1.
Winchester Cathedral
–
Winchester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the longest nave, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and before the Reformation, Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building, the cathedral was founded in 642 on a site immediately to the north of the present one. This building became known as the Old Minster and it became part of a monastic settlement in 971. Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, so-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are in the present cathedral. The Old Minster was demolished in 1093, immediately after the consecration of its successor, in 1079, Bishop Walkelin began work on a completely new cathedral. Much of the used to build the structure was brought across from the Isle of Wight from quarries around Binstead. Nearby Quarr Abbey draws its name from these workings, as do many local places such as Stonelands, the building was consecrated in 1093. A substantial amount of the fabric of Walkelins building, including the crypt, transepts, the original crossing tower, however, collapsed in 1107, an accident blamed by the cathedrals medieval chroniclers on the fact that the dissolute William Rufus had been buried beneath it in 1100. Its replacement, which today, is still in the Norman style. It is a squat, square structure,50 feet wide, the Tower is 45.7 m tall. Following the accession of Godfrey de Lucy in 1189 a retrochoir was added in the Early English style, the next major phase of rebuilding was not until the mid-fourteenth century, under bishops Edington and Wykeham. Edingdon, removed the two westernmost bays of the nave, built a new west front and began the remodelling of the nave, the wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaults. Wykehams successor, Henry of Beaufort, carried out fewer alterations, adding only a chantry on the side of the retrochoir. His successor, William of Waynflete, built another chantry in a position on the north side. Under Bishops Peter Courtenay and Thomas Langton, there was more work, de Lucys Lady Chapel was lengthened, and the Norman side aisles of the presbytery replaced. In 1525, Bishop Richard Foxe added the side screens of the presbytery, with its progressive extensions, the east end is now about 110 feet beyond that of Walkelins building. After King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the Church of England, the Benedictine foundation, the priory surrendered to the king in 1539
2.
Church of the Province of South East Asia
–
The Church of the Province of South East Asia, a member church of the Anglican Communion, was created in 1996, comprising the four dioceses of Kuching, Sabah, Singapore and West Malaysia. The current Metropolitan Archbishop is the Bishop of West Malaysia, the Most Reverend Datuk Ng Moon Hing, Anglicanism was first introduced with the establishment of the British East India Companys settlement of Penang Island in 1786. George Caunter, a magistrate, was appointed as a Lay Clerk/Acting Chaplain in 1799 under the jurisdiction of the See of Calcutta. In 1819, the first Anglican church building, the Church of St. George the Martyr, was consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta, Thomas Fanshawe Middleton. In 1826, the Mission Chapel of the London Missionary Society started services in Singapore, in 1842, a missionary of the LMS started the first girls school in Singapore, now known as St. Margarets School. The work in Borneo started in 1848 when a group of missionaries led by Francis Thomas McDougall was invited by James Brooke, in 1849, a wooden church was built in Kuching. In 1851, this church was consecrated by Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta in honour of St. Thomas the Apostle, letters patent was issued in 1855 to establish the Bishopric of Labuan and McDougall was appointed the first Bishop of Labuan. This practice prevailed until the Sarawak became a Crown Colony in 1946, in 1867, The East India Company transferred Penang to the British Crown and with that ended the chaplaincy of the Madras Presidency in Penang. The Anglican churches in Penang, Malacca and Singapore were organised into the Church in the Straits Settlement while remaining under the jurisdiction of the See of Calcutta. In 1909, the United Diocese was further divided into the Diocese of Singapore, the Diocese of Labuan, the 3 separate Dioceses developed independently from then onwards until the creation of the Province. During the duration of the Second World War, most expatriate clergy, without the benefit of its expatriate clergy, the work of the church fell on the shoulders of local clergy and church workers. Malaya gained her independence from British rule in 1957, following this, in 1960, the Diocese was renamed the Diocese of Singapore and Malaya. In 1970, the churches in West Malaysia were separated from the Diocese and reconstituted as the Diocese of West Malaysia by an Act of Parliament and the Diocese was renamed the Diocese of Singapore. Work in British Borneo after the division of the United Diocese until the outbreak of the Second World War followed a pattern to the work in Malaya. It was supported from 1909 by the Borneo Mission Association, Anglican missionaries were however more successful than their counterparts in Malaya and Singapore in evangelising the indigenous peoples. In 1962, the Diocese was again divided into the Diocese of Jesselton which included Labuan, in 1996, autocephaly was attained when the Province of South East Asia consisting of the Dioceses of West Malaysia, Singapore, Kuching and Sabah was established by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Moses Tay, Bishop of Singapore, was installed as the first Metropolitan Archbishop of the Province the same year, the Province celebrated its 20th Anniversary in February 2016. Today, there are at least 98,000 Anglicans out of a population of 23.8 million
3.
Sydenham
–
Sydenham is a suburban district of south-east London in the London Boroughs of Lewisham, Bromley and Southwark. Bordering Forest Hill, Dulwich, Crystal Palace, Penge, Beckenham, Catford, originally known as Shippenham, Sydenham began as a small settlement, a few cottages among the woods, whose inhabitants grazed their animals and collected wood. In the 1640s, springs of water in what is now Wells Park were discovered to have medicinal properties, Sydenham grew rapidly in the 19th century after the introduction of the Croydon Canal in 1809 which linked the Grand Surrey Canal to Croydon and a reservoir was constructed in Sydenham. However, the canal was never successful and closed in 1836 resulting in it being the first canal to be abandoned by an Act of Parliament. The London & Croydon Railway purchased the canal for £40,250 and quickly converted the alignment for a railway from London Bridge to West Croydon, in 1851 the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park was housed in an immense glass building, called the Crystal Palace. In 1854 the building was bought by a company, dismantled and re-erected in Sydenham Park. Exhibitions, concerts, conferences and sporting events were held at the Crystal Palace, in 1872, the Childrens Hospital, Sydenham opened. It closed in 1991, its services being now part of the University Hospital Lewisham, in 1860, the Walter Cobb department store at Lawrie Place, Kirkdale opened, lasting until the 1980s. In 1884, Upper Sydenham railway station opened on the Crystal Palace, the ill fate of the Crystal Palace in 1936 saw patronage reduced and the route finally closed in 1954. Sydenham was attacked by enemies during the Second World War, the gas works were a target, but were never damaged. The railway which ran through Upper Sydenham station was damaged, from here, the City of London skyline is visible. Sydenham Hill has a railway tunnel from the Crystal Palace. Another railway tunnel goes beneath on the Chatham Main Line with Sydenham Hill station at the London end serving both Sydenham Hill and the College area of Dulwich, Upper Sydenham is also located on Sydenham Hill and is a part of the Parish of St Bartholomew. It is diverse both racially and in terms of income, the section of Kirkdale was Sydenhams original High Street. Renamed Kirkdale in 1936, the now has a small range of shops including Costcutter, Tesco Express, local pubs. Sydenham School is located on Dartmouth Road with Forest Hill Library, Green Flag awarded Sydenham Wells Park, the location of the once famous Springs is one of the largest parks within the postcode. Upper Sydenham is also the location of the Sydenham Park allotments, the Sydenham electricity sub station which had a fire in 2008. Lower Sydenham & Bell Green is the location of Sydenham Community Library which was reopened by the local community after the Lewisham Council closed it
4.
King's College London
–
Kings College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Kings was established in 1829 by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington, in 1836, Kings became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. Kings has five campuses, its main campus on the Strand in central London. In 2015/16, Kings had an income of £738.4 million, of which £193.2 million was from research grants and contracts and as of 2014/15. It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, and its academic activities are organised into nine faculties which are subdivided into numerous departments, centres and research divisions. Kings is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a member of the Kings Health Partners academic health sciences centre, Francis Crick Institute. Kings College London, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the controversy surrounding the founding of London University in 1826. The need for such an institution was a result of the religious and social nature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which then educated solely the sons of wealthy Anglicans. The secular nature of London University was disapproved by The Establishment, indeed, thus, the creation of a rival institution represented a Tory response to reassert the educational values of The Establishment. Winchilsea and about 150 other contributors withdrew their support of Kings College London in response to Wellingtons support of Catholic emancipation. In a letter to Wellington he accused the Duke to have in mind insidious designs for the infringement of our liberty, the letter provoked a furious exchange of correspondence and Wellington accused Winchilsea of imputing him with disgraceful and criminal motives in setting up Kings College London. The result was a duel in Battersea Fields on 21 March 1829, Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel, Wellington took aim and fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether Wellington missed on purpose, Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology, duel Day is still celebrated on the first Thursday after 21 March every year, marked by various events throughout Kings, including reenactments. Kings opened in October 1831 with the cleric William Otter appointed as first principal, despite the attempts to make Kings Anglican-only, the initial prospectus permitted, nonconformists of all sorts to enter the college freely. William Howley, the governors and the professors, except the linguists, had to be members of the Church of England but the students did not, though attendance at chapel was compulsory. Kings was divided into a department and a junior department, also known as Kings College School
5.
Hertford College, Oxford
–
Hertford College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It is located on Catte Street in the centre of Oxford, the College is known for its iconic bridge, the Bridge of Sighs. As of 2015, the college had an endowment of £53. 4m. There are 612 students, plus various visiting students from all over the world. Some famous alumni include William Tyndale, John Donne, Thomas Hobbes, Jonathan Swift, the College began life as Hart Hall, a small tenement built roughly where the Colleges Old Hall is today, a few paces along New College Lane on the southern side. In mediaeval Oxford, halls were primarily lodging houses for students, the land for Hart Hall was purchased by Elias de Hertford. Hertford College stands on land owned by Walter Grendon, mercer of Oxford. Walter Grendon, mercer owned the tenement that wound up in the hands of the man that built Hart Hall, in the deed by which Elias de Hertford sells it to John de Dokelynton in 1301, this last tenement is called Micheldhall. The deed was made over to his son, also Elias, the name of the hall was likely a humorous reduction of the name of its founders home town, and allowed for the use of the symbol of a hart to be used for identification. At that time, New College Lane was known as Hammer Hall Lane, the corner of Hammer Hall Lane and Catte Street was taken by Black Hall, which was the place of John Wycliffes imprisonment by the Vice-Chancellor around 1378. On the other side of Hart Hall along the lane was Shield Hall, on Catte Street itself was the entrance to Arthur Hall, which lay down a narrow passage behind Hart Hall, and Cat Hall, which stood further south, roughly where the Principals Lodgings now stand. The younger Elias sold on Hart Hall after a month to a local fishmonger John of Ducklington. In 1312, John sold the two halls to Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, who desired to found a college. After just over a year, Stapledon moved his scholars to a site that he had purchased on Turl Street. However, Exeter College retained certain rights over Hart Hall, with which it plagued the development for centuries. In 1379, Hart Hall and Black Hall were rented by William of Wykeham as a home for his scholars as his New College. The first two Wardens of New College also appear as Principals of Hart Hall, until the 17th century, there is evidence of scholars matriculating at Hart Hall while waiting for a vacancy at New College. By this time, it appears that Shield Hall had been taken over by Hart Hall
6.
Oxford University Boat Club
–
Oxford University Boat Club is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at Oxford. The club was founded in the early 19th century, oUBCs boat house on the Isis burnt down in 1999 and much archival material, including photographs, was lost. OUBC now rows from its new boat house in Wallingford, south of Oxford. The boathouse was designed following a competition by Tuke Manton Architects LLP. The club has the use of the Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in south Oxfordshire for training purposes, along with the GB Rowing squad and University College Oxford Boat Club. The club races against the Cambridge University Boat Club in The Boat Race on the Thames in London each year, oxfords team are commonly referred to as the Dark Blues. It has featured Olympic-level rowers and coxes, OUBC was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing. The others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Thames Rowing Club, list of Oxford University Boat Race crews Rowing on the River Thames University rowing OUBC website
7.
Eight (rowing)
–
An eight is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for eight rowers, who propel the boat with sweep oars, each of the eight rowers has one oar. There are four rowers on the side and four on the bow side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and is seated at the stern of the boat. Because of the speed of the boat, it is considered unsafe to row coxless or to have a bowloader cox. Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Eights have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, if the boat is sculled by rowers each with two oars the combination is referred to as an octuple scull. In a scull boat, the riggers apply forces symmetrically, a sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle the unmatched forces, and so requires more bracing, which means it has to be heavier and slower than an equivalent sculling boat. However octuple sculls are not used in main competitions, eight is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and one of the events in the Olympics. The first Olympic eights race was held in 1900 and won by the United States, Rowing at the Summer Olympics List of Olympic medalists in rowing List of Olympic medalists in rowing World Rowing Championships Grand Challenge Cup The Boat Race
8.
The Boat Race 1842
–
The 6th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 11 June 1842. The Boat Race is a rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In a race substantially interrupted by river traffic, Oxford beat Cambridge by a distance of four-and-a-half lengths, the Boat Race, first held in 1829, is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having defeated Oxford by 22 lengths in the years race. They led overall with four wins to Oxfords one, Cambridge rejected the suggestion, maintaining that an Easter race would be preferable. A challenge from their captain, John Ridley, was sent to Leander Club, whose reply bemoaned the fact that they had insufficient numbers to provide an eight. This counteroffer was also rejected and Cambridge offered to row any eight-oared crew from any club or clubs whatsoever. After further, somewhat acrimonious discussion, it was agreed that Oxford would challenge Cambridge on 11 June 1842, the race took place on a five-and-three-quarter-mile stretch of the Thames between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge. The umpire for the race was W. H. Harrison, the Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 9.375 lb, about 5.5 pounds per rower more than their Light Blue opposition. None of the Oxford crew had rowed in previous Boat Races while Cambridge saw five return from the years event, including John M. Ridley. Cambridge won the toss and elected to start on the Middlesex side of the river, both boats started below the arches of Westminster Bridge. Although Oxford made the start, Cambridge pulled ahead and led until their course was diverted by river traffic including a steamer. Between the National Penitentiary and Wandsworth, according to MacMichael they were not once free from the swell of the steamers but continued to extend their lead. Once clear of the steamers, Cambridge began to close the gap in the last mile to Putney and it was their first victory since the inaugural race in 1829, hence their first win on London water. One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race. The University Boat Race – Official Centenary History, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Races, From A. D.1829 to 1869
9.
South Wales
–
South Wales is the region of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. Areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered part of Mid Wales, the expression south Wales is not officially defined, and its meaning has changed over time. Between the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and the Laws in Wales Act 1535 and this was divided into a Principality of South Wales and a Principality of North Wales. The southern principality was made up of the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, the legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the Justiciar of South Wales based at Carmarthen. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various Marcher Lords, the Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on four legal circuits. The Brecon circuit served the counties of Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Glamorgan while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Monmouthshire was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales, the Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the Local Government Act 1972 which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county with two southern ones, there are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales, but the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales, areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. A further point of uncertainty is whether the first element of the name should be capitalized, as the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, style guides such as those of the BBC and The Guardian use the form south Wales. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. This natural beauty changed to an extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff, lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. Whilst some of the left, many settled and established in the South Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera, and on the social and cultural side and this number is now very low, following the UK miners strike, and the last traditional deep-shaft mine, Tower Colliery, closed in January 2008
10.
Borneo
–
Borneo is the third-largest island in the world and the largest island in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, the island is politically divided among three countries, Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory, in the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. Additionally, the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on an island just off the coast of Borneo. The sovereign state of Brunei, located on the north coast, antipodal to an area of Amazon rainforest, Borneo is itself home to one of the oldest rainforests in the world, and to Bornean orangutans. The island is known by names, internationally it is known as Borneo, after Brunei. The name Brunei possibly was derived from the Sanskrit word váruṇa, meaning either ocean or the mythological Varuna. Indonesian natives called it Kalimantan, which was derived from the Sanskrit word Kalamanthana, prior to that the island was also known by other names. In 977 Chinese records began to use the term Po-ni to refer to Borneo or Brunei, in 1225 it was also mentioned by the Chinese official Chau Ju-Kua. The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Majapahit court poet Mpu Prapanca in 1365, mentioned the island as Nusa Tanjungnagara, to the west of Borneo are the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. To the south and east are islands of Indonesia, Java and Sulawesi, to the northeast are the Philippine Islands. With an area of 743,330 square kilometres, it is the third-largest island in the world and its highest point is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, with an elevation of 4,095 m. The largest river system is the Kapuas in West Kalimantan, with a length of 1,143 km, other major rivers include the Mahakam in East Kalimantan, the Barito in South Kalimantan, and Rajang in Sarawak. Clearwater Cave, for example, has one of the worlds longest underground rivers, deer Cave is home to over three million bats, with guano accumulated to over 100 metres deep. The South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand now submerge the former low-lying areas of the peninsula, the Borneo rainforest is 140 million years old, making it one of the oldest rainforests in the world. There are about 15,000 species of flowering plants with 3,000 species of trees,221 species of mammals and 420 species of resident birds in Borneo. There are about 440 freshwater fish species in Borneo and it is the centre of the evolution and distribution of many endemic species of plants and animals. The Borneo rainforest is one of the few remaining habitats for the endangered Bornean orangutan
11.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
12.
Godmanchester
–
Godmanchester is a small town and civil parish within the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, in England. It lies on the bank of the River Great Ouse, south of the larger town of Huntingdon. The town is on the site of the Roman town of Durovigutum, the settlement was at a crossroads of Roman roads, with Ermine Street, the Via Devana and a military road from Sandy, Bedfordshire, all passing through. The Roman settlement was sacked by Anglo-Saxons in the third century, the mansio is mentioned in Godmanchesters name, which comes from Anglo-Saxon Godmundceaster, meaning a town or Roman buildings associated with a man called Godmund. The location is likely to have originally settled due to the gravel beds providing a ford across the River Great Ouse. Godmanchester was listed as Godmundcestre in the Domesday Book of 1086 in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire. The survey records that there were 26 ploughlands, with capacity for a further 31 and, in addition to the land, there was 160 acres of meadows,50 acres of woodland. By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Godmanchester and it was first chartered by King John in 1212, though it had been a market town and royal manor for some years. In 2003 it had a population of about 5500 in 3500 homes, a former pronunciation, a contraction of Godmundceaster, is Gunecestre. It is also pronounced as Gumster, Godmanchester was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new county of Huntingdon. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Godmanchester became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire, for Godmanchester the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council. Godmanchester is part of the division of Godmanchester and Huntingdon East and is represented on the county council by two councillors. The second tier of government is Huntingdonshire District Council, a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire. Godmanchester is a ward and is represented on the district council by two councillors. Godmanchester is a town and has a town council, the town council in Godmanchester has sixteen councillors including a mayor and a deputy-mayor. At Westminster Godmanchester is in the constituency of Huntingdon, and has been represented in the House of Commons since 2001 by Jonathan Djanogly. For the European Parliament Godmanchester is part of the East of England constituency, in the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Godmanchester was recorded every ten years by the UK census
13.
Milford on Sea
–
Milford on Sea is a large village and civil parish located on the south coast of England in the county of Hampshire. With a population of 4,660, Milford has a variety of shops, restaurants and pubs in its high street, Milford on Sea is a village on the shore of the Solent, in Hampshire. The village is scenic in location, protected from development by a green belt of land. From the beach, the Needles of the Isle of Wight are on most days clearly visible, on the coast to the west on a clear night, the conurbation of Christchurch, Bournemouth and Poole can clearly be seen, together with the stars reflecting on the sea. Slightly further east is Keyhaven, with its boatyard and bird sanctuary, protruding southwards from Keyhaven is Hurst Spit, approximately two miles of shingle, from the end of which the inhabitants of Hurst Castle used to watch over the Solent. The castle was built by Henry VIII, and is now visitor oriented, with a museum, lighthouse, a seasonal ferry makes the trip across the marshes as an alternative to the blustery walk. Milford began as a Saxon settlement, and the name means mill ford. At the time of the Domesday Book of 1086 there were two estates in Milford, one held by Aelfric Small, and the other some unpopulated land held by Wulfgar. At a later date three separate manors were evolved from these estates and were known by the names of Milford Montagu, Milford Barnes. The manor of Milford Montagu, which was held of the lords of Christchurch, in the late 14th century it was part of the lands of William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. In 1428 Thomas, the 4th Earl, died possessed of the manor, and was succeeded by his daughter Alice. By 1580 the manor had passed out of the hands of the Montagu family, and it was acquired in 1610 by Sir Thomas Gorges, in 1638 he sold it to Edward Hopgood. At the end of the 18th century the manor was purchased by Admiral William Cornwallis, the manor of Milford Barnes originally belonged to Christchurch Priory. Sir Thomas Gorges owned the estate in 1611, and from that time its descent was the same as that of the manor of Milford Montagu, the manor of Milford Baddesley originated in an estate held in Milford by the Knights Templar. In the time of King John, Hugh de Whitwell and his son William granted land at Milford to William Mackerel which he granted to the Templars and it was held of Christchurch manor. On the suppression of the order of Knights Templar this estate was granted, about 1312 to the Knights Hospitaller and it was acquired by Robert Rickman around 1609, in whose family it remained into the 18th century. In 1829 Mary Anna Theresa Whitby, who had inherited Admiral Cornwallis estates purchased Milford Baddesley, around 1800 Admiral William Cornwallis leased and later purchased the small Newlands estate in Milford. His purchases included the manors of Milford Montague and Milford Barnes and he was joined at Newlands by his close friend and fellow naval officer Captain John Whitby and Johns wife Mary Anna Theresa Whitby
14.
Battle off Mukah
–
The Battle off Mukah was a naval engagement fought in 1862 between the navy of Sarawak and pirates. After the kidnapping of Sarawakian citizens some time before, their navy dispatched two warships which encountered the pirates off Mukah on the northern coast of Borneo. In an unusual action, the Rajah Mudah, Captain John Brooke, then the apparent to be white rajah of Sarawak, led his force in the defeat of six pirate ships. The pirates who participated in the battle were Illanun Sulu, or Moro and they had raided several coastal settlements in 1862 and the years preceding so many men and women were being held prisoner or worked as galley slaves on board the pirates prahus. The prahus had crews of over 100 men and were roofed by a cover to protect the ammunition and provisions from rain. Sulu pirates sheltered in bays along the coast during the season to prey on merchant shipping passing from places like Singapore, Penang. In response to the affair, Captain Brooke headed down the coast from the town of Sarawak, in November 1862 to build a fort at Bintulu and release the captives at Mukah. He had with him his eighty-foot screw-steamer named Rainbow, armed with two 9-pounder cannons, one 12-pounder and one 4-pounder, the two were meant to be offloaded for use at the fort. There was also a gunboat named Jolly Bachelor, under the command of a Captain Hewat, while in transit the captain was informed that six prahus were anchored off the port of Mukah, and their crews were raiding the town. So when he arrived at Bintulu the laborers were put ashore to construct the fort, in all there were eight Europeans involved and a few dozen Sarawakian soldiers and sailors. When the two began their journey down the coast again, it wasnt long before they found three of the prahus. The water was shallow that the Rainbow had the Jolly Bachelor in tow and her captain, father McDougall later wrote the following, So we took to our stations, loaded our guns, and prepared for action. The leading boat had already gained on the two and was going nearly as fast as the steamer herself. I never saw fellows pull so and we put on all steam, cast off the Jolly, and tried to get in between her and the point, but she beat us, and passed inside of us into shallow water, where we could not follow. Then she opened her fire upon us, which we returned with interest and she, like the others, had no heavy guns, but they all carried three long brass swivels, called lelahs, and plenty of rifles and muskets. The bishop went on to say one of the captured pirates revealed to him that each of their swivels took seven men to lift and there was forty rifles and muskets aboard each boat. Captain Brookes plan, after casting off the Jolly Bachelor, would be to ram the prahus while keeping them engaged so as to prevent the pirates from boarding and overwhelming the Sarawakians. After the first prahu got away the attention was turned to the boat which was sailing for the shore
15.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
16.
Public domain
–
The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
17.
Sidney Lee
–
Sir Sidney Lee was an English biographer, writer and critic. Lee was born Solomon Lazarus Lee in 1859 at 12 Keppel Street, Bloomsbury and he was educated at the City of London School and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in modern history in 1882. In 1883, Lee became assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, in 1890 he became joint editor, and on the retirement of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1891, succeeded him as editor. Lee wrote over 800 articles in the Dictionary, mainly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen and his sister Elizabeth Lee also contributed. While still at Balliol, Lee had written two articles on Shakespearean questions, which were printed in The Gentlemans Magazine, in 1884, he published a book about Stratford-on-Avon, with illustrations by Edward Hull. Lees article on Shakespeare in the 51st volume of the Dictionary of National Biography formed the basis of his Life of William Shakespeare, Lee received a knighthood in 1911. Between 1913 and 1924, he served as Professor of English Literature, there are personal letters from Lee, including those written during his final illness, in the T. F. Tout Collection of the John Rylands Library in Manchester, John Denham Parsons Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lee, Sidney. Sidney Lee Dictionary of National Biography, Index and Epitome Works by Sidney Lee at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sidney Lee at Internet Archive
18.
Dictionary of National Biography
–
The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
19.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
20.
Church of England
–
The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
21.
Noel Hudson
–
Noel Baring Hudson DSO MC was an Anglican bishop who served at Labuan and Sarawak, St Albans, Newcastle and Ely. Hudson was the son of the Reverend Thomas Hudson and his wife Alethea Matheson. He was educated at St Edwards School, Oxford, where his father had been headmaster and his maternal grandmother, Alethea Hayter, was the sister of Henry Heylyn Hayter and Harrison Hayter who married Charles Matheson of the Clergy Orphan School where his father had also taught. Hudson went on to Christs College Cambridge where he was Tancred Student, in 1914, on the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Royal Berkshire Regiment and was a lieutenant colonel commanding the 8th Royal Berkshires by the age of 23. He gained the reputation for outstanding courage and ability and was wounded 15 times, later in the war he was raised to the rank of brigadier-in-the-field. His injuries put an end to a rugby career. He and his brothers played for Harlequins, of which he was at one time captain, at the end of the war, Hudson went to Westcott House, Cambridge and in 1921 and began his ordained ministry in the parish of Christ Church, Leeds. In 1922 he became vicar of the same parish, after four years in Leeds he was appointed to St John the Baptists Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1931, at the age of 39, he became Bishop of Labuan, in 1938 he was recalled to become secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. In 1939 he became a canon and an assistant bishop in the Diocese of St Albans and was also Select Preacher in Cambridge. On 2 October 1941 he was nominated and on 19 October confirmed Bishop of Newcastle for nearly 16 years, on 18 January 1957 he became Bishop of Ely until 1963. Hudsons sister, Elizabeth Hudson, married Frederick Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond, times Obituary, October 1970 Who’s Who
22.
Nigel Cornwall
–
Nigel Edmund Cornwall CBE, was a British clergyman in the Anglican Church. He held the position of bishop of Borneo from 1949 until 1962, Cornwall was the son of Alan Whitmore Cornwall, who was archdeacon of Cheltenham from 1924 to 1932. He was educated at Marlborough College and then at Oriel College, Oxford and he took a third-class degree in 1926. His first posting came in 1931 when he was appointed chaplain to the bishop of Colombo, Ceylon. He briefly returned to England for a year, as curate of St Wilfreds, thereafter came postings as a missionary priest of the Diocese of Masasi, Tanganyika in 1939–49, during which time he also served as headmaster of St Josephs College, Chidya in 1944–49. Cornwall was awarded the CBE in 1955 and he married Mary Dalton, daughter of the Reverend C. R. Dalton, in 1959. Cornwall, Nigel E. Borneo, past present and future, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,61 pp. Cornwall, Nigel E. Opportunity in Borneo, East and West Review 19, pp. 74–80
23.
Roger Martival
–
Roger Martival was a medieval Bishop of Salisbury in England. Martival was Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Archdeacon of Leicester and Dean of Lincoln, from 1293–4, he was Chancellor of the University of Oxford. Martival was elected as Bishop of Salisbury about 11 June 1315 and he has a house named for him at Bishop Wordsworths School, Salisbury. Greenway, D. E. Porter, S. Roy, I
24.
Fortanerius Vassalli
–
Fortanerius Vassalli was an Italian Franciscan, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, and a cardinal a few weeks before he died. He died on the way to Avignon and he held a wide variety of ecclesiastical posts. He attacked the Manfredi of Faenza and he was Archbishop of Ravenna and Patriarch of Venice. He was also appointed Archdeacon of London late in 1361, and Prebendary of St. Pauls
25.
John Blyth
–
John Blyth was a medieval Bishop of Salisbury. Blyth was Archdeacon of Richmond from 1485 to 1493 and was Master of the Rolls 5 May 1492-13 February 1494 and he was nominated to Salisbury on 13 November 1493 and consecrated on 23 February 1494. He died on 23 August 1499 and his brother Geoffrey was Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Greenway, D. E. Porter, S. Roy, fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300-1541, volume 6, Northern province, Archdeacons, Richmond
26.
Robert Sherborne
–
Robert Sherborne was bishop of Chichester from 1508 to 1536. Sherborne was Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Archdeacon of Buckingham and of Taunton, exceptionally, he held ecclesiastical posts prior to ordination, he was made a deacon in 1499 and ordained a priest on 5 March 1501. From 1505 to 1508 he was bishop of St Davids, Sherborne was a patron of the artist Lambert Barnard, commissioning several series of paintings from him. He founded the Free Grammar School in Rolleston, around 1520, concise Dictionary of National Biography Steer, Francis W. Robert Sherburne Bishop of Chichester, Some Aspects of his Life Reconsidered, Chichester Papers No.16 Biographical notes
27.
William Warham
–
William Warham was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1503 to his death. Warham was the son of Robert Warham of Malshanger in Hampshire and he was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. After graduating, Warham practising and teaching law both in London and Oxford and his father was a tenant farmer, but his brother, Sir Hugh Warham, acquired an estate at Croydon, which passed to his daughter Agnes, who married Sir Anthony St Leger. Later, Warham took holy orders, held two livings and became Master of the Rolls in 1494, Henry VII found him a useful and clever diplomatist. He helped to arrange the marriage between Henrys son, Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon and he went to Scotland with Richard Foxe, then bishop of Durham, in 1497. In 1502, he was consecrated Bishop of London and became Keeper of the Great Seal, in 1506, he became Chancellor of Oxford University, a role he held until his death. In 1509, he married and then crowned Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, on 28 September 1511, he made a visit to the hospital at Maison Dieu, Faversham. As archbishop, Warham seems to have been arbitrary, for example, his actions led to a serious quarrel with Foxe, now Bishop of Winchester. That made him gradually withdraw into the background after the coronation and he resigned the office of Lord Chancellor in 1515 and was succeeded by Thomas Wolsey, whom he had consecrated as bishop of Lincoln in the previous year. His resignation was possibly because of his dislike of Henrys foreign policy, Warham was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and assisted Wolsey as assessor during the secret inquiry into the validity of Henrys marriage with Catherine in 1527. Throughout the divorce proceedings, Warhams position was essentially that of an old, later, it was proposed that the archbishop himself should try the case, but the suggestion came to nothing. In Warhams concluding years, however, the archbishop showed more independence. He attempted in vain to strike a compromise during the Submission of the Clergy, having been munificent in his public and moderate in his private life, he died on a visit to his nephew, also William Warham. He was buried in the Martyrdom transept of Canterbury Cathedral, john Sherren Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII James Gairdner, Lee, Sidney, ed. Warham, William. Archival material relating to William Warham, portraits of William Warham at the National Portrait Gallery, London
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Overton, John Henry (1893). "McDougall, Francis Thomas". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
