1.
Winchester Cathedral
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Winchester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the longest nave, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and before the Reformation, Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building, the cathedral was founded in 642 on a site immediately to the north of the present one. This building became known as the Old Minster and it became part of a monastic settlement in 971. Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, so-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are in the present cathedral. The Old Minster was demolished in 1093, immediately after the consecration of its successor, in 1079, Bishop Walkelin began work on a completely new cathedral. Much of the used to build the structure was brought across from the Isle of Wight from quarries around Binstead. Nearby Quarr Abbey draws its name from these workings, as do many local places such as Stonelands, the building was consecrated in 1093. A substantial amount of the fabric of Walkelins building, including the crypt, transepts, the original crossing tower, however, collapsed in 1107, an accident blamed by the cathedrals medieval chroniclers on the fact that the dissolute William Rufus had been buried beneath it in 1100. Its replacement, which today, is still in the Norman style. It is a squat, square structure,50 feet wide, the Tower is 45.7 m tall. Following the accession of Godfrey de Lucy in 1189 a retrochoir was added in the Early English style, the next major phase of rebuilding was not until the mid-fourteenth century, under bishops Edington and Wykeham. Edingdon, removed the two westernmost bays of the nave, built a new west front and began the remodelling of the nave, the wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaults. Wykehams successor, Henry of Beaufort, carried out fewer alterations, adding only a chantry on the side of the retrochoir. His successor, William of Waynflete, built another chantry in a position on the north side. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and Thomas Langton, there was more work, de Lucys Lady Chapel was lengthened, and the Norman side aisles of the presbytery replaced. In 1525, Bishop Richard Foxe added the side screens of the presbytery, with its progressive extensions, the east end is now about 110 feet beyond that of Walkelins building. After King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the Church of England, the Benedictine foundation, the priory surrendered to the king in 1539
2.
Church of the Province of South East Asia
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The Church of the Province of South East Asia, a member church of the Anglican Communion, was created in 1996, comprising the four dioceses of Kuching, Sabah, Singapore and West Malaysia. The current Metropolitan Archbishop is the Bishop of West Malaysia, the Most Reverend Datuk Ng Moon Hing, Anglicanism was first introduced with the establishment of the British East India Companys settlement of Penang Island in 1786. George Caunter, a magistrate, was appointed as a Lay Clerk/Acting Chaplain in 1799 under the jurisdiction of the See of Calcutta. In 1819, the first Anglican church building, the Church of St. George the Martyr, was consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta, Thomas Fanshawe Middleton. In 1826, the Mission Chapel of the London Missionary Society started services in Singapore, in 1842, a missionary of the LMS started the first girls school in Singapore, now known as St. Margarets School. The work in Borneo started in 1848 when a group of missionaries led by Francis Thomas McDougall was invited by James Brooke, in 1849, a wooden church was built in Kuching. In 1851, this church was consecrated by Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta in honour of St. Thomas the Apostle, letters patent was issued in 1855 to establish the Bishopric of Labuan and McDougall was appointed the first Bishop of Labuan. This practice prevailed until the Sarawak became a Crown Colony in 1946, in 1867, The East India Company transferred Penang to the British Crown and with that ended the chaplaincy of the Madras Presidency in Penang. The Anglican churches in Penang, Malacca and Singapore were organised into the Church in the Straits Settlement while remaining under the jurisdiction of the See of Calcutta. In 1909, the United Diocese was further divided into the Diocese of Singapore, the Diocese of Labuan, the 3 separate Dioceses developed independently from then onwards until the creation of the Province. During the duration of the Second World War, most expatriate clergy, without the benefit of its expatriate clergy, the work of the church fell on the shoulders of local clergy and church workers. Malaya gained her independence from British rule in 1957, following this, in 1960, the Diocese was renamed the Diocese of Singapore and Malaya. In 1970, the churches in West Malaysia were separated from the Diocese and reconstituted as the Diocese of West Malaysia by an Act of Parliament and the Diocese was renamed the Diocese of Singapore. Work in British Borneo after the division of the United Diocese until the outbreak of the Second World War followed a pattern to the work in Malaya. It was supported from 1909 by the Borneo Mission Association, Anglican missionaries were however more successful than their counterparts in Malaya and Singapore in evangelising the indigenous peoples. In 1962, the Diocese was again divided into the Diocese of Jesselton which included Labuan, in 1996, autocephaly was attained when the Province of South East Asia consisting of the Dioceses of West Malaysia, Singapore, Kuching and Sabah was established by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Moses Tay, Bishop of Singapore, was installed as the first Metropolitan Archbishop of the Province the same year, the Province celebrated its 20th Anniversary in February 2016. Today, there are at least 98,000 Anglicans out of a population of 23.8 million
3.
Sydenham
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Sydenham is a suburban district of south-east London in the London Boroughs of Lewisham, Bromley and Southwark. Bordering Forest Hill, Dulwich, Crystal Palace, Penge, Beckenham, Catford, originally known as Shippenham, Sydenham began as a small settlement, a few cottages among the woods, whose inhabitants grazed their animals and collected wood. In the 1640s, springs of water in what is now Wells Park were discovered to have medicinal properties, Sydenham grew rapidly in the 19th century after the introduction of the Croydon Canal in 1809 which linked the Grand Surrey Canal to Croydon and a reservoir was constructed in Sydenham. However, the canal was never successful and closed in 1836 resulting in it being the first canal to be abandoned by an Act of Parliament. The London & Croydon Railway purchased the canal for £40,250 and quickly converted the alignment for a railway from London Bridge to West Croydon, in 1851 the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park was housed in an immense glass building, called the Crystal Palace. In 1854 the building was bought by a company, dismantled and re-erected in Sydenham Park. Exhibitions, concerts, conferences and sporting events were held at the Crystal Palace, in 1872, the Childrens Hospital, Sydenham opened. It closed in 1991, its services being now part of the University Hospital Lewisham, in 1860, the Walter Cobb department store at Lawrie Place, Kirkdale opened, lasting until the 1980s. In 1884, Upper Sydenham railway station opened on the Crystal Palace, the ill fate of the Crystal Palace in 1936 saw patronage reduced and the route finally closed in 1954. Sydenham was attacked by enemies during the Second World War, the gas works were a target, but were never damaged. The railway which ran through Upper Sydenham station was damaged, from here, the City of London skyline is visible. Sydenham Hill has a railway tunnel from the Crystal Palace. Another railway tunnel goes beneath on the Chatham Main Line with Sydenham Hill station at the London end serving both Sydenham Hill and the College area of Dulwich, Upper Sydenham is also located on Sydenham Hill and is a part of the Parish of St Bartholomew. It is diverse both racially and in terms of income, the section of Kirkdale was Sydenhams original High Street. Renamed Kirkdale in 1936, the now has a small range of shops including Costcutter, Tesco Express, local pubs. Sydenham School is located on Dartmouth Road with Forest Hill Library, Green Flag awarded Sydenham Wells Park, the location of the once famous Springs is one of the largest parks within the postcode. Upper Sydenham is also the location of the Sydenham Park allotments, the Sydenham electricity sub station which had a fire in 2008. Lower Sydenham & Bell Green is the location of Sydenham Community Library which was reopened by the local community after the Lewisham Council closed it
4.
King's College London
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Kings College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Kings was established in 1829 by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington, in 1836, Kings became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. Kings has five campuses, its main campus on the Strand in central London. In 2015/16, Kings had an income of £738.4 million, of which £193.2 million was from research grants and contracts and as of 2014/15. It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, and its academic activities are organised into nine faculties which are subdivided into numerous departments, centres and research divisions. Kings is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a member of the Kings Health Partners academic health sciences centre, Francis Crick Institute. Kings College London, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the controversy surrounding the founding of London University in 1826. The need for such an institution was a result of the religious and social nature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which then educated solely the sons of wealthy Anglicans. The secular nature of London University was disapproved by The Establishment, indeed, thus, the creation of a rival institution represented a Tory response to reassert the educational values of The Establishment. Winchilsea and about 150 other contributors withdrew their support of Kings College London in response to Wellingtons support of Catholic emancipation. In a letter to Wellington he accused the Duke to have in mind insidious designs for the infringement of our liberty, the letter provoked a furious exchange of correspondence and Wellington accused Winchilsea of imputing him with disgraceful and criminal motives in setting up Kings College London. The result was a duel in Battersea Fields on 21 March 1829, Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel, Wellington took aim and fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether Wellington missed on purpose, Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology, duel Day is still celebrated on the first Thursday after 21 March every year, marked by various events throughout Kings, including reenactments. Kings opened in October 1831 with the cleric William Otter appointed as first principal, despite the attempts to make Kings Anglican-only, the initial prospectus permitted, nonconformists of all sorts to enter the college freely. William Howley, the governors and the professors, except the linguists, had to be members of the Church of England but the students did not, though attendance at chapel was compulsory. Kings was divided into a department and a junior department, also known as Kings College School
5.
Hertford College, Oxford
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Hertford College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It is located on Catte Street in the centre of Oxford, the College is known for its iconic bridge, the Bridge of Sighs. As of 2015, the college had an endowment of £53. 4m. There are 612 students, plus various visiting students from all over the world. Some famous alumni include William Tyndale, John Donne, Thomas Hobbes, Jonathan Swift, the College began life as Hart Hall, a small tenement built roughly where the Colleges Old Hall is today, a few paces along New College Lane on the southern side. In mediaeval Oxford, halls were primarily lodging houses for students, the land for Hart Hall was purchased by Elias de Hertford. Hertford College stands on land owned by Walter Grendon, mercer of Oxford. Walter Grendon, mercer owned the tenement that wound up in the hands of the man that built Hart Hall, in the deed by which Elias de Hertford sells it to John de Dokelynton in 1301, this last tenement is called Micheldhall. The deed was made over to his son, also Elias, the name of the hall was likely a humorous reduction of the name of its founders home town, and allowed for the use of the symbol of a hart to be used for identification. At that time, New College Lane was known as Hammer Hall Lane, the corner of Hammer Hall Lane and Catte Street was taken by Black Hall, which was the place of John Wycliffes imprisonment by the Vice-Chancellor around 1378. On the other side of Hart Hall along the lane was Shield Hall, on Catte Street itself was the entrance to Arthur Hall, which lay down a narrow passage behind Hart Hall, and Cat Hall, which stood further south, roughly where the Principals Lodgings now stand. The younger Elias sold on Hart Hall after a month to a local fishmonger John of Ducklington. In 1312, John sold the two halls to Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, who desired to found a college. After just over a year, Stapledon moved his scholars to a site that he had purchased on Turl Street. However, Exeter College retained certain rights over Hart Hall, with which it plagued the development for centuries. In 1379, Hart Hall and Black Hall were rented by William of Wykeham as a home for his scholars as his New College. The first two Wardens of New College also appear as Principals of Hart Hall, until the 17th century, there is evidence of scholars matriculating at Hart Hall while waiting for a vacancy at New College. By this time, it appears that Shield Hall had been taken over by Hart Hall
6.
Oxford University Boat Club
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Oxford University Boat Club is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at Oxford. The club was founded in the early 19th century, oUBCs boat house on the Isis burnt down in 1999 and much archival material, including photographs, was lost. OUBC now rows from its new boat house in Wallingford, south of Oxford. The boathouse was designed following a competition by Tuke Manton Architects LLP. The club has the use of the Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in south Oxfordshire for training purposes, along with the GB Rowing squad and University College Oxford Boat Club. The club races against the Cambridge University Boat Club in The Boat Race on the Thames in London each year, oxfords team are commonly referred to as the Dark Blues. It has featured Olympic-level rowers and coxes, OUBC was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing. The others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Thames Rowing Club, list of Oxford University Boat Race crews Rowing on the River Thames University rowing OUBC website
7.
Eight (rowing)
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An eight is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for eight rowers, who propel the boat with sweep oars, each of the eight rowers has one oar. There are four rowers on the side and four on the bow side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and is seated at the stern of the boat. Because of the speed of the boat, it is considered unsafe to row coxless or to have a bowloader cox. Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Eights have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, if the boat is sculled by rowers each with two oars the combination is referred to as an octuple scull. In a scull boat, the riggers apply forces symmetrically, a sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle the unmatched forces, and so requires more bracing, which means it has to be heavier and slower than an equivalent sculling boat. However octuple sculls are not used in main competitions, eight is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and one of the events in the Olympics. The first Olympic eights race was held in 1900 and won by the United States, Rowing at the Summer Olympics List of Olympic medalists in rowing List of Olympic medalists in rowing World Rowing Championships Grand Challenge Cup The Boat Race
8.
The Boat Race 1842
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The 6th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 11 June 1842. The Boat Race is a rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In a race substantially interrupted by river traffic, Oxford beat Cambridge by a distance of four-and-a-half lengths, the Boat Race, first held in 1829, is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having defeated Oxford by 22 lengths in the years race. They led overall with four wins to Oxfords one, Cambridge rejected the suggestion, maintaining that an Easter race would be preferable. A challenge from their captain, John Ridley, was sent to Leander Club, whose reply bemoaned the fact that they had insufficient numbers to provide an eight. This counteroffer was also rejected and Cambridge offered to row any eight-oared crew from any club or clubs whatsoever. After further, somewhat acrimonious discussion, it was agreed that Oxford would challenge Cambridge on 11 June 1842, the race took place on a five-and-three-quarter-mile stretch of the Thames between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge. The umpire for the race was W. H. Harrison, the Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 9.375 lb, about 5.5 pounds per rower more than their Light Blue opposition. None of the Oxford crew had rowed in previous Boat Races while Cambridge saw five return from the years event, including John M. Ridley. Cambridge won the toss and elected to start on the Middlesex side of the river, both boats started below the arches of Westminster Bridge. Although Oxford made the start, Cambridge pulled ahead and led until their course was diverted by river traffic including a steamer. Between the National Penitentiary and Wandsworth, according to MacMichael they were not once free from the swell of the steamers but continued to extend their lead. Once clear of the steamers, Cambridge began to close the gap in the last mile to Putney and it was their first victory since the inaugural race in 1829, hence their first win on London water. One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. The University Boat Race – Official Centenary History, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Races, From A. D.1829 to 1869
9.
South Wales
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South Wales is the region of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. Areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered part of Mid Wales, the expression south Wales is not officially defined, and its meaning has changed over time. Between the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and the Laws in Wales Act 1535 and this was divided into a Principality of South Wales and a Principality of North Wales. The southern principality was made up of the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, the legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the Justiciar of South Wales based at Carmarthen. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various Marcher Lords, the Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on four legal circuits. The Brecon circuit served the counties of Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Glamorgan while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Monmouthshire was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales, the Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the Local Government Act 1972 which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county with two southern ones, there are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales, but the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales, areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. A further point of uncertainty is whether the first element of the name should be capitalized, as the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, style guides such as those of the BBC and The Guardian use the form south Wales. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. This natural beauty changed to an extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff, lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. Whilst some of the left, many settled and established in the South Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera, and on the social and cultural side and this number is now very low, following the UK miners strike, and the last traditional deep-shaft mine, Tower Colliery, closed in January 2008
10.
Borneo
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Borneo is the third-largest island in the world and the largest island in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, the island is politically divided among three countries, Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory, in the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. Additionally, the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on an island just off the coast of Borneo. The sovereign state of Brunei, located on the north coast, antipodal to an area of Amazon rainforest, Borneo is itself home to one of the oldest rainforests in the world, and to Bornean orangutans. The island is known by names, internationally it is known as Borneo, after Brunei. The name Brunei possibly was derived from the Sanskrit word váruṇa, meaning either ocean or the mythological Varuna. Indonesian natives called it Kalimantan, which was derived from the Sanskrit word Kalamanthana, prior to that the island was also known by other names. In 977 Chinese records began to use the term Po-ni to refer to Borneo or Brunei, in 1225 it was also mentioned by the Chinese official Chau Ju-Kua. The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Majapahit court poet Mpu Prapanca in 1365, mentioned the island as Nusa Tanjungnagara, to the west of Borneo are the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. To the south and east are islands of Indonesia, Java and Sulawesi, to the northeast are the Philippine Islands. With an area of 743,330 square kilometres, it is the third-largest island in the world and its highest point is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, with an elevation of 4,095 m. The largest river system is the Kapuas in West Kalimantan, with a length of 1,143 km, other major rivers include the Mahakam in East Kalimantan, the Barito in South Kalimantan, and Rajang in Sarawak. Clearwater Cave, for example, has one of the worlds longest underground rivers, deer Cave is home to over three million bats, with guano accumulated to over 100 metres deep. The South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand now submerge the former low-lying areas of the peninsula, the Borneo rainforest is 140 million years old, making it one of the oldest rainforests in the world. There are about 15,000 species of flowering plants with 3,000 species of trees,221 species of mammals and 420 species of resident birds in Borneo. There are about 440 freshwater fish species in Borneo and it is the centre of the evolution and distribution of many endemic species of plants and animals. The Borneo rainforest is one of the few remaining habitats for the endangered Bornean orangutan
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Overton, John Henry (1893). "McDougall, Francis Thomas". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
