1.
Watch
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A watch is a small timepiece intended to be carried or worn by a person. It is designed to keep working despite the motions caused by the persons activities, a wristwatch is designed to be worn around the wrist, attached by a watch strap or other type of bracelet. A pocket watch is designed for a person to carry in a pocket, watches evolved in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, which appeared as early as the 14th century. During most of its history the watch was a device, driven by clockwork, powered by winding a mainspring. In the 1960s the electronic quartz watch was invented, which was powered by a battery, by the 1980s the quartz watch had taken over most of the market from the mechanical watch. Today most inexpensive and medium-priced watches, used mainly for timekeeping, have quartz movements, various extra features, called complications, such as moon-phase displays and the different types of tourbillon, are sometimes included. Modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, time-related features such as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are common. Some modern designs incorporate calculators, GPS and Bluetooth technology or have heart-rate monitoring capabilities, some watches use radio clock technology to regularly correct the time. Developments in the 2010s include smartwatches, which are elaborate computer-like electronic devices designed to be worn on a wrist and they generally incorporate timekeeping functions, but these are only small fractions of what the smartwatch can do. The study of timekeeping is known as horology, watches evolved from portable spring-driven clocks, which first appeared in 15th century Europe. Watches werent widely worn in pockets until the 17th century, one account says that the word watch came from the Old English word woecce which meant watchman, because it was used by town watchmen to keep track of their shifts at work. Another says that the term came from 17th century sailors, who used the new mechanisms to time the length of their shipboard watches, the increased accuracy of the balance wheel focused attention on errors caused by other parts of the movement, igniting a two-century wave of watchmaking innovation. The first thing to be improved was the escapement, the verge escapement was replaced in quality watches by the cylinder escapement, invented by Thomas Tompion in 1695 and further developed by George Graham in the 1720s. The British had predominated in watch manufacture for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, aaron Lufkin Dennison started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 it was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the Waltham Watch Company. The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century, elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571, described as an arm watch. The oldest surviving wristwatch is one made in 1806 and given to Joséphine de Beauharnais, from the beginning, wrist watches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocket-watches up until the early 20th century. The Garstin Company of London patented a Watch Wristlet design in 1893, officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885. In continental Europe Girard-Perregaux and other Swiss watch makers began supplying German naval officers with wrist watches in about 1880 and these early models were essentially standard pocket-watches fitted to a leather strap but, by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches
2.
Geneva
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Geneva is the second most populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic, the municipality has a population of 198,072, and the canton has 484,736 residents. In 2014, the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France, within Swiss territory, the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.25 million. This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains, Geneva is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. It is also the place where the Geneva Conventions were signed, Geneva was ranked as the worlds ninth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index, ahead of Frankfurt, and third in Europe behind London and Zürich. A2009 survey by Mercer found that Geneva has the third-highest quality of life of any city in the world, the city has been referred to as the worlds most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital. In 2009 and 2011, Geneva was ranked as, respectively, the city was mentioned in Latin texts, by Caesar, with the spelling Genava, probably from a Celtic toponym *genawa- from the stem *genu-, in the sense of a bending river or estuary. The medieval county of Geneva in Middle Latin was known as pagus major Genevensis or Comitatus Genevensis, the name takes various forms in modern languages, Geneva /dʒᵻˈniːvə/ in English, French, Genève, German, Genf, Italian, Ginevra, and Romansh, Genevra. The city in origin shares its name, *genawa estuary, with the Italian port city of Genoa, Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe, when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the bishopric of Vienne in the 4th. In the Middle Ages, Geneva was ruled by a count under the Holy Roman Empire until the late 14th century, around this time the House of Savoy came to dominate the city. In the 15th century, a republican government emerged with the creation of the Grand Council. In 1541, with Protestantism in the ascendancy, John Calvin, by the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city as its own. France also tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk, in 1798, revolutionary France under the Directory annexed Geneva. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, on 1 June 1814, in 1907, the separation of Church and State was adopted. Geneva flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, becoming the seat of international organizations. Geneva is located at 46°12 North, 6°09 East, at the end of Lake Geneva. It is surrounded by two chains, the Alps and the Jura
3.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
4.
Demi Moore
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Demi Gene Guynes, professionally known as Demi Moore, is an American actress, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of school at age 16 to pursue an acting career. After making her debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained recognition for her work in Blame It on Rio. Her first film to both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night. Which established her as a Hollywood star, in 1990, Moore starred in Ghost, the highest-grossing film of that year, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination. She had a string of additional successes in the early 1990s, including A Few Good Men, Indecent Proposal. In 1996, Moore became the actress in film history when she was paid a then-unprecedented fee of $12.5 million to star in Striptease. Her next major role, G. I. Moore was born on November 11,1962 in Roswell and her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr. left her mother, Virginia, after a two-month marriage, before Moore was born. When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, an advertising salesman who frequently changed jobs, as a result. Moore said in 1991, My dad was Dan Guynes, there is a man who would be considered my biological father who I dont really have a relationship with. Moore learned of him at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfathers marriage certificate, Dan Guynes committed suicide in October 1980 at age 37, two years after he separated from Moores mother. Charles Harmon appeared on Inside Edition in 1995, making an appeal to see his grandchildren, Virginia Guynes had a long record of arrests for crimes, including drunk driving and arson. Moore broke off contact with her in 1990, when Guynes walked away from a rehab stay Moore had paid for at the Hazelden Foundation in Minnesota. Guynes posed nude for the magazine High Society in 1993, where she spoofed Moores Vanity Fair pregnancy and bodypaint covers, Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Guynes died of cancer in July 1998 at age 54. Moore was cross-eyed as a child, this was corrected by two operations. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction, at age 15, Moore moved to West Hollywood, California, where her mother worked for a magazine-distribution company. Moore attended Fairfax High School there, and recalled, I moved out of my familys house when I was 16 and left high school in my junior year. In August 1979, three months before her 17th birthday, Moore met musician Freddy Moore who was married and at the leader of the band Boy
5.
Clock
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A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time. The word clock is derived from the Celtic words clagan and clocca meaning bell, a silent instrument missing such a striking mechanism has traditionally been known as a timepiece. In general usage today a clock refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time, Watches and other timepieces that can be carried on ones person are often distinguished from clocks. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units, the day, the lunar month. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia, a sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface. There is a range of duration timers, an example being the hourglass. Water clocks, along with the sundials, are possibly the oldest time-measuring instruments, spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries, clockmaking flourished, the next development in accuracy occurred after 1656 with the invention of the pendulum clock. A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time-keeping for navigation, the electric clock was patented in 1840. The development of electronics in the 20th century led to clocks with no clockwork parts at all, the timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency. This object can be a pendulum, a fork, a quartz crystal. Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles, Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are used on digital clocks, 24-hour notation. Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and LCD, LED, or VFD displays, for convenience, distance, telephony or blindness, auditory clocks present the time as sounds. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by using the sense of touch, some of these are similar to normal analog displays, but are constructed so the hands can be felt without damaging them. The evolution of the technology of clocks continues today, the study of timekeeping is known as horology. The apparent position of the Sun in the sky moves over the course of a day, shadows cast by stationary objects move correspondingly, so their positions can be used to indicate the time of day. A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface, sundials can be horizontal, vertical, or in other orientations
6.
La Chaux-de-Fonds
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La Chaux-de-Fonds is a Swiss city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchâtel. It is located in the Jura mountains at an altitude of 1000 m, after Geneva and Lausanne, it is the third largest city located completely in the Romandie, the French-speaking part of the country, with a population of 38,957. The city was founded in 1656 and its growth and prosperity is mainly bound up with the watch making industry. It is the most important centre of the watch making industry in the known as the Watch Valley. Completely destroyed by a fire in 1794 La Chaux-de-Fonds was rebuilt following a street plan. Karl Marx said about the special urban design of the city that it was a city-factory. The famous architect Le Corbusier, the writer Blaise Cendrars and the car maker Louis Chevrolet were born there, La Chaux-de-Fonds is a renowned centre of Art nouveau. In 2009, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, its city, have jointly been awarded UNESCO World Heritage status for their exceptional universal value. The watch making cities of La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle have jointly received recognition from UNESCO for their exceptional universal value, the Sites planning consists of two small cities located close to each other in the mountainous environment of the Swiss Jura. Due to the altitude and the lack of water the land is ill suited to farming, planning and buildings reflect the watch-making artisans need of rational organization. Both agglomerations present outstanding examples of mono-industrial manufacturing-towns, which are still well-preserved, the urban planning has accommodated the transition from the artisans’ production of a cottage industry to the more concentrated factory production of the late 19th and 20th centuries. In 1867 Karl Marx was already describing La Chaux-de-Fonds as a “huge factory-town” in Das Kapital, where he analyzed the division of labour in the watch making industry of the Jura. It is the tenth Swiss Site to be awarded World Heritage status, joining others such as the Old City of Bern, the Rhaetian Railway, the region was first inhabited around 10,000 years ago. A skull and other traces have been found in caves nearby, in the middle of the 14th century, the region was colonized from the southern Val-de-Ruz. La Chaux-de-Fonds is first mentioned in 1350 as la Chaz de Fonz, in 1378 it was mentioned as Chault de Font. The region was under the authority of the lords of Valangin, in the 15th and 16th centuries, a second wave of colonization came from the so-called Clos de la Franchise. Agriculture was the activity but the village remained small. In 1531 there were only about 35 people living there, the first church was built in 1528
7.
Tourbillon
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In horology, a tourbillon is an addition to the mechanics of a watch escapement. By continuously rotating the entire balance wheel/escapement assembly at a slow rate, originally an attempt to improve accuracy, tourbillons are still included in some expensive modern watches as a novelty and demonstration of watchmaking virtuosity. The mechanism is exposed on the watchs face to show it off. Gravity has an effect on the most delicate parts of the escapement, namely the pallet fork, balance wheel. Many inventions have been developed to counteract these problems, temperature and magnetism problems have been eliminated with new materials. Shocks have much less today than at Breguets time thanks to stronger. The oscillator still gets disturbed at the moment of the shock, but the hairspring does not get as easily deformed from shocks as before, gravity comes into play on the remaining effects. One of them is taken away, namely heavy points on the balance wheel. This leaves pinning point and terminal curve, both of these add a lot of variation to the regulation of a watch, assembly, regulation adjustments by the watchmaker, positioning in the watch, and later position changes by the owner. Some have tried using hairsprings that are cylindrical or even instead of flat as is prominent today. Some variations of Breguets overcoil have been developed to counteract the effects of the terminal curve, as for the pinning point, Grossmann, Berthoud, Breguet, Caspari and Leroy tried many different possibilities, but not much improvement was gained. The biggest obstacle for a watchmaker regulating a watch, even today, is getting a result from the escapement no matter the position it is kept in. This has been made easier with accurate timing machines which give instantaneous timing results. So, results were not very exact and it could take weeks to get them, effects of gravity on an escapement can have quite significant effects with slight variations of position. Even if a pocket watch was kept most of the time in a breast pocket, the exact position could still vary over 45°. Watchmakers can regulate a watch in up to 8 positions, dial up, crown down, dial down, crown left, crown up, crown right, half-way position crown up, and half-way position crown down. A tourbillon quite neatly reduces this problem, it needs to be regulated for 3 positions. Even today with new materials and improved theories, it is impossible to regulate a watch so it keeps the same time in all positions
8.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Lajoux (Switzerland)
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Lajoux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Lajoux is first mentioned in 1404 as La Jous Mertinatt, Lajoux has an area of 12.38 km2. Of this area,7.76 km2 or 62. 7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.98 km2 or 32. 1% is forested. Of the rest of the land,0.57 km2 or 4. 6% is settled,0.02 km2 or 0. 2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 0. 3% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2. 7%, out of the forested land,28. 0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4. 1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,10. 4% is used for growing crops and 28. 5% is pastures and 23. 7% is used for alpine pastures, all the water in the municipality is in lakes. The municipality is located in the Franches-Montagnes district and it consists of the village of Lajoux and the hamlets of Fornet-Dessus and Les Vacheries. The blazon of the coat of arms is Azure, issuant from sinister a hand clad Argent holding a crosier Or in pale issuant from base. Lajoux has a population of 660, as of 2008,6. 1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 10. 5%, migration accounted for 8. 1%, while births and deaths accounted for 2. 1%. Most of the population speaks French as their first language, German is the second most common, as of 2008, the population was 49. 2% male and 50. 8% female. The population was made up of 311 Swiss men and 25 non-Swiss men, there were 324 Swiss women and 23 non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality,326 or about 53. 8% were born in Lajoux and lived there in 2000. There were 99 or 16. 3% who were born in the canton, while 112 or 18. 5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. As of 2000, children and teenagers make up 26. 9% of the population, while adults make up 55. 8%, as of 2000, there were 264 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 288 married individuals,32 widows or widowers and 22 individuals who are divorced, as of 2000, there were 226 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 52 households that consist of one person and 28 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 223 apartments were permanently occupied, as of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents
11.
Meyrin
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Meyrin is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The main site of the CERN particle physics laboratory is in Meyrin, Meyrin was originally a small agricultural village until the 1950s, when construction of CERN began just to the north. It is now a town dominated with apartment high-rises. Geneva International Airport is partially located in Meyrin, Meyrin is first mentioned in 1153 as Mairin. Meyrin has an area, as of 2009, of 9.94 square kilometers, of this area,3.54 km2 or 35. 6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.43 km2 or 4. 3% is forested. Of the rest of the land,5.87 km2 or 59. 1% is settled,0.01 km2 or 0. 1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.08 km2 or 0. 8% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 11. 1% of the area while housing and buildings made up 17. 7%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 3. 5%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,28. 5% is used for growing crops and 4. 8% is pastures, all the water in the municipality is in lakes. Meyrin has a population of 22,152, as of 2008,41. 5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 13. 7% and it has changed at a rate of 7. 5% due to migration and at a rate of 6. 3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 12 people who speak Romansh. As of 2008, the distribution of the population was 49. 9% male and 50. 1% female. The population was made up of 5,617 Swiss men and 5,233 non-Swiss men, There were 6,457 Swiss women and 4,424 non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 3,745 or about 19. 2% were born in Meyrin and lived there in 2000. There were 3,273 or 16. 7% who were born in the canton, while 2,876 or 14. 7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 144 live births to Swiss citizens and 109 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 66 while the foreign population increased by 88
