1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
S.A. (corporation)
–
S. A. designates a type of corporation in countries that mostly employ civil law. Depending on language, it means anonymous company, anonymous partnership, or share company and it is different from partnerships and private limited companies. Originally, shareholders could be anonymous and collect dividends by surrendering coupons attached to their share certificates. Dividends were therefore paid to whoever held the certificate, share certificates could be transferred privately, and therefore the management of the company would not necessarily know who owned its shares. Nowadays, shareholders of S. A. s are not anonymous, though shares can still be held by holding companies, S. A. شركة مساهة عامة ذات مسؤولية محدودة (ش. ذ. م. شركة مساهمة مصرية (ش. م
S.A. (corporation)
3.
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 15th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France, also called Arrondissement de Vaugirard. Situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine and sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, the Tour Montparnasse – the tallest skyscraper in Paris – and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th. It is also home to the convention center Paris expo Porte de Versailles, the loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Farmers-General and the wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard, and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860, as in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters. To the south, quartier Saint-Lambert occupies the site of the village of Vaugirard. The geography of the area was particularly suited to wine-making, as well as quarrying, in fact, many Parisian monuments, such as the École Militaire, were built from Vaugirard stone. The village, not yet being part of Paris, was considered by Parisians to be a suburb, pleasant for country walks or its cabarets. In 1860 Vaugirard was annexed to Paris, along with adjoining villages, to the east, quartier Necker was originally an uninhabited space between Paris and Vaugirard. The most well-known landmarks in the area are the Gare Montparnasse train station, the area around the train station has been renovated and now contains a number of office and apartment blocks, a park, and a shopping center. Finally, the contains a number of public buildings, the Lycée Buffon. To the north, quartier Grenelle was originally a village of the same name, the whole area broke off from the commune of Vaugirard in 1830, becoming the commune of Grenelle, which was in turn annexed to Paris in 1860. A century later, a number of apartment and office towers were built along the Seine, to the west, quartier Javel lies to the south of Grenelle plain. In addition, to the south of the highway, an extension of the 15th, formerly an aerodrome at the beginning of the 20th century, is now a heliport, a gym. The early airfield here has been encroached upon by development and a sports centre. The Sécurité Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities, customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon dAeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city. The land area of this arrondissement is 8.502 km2, the peak of population of Pariss 15th arrondissement occurred in 1962, when it had 250,551 inhabitants. Since then it has lost approximately one-tenth of its population, but it remains the most populous arrondissement of Paris, with 144,667 jobs at the same census, the 15th is also very dense in business activities. Musée Pasteur Musée du Service des Objets Trouvés Musée Bourdelle Musée Mendjisky specializing in school of Paris artists, Musée Jean Moulin, French Resistance – Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris Beaugrenelle Shopping Center
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Front de Seine Skyline
15th arrondissement of Paris
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Musée Pasteur
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Paris –
Pont Mirabeau detail
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
Colonnes d'eau Parc Andre Citroen Paris
4.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
5.
Eiffel Tower
–
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed, the Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world,6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. The tower is 324 metres tall, about the height as an 81-storey building. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres on each side, due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second-tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct, the tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top levels upper platform is 276 m above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union, tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually only accessible by lift. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853, sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments. Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffels scheme and its rivals, which, after some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel was to all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition. He later established a company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself. The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and these objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the column of bolted sheet metal. Gustave Eiffel responded to criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids. Will it not also be grandiose in its way, and why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris. Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built, others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible
Eiffel Tower
–
The Eiffel Tower as seen from the
Champ de Mars
Eiffel Tower
–
First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as
Notre Dame de Paris, the
Statue of Liberty and the
Vendôme Column
Eiffel Tower
–
A
calligram by
Guillaume Apollinaire
6.
Euro
–
Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
Euro
–
The
central bank has
its seat in
Frankfurt (Germany) and is in charge of the monetary policy of the
euro area.
Euro
–
Euro banknotes as of 2015
Euro
–
Euro coins and banknotes of various denominations.
7.
Government of France
–
The Government of the French Republic exercises executive power. It is composed of a minister, who is the head of government. Senior ministers are titled as Ministers, whereas junior ministers are titled as Secretaries of State, a smaller and more powerful executive body, called the Council of Ministers, is composed only of the senior ministers, though some Secretaries of State may attend Council meetings. By comparison, the Government of France is equivalent to Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom, all members of the French government are nominated by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of the government are ranked in an order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the Prime Minister is the head of government and he is nominated by the President of the Republic. After being nominated to lead a government, the Prime Minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the President, the President can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance, Ministers of State are senior ministers and it is an honorary rank, granted to some Ministers as a sign of prestige. Ministers are senior ministers, and are members of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries of State are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy, Secretaries work directly under a Minister, or sometimes directly under the Prime Minister. While the Council of Ministers does not include Secretaries of State as members, according to the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation. In practice, the government writes bills to be introduced to parliament, all political decisions made by the government must be registered in the government gazette. All bills and some decrees must be approved by the Council of Ministers, furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the government is responsible for national defence, the workings of the government of France are based on the principle of collegiality. Meetings of the Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace and they are presided over by the President of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format, in the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each Minister regarding the appointment of civil servants. In addition, the Minister of Foreign Affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues, most government work, however, is done elsewhere
Government of France
–
Government of the French Republic
8.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
9.
Broadcasting
–
Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, the receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio. The U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public, private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur and citizens band radio operators are not allowed to broadcast, as defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like television, are also considered broadcasts. In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well, the earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail and they developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century, by the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM band and later on FM. Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS emerging in the 1980s. Originally all broadcasting was composed of signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information, Analog audio vs. HD Radio Analog television vs.9 zettabytes. This is the equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and/or video to the public, Telephone broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver
Broadcasting
–
Broadcasting antenna in
Stuttgart
Broadcasting
–
A
television studio production control room in
Olympia, Washington, August 2008.
Broadcasting
–
Radio station WTUL studio,
Tulane University,
New Orleans
Broadcasting
–
Topics and terminology
10.
France 2
–
France 2 is a French public national television channel. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group, along with France 3, France 4, France 5, France Télévisions also participates in ARTE, EuroNews, several cable/satellite thematic channels, and Mediamétrie. Since 03,20 CET on 7 April 2008, all France 2 programming has been broadcast in 16,9 widescreen format over the analog SECAM air frequencies and the French DVB-T multiplex frequencies. An HD version of France 2 has been broadcasting via DVB-S Service CanalSat since 1 July 2008, originally under the ownership of the RTF, the channel went on the air for the first time on 1 January 1964 as RTF Télévision 2. Within a year, ORTF was rebranded as La Deuxième Chaîne, originally, the network was broadcast on 625-line transmitters only in preparation for the discontinuation of 819-line black & white transmissions and the introduction of color. The switch to color occurred at 14,15 CET on 1 October 1967, La Deuxième Chaîne became the first color television channel in France although TF1 would not commence color broadcasting on 625-lines until 20 December 1975. Such technology later allowed the network to air programming in NICAM stereo, the present channel is the direct successor of Antenne 2, established under a 1974 law that mandated the breakup of ORTF into seven distinct organisations. Antenne 2 and the corporations were constituted as limited companies with the state controlling 100% of their capital. Although the three channels were set up as competitors vying for advertisers, they retained a monopoly over television broadcasting in France that was not repealed until 1981. Privately owned channels such as Canal+ and La Cinq soon became major competitors to the channels after the state monopoly was lifted. TF1 was privatised in 1987, radically affecting the balance of the French television market, the remaining state-owned channels came under severe pressure from their private competitors and lost 30% of their market share between 1987 and 1989. In an effort to save them, a single director-general was appointed to manage both Antenne 2 and FR3 and the two merged to form the France Télévisions group. They were renamed in 1992 as France 2 and France 3 respectively, the focus on ratings led to strong rivalry with TF1, for instance prompting the two channels to broadcast popular shows and news programmes in the same timeslots. TF1 and France 2 compete for the demographics, dramas, game shows. Since 11 December 2006, France 2 was again made available across Italy on Digital terrestrial television until 7 June 2007, France 2 is now only available in Aosta Valley due to Italian self-government laws, and in the border zones because of natural spillover. In March 1986, an Antenne 2 news team was kidnapped in Beirut while reporting on the Lebanese Civil War, Philippe Rochot, Georges Hansen, Aurel Cornéa and Jean-Louis Normandin were four of many Western hostages held by terrorists during the conflict. Within a year, most of the team had been released and returned to France. On 30 September 2000 France 2 aired the footage of the shooting of Muhammad al-Durrah in the Gaza Strip
France 2
–
France 2 HD logo used from 2008-2012
11.
France 3
–
France 3 is the second largest French public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5, and France Ô. The channel also broadcasts various national programming and national and international news from Paris, the channel was known as FR3 or France Régions 3 until its official replacement by France 3 in September 1992. Prior to the establishment of Outre-Mer 1ère, it also broadcast to the various French overseas territories, La 3e Chaîne Couleur began broadcasting at 7, 00pm CET on 20 December 1972. Upon launch, Jean-Louis Guillaud and the head of ORTF, Arthur Conte, went on the air, on 7 October 1974, law reforms signalled the breakup of the ORTF into seven separate state-owned companies. FR3 was launched on 6 January 1975 with its PDG, Claude Contaime, choosing to concentrate on film, debate, by 22 March 1975, daily local programming for the regions had commenced. Some national programming, including Les Jeux de 20 Heures, made use of the regional network by linking up to studios around the country for live features. On the programming front, the networks first national news programme was introduced in 1978 in the form of Soir 3,21 October 1981 saw FR3 begin regular live coverage of the ministers questions of the National Assembly. Advertising was introduced to the network in January 1983, by September 1983, the twelve broadcasting centres around the country were airing an average of 3 hours a day of regional output. Popular programming on Saturday night included the first airings of the American soap opera Dynasty, National and regional news at peaktime was integrated into a new nightly programme, 19|20, launched on 6 May 1986. In 1986, the government of Jacques Chirac put forward the proposal of privatising one of the three public television companies. The original suggestion was to turn FR3 into a private body, changes to the schedule included a supplementary Friday night edition of Thalassa- le magazine de la mer whilst an televised opera was aired every Wednesday night. Popular quiz show Questions pour un champion made its broadcasting début in November 1988, La Classe, an entertainment programme which replaced Les Jeux de 20 heures and followed 19|20, was also introduced. In 1990, the State, through the Conseil Supérieure de lAudiovisuel, at the same time, FR3 was already closing down on Saturday afternoons to allow nine hours of airtime to the educational station La Sept. The arrangement continued until 1992 when the launch of the Franco-German network Arte led to the broadcasters demise, on FR3 itself, the network aired current affairs programming on Saturday mornings including Continentales and LEurojournal, both presented by Alex Taylor. On 7 September 1992, FR3 and Antenne 2 formed France Télévisions and rebranded as France 3, in 1998, France 3 partnered with TPS to launch a satellite station called Régions. Between 2000 and 2005, La Cinquième, RFO and France 4 joined France 2, the late night news programme Soir 3 was given a new, fixed timeslot of 11 pm. With the establishment of digital television, France 3 has seen its national audience share down to under 10%. France 3 is an entertainment channel which has missions to deliver domestic
France 3
12.
France 5
–
France 5 is a public television network in France, part of the France Télévisions group. Principally featuring educational programming, the motto is la chaîne de la connaissance et du savoir. France 5 is today available around the clock.00 each evening and 3.00 the following morning, France 5 was called La Cinquième until January 2002. La Cinquième started broadcasting on 13 December 1994 with a mix of educational programs. La Cinquième was integrated in the new France Télévisions public holding in 2000, since then, France 5 broadcasting hours have been extended to 24 hours a day. Allo docteurs Dr. CAC C dans lair C à vous C à dire
France 5
–
France 5 HD logo
13.
France 4
–
France 4 is a French public channel owned by France Télévisions, dedicated to entertainment. Originally launched as Festival, the channel took its current name in 2005, the colour of France 4 is purple. It is accessible on French DTT, on cable, on satellite, on 24 June 1996, France Télévision established Festival, a satellite channel for the TPS satellite service, which France Télévision co-owned at the time. Festival offered a selection of films and television series, many of them previously seen on France 2, France 3, France Télévisions thus only had space for one more new channel. The group eventually proposes the existing Festival to be the new channel, on October 23,2002, the Conseil supérieur de laudiovisuel authorised Festival to appear in digital. The newly created France 4 proposed to present a variety of entertainment, sports, fiction, cinema, since July 2009, France 4 began broadcasting in 16,9. Since 6 October 2011, France 4 is available in high definition
France 4
–
Logo of France 4 from September 19, 2011 to March 28, 2014
14.
Television licence
–
The licence is sometimes also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts. However, in cases the balance between public funding and advertisements is the opposite - the Polish TVP broadcaster receives more funds from advertisements than from its TV tax. The early days of broadcasting presented broadcasters with the problem of how to raise funding for their services, the licence was originally known as a wireless licence. Some countries also have different fees for users with colour or monochrome TV, many give discounts, or charge no fee, for elderly and/or disabled consumers. National public broadcasters in countries also carry supplemental advertising. In 1993, this treaty entered into force when it achieved 7 ratifications including 5 member states and it has since been acceded to by 34 countries, as of 2010. The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half of the countries in Asia, TV licensing is rare in the Americas, largely being confined to French overseas departments and British Overseas Territories. In some countries, radio channels and broadcasters web sites are funded by a radio receiver licence, giving access to radio. The actual cost and implementation of the television licence varies greatly from country to country, the rest of this section looks at the licence fee in a number of countries around the world. The Albanian licence fee is 800 lekë per year, however, the licence fee makes up only a small part of public broadcaster RTShs funding. RTSh is mainly funded directly from the government through taxes, the remaining 42% comes from commercials, in accordance with the Austria RGG all broadcasting reception equipment in use or operational at a given location must be registered. The location of the equipment is taken to be places of residence or any other premises with a purpose of use. GIS employs some 191 people and approximately 125 freelancers in field service,3.4 million Austrian households are registered at GIS, percentage of licence dodgers in Austria amounts to 2. 5%. The main principle of GIS communication strategy is to instead of control. Annual fees from April 2012 are, The licence fee in Belgiums Walloon Region is €100.00 for a TV and €0.00 for a radio in a vehicle. Only one licence is needed for each household with a functional TV receiver regardless of the number, household radios do not require a licence. The money raised by the fee is used to fund Belgiums French, people with certain disabilities are exempt from paying the television licence fee. Hotels and similar lodging establishments must pay a fee of €50.00 for each additional functional TV receiver and are required to pay between January 1 and March 1 inclusive
Television licence
–
A
Leyland Sherpa television 'detector' van from the 1980s.
Television licence
–
Funding of European public broadcasters
Television licence
–
TV licence evasion in the UK, 2014
Television licence
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How the TV licence Fee is spent in the UK, 2014
15.
Television advertisement
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A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertisers and marketeers may refer to television commercials as TVCs, Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. As of 2016 the vast majority of television advertisements consist of advertising spots. Advertisements of this sort have promoted a variety of goods, services. The effects of television advertising upon the public have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan. In many countries, including the United States, television advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase Bulova Watch Time, appeared in the lower quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went to air on ITV on September 22,1955, the first TV ad broadcast in Asia appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28,1953, advertising Seikosha, it also displayed a clock with the current time. To accomplish the first step means different things in different parts of the world depending on the regulation in place, in the UK for example, clearance must be given by the body Clearcast. Another example is Venezuela where clearance is governed by a body called CNAC, the clearance provides guarantee to the broadcasters that the content of the advertisement meets legal guidelines. Because of this, special extended clearance sometimes applies to food, after the advent of cheap video software and consumer cameras, numerous individuals have offered video production services on the internet. Some of these ad jingles or catch-phrases may take on lives of their own, spawning gags that appear in films, television shows, magazines, comics, or literature. These long-lasting advertising elements may be said to have taken a place in the pop culture history of the demographic to whom they appeared. An example is the phrase, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should. Variations of this dialogue and direct references to it appeared as long as two decades after the advertising campaign expired, another example is Wheres the Beef. which grew so popular it was used in the 1984 presidential election by Walter Mondale. Another popular catch-phrase is Ive fallen and I cant get up, Advertising agencies often use humor as a tool in their creative marketing campaigns
Television advertisement
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Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928, but the medium's potential to sell goods was already predicted.
Television advertisement
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A still from an animated TV advertisement
Television advertisement
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Television commercial in 1948
Television advertisement
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Filming a movie ad
16.
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
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Products and services using the HbbTV standard can operate over different broadcasting technologies, such as satellite, cable, or terrestrial networks. HbbTV is the association of two born in February 2009, with the French H4TV project and the German HTML profil project. HbbTV can show digital television content from a number of different sources including traditional broadcast TV, Internet, and connected devices in the home. To watch hybrid digital TV, consumers will need a hybrid IPTV set-top box with a range of input connectors, the tuner in a hybrid set-top box can be digital terrestrial television, digital cable and digital satellite. 2° east during the IFA and IBC exhibitions. The two initiatives were combined under the HbbTV Association’s banner because the markets for IPTV, OTT and hybrid broadcast, the merger is expected to be finalised within a year. HbbTV devices enables consumers to view all of these services on their flat screen TV. Operators like n, a division of ITI Neovision in Poland, in May 2011, in an email sent on behalf of the HbbTV Consortium steering group, supporters of the consortium were invited to become full members. The cost of membership is around €7,000 for the first year, the establishment of a unified European HbbTV standard means content owners and application developers can write once and deploy to many countries. The HbbTV specification was developed by members of the consortium and is based on elements of existing standards and web technologies including the Open IPTV Forum, CEA, DVB. The European Broadcasting Union General Assembly has given its support to the HbbTV initiative, the standard specification has been submitted by the end of November 2009 to ETSI, who published it under reference ETSI TS102796 in June 2010. In November 2012 Eurofins Digital Testing became the first Registered Test Centre, several countries worldwide, and in Europe in particular, have adopted the HbbTV standard and/or operated HbbTV services and trials. As of October 2015,27 countries have launched HbbTV servises with the most recent being the UK, New Zealand, Senegal, in October 2014, the HbbTV Association announced that over 20 countries had launched HbbTV services with Italy and Saudi being the most recent to launch. International French news channel France 24 has announced that it will launch an HbbTV interactive news service in 2012 via the Astra 19. 2°E satellites, with support from Orange and SES. In November 2011 Spain’s Ministry of Industry approved a document signed by 54 companies adopting the HbbTV standard and broadcasters, Mediaset España, Canal+, the first tests of HbbTV services in Poland were started by TVN in March 2012. In the UK, the Freeview Play platform has been launched implementing an HbbTV2.0 catch-up service on DVB-T/T2, while the Digital TV Group approved D-book 7, a detailed interoperability specification between digital terrestrial television and HbbTV-based products and services. In Nordic region the NorDig standardization forum has adopted the HbbTV specification which replaces DVB-MHP as the common API for hybrid digital receivers, in Finland the national HDTV Forum has adopted the NorDig Unified Specification for Hybrid Services. The members of HDTV Forum see the HbbTV specification having a wide market acceptance supporting wide range of TV applications, HbbTV services have been on air in Finland since March 2013 in the nationwide terrestrial TV network. Current services include red button services and a programme guide application
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV
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The HbbTV logo
17.
SES S.A.
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SES S. A. is a communications satellite owner and operator based in Betzdorf, Luxembourg. The companys stock is listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and Euronext Paris with ticker symbol SESG and is a component of the LuxX, CAC Next 20, the company was founded in 1985 as Société Européenne des Satellites. It renamed itself SES Global in 2001, reverting to SES in 2006, SES services are provided in the four areas of video, enterprise, mobility, and government. Video and TV distribution accounts for 70% of the business, as well as distribution SES also provides technical services to broadcasters such as content management, playout, encryption and interactive services, in particular through the MX1 division. SES has been a player in the development of the direct-to-home market in Europe. In the U. S. SES provides cable-feed services and HD-PRIME, in both geostationary orbit and medium earth orbit, SES offers satellite and integrated connectivity services worldwide. SES supplies the SES Broadband satellite-based, broadband access for users in remote locations where terrestrial broadband services are not available. In September 2015, after one year of operations, O3b had 40 customers across 31 countries. Maritime users at sea across the globe benefit from high-speed internet connectivity for web browsing, VoIP telephone, email, SES satellites are also used to fulfil the growing popularity of connectivity in the aeronautical industry, such as on-board fast broadband access and high-quality in-flight entertainment. SES has a history of providing satellite capacity to U. S, for Europe, SES Astra 5B and SES-5 satellites incorporate European geostationary navigation overlay system EGNOS payloads, a supplementary network to the Galileo navigation system. SES has pioneered many industry technological developments, including DTH transmission, co-location of satellites, free-to-air broadcast neighbourhoods, digital broadcasting, SES is currently pioneering the broadcast of next generation Ultra High Definition TV and helping to establish the international technical standards for UHD broadcast and reception. SES first produced demonstration UHD broadcasts in 2012 and transmitted the first HEVC-standard UHD TV in 2013, as of April 2016, SES broadcasts 23 Ultra HD channels, of which 15 are commercial operations. SES-8 was the first geostationary satellite to be launched by privately funded company, SpaceX, the SES-10 satellite, was launched on a Falcon 9 rocket, the first SpaceX launch with a flight-proven Falcon first stage, recovered from a previous launch. SES reckons that SES-12 would weigh some 4700 kg more with a chemical propulsion system. SES satellites are positioned in more than 30 orbital slots around the World and this was put in place in May 2011 to consolidate the then subsidiary companies, SES Astra and SES World Skies under a new streamlined management structure. SES was formed on the initiative and support of the Luxembourg Government in 1985 as Société Européenne des Satellites, the Luxembourg State remains a major shareholder. In 1988, as Europe’s first private operator, SES launched its first satellite, Astra 1A. Rupert Murdoch’s Sky TV, along with German broadcasters Pro7, Sat.1, by 1990, Astra was broadcasting to 14 million cable and DTH viewers
SES S.A.
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SES S.A.
18.
OpenTV
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OpenTV or OpenTV Connectware is a software platform product line within the Nagra Digital Television Products & Services offering. OpenTV is a software technology company for interactive and digital television. OpenTV was founded in 1994 through the merge of Thomson Multimedia, OpenTVs flagship product is OpenTV, a widely deployed digital television middleware. Nagara offers OpenTV2 middleware bundled with the award winning nX2 guide, OpenTV2 middleware has shipped more than 160 million set-top boxes worldwide. It passed the 100 million mark in February 2007, OpenTV applications are written in C, using the compiler, gcco, which outputs o-code, which is then run on many set-top boxes. The OpenTV API wraps all the functions, including data transmission. The OpenTV2 SDK is available on the NAGRA OpenTV Application Community web site, OpenTV4 client middleware leverages the Linux OS capabilities. It supports HTTP Live Streaming adaptive streaming with NAGRA PRM for secure over-the-top delivery of live and On Demand content. The software was deployed at Jazztel in Spain in Q42011, OpenTV5 is a television and media convergence platform. The product is designed for portability, modularity, and security, the solution also supports on demand and IPTV. The middleware components are implemented as Linux services, each in a separate process and it uses standard Linux for inter-process communication, which insulates services and facilitates adding third party modules. OpenTV 5’s porting interface abstracts the driver interface, and reduces the complexity of driver development, in addition to the SVG/HTML environment and TV centric API, OpenTV5 provides a JavaScript application framework for rapid UI and business logic development. The framework offers libraries to accelerate common tasks such as UEX menus / branding, Service Delivery and back-office integration, PVR management, VOD portal listings, or online community access. OpenTV5 is performance optimized for embedded systems and can scale from a thin TV set-top-box devices up to a residential gateway solution. STMicroelectronics was the first to announce availability of OpenTV5 drivers for the STi7105 and STi7108, Orly, Cannes, Liege, broadcom has also developed and deployed OpenTV5 solutions on a wide range of their SoC families. OpenTV5 drivers are available to hardware manufacturers through the SoC vendor, OpenTV5 has won numerous awards including the “Best Middleware & CPE” at the Connected World TV Awards at the 2012 IBC conference in Amsterdam. OpenTV5 has launched in various regions including Latin America where it has deployed on the Telefónica network along with other NAGRA Pay-TV service solutions. Nagra also offers their Gravity Guides product portfolio in conjunction with OpenTV5, Gravity guide and navigation is video centric, uses minimal design, and is based on menu structure with consistent navigation
OpenTV
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NAGRA Connected Home Demo at IBC 2014 in Amsterdam. From left to right on the screens Starhub, NET and Telefónica UIs running on OpenTV 5 platform
OpenTV
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NAGRA's GRAVITY ULTRA HD UI demo at IBC 2014 in Amsterdam
19.
TF1
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TF1 is a private national French TV channel, controlled by TF1 Group, whose major share-holder is Bouygues. TF1s average market share of 24% makes it the most popular domestic network and its also considered to be the most viewed television channel in Europe. Flagship series include CSI, The Voice and House M. D, the channel is part of the TF1 Group of mass media companies, which also includes the news channel LCI and a 49% stake in pan-European sports network Eurosport. Together with France Télévisions, TF1 co-managed the international French news channel France 24 but has sold its share. TF1 had possessed the satellite-network TPS, which have sold to the Canal+ Group. Radio-PTT Vision began operations on 26 April 1935 as the first television station in France, using a 30-line mechanical television system based on the Nipkow disk. On 4 January 1937 the broadcasting hours were changed such that television programmes were aired from 5 pm until 10 pm Wednesdays to Fridays, however, broadcasts using the Nipkow disk system continued alongside the new electronic system until 10 April 1938. In July 1938, a decree of the French PTT agency fixed the French broadcast television standard as transmitting on 455 lines VHF, the adoption of the electronic standard marked the end of mechanical television in France, and the advent of electronic television to obtain much better image quality. RN Télévision abruptly stopped broadcasts on 3 September 1939 following the entry of France into the Second World War, television broadcasts resumed in occupied France on 7 May 1943 as Fernsehsender Paris, under the control of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. It was on air in German and French four days a week from 10 am to noon, Fernsehsender Paris stopped broadcasts on 12 August 1944, one week before the liberation of Paris. On 20 November 1948, the Secretary of State for Information, François Mitterrand decreed the adoption of the 819-line high-definition VHF standard, radiodiffusion française was renamed as Radiodiffusion-télévision française on 9 February 1949, and thus began the growth of television as an accepted mass medium in France. On 29 May 1949 the first news programme aired on RTF TV and this period marked the introduction of commercial advertising on Première chaîne de lORTF which began on 1 October 1968. On 8 January 1969, the ORTF created a company called Régie française de publicité to handle all advertising on the ORTF channels. TF1, was created on 1 January 1975 when law no 74-6967 August 1974 came into effect, commissaire Cordier, R. I. S Police scientifique, Les Cordier, juge et flic, Extrême limite, La Vie devant nous, Joséphine, ange gardien. Some commentators accuse TF1 of being an excessively populist, commercialised channel, certainly, a large proportion of the schedule consists of gameshows, sensational documentaries and dubbed versions of TV series. The channels news service is perceived as consisting of more celebrity news, on 16 April 2009, the employee responsible for the Web innovation department was fired for criticizing the HADOPI law in a private email sent to a Member of Parliament. The management of TF1 was notified about the e-mail by the Ministry for Culture and Communication, what we sell to Coca-Cola is available human brain time. Nothing is more difficult than obtaining this availability and this is where permanent change is located
TF1
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July 25, 1964 - January 5, 1975
20.
La Cinq
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La Cinq was Frances first privately owned free terrestrial television network. Created by politician Jérôme Seydoux and Italian media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the contract for Frances fifth terrestrial network, which was supposed to have been in effect for an 18-year term, was granted to Seydoux and Berlusconi in November 1985. Programming began on 20 February 1986 at 8,30 pm, the first program on La Cinq was Voilà la Cinq, on 20 November 1985, the government granted an 18-year concession to France Cinq, allowing them to operate the fifth national television network. At a press conference on 22 November 1985, Jérome Seydoux and Silvio Berlusconi presented the focus and he also promised to feature well-liked TV or film stars. Determined to block this project,60 senators had the Constitutional Council declare The Eiffel Tower Amendment unconstitutional on 13 December 1985 and this forced the government to draft a new bill, which was accepted by Parliament on 21 December. The programs were repeated four to five hours and had up to three commercial breaks per show. The first hosts had formerly been presenters on TF1, Antenne 2, a continuity announcer presented the programs. Starting in February 1986, American TV series aired during daytime, La Cinqs children-oriented programming block, Youpi. Lécole est finie, began broadcasting on 2 March 1987, series were also aired in Italy as they had been licensed by Fininvest. The block helped popularise Japanese animation in France — it was prominent in 1989 to be a target of criticism by then-representative Ségolène Royal. Beginning in 1987, La Cinq ran into financial problems that would later be escalated by the privatisation of TF1 in the late 1980s. Robert Hersant took over the channel in February 1987 and would remain the president until September 1990. In 1989, the audience share peaked at 13. 0%. When Yves Sabouret and Hachette took over control of La Cinq in the fall of 1990, on 2 April 1991, the channels second and final logo was introduced. Instead of trying to reduce the budget deficit, Hachette commissioned an abundance of newer television series, including American import Twin Peaks. The continued commission and production of programmes by La Cinq increased the channels budget deficit significantly, by mid-1991. As a result, Berlusconi sold the rights of several of the programmes to AB Productions. On 17 December 1991, in a move, the channel laid off 576 employees
La Cinq
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La Cinq
21.
President of France
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The President of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of the French Fifth Republic. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the prime minister, the current President of France is François Hollande, who took office on 15 May 2012. Hollande has announced that he stand down in the upcoming 2017 French presidential election. President Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002, at that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could have run again, but chose not to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007, following a further change, the Constitutional law on the Modernisation of the Institutions of the Fifth Republic,2008, a president cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a two terms. In order to be admitted as a candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations from more than 500 elected officials. These officials must be from at least 30 départements or overseas collectivities, furthermore, each official may nominate only one candidate. There are exactly 45,543 elected officials, including 33,872 mayors, spending and financing of campaigns and political parties are highly regulated. There is a cap on spending, at approximately 20 million euros, if the candidate receives less than 5% of the vote, the government funds €8,000,000 to the party. Advertising on TV is forbidden but official time is given to candidates on public TV, an independent agency regulates election and party financing. After the president is elected, he or she goes through an investiture ceremony called a passation des pouvoirs. The French Fifth Republic is a semi-presidential system, unlike many other European presidents, the French President is quite powerful. The president holds the nations most senior office, and outranks all other politicians, the presidents greatest power is his/her ability to choose the prime minister. When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, when the majority of the Assembly sides with them, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is then the choice of the President. This device has been used in recent years by François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac, since 2002, the mandate of the president and the Assembly are both 5 years and the two elections are close to each other. Therefore, the likelihood of a cohabitation is lower, among the powers of the government, The president promulgates laws
President of France
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Presidential emblem
President of France
President of France
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Incumbent
François Hollande since 15 May 2012
22.
BBC Three
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BBC Three was a British television channel operated by the BBC. Unlike its commercial rivals, 90% of BBC Threes output originated from the United Kingdom, 70% was original, covering all genres, including animation, comedy, current affairs, and drama. The former controller of the station, Zai Bennett, left to join Sky Atlantic in July 2014, despite significant public opposition, the proposal was provisionally approved by the BBC Trust in June 2015, with a new consultation open until 30 September of that year. The TV channel ceased operations on 16 February 2016, replaced by an online-only version, in late 2001 the BBC decided to reposition and rebrand their two digital channels so that they could be more closely linked to the well established BBC One and BBC Two. Their plan was for BBC Knowledge to be replaced with BBC Four—which took place in 2002—and for BBC Choice to be replaced with BBC Three, the channel was eventually given the go ahead, eleven months after the original launch date, and launched on 9 February 2003. The channel was launched by Stuart Murphy, who previously ran BBC Choice, and before that UK Play, on 12 May 2011, BBC Three was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 229. It was later moved to channel 210 on 3 July 2012, for the duration of the 2012 Summer Olympics, BBC Three increased its broadcasting hours to 24 hours to provide extra coverage of Olympic events. Broadcast hours were extended again for the 2014 Commonwealth Games with BBC Three broadcasting from 9,00 am to 4,00 am for the duration of the games, on 16 July 2013 the BBC announced that a high-definition simulcast of BBC Three would be launched by early 2014. The channel launched on 10 December 2013, there was notable backlash against the measures, with celebrities including Greg James, Matt Lucas and Jack Whitehall speaking out. A petition against the move on change. org has gathered over 300,000 signatures, however, there was some support from media commentators, and those who backed a slimmer BBC. When the BBC revealed the detail in December 2014, it admitted there was widespread opposition from BBC Three viewers. They believed the public welcomed a BBC One +1 as it admits a vast majority of viewing still takes place on linear channels, the Save BBC Three campaign pointed out this was a contradiction to what the BBC said about BBC Three. The BBC Trust began a 28-day public consultation regarding the plans on 20 January 2015 and it did not consider the proposals cost-effective because the BBC will need to spend on a new brand and triple advertising budgets to increase awareness of the new service. The Trust also approved related proposals to allow first-run and third-party content on iPlayer, the BBC One timeshift service was rejected, citing limited public value. They had previously offered to buy the channel to keep it on television, BBC Three signed off during the early morning of 16 February 2016. The final programme was an episode of Gavin & Stacey, introduced by co-star James Corden from the Los Angeles studio of The Late Late Show, the channel thereafter carried promotional information regarding the BBC Three internet service until it officially went dark. The channels target audience was 16–34-year-olds, and it faced competition from rivals including ITV2 and E4. In 2008 it reached 26. 3% of 16–34-year-olds in digital homes—the channels highest ever such reach and above that of E4, ITV2, Dave, despite several official complaints from the BBC, BARB continues to publish figures which the BBC argues are unrepresentative
BBC Three
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One of the former BBC Three "Blobs"
BBC Three
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BBC Three
23.
Overseas departments and territories of France
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Overseas France consists of all the French-administered territories outside of the European continent. Their citizens have French nationality and vote for the president of France and they have the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. From a legal and administrative standpoint, overseas regions are different from overseas collectivities. Overseas regions have exactly the same status as mainland Frances regions, in the French overseas regions, laws cannot be adapted whereas the overseas collectivities are empowered to make their own laws, except in certain areas. The overseas collectivities are governed by elected assemblies and by the French Parliament. Overseas France has an economic zone of 9,821,231 km². Guadeloupe French Guiana Martinique Réunion Mayotte 1976–2003, sui generis overseas territory, 2001–2003, with the designation departmental community, 2003–2011, in the 2009 Mahoran status referendum, Mahorans voted to become an overseas department in 2011, which occurred on March 31,2011. The category of overseas collectivity was created by Frances constitutional reform of March 28,2003, each overseas collectivity has its own statutory laws. French Polynesia In 2004 it was given the designation of overseas country, despite being given the political status of overseas collectivity, Saint Pierre et Miquelon is called collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, literally territorial collectivity. It is still referred to as a territoire. Saint Martin, In 2003, the populations of St. Martin, on February 7,2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both jurisdictions. The new status took effect on February 22,2007 when the law was published in the Journal Officiel and they remain part of the European Union, as stated in the Treaty of Lisbon. It is currently the only overseas territory, according to law 2007-224 of February 21,2007, the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean constitute the 5th district of TAAF. New Caledonia was classified as an overseas territory beginning in 1946, a New Caledonian citizenship was established, and a gradual transfer of power from the French state to New Caledonia itself was begun, to last from 15 to 20 years. Clipperton Island is a 9 km2 coral atoll located 1,280 km south-west of Acapulco, Mexico and it is held as state private property under the direct authority of the French government, and is administered by Frances Overseas Minister. With 2,691,000 inhabitants in 2013, Overseas France account for 4. 1% of the population of the French Republic and they enjoy a corresponding representation in the two chambers of the French Parliament. In the 13th Legislature, Overseas France is represented by 27 députés in the French National Assembly,2004, Official website Overseas France at DMOZ
Overseas departments and territories of France
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Gustavia in
Saint Barthélemy
Overseas departments and territories of France
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Flag
Overseas departments and territories of France
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A street in
Saint-Pierre, capital of
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Overseas departments and territories of France
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Route des Tamarins motorway near
Saint-Paul,
Réunion
24.
Radio France
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Radio France is a French public service radio broadcaster. 6 November 1922, Radiola, the first French private radio transmitter and it changes its name to Radio Paris in 1924. It is followed by Radio Toulouse and Radio Lyon, and in 1932/1933 by Radio Luxembourg, before World War II,14 commercial and 12 public sector radios operate in France. 1940–44, In both the German Occupied zone and under the Vichy regime in the south, radio is taken over by the State, 1942–43, With the agreement of Vichy, Radio Monte Carlo and its financial holding company la SOFIRAD are born. 1944, At the Liberation of France, the broadcasting monopoly is retained for practical and ideological reasons. Public service radio broadcasting is ensured by the RDF, soon to be called the RTF,1955, The commercial station Europe No.1 begins broadcasting from across the border in the Sarre region of Germany, freed from French occupation in that year. A private radio broadcasting from within French borders is reborn. 1999, The daily radio audience is 83% and they listen on average for over three hours a day. 99% of French homes have a radio, 80% of French households have a car radio, and 26. 8% a personal stereo. 2000, Radio France re-organises its radio network, France Bleu becomes a regional-only network, primarily on FM and several FIP stations in large cities were closed down and replaced with youth station Le Mouv. 2015, Radio France announced the end of its Medium Wave broadcasts at the end of December 31, the building caught fire in October 2014. Radio France Internationale Public Francophone Radios Information from Geoff Hare, Newcastle University Radio France Radio France Streaming Online
Radio France
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The Maison de la Radio seen from the
Eiffel Tower
Radio France
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Radio France
25.
Mezzo TV
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Mezzo is a French television channel devoted to classical music, jazz and world music. It was formed in 1992 and was called France Supervision until 1998, in 2010 it added a sister channel, Mezzo Live HD. In January 2008 it introduced a new feature, Divertimezzo, renamed Intermezzo in 2011, consisting of video clips fashioned from its programmes. In Portugal it is available in cable, RF output in FTTH services. Official site Mezzo TV at LyngSat Address
Mezzo TV
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Mezzo TV
