1.
Donabate
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Donabate is a small coastal town in Fingal, Ireland, about 20 kilometres north-northeast of Dublin. The town is on a peninsula on Irelands east coast, between the Rogerstown Estuary to the north and Broadmeadow Estuary to the south, Donabate is also a parish in the Fingal North deanery of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin. The Donabate peninsula forms a distinctive hammer-head shape and this is because each of the mouths of both estuaries surrounding the peninsula are partially closed by large sand spits stretching north to south. The northern spit contains Portrane beach which almost touches Rush South Beach, a stretch of low limestone cliffs to the south of Portrane beach leads to Donabate Beach which is the east face of the southern spit. The southern Broadmeadow estuary is likewise almost completely enclosed and is fed by the broadmeadow river, the shelter provided by the spits had made the estuaries important wildlife habitats and both are protected under the international Ramsar Convention. Donabate is reported to have had a population in 1912 of 734 persons living in 150 houses, in recent years, however, because of the areas easy access to Dublin, the population has begun growing quickly. In the 1996 census, the population was 1,868, by the time of the 2002 census it had doubled to 3,854. Administratively, Donabate is in Fingal, which is known as North County Dublin. The Donabate-Portrane peninsula is in the Swords ward, the Swords ward is numerically the largest in Fingal county and elects five county councillors to Fingal County Council. In terms of elections, the Donabate Portrane peninsula is in the Dublin North constituency. Donabate Portrane Community Council is the community council for the Donabate Portrane Peninsula, Donabate Portrane Community and Leisure Centre is the areas newest public building, that opened in 2001. There are five courses on the peninsula, many with views of the estuaries or the open sea, beaverstown Golf Club The Island Golf Club Donabate Golf Club Balcarrick Golf Club Corballis Links Golf Club St. Patricks GAA club in Donabate dates from 1924. It is a club with a membership of over 300 as of 2009. The club play at Robbie Farrell Park, Ballymastone in Donabate, gaelic Football and Hurling are played at adult level as well as at under-age levels from an expanding nursery section. The club colours are green and black, St. Patricks GAA Club Donabate St. Itas Athletic Football Club has been active in Donabate Portrane from the early 20th century. They currently play in the league and field many underage players. The main pitch is the grounds of the St Itas Hospital and they play on pitches in Portrane. Club colours are green and white, St. Kayaking, sailing and wind surfing are popular water sports especially in the Broadmeadow estuary with access from Donabate and Malahide
2.
Women's suffrage
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Womens suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland, Iceland, Sweden and some Australian colonies, National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, and also worked for equal civil rights for women. In 1881, the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand, granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full womens suffrage, enabling women to vote in the referendum of 31 July 1900. In 1902 women in the four colonies also acquired the right to vote. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in elections, were not completely removed until 1962. Norway followed, granting full womens suffrage in 1913, most independent countries enacted womens suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. If women could work in factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was more than simply a reward for war work. Late adopters in Europe included Spain in 1931, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, Switzerland in 1971, the United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed womens suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established womens suffrage in the 1940s, the last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for womens suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men, for instance, in ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though forms of parliament arose at different times. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times and they make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace. The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line, Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them
3.
Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
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The Red Lodge Museum is a historic house museum in Bristol, England. The original building was Tudor/Elizabethan, built in 1579-1580, possibly to the design of Serlio, the main additional building phases are from the 1730s and the early 19th century. The Red Lodge is a museum, managed as a branch of Bristol City Council. The museum is open from 1 April to 31 December on Saturdays, Sundays, Mondays and Tuesdays, the Red Lodge was originally built at the top of the gardens of ye Great House of St. Augustines Back. John Young died in 1589, and the Red Lodge was completed in 1590 by his widow Dame Joan and their son, Robert Young inherited the entire estate. Robert quickly spent his inheritance and had to convey the Red Lodge to his half-brother Nicholas Strangeways to avoid seizure, by 1595, the building was rented out to various tenants as a residence separate from the Great House. Robert Young eventually sold the Great House to Sir Hugh Smyth of Ashton Court, before the end of the extension work, John Henley died, leaving Mary Henley childless and unable to inherit. John wrote into his will that Mary had the right to live in the Red Lodge for one month in every year and this meant that the building could not be leased out long-term or sold to a new owner. In the 19th century, the current entrance to the building from Park Row was added, in 1854 the building was bought by Lady Byron, using Lord Byron’s endowment and given to Mary Carpenter to use as a school. In 1919, James Fuller Eberle saved the Red Lodge’s historic interior from being pulled apart and sold piecemeal by buying the building for the Bristol Savages, the Council renovated the building once in 1920 and again in 1956 before opening the Red Lodge as a museum. From then onwards the building has been a branch of the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, along with Georgian House, Blaise Castle House, Kings Weston Roman Villa and MShed. Records of the Red Lodge and Mary Carpenter including journals, accounts, correspondence, reports and published material are held at Bristol Archives, also held here are the deeds of the Red Lodge and its land dating as far back as 1565. The Great Oak Room retains its original oak panelling, moulded ceiling and double-decker fireplace. Entrance is via an oak internal porch, similar to that of Montacute House, the only features which have changed since the room was built are the enlarged Georgian windows, giving a view onto the knot garden. The Small Oak Room and Bedroom are contemporary with the Great Oak Room, the Bedroom has the moulded plaster ceiling upon which the knot garden’s design is based. The Print Room is part of the 18th-century extension of the Lodge and has been renovated by the Museum to look like a typical Print Room of the period. The collection of tiles around the fireplace, examples of marquetry and parquetry in the furniture, the staircase was designed with as many windows as possible and nobly proportioned, with a grand chandelier to illuminate Mary Henley and her guests as they processed into the Reception Room. Though the Reception Room and Parlour are in the original Tudor core of the house, the Reception Room shows a beam where the original external south wall stood, but was knocked through to incorporate the loggia and extend the room as far as possible
4.
Woman
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A woman is a female human. The term woman is usually reserved for an adult, with the girl being the usual term for a female child or adolescent. The term woman is sometimes used to identify a female human, regardless of age. Women with typical genetic development are usually capable of giving birth from puberty until menopause, the spelling of woman in English has progressed over the past millennium from wīfmann to wīmmann to wumman, and finally, the modern spelling woman. In Old English, wīfmann meant female human, whereas wēr meant male human, the medial labial consonants f and m in wīfmann coalesced into the modern form woman, while the initial element, which meant female, underwent semantic narrowing to the sense of a married woman. It is a misconception that the term woman is etymologically connected to womb. Womb is actually from the Old English word wambe meaning stomach, the symbol for the planet Venus is the sign also used in biology for the female sex. It is a representation of the goddess Venuss hand-mirror or an abstract symbol for the goddess. The Venus symbol also represented femininity, and in ancient alchemy stood for copper, alchemists constructed the symbol from a circle above an equilateral cross. Womanhood is the period in a life after she has passed through childhood and adolescence. The word woman can be used generally, to any female human or specifically. The word girl originally meant young person of either sex in English, in particular, previously common terms such as office girl are no longer widely used. Referring to a female human as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced. There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman, menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs on average at age 12-13. The earliest women whose names are known through archaeology include, Neithhotep, the wife of Narmer, merneith, consort and regent of ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. She may have been ruler of Egypt in her own right, merit-Ptah, also lived in Egypt and is the earliest known female physician and scientist. Peseshet, a physician in Ancient Egypt, puabi, or Shubad – queen of Ur whose tomb was discovered with many expensive artifacts. Other known pre-Sargonic queens of Ur include Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, kugbau, a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as Kubaba
5.
Girl
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A girl is a female human from birth through childhood and adolescence to attainment of adulthood when she becomes a woman. The term girl may also be used to mean a young woman, the English word girl first appeared during the Middle Ages between 1250 and 1300 CE and came from the Anglo-Saxon word gerle. The Anglo-Saxon word gerela meaning dress or clothing item also seems to have used as a metonym in some sense. Girl has meant any young unmarried woman since about 1530 and its first noted meaning for sweetheart is 1648. The earliest known appearance of girl-friend is in 1892 and girl next door, meant as a female or young woman with a kind of wholesome appeal. The word girl is sometimes used to refer to an adult female and this usage may be considered derogatory or disrespectful in professional or other formal contexts, just as the term boy can be considered disparaging when applied to an adult man. Hence, this usage is often deprecative and it can also be used deprecatively when used to discriminate against children. In casual context, the word has positive uses, as evidenced by its use in titles of popular music. It has been used playfully for people acting in a fashion or as a way of unifying women of all ages on the basis of their once having been girls. These positive uses mean gender rather than age, the status of girls throughout world history is closely related to the status of women in any culture. Where women enjoy an equal status with men, girls benefit from greater attention to their needs. In Ancient Egypt, the princess Neferure grew up under the reign of her mother, the woman Pharaoh Hatshepsut, women in Ancient Egypt had a relatively high status in society, and as the daughter of the pharaoh, Neferura was provided with the best education possible. Her tutors were the most trusted advisors of her mother and she grew up to take on an important role by taking on the duties of a queen while her mother was pharaoh. Despite the fact women and men had a great deal of equality in Ancient Egypt. For this reason, girls and boys education differed, boys could attend formal schools to learn how to read, write, and do math, while girls would be educated at home to learn the occupations of their mothers. Some women did become literate and were scholars, however, such as Hypatia, girls formal education has traditionally been considered far less important than that of boys. In Europe, exceptions were rare before the press and the Reformation made literacy more widespread. One notable exception to the neglect of girls literacy is Queen Elizabeth I
6.
Femininity
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Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with girls and women. Femininity is socially constructed, but made up of both socially-defined and biologically-created factors and this makes it distinct from the definition of the biological female sex, as both males and females can exhibit feminine traits. People who exhibit a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification. In some non-English speaking cultures, certain concepts or inanimate objects are considered feminine or masculine, tara Williams has suggested that modern notions of femininity in English speaking society began during the English medieval period at the time of the bubonic plague in the 1300s. Women in the Early Middle Ages were referred to simply within their traditional roles of maiden, wife, after the Black Death in England wiped out approximately half the population, traditional gender roles of wife and mother changed, and opportunities opened up for women in society. Prudence Allen has traced how the concept of woman changed during this period, the words femininity and womanhood are first recorded in Chaucer around 1380. Girls, second-wave feminists said, were then socialized with toys, games, television and school into conforming to feminine values, femininity is sometimes linked with sexual objectification and sexual appeal. Sexual passiveness, or sexual receptivity, is considered feminine while sexual assertiveness. Some queer theorists and other postmodernists, however, have rejected the sex /gender dichotomy as a dangerous simplification, an ongoing debate with regards to sex and psychology concerns the extent to which gender identity and gender-specific behavior is due to socialization versus inborn factors. According to Diane F. Halpern, both play a role, but the relative importance of each must still be investigated. The nature versus nurture question, for example, is debated and is continually revitalized by new research findings. Some hold that feminine identity is partly a given and partly a goal to be sought, in 1959, researchers such as John Money and Anke Erhardt proposed the prenatal hormone theory. This theory, however, has been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds, Money also argued that gender identity is formed during a childs first three years. In Carl Jungs school of psychology, the anima and animus are the two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind. The anima and animus are described by Jung as elements of his theory of the collective unconscious, a domain of the unconscious that transcends the personal psyche. In the unconscious of the male, it finds expression as a feminine inner personality, anima, equivalently, in the unconscious of the female, it is expressed as a masculine inner personality, animus. In Western cultures, the ideal of feminine appearance has traditionally included long, flowing hair, clear skin, a narrow waist, in other cultures, however, expectations are different. For example, in parts of the world, underarm hair is not considered unfeminine
7.
History of feminism
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The history of feminism is the chronological narrative of the movements and ideologies aimed at equal rights for women. Other historians limit the term to the modern feminist movement and its progeny, modern Western feminist history is split into three time periods, or waves, each with slightly different aims based on prior progress. First-wave feminism of the 19th and early 20th centuries focuses on overturning legal inequalities, second-wave feminism broadened debate to include cultural inequalities, gender norms, and the role of women in society. Third-wave feminism refers to diverse strains of feminist activity, seen as both a continuation of the wave and a response to its perceived failures. People and activists who discuss or advance womens equality prior to the existence of the feminist movement are sometimes labeled as protofeminist, some scholars, however, criticize this terms usage. Around 24 centuries ago, Plato, according to Elaine Hoffman Baruch, for the political and sexual equality of women. One of the most important 17th-century feminist writers in the English language was Margaret Cavendish, the Age of Enlightenment was characterized by secular intellectual reasoning and a flowering of philosophical writing. Many Enlightenment philosophers defended the rights of women, including Jeremy Bentham, Marquis de Condorcet, other important writers of the time that expressed feminist views included Abigail Adams, Catharine Macaulay, and Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht. Bentham spoke for complete equality between sexes including the rights to vote and to participate in government and he opposed the asymmetrical sexual moral standards between men and women. In his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham strongly condemned many countries common practice to deny womens rights due to allegedly inferior minds, Bentham gave many examples of able female regents. Nicolas de Condorcet was a mathematician, classical liberal politician, leading French Revolutionary, republican and he was also a fierce defender of human rights, including the equality of women and the abolition of slavery, unusual for the 1780s. He advocated for suffrage in the new government in 1790 with De ladmission des femmes au droit de cité. This was another plea for the French Revolutionary government to recognize the natural and political rights of women. De Gouges wrote the Declaration in the prose of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, perhaps the most cited feminist writer of the time was Mary Wollstonecraft, often characterized as the first feminist philosopher. Wollstonecraft identified the education and upbringing of women as creating their limited expectations based on a self-image dictated by the male perspective. Despite her perceived inconsistencies reflective of problems that had no easy answers, Wollstonecraft believed that both genders contributed to inequality. She took womens considerable power over men for granted, and determined that both would require education to ensure the necessary changes in social attitudes, given her humble origins and scant education, her personal achievements speak to her own determination. Wollstonecraft attracted the mockery of Samuel Johnson, who described her and her ilk as Amazons of the pen, based on his relationship with Hester Thrale, he complained of womens encroachment onto a male territory of writing, and not their intelligence or education
8.
History of women in the United States
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This is a history of women in the United States since 1776, and of the Thirteen Colonies before that. The reliable sources on the topic were thin before the 1960s, since then the study of womens history has been a major scholarly and popular field, with many scholarly books and articles, museum exhibits, and courses in schools and universities. The roles of women were long ignored in textbooks and popular histories, by the 1960s, women were being presented as successful as male roles. An early feminist approach underscored their victimization and inferior status at the hands of men, in the 21st century writers have emphasized the distinctive strengths displayed inside the community of women, with special concern for minorities among women. The experiences of women during the colonial era varied somewhat from colony to colony, most of the British settlers were from England and Wales, with smaller numbers from Scotland and Ireland. Groups of families settled in New England, while individuals came to the Southern colonies, the American colonies absorbed the thousands of Dutch and Swedish settlers. After 1700 most immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants—young unmarried men and women seeking a new life in a richer environment. After the 1660s a steady flow of black slaves arrived, chiefly from the Caribbean, food supplies were much more abundant than in Europe, and there was an abundance of fertile land that needed farm families. However, the environment was hostile in the malaria-ridden South. The American-born children were immune from the forms of malaria. In New England, the Puritan settlers from England brought their religious values highly organized social structure with them. They believed a woman should be subordinate to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God-fearing children to the best of her ability, there were ethnic differences in the treatment of women. Among Puritan settlers in New England, wives almost never worked in the fields with their husbands, in German communities in Pennsylvania, however, many women worked in fields and stables. German and Dutch immigrants granted women more control over property, which was not permitted in the local English law. Unlike English colonial wives, German and Dutch wives owned their own clothes and other items and were also given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage. The first English people to arrive in America were the members of the Roanoke Colony who came to North Carolina in July 1587, with 17 women,91 men, and 9 boys as the founding colonists. On August 18,1587, Virginia Dare was born, she was the first English child born in the territory of the United States and her mother was Eleanor Dare, the daughter of John White, governor of the Roanoke colony. It is not known what happened to the members of the Roanoke colony, however, it is likely that they were attacked by Native Americans, and those not killed were assimilated into the local tribes
9.
History of women in the United Kingdom
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History of women in the United Kingdom covers the social, cultural and political roles of women in Britain over the last two millennia. Medieval England was a society and the lives of women were heavily influenced by contemporary beliefs about gender. However, the position of women varied according to factors including their social class, whether they were unmarried, married, widowed or remarried, henrietta Leyser argues that women had much informal power in their homes and communities, although they were of officially subordinate to men. She identifies a deterioration the status of women in the Middle Ages, although they retained strong roles in culture, significant gender inequities persisted throughout the period, as women typically had more limited life-choices, access to employment and trade, and legal rights than men. After the Norman invasion, the position of women in society changed, the growth of governmental institutions under a succession of bishops reduced the role of queens and their households in formal government. In medieval times women had responsibility for brewing and selling the ale that men all drank, by 1600 men had taken over that role. The reasons include commercial growth, gild formation, changing technologies, new regulations, the taverns still use women to serve it, a low-status, low-skilled, and poorly remunerated tasks. While the Tudor era presents an abundance of material on the women of the royal wives. There has, however, been extensive statistical analysis of demographic and population data which includes women, England had more well-educated upper class women than was common anywhere in Europe. The Queens marital status was a political and diplomatic topic. It also entered into the popular culture, elizabeths unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin or a goddess or both, not as a normal woman, public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queens marriage negotiations with the Duc dAlençon. In contrast to her fathers emphasis on masculinity and physical prowess, Elizabeth emphasized the theme, saying often that she was married to her kingdom. Coch argues that her figurative motherhood played a role in her complex self-representation. Although medical men did not approve, women played a significant role in the medical care of Londoners from cradle to grave during the Elizabethan era. They were hired by parishes and hospitals, as well as by private families and they played central roles in the delivery of nursing care as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and surgical services throughout the city as part of organized systems of health care. Womens medical roles continue to expand in the 17th century, especially regarding me care of paupers and they operated nursing homes for the homeless and sick poor, and also looked after abandoned and orphaned children, pregnant women, and lunatics. After 1700 the workhouse movement undermined many of these roles and the parish nurse became restricted largely to the rearing and nursing of children and infants
10.
History of Canadian women
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The history of Canadian women covers half the population, but until recent years only comprised a tiny fraction of the historiography. In the 1660s the French government sent about 850 young women called Kings Daughters and they quickly found husbands among the predominantly male settlers, as well as a new life for themselves. They came mostly from families in the Paris area, Normandy. A handful were ex-prostitutes, but only one is known to have practiced that trade in Canada, as farm wives with very good nutrition and high birth rates they played a major role in establishing family life and enabling rapid demographic growth. They had about 30% more children than comparable women who remained in France, landry says, Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the abundance of meat, fish, and pure water, the good food conservation conditions during the winter. Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade and they worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks and provisioners. Some were widowed, and took over their husbands roles, a handful were active entrepreneurs in their own right. The elite young women were trained in intelligent philanthropy and civic responsibility and they seldom connected with the reform impulses of the middle class women, and for and were paternalistic in their views of the needs of working-class women. Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled, an important exception came with Roman Catholic nuns, especially in Québec. Stimulated by the influence in France of The popular religiosity of the Counter Reformation, in the next three centuries women opened dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by dowries provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in works, including hospitals, orphanages, homes for unwed mothers. In the first half of the century, about 2-3% of Québecs young women became nuns, there were 6600 in 1901. In Québec in 1917,32 different teaching orders operated 586 boarding schools for girls, at that time there was no public education for girls in Québec beyond elementary school. Hospitals were another specially, the first of which was founded in 1701, in 1936, the nuns of Québec operated 150 institutions, with 30,000 beds to care for the long-term sick, the homeless, and orphans. On a smaller scale, Catholic orders of nuns operated similar institutions in other provinces, the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s combined declericalization with the dramatic reforms of Vatican II. There was a change in the role of nuns. Many left the convent while very few young women entered, the Provincial government took over the nuns traditional role as provider of many of Quebecs educational and social services
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