to the conduct. A range of other remedies can be ordered by the court, for example, companies are frequently forced to publish retractions of false advertising claims in national newspapers and at their places of business. Companies found in breach of the CCA are usually bound to implement a program to ensure future compliance with the Act. Whilst it is acknowledged that the ACCC is required to safeguard consumer rights. This criticism is most likely due to the inherent difficulty in obtaining sufficient evidence to prove breaches of the trade practices provisions of the Competition. Recently the ACCC has exercised its authority in a number of areas, including fining retailer Target for false advertising. In 2008 the ACCC published findings of its inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for groceries in Australia, in September 2009 the ACCC reached agreement with Coles and Woolworths to phase out restrictive lease agreements. The ACCC has enforced the law against producers of quack devices with medical claims like Power Balance
21.
Consolidated Media Holdings
–
Consolidated Media Holdings was an Australia investment company focused on subscription television. Consolidated Media Holdings was a publicly listed Australian company and its two largest shareholders were Consolidated Press Holdings Limited and Seven Network Limited. CMH was formed following a change by Publishing and Broadcasting Limited. CMH had a 25 per cent interest in FOXTEL, CMHs stake in Foxtel was held jointly with News Corporation through the joint-venture vehicle Sky Cable Pty Ltd. The remaining 50% share of Foxtel is owned by Telstra Corporation through the holding company Telstra Media Pty Ltd, CMH had a 50 per cent shareholding in Fox Sports Pty Limited, with the other 50 per cent held by News Corporation. CMH previously held a 50% interest in PBL Media, with including the Nine Network, NBN Television, Sky News Australia, Australian Consolidated Press, NineMSN, CarSales, Ticketek. In September 2007 CMH sold down a further 25% of their interest in PBL Media to CVC Asia Pacific. This was followed in December 2008 with CVC Asia Pacific injecting over $300 million AUD into PBL Media, the company was originally controlled by the Packer family. In early July 2008 the Seven Network bought a $100 Million stake in CMH, CMH stated that they would not be investing any further funds, and as such, CMHs 25% interest became diluted to a stake less than 1%. In July 2009 the Seven Network purchased a further approx, 13% shareholding in CMH, bringing Sevens total shareholding to approx. Within days CPH had increased its stake by approx, on 15 July 2009 the Seven Network further increased their stake to approx. 19. 5% On 25 August 2009 CMH announced the sale of 54 Park Street, on 26 August 2009 CMH announced the sale of all shareholdings in Seek. com. au to institutional investors. Sale price was $5.05 per share, News Corporation submitted a bid for Consolidated Media Holdings in 2012. Seven Group Holdings also submitted a bid, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission approved the takeover bid placed by News Corp, however, denied the bid placed by Seven Media Holdings
22.
Ten Network Holdings
–
Ten Network Holdings Ltd, is one of Australias major media companies. It is headquartered in Sydney, Australia, while originally focusing on running a television network, Ten has recently diversified into a range of other media areas over the past decade. Below are some of the businesses it has run, or is involved with, during October 2010, James Packer, bought 17. 88% of shares in Ten Network Holdings. On 23 February 2011, the board of Ten Network Holdings terminated the contract of CEO Grant Blackley, lachlan Murdoch was appointed acting CEO. In February 2012, Murdoch was appointed Chairman by the board, replacing Brian Long who became Deputy Chairman, on 26 March 2014 Hamish McLennan was appointed Executive Chairman after becoming Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of the Company in March 2013 replacing James Warburton. Lachlan Murdoch retired as Chairman and a Director to join News Corp, on 27 July 2015, Paul Anderson was appointed Chief Executive Officer, and Non-Executive Director David Gordon was appointed Chairman after Hamish McLennan stepped down from both roles. In 2014, News Corp/Telstra-owned Foxtel and U. S. cable company Discovery Communications made a joint-venture to take a bid on Ten. Other U. S. -based companies and investment firms, such as Anchorage Capital Group, however, this was opposed by WIN Corporation owner and Ten shareholder Bruce Gordon stating that Ten would remain in the Australian hands. On 15 June 2015, Foxtel officially agreed to buyout 15% shares in Ten Network Holdings, pending the approval from the Australian Competition, prior to the acquisition, Discovery backed out from bidding partnership with Foxtel. There were numerous reports stated that Foxtel will push-through the 15% acquisition of Ten once the Australian government will abolish the restriction on cross-media ownership
23.
Fox Sports (Australia)
–
Fox Sports is an Australian group of sports channels, owned by Fox Sports Pty Limited, which is owned by News Corp Australia. Its main competitors are ESPN and beIN Sports, although 21st Century Fox maintains ownership of the remainder of News Corporations broadcasting assets, its Australian television assets were spun out with the new company as well. Both companies nonetheless remain under the control of the Murdoch family, Fox Sports started life as the Premier Sports Network as the only fully operational local channel at the launch of Australias first pay-television service, Galaxy. Premier Sports backers included American company Prime International, which was later to become part of Liberty Media, the service was launched at 4pm 26 January 1995 in Sydney and made a name for itself, securing the rights to Australias cricket tour of the West Indies. PSN signed a deal with Network Ten to share the broadcast rights, when Foxtel launched its cable service later that year, PSN was included as part of the package. Between 1995 and 2010, Fox Sports aired National Basketball League games, on 1 March 1996, PSN was relaunched as Fox Sports Australia, to coincide with the new Super 12 rugby union competition and the proposed launch of the Super League. In 1997 a secondary channel was launched on Foxtel to carry broadcasts of the new Super League competition, Fox Sports and its chief competitor, Sports Australia shared the rights to NRL broadcasts as a result of the legal settlement in the Super League war. The channel on Foxtel was later relaunched as Fox Sports Two, at first broadcasting from Friday through Monday each week, when Optus Vision dropped the C7 Sport service in March 2002, they started carrying the Fox Sports channels. Optus dropped the Optus Sports name in October 2002, during the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Fox Sports carried an additional eight channels dedicated to Games events. These were available to customers at an additional charge, Fox Sports has been the exclusive broadcaster of the Hyundai A-League since its first season in 2005. And in 2006, an A$120 million deal between the FFA and Fox Sports was reached after the end of the first season, ratings for football have generally been very good. The Socceroos first game of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, attracted 345,000 viewers, while their Quarter final drew an average of 419,000 - at the time, an all-time record for Australian Pay TV. In 2007, Fox Sports reached a deal to broadcast 4 games live and exclusive from the AFL each week and this includes the exclusive only Sunday twilight match. In addition they will broadcast Friday night games live into New South Wales, when channel 518 a is used in this way it is promoted as Fox Sports Plus on-air. In 2010 Fox Sports coverage of National Rugby League games held 73 out of the top 100 programs of any type aired Foxtel, technical innovations were the main highlight, with CEO Patrick Delany unveiling the FoxKopter, the FoxMobile Segway, Ref Cam and Cornerpost Cam. Fox Sports also launched a new logo in line with its global affiliate broadcasters. On 3 September 2014, Fox Sports announced that SPEED and Fuel TV would be rebranded as FOX Sports 4 and FOX Sports 5 on 3 November 2014, of which both will be available in HD. In addition, it was announced FOX Sports News would launch a HD feed on the same day - taking FOX Sports suite to 7 channels, branded as Fox Sports 1 prior to 23 February 2017
24.
2007 AFC Asian Cup
–
The 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals were held from 7 to 29 July 2007. For the first time in its history, the competition was co-hosted by four nations, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, for the first time in the nations history, Iraq won the continental title after it defeated Saudi Arabia 1–0 in the final. As the winner, Iraq represented the AFC in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, before 2007 and every four years, Asia often held its continental tournament from 1956 until China in 2004. With the Summer Olympic Games and the European Football Championship also held in the year as the Asian Cup. Beginning in 2007, Asia will hold its continental tournament a year earlier, an estimated worldwide television audience of 650 million people tuned in to watch the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. Australia participated for the first time moving to the AFC from the OFC. Australia happened to also be the tournaments first nation aside from the co-hosts to qualify for the 2007 Asian Cup, mohammed Bin Hammam proposed and presented a move to have four host nations for the 2007 Asian Cup. However, he regretted this decision and called it his mistake, citing the financial. He said that It is proving difficult for have to have four organising committees, four media centres. He also revealed that definitely it, if he had the choice, in June 2005, the Asian Football Confederation warned Thailand that it needed to improve its facilities before 2007, otherwise it would be dropped, possibly being replaced with Singapore. On 12 August of the year, the AFC confirmed that Thailand would be a co-host of the 2007 Asian Cup. However, in October 2006, Thailand was again warned to improve its facilities in 90 days, the qualification round ran from 22 February 2006, to 15 November 2006. For the first time, the defending champions needed to attend the qualification stage, twenty-four nations would be split into six four-team groups for the qualification phase of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. As the four co-hosts – Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam – were already granted automatic qualification, for the first time, the seeds are based on the October 2006 FIFA World Rankings instead of the basis of the performance from the previous AFC Asian Cup competition. This was to ensure that the number of strong teams do not meet in the early stage. The four seeded teams were announced on 19 December 2006, the seeds comprised Pot 4 in the draw. Pot 1 consists of the teams from all co-hosts, on 19 December 2006, the draw was held in the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The Official Match Ball for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup was launched by Nike on 15 May 2007, the Nike Mercurial Veloci AC features four blue stripes with gold trim with each host citys name inscribed, as well as the AFC Asian Cup logo
25.
Australia national soccer team
–
The Australian national soccer team represents Australia in international mens soccer. The team has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup tournament on four occasions, the team has also represented Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup three times. The first Australia national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand, during the tour, Australia suffered two defeats and scraped a draw. For the next 36 years, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became regular opponents in tour matches, during that period, Australia also competed against Canada and India during their tours of Australia in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Australia recorded their worst ever defeat on 30 June 1951 as they lost 17–0 in a match to a touring England side, Australia had a rare opportunity to compete on the worlds stage during the teams very first major international tournament as hosts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. However, an inexperienced squad proved to be reason for the disappointing performance. With the advent of air travel, Australia began to diversify its range of opponents. However, its isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 30 years. It would prove to be the appearance for the Australian team until the World Cup tournament returned to Germany more than three decades later in 2006. The teams previously poor record in World Cup competition was not reflected in their performances against strong European. In 1988, Australia defeated reigning world champions Argentina 4–1 in the Australian Bicentennial Gold Cup, in 1997, Australia drew with reigning world champions Brazil 0–0 in the group stage and then defeated Uruguay 1–0 in the semi-finals to reach the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final. Many commentators and fans, most notably soccer broadcaster and former Australian captain Johnny Warren, on 13 March, the AFC executive committee made a unanimous decision to invite Australia to join the AFC. After the OFC executive committee unanimously endorsed Australias proposed move, FIFA approved the move on 30 June 2005. Australia joined Asia, with the taking effect on 1 January 2006, though until then. After a successful campaign, the team took the first steps towards qualification for the 2006 World Cup, after coach Frank Farina stood down from the position after Australias dismal performance at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Guus Hiddink was announced as the new national coach. Australia, ranked 49th, would then have to play the 18th ranked Uruguay in a rematch of the 2001 qualification play-off for a spot in the 2006 World Cup. The second leg of the qualifying play-off was played in front of a crowd of 82,698 at Stadium Australia, Australia led Uruguay 1–0 after 90 minutes following a goal by Mark Bresciano in the first half. The aggregate was tied, and extra time was played, neither team scored after two periods of extra time, bringing the game to a penalty shootout
26.
Japan national football team
–
The Japan national football team represents Japan in association football and is operated by the Japan Football Association, the governing body for association football in Japan. The current head coach is Vahid Halilhodžić, the team has also finished second in the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup. Their principal continental rivals are South Korea and, most recently, Japan is the only team from outside the Americas to participate in the Copa América, having been invited in 1999 and 2011. Although they initially accepted the invitation for the 2011 tournament, the JFA later withdrew following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, the Japanese team is commonly known by the fans and media as Sakkā Nippon Daihyō, Nippon Daihyō, or Daihyō as abbreviated expressions. Although the team does not have a nickname as such. For example, under Takeshi Okada, the team was known as Okada Japan. Recently the team has known or nicknamed as the Samurai Blue, while Japanese news media still refer it to by the managers last name, as Halilhodžić Japan. Japans first major achievement in football came in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. However Japan made its first appearance in the Asian Cup in 1988, where they were eliminated in the stage following a draw with Iran and losses to South Korea, United Arab Emirates. The following year Japan hosted and won the Asian Cup in their second appearance, the J. League was officially launched in 1993, causing interest in football and the national team to grow. Japans next tournament was a defense of their title at the 1996 Asian Cup. The team won all their games in the stage but were eliminated in the quarterfinals after a 2–0 loss to Kuwait. The nations first ever FIFA World Cup appearance was in 1998, the first two fixtures went 1–0 in favor of Argentina and Croatia, despite playing well in both games. Their campaign ended with a 2–1 defeat to Jamaica, in the 2000 Asian Cup Japan managed to reclaim their title after defeating Saudi Arabia in the final, becoming Asian Champions for the second time. Two years later, Japan co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea, after a 2–2 draw with Belgium in their opening game, the Japanese team advanced to the second round with a 1–0 win over Russia and a 2–0 victory against Tunisia. However, they exited the tournament during the Round of 16. On June 8,2005, Japan qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, its third consecutive World Cup, however, Japan failed to advance to the Round of 16, losing to Australia 1–3, drawing Croatia 0–0 and losing to Brazil 1–4. During the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, in the round of the Asian Qualifiers
27.
2012 Summer Olympics
–
It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the stage in womens football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participated, London is the first and only city thus far to host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability, the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid, the Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Womens boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors and these were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several world and Olympic records were set at the games. Furthermore, the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a technical evaluation. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February, throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin and its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris, on 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive, London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, but my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, on 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York, the final two contenders were London and Paris
28.
Fox Footy
–
Fox Footy is an Australian rules football subscription television channel dedicated to screening Australian rules football matches and related programming. It is owned by Fox Sports Pty Limited, operated out of their Melbourne based studios and available throughout Australia on Foxtel, the channel is a revival of the former Fox Footy Channel, which was in operation between 2002–2006. The channel recommenced prior to the 2012 AFL season after a new broadcast agreement was reached between the former Premier Media Group, Austar, Foxtel and the Australian Football League, Fox Footy is currently the most watched channel on Foxtel. The 2016 AFL Preliminary Final between Greater Western Sydney & the Western Bulldogs was the highest-rating AFL game ever on Foxtel and it also became the 5th most watched program in Foxtel history. It was announced on 28 April 2011 that the channel would be revived for the 2012 AFL season, the channel returned exclusively on Foxtel and its broadcasting partners, under the proposed new name of Fox Sports AFL, which was later changed back to its original name Fox Footy. The channel relaunched at 5,00 pm AEDT on Friday 17 February 2012 with the first NAB Cup round-robin match between Hawthorn, Richmond and North Melbourne, Fox Footy has live broadcast rights to selected NAB Challenge matches, all home and away matches and all finals matches. All matches are broadcast live to air in both Standard and High Definition with no breaks during play. When two live matches are being played simultaneously, Fox Sports 3 broadcasts one of the matches, from the start of the 2012 AFL season, Fox Footy had become the most watched Pay-TV network in Australia. Coverage of certain matches including Friday nights and public holidays is picked up from the Seven Network, the pre-match and post-match show, are removed from the Fox Footy broadcast, and the official Seven logo is concealed. Fox League List of sports television channels Official website Fox Footy on Twitter Fox Footy on Facebook Fox Footy on Instagram
29.
The Simpsons
–
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks, Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19,1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a prime time show and became an early hit for Fox. Since its debut on December 17,1989,615 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast and its 28th season began on September 25,2016. It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program, the Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27,2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4,2015, the series was renewed for seasons 27 and 28, on November 4,2016, the series was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, consisting of 22 episodes each. The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons, Time named it the 20th centurys best television series, and Erik Adams of The A. V. Club named it televisions crowning achievement regardless of format, on January 14,2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards,30 Annie Awards, Homers exclamatory catchphrase Doh. has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years. The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional Middle American town of Springfield, Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife, although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santas Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in I, both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of supporting characters, co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople. The creators originally intended many of these characters as jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town
30.
Family Guy
–
Family Guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois, their children Meg, Chris, and Stewie, and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian. The show is set in the city of Quahog, Rhode Island. The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, MacFarlane redesigned the films protagonist, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a pilot to Fox in 1998, and the show was greenlit. Shortly after the season of Family Guy had aired in 2002, Fox canceled the series. Adult Swim burned off the episode in 2003, finishing the original run. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season, since its debut on January 31,1999,286 episodes of Family Guy have been broadcast. Its fifteenth season began on September 25,2016, Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards, and has won three of each. In 2009, it was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, Family Guy has also received criticism, including unfavorable comparisons to The Simpsons. In 2008, MacFarlane confirmed that the cast was interested in producing a feature film, a spin-off series, The Cleveland Show, featuring Cleveland Brown, aired from September 27,2009, to May 19,2013. The Simpsons Guy, an episode with The Simpsons, aired on September 28,2014. Family Guy is a joint production by Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Century Fox Television, in 2013, TV Guide ranked Family Guy the ninth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. On May 15,2016, Family Guy was renewed for a fifteenth season, living with the family is their witty, smoking, martini-swilling, sarcastic, English-speaking anthropomorphic dog Brian, though he is still considered a pet in many respects. Recurring characters appear alongside the Griffin family, TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons, Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes, the primary setting of Family Guy is Quahog, a fictional district of Providence, Rhode Island that was founded by Peters ancestor Griffin Peterson. MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with a program on WNAC-TV, Channel 64 in Providence, stated that the town is modeled after Cranston
31.
TruTV
–
TruTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. The network was launched in 1991 as Court TV, a network that focused on crime-themed programs such as documentary series, legal dramas. With its relaunch as truTV in 2008, the network revamped its lineup with a focus on reality shows and caught on camera programs, in October 2014, TruTVs lineup was reoriented with a focus on comedy programming and comedy-based reality series. As of February 2015, approximately 89.7 million US households receive truTV, the Courtroom Television Network, or Court TV for short, was launched on July 2,1991, and was available to three million subscribers. Its original anchors were Fred Graham, who was still at the twenty years later, and Cynthia McFadden. Both projects were present at the National Cable Television Association in June 1990, rather than trying to establish two competing networks, the projects were combined in December 14,1990. Liberty Media would join the venture in 1991, the channel featured continuous live trial coverage, with analysis by anchors. It was led by law writer Steven Brill, who left the network in 1997, the network came into its own during the Menendez brothers first trial and later during the O. J. Simpson murder trial. In 1998, NBC sold its share of the network to Time Warner and that same year, it began running several original and acquired programs in prime time, such as Homicide, Life on the Street and Forensic Files. In 2004, recognizing the growth of its programming, Court TV split itself into two brands. Daytime trial coverage was branded as Court TV News, while prime-time and weekend programming took on a legal reality. Time Warner bought full control of Court TV in 2006 and began running it as part of the companys Turner Broadcasting System division, the buyout of Court TV marked Time Warners first television network acquisition – rather than a sale – since the acquisition of Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. On July 11,2007, it was announced that Court TV would be relaunched as TruTV on January 1,2008, the network promoted these series under the slogan Not Reality. TruTV staff argued that the reality had become associated with unrealistic programming. On March 4,2013, In Session was cut to a two-hour, on September 30,2013, In Session was cancelled, and replaced by a block of archived programming under the banner In Session Presents. As part of the re-launch, a new branding campaign and refreshed logo were introduced on-air on October 27,2014, puja Vohra, TruTVs senior vice president of marketing and digital, explained that the campaign was intended to portray the networks brand as being fun and self-aware. In December 2016, TruTV unveiled a new marketing campaign and slogan, the campaign reinforces the networks focus on comedy by showcasing its stars in advertising that parodies the cliches of network television promos. The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of TruTV is available on all major cable, in March 2011, the channel saw carriage of its HD feed increase, due to its coverage of the 2011 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament, which was its first ever live sports telecast
32.
A&E (TV channel)
–
The channel originally focused programming on biographies, documentaries, and drama series but has later expanded to include reality television programming. As of July 2015, the A&E network is available to approximately 95,968,000 pay television households in the United States, the U. S. version of the channel is shown in Canada while international versions exist for Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A&E launched on February 1,1984, initially available to 9.3 million cable television homes in the U. S. the network is a result of the 1984 merger of Hearst/ABCs Alpha Repertory Television Service and RCA-owned The Entertainment Channel. When A&E debuted, the took over the satellite transponder timeslot that ARTS occupied from its launch in 1981. Childrens television channel Nickelodeon signed off just before 9 p. m. Eastern Time, and A&E took over at 9 p. m. with a programming block. However, some cable providers continued to carry Nickelodeon and A&E on the same channel and it was not until the early 1990s that these companies found separate channels for both networks. A&E was envisioned as a counterpart to PBS, and in its early days focused on such PBS-style programming as the Leonard Bernstein Fidelio. By 1990, A&Es original programming accounted for 35 to 40 percent of the program content. The comedy series An Evening at the Improv built a young audience in the late 80s. Also, Comedy On the Road won a CableACE Award, both series were produced by Larry ODaly, A&Es signature show was Biography, a one-hour documentary series that A&E revived in 1987. In 1994, airings of Biography went from weekly broadcasts to airing five nights a week, the nightly series became A&Es top-rated show and one of cable televisions most notable successes. Biography received Primetime Emmy Awards in 1999 and 2002, in its first decade, A&E had limited advertising, with fewer commercials at the time, mostly for A&E programs and its magazine. Beginning in the mid-90s, advertising was increased substantially on the channel, in May 1995, the channels name officially changed to the A&E Network, to reflect its declining focus on arts and entertainment. By 1996, the network had branded itself as simply A&E, even the arts patron often finds arts on TV not as satisfying as it should be. And the word entertainment is too vague, therefore, much like ESPN uses its letters rather than what they stand for – Entertainment Sports Network – we decided to go to just A&E. The network created two original weekly series, Sidney Lumets 100 Centre Street and Nero Wolfe, both of which lasted from 2001 to 2002. In May 2003, A&E launched a campaign with the networks new tagline. In addition, A&E had garnered favorable notice for true-crime documentary series such as Cold Case Files, American Justice, City Confidential, Investigative Reports, the network also cut back on its broadcasts of Biography from originally twice daily to weekend mornings only
33.
Pawn Stars
–
Pawn Stars is an American reality television series, shown on History, and produced by Leftfield Pictures. The series, which became the networks highest rated show and the No.2 reality show behind Jersey Shore, the series also follows the interpersonal conflicts among the cast. One reviewer referencing these conflicts described the show as a version of Antiques Roadshow hijacked by American Choppers Teutul family, TV Guide has offered a similar description, calling the show one part Antiques Roadshow, a pinch of LA Ink and a dash of COPS. Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned. It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary, the shop, and Rick, had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003. The series was pitched to HBO, though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions-style series taking place at the Gold & Silvers night window. The format eventually evolved into the now-familiar family-oriented motif used on the series, the network concurred, believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered. The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, a price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever-changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the items price. On occasion, Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs and these usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop, the elder Harrisons questioning Coreys judgment, and aspersions cast on Chumlees intelligence and competence. Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day, the traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010. Rick Harrison also mentioned in the season episode Over the Top that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staffs use. The shop also now sells its own merchandise, whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook. The staffs presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances, for which Corey Harrison, when shooting episodes of the series, the shop is temporarily closed, with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom. In July 2011, Harrison signed a record-breaking 80-episode renewal contract for four seasons of the series. After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET, the moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30,2013, replacing Swamp People. The program also received a new opening and theme song, Winning isnt Everything, the opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12,2014. Richard Kevin Harrison – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop, the son of The Old Man Richard and father of Big Hoss Corey, he has earned the nickname of The Spotter due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the business at age 13
34.
Hardcore Pawn
–
The series premiered on August 16,2010, delivering two million viewers, setting a record as truTVs most-watched series premiere ever. American Jewelry and Loan is owned by Leslie Les Gold, the grandson of a pawnbroker who once owned Sams Loans, Les first opened American Jewelry at the Green Eight Shopping Center on 8 Mile Road in Oak Park in 1978, moving to its present location in 1993. Less business partner and only son, Seth, is an alumnus of the University of Michigan and has been a co-owner of American Jewelry since graduating from school. Seth handles the marketing and claims that if it was not for him. Less daughter, Ashley, has a degree in business administration from Michigan State University. Ashley is a co-owner of American Jewelry and has been working there for more than fifteen years, the sibling rivalry between her and Seth is a common element of many episodes. The show averaged 2.6 million viewers during its sixth season, due to similarities to Pawn Stars, Hardcore Pawn has been described as simply being a knock-off and a capitalization on the breakout success of Pawn Stars. Les Gold claims that his show is a representation of what a pawn shop does, focusing on the human element and showing that people are suffering tough times and need money for food. According to Marc Juris of truTV, any similarities between the shows are coincidental and he also noted that Hardcore Pawn was in development for more than a year and two test episodes aired in December 2009. Regarding the initial time slot of Monday nights at 10 pm ET, opposite Pawn Stars at the time. The second season debuted in December 2010, in the Tuesday at 9 pm ET timeslot, owner Les Gold said at the launch of the show that there would be no staged antics, products or characters on the show. However, New York Post writer Linda Stasi has opined that some situations in Hardcore Pawn are set up,162 episodes have aired over nine seasons. Repeats of Hardcore Pawn are also seen on occasion on TNT, Hardcore Pawn has generated two spinoffs, Combat Pawn, a series about the employees and customers at Guns Plus, a gun shop located near the Fort Bragg military installation in North Carolina. Originally developed under the title Hardcore Pawn, Fort Bragg, Combat Pawn debuted on truTV on Sunday July 15,2012 at 10,30 p. m. ET/PT. Hardcore Pawn, Chicago, which features Chicagos Royal Pawn Shop, the series debuted January 1,2013 and is produced for truTV by Bischoff-Hervey Entertainment, with Eric Bischoff and Jason Hervey as executive producers. That series debuted on National Geographic on October 31,2013
35.
Storage Wars
–
Storage Wars is an American reality television series on the A&E Network that premiered on December 1,2010. When rent is not paid on a locker for three months in California, the contents can be sold by an auctioneer as a single lot of items in the form of a cash-only auction. The show follows professional buyers who purchase the contents based only on an inspection of what they can see from the door when it is opened. The goal is to turn a profit on the merchandise, Season one of Storage Wars consisted of 19 episodes,17 of which were filmed at various self-storage facilities throughout Southern California. The show has enjoyed success, and its second-season premiere attracted 5.1 million total viewers. Storage Wars was recommissioned for another 26-episode season in January 2012, only 20 of the 26 episodes were aired however, with six of the episodes being held back for broadcast during the second half of the shows 3rd season which began airing on December 4,2012. In March 2013, four early, special season 4 episodes aired prior to the launch of Season 4. The show is scheduled to begin its season on November 11,2014. A spin-off of Storage Wars titled Storage Wars, Texas made its debut on A&E on December 6,2011 and this series features a different auctioneer and group of bidders, and takes place at various self-storage locations in the state of Texas. A second spin-off called Storage Wars, New York premiered January 1,2013, as of late 2014, neither spin-off is airing on the network or in production. The Young Guns, Schulz and Passante own and operate the Now and Then thrift store in Orange, the Long Beach store was shown to have closed as seen during the opening segment of the episode aired on April 8,2014. On April 24, A&E premiered the special Brandi & Jarrod, Married to the Job, the special led to a spin-off series of the same name, premiering on August 12,2014. Though identified on screen as husband and wife in some episodes, Schulz, Jarrod and Brandi have two kids, Cameron and Payton. The Orange location was closed in early 2016. The Gambler, A storage auction veteran from San Diego and his catchphrase is This is the WOW factor. And he makes the occasional malapropism and he makes his living by selling items from his purchased lockers at his weekly swap meet, and through his online store. In Unlocked, Sell High, Darrell revealed that he found a plastic-wrapped human corpse in a storage locker. It was determined that the owner of the locker had murdered his wife
36.
BBC UKTV
–
BBC UKTV is a subscription television channel in Australia and New Zealand, screening British entertainment programming, sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC, RTL Group and ITV plc. The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel, the RTL Group and it is now owned solely by BBC Worldwide. It is the home of the flagship programme The Graham Norton Show. The channel was first launched in Australia in August 1996, becoming available on Austar in April 1999, a New Zealand version with different programming launched on Sky TV, in November 2003. It shows a mix of repeats of old UK shows previously screened in Australia or New Zealand, repeated series include Doctor Who, Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, Are You Being Served. Dads Army, Torchwood, Torchwood Declassified, The Jewel in the Crown, Never the Twain, The Sweeney, and The Bill that have already been seen on free-to-air terrestrial television in Australia. New series include Shameless, new episodes of soap operas Coronation Street and EastEnders. UK soap opera Family Affairs, which has never been screened on free-to-air Australian television, in July 2006 UKTV began screening 2006 episodes of UK soap opera Emmerdale which had never before been screened in Australia. UKTVs episodes of EastEnders are around four weeks behind the United Kingdom, hollyoaks is sixteen weeks behind the UK episodes. By comparison Emmerdale is more than twenty three months behind the original UK broadcasts, in addition to British programming UKTV has repeated Australian soap operas Sons and Daughters and Prisoner which were both produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. It also screened the TVNZ soap opera Shortland Street for several years in the 1990s, in Australia, UKTV, like all pay TV drama channels, is legally required to spend 10 per cent of its total program expenditure on funding new eligible drama programs. Such productions include Changi, Supernova, Make or Break and False Witness, UKTV has separate services in Australia and New Zealand, partly to reflect different local tastes, but also for rights reasons, as many programmes are shown on free-to-air channels in New Zealand. For example, Coronation Street has been shown on TVNZ1 for many years, while until May 2009, EastEnders was shown on Prime, on 1 July 2008 BBC Worldwide assumed full control of UKTV. BBC Worldwide previously had a 20 per cent stake in UKTV in a three way partnership with Foxtel and Fremantle Media, BBC Worldwide launched two new Australian channels, BBC Knowledge and CBeebies on 1 November 2008. On 3 October 2009 UKTV revealed a new logo, displaying that of the BBC, on 15 November 2009 the channel launched an HD simulcast, replacing BBC HD. In April 2013, the changed its logo and name to BBC UKTV. On 1 July 2014, the HD simulcast closed, making the channel available in standard definition. This came prior to the launch of BBC First, which would use the HD feed formerly used by BBC UKTV, in addition, BBC UKTV changed subscription packages on Foxtel - moving from the Drama & Lifestyle add-on package to the basic Essential package increasing its reach
37.
EastEnders
–
EastEnders is a long running British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in the East End of London in the fictional Bough of Walford the programme follows the stories of local residents, the series was initially screened as two 30-minute episodes per week however since 2001, episodes have been broadcast every day apart from Wednesdays and weekends. Same-day repeats and omnibus editions of the series were previously shown on BBC Three however as of 2016 these are broadcast on UK-based TV channel W. They gave the job of creating this new soap to script writer Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith and they created twenty-four original characters for the show, based upon Hollands own family, and people they remembered from their own experiences in the East End. Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to the Coronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense how a continuing drama was produced and they cast actors for their characters, and began to film the show at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Julia Smith thought Eastenders looked ugly written down, and capitalised the second e, the central focus of EastEnders is the fictional Victorian square Albert Square in the fictional London Borough of Walford. In the shows narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named after Prince Albert, thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoria Public House. Fans have tried to establish the location Walford would have within London if it were real, Walford has the postal district of E20. The postcode district was selected as if it were part of the actual E postcode area covers much of east London although the next unused postcode district in the area was. In 1917 the current postal districts in London were assigned according to the name of the main sorting office for each district. If Walford had been assigned in this scheme it would have been given E17, in March 2011, Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the 2012 Olympic Park. The postal district in EastEnders was entirely fictional up to that point, the shows creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better. In September 2011 the postal code for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ, there is also a market close to Fassett Square at Ridley Road. The postcode for the area, E8, was one of the titles for the series. The name Walford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and a blend of Walthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born, other parts of the Square and set interiors are based on other locations. The fictional local newspaper, the Walford Gazette, in local news events such as the arrests or murders of characters appear. EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families and this theme encompasses the whole Square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creator Tony Holland was from a large East End family, Pauline and Petes mother was the domineering Lou Beale, who lived with Pauline and her family
38.
Coronation Street
–
Coronation Street is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960. In the shows history, the street was built in the early 1900s. The show typically airs five times a week, Monday and Friday 7. 30–8 pm &8. 30–9 pm and Wednesday 7. 30–8 pm, however this varies due to sport or around Christmas. From late 2017 the show will air six times a week, the programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester. Warrens initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the stations founder Sidney Bernstein, within six months of the shows first broadcast, it had become the most-watched programme on British television, and is now a significant part of British culture. The show has one of the most lucrative programmes on British commercial television, underpinning the success of Granada Television. Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions, on 17 September 2010, it became the worlds longest-running TV soap opera in production. On 23 September 2015, Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITVs 60th anniversary, Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth working class community combined with light-hearted humour, and strong characters. The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm, Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes, and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run. Despite the criticism, viewers were drawn into the serial. The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect, affectionate local terms like eh, nowt, and by eck. became widely heard on British television for the first time. Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow, who had won a place at university, the character was one of the few to have experienced life outside of Coronation Street. In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation, and the decline of similar communities, in an episode from 1961, Barlow declares, You cant go on just thinking about your own street these days. Were living with people on the side of the world. Theres more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends, Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast, which makes him the longest-serving actor in Coronation Street, and in British and global soap history. At the centre of early stories, there was Ena Sharples, caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall, and her friends, timid Minnie Caldwell. Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner, whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals, Elsie resented Enas interference and gossip, which most of the time had little basis in reality. In April 1961, Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the year in 1962
39.
The Real Housewives of Melbourne
–
The Real Housewives of Melbourne is an Australian reality television series that premiered on 23 February 2014, on Arena. It was developed as one of the installments of The Real Housewives. The series chronicles the lives of women living in Melbourne. Of the original housewives, Moss left after the first season, the remaining housewives joined in later seasons, Breaux and Berenger in the second, and McLean in the third. Its success has allowed for the development of The Real Housewives franchise by Matchbox Pictures and similar series based in Auckland. The Real Housewives of Melbourne was first announced by Matchbox Pictures as The Real Housewives of Australia and was set to air in 2013. On 28 July 2013 it was announced that the series had been renamed to The Real Housewives of Melbourne, the six women include Jackie Gillies, Chyka Keebaugh, Gina Liano, Andrea Moss, Janet Roach, and Lydia Schiavello. They were handpicked by the producers, from over one-hundred women during an eight-month process, filming for the series began in July 2013. On 21 January 2014, the official cast photo and premiere date of 23 February 2014 were announced, the series at the time was the second biggest local series launch following SoHos Wentworth. Moss departed the series after one season, on 8 May 2014, the series was renewed for a second season. Brian Walsh, a director of Foxtel, discussed the renewal. In season two, Andrea Moss departed the series featured two newcomers, Gamble Breaux and Pettifleur Berenger, and premiered on 22 February 2015. Manuela Pless-Bennett joined the series in a capacity as a friend to Janet. Pless-Bennett was featured in interviews and attended the reunion, friend to the wives Lisa Tonkin, who also made a guest appearance in season one, made several guest appearances throughout the season. The series was renewed for a third season. All the housewives returned from the season with Susie McLean joining the cast. The third season premiered on 21 February 2016, prior to the conclusion of the third season, it was confirmed on 8 May 2016, that original housewife Chyka Keebaugh would not be returning to the series. On 11 May 2016, Schiavello revealed there would be a fourth season, a month later in June 2016, Liano also confirmed there would be a season four and the filming delay for the Sydney series, adding that the original girls are out of contract now
40.
Brisbane
–
Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
41.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
42.
Adelaide
–
Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
43.
Perth
–
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
