1.
Parma
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Parma listen is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto, cheese, architecture, music and surrounding countryside. It is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world, Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente, Parmas Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma. The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci wrote, As a capital city it had to have a river, as a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry. Parma was already an area in the Bronze Age. In the current position of the city rose a terramare, the terramare were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form, constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age the first necropolis were constructed, diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, the Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina,2,000 families were settled. Parma had an importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square, in 44 BC, the city was destroyed, and Augustus rebuilt it. During the Roman Empire, it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house, the city was subsequently sacked by Attila, and later given by the Germanic king Odoacer to his followers. During the Gothic War, however, Totila destroyed it and it was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. Under Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county, like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne, but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party, two of its bishops became antipopes, Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II, and Guibert, as Clement III. An almost independent commune was created around 1140, a treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls, the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli, then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II, who was crushed in the battle that ensued. Parma fell under the control of Milan in 1341, after a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family, the Sforza imposed their rule through their associated families of Pallavicino, Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio
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Kingdom of Italy
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The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
3.
Vanessa Redgrave
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Vanessa Redgrave, CBE is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and she also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. On screen, she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee and her other nominations were for Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, Isadora, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Bostonians and Howards End. Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons, Blowup, Camelot, The Devils, Murder on the Orient Express, Prick Up Your Ears, Mission, Impossible, Atonement, Coriolanus and The Butler. Redgrave was born in Greenwich, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave, laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes had a daughter. She was educated at the Alice Ottley School, Worcester, and Queens Gate School, London and her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors. Vanessa Redgrave entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and she first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1960, Redgrave had her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger, in 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskills production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, Redgrave created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and she won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. In 2003 she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey Into Night. In January 2006, Redgrave was presented the Ibsen Centennial Award for her work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsens works over the last decades. Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson, for this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews and she also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a benefit at New Yorks Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on 26 October 2009. The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of Redgraves daughter Natasha, the proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. Both charities work to help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the role opposite James Earl Jones
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Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
5.
Sergio Corbucci
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Sergio Corbucci was an Italian film director. He is best known for his very violent spaghetti westerns and he is the older brother of screenwriter and film director Bruno Corbucci. He started his career by directing mostly low-budget sword and sandal movies, among his first spaghetti westerns were the films Grand Canyon Massacre, as well as Minnesota Clay, his first solo directed spaghetti western. Corbuccis first commercial success was with the spaghetti western Django, starring Franco Nero. Vamos a matar, Companeros, which also starred Tomas Milian, the last film of the Mexican Revolution trilogy - The Mercenary and Compañeros being the first two in the installment - was What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Revolution. After Django, Corbucci made many other westerns, which made him the most successful Italian western director after Sergio Leone and one of Italys most productive. His most famous of these pictures was The Great Silence, a dark and gruesome western starring a mute action hero, the film was banned in some countries for its excessive display of violence. Corbucci also directed Navajo Joe, starring Burt Reynolds as the character, a Navajo Indian opposing a group of bandits that killed his tribe, as well as The Hellbenders. Ringo and his Golden Pistol starring Mark Damon, other spaghetti westerns he directed include Gli specialisti, La Banda J. S. Cronaca criminale del Far West, with Tomas Milian and The White the Yellow, corbuccis westerns were dark and brutal, with the characters portrayed as sadistic anti heroes. His films featured very high body counts and scenes of mutilation, Django especially is considered to have set a new level for violence in westerns. In the 1970s and 1980s Corbucci mostly directed comedies, often starring Adriano Celentano, many of these comedies were huge successes at the Italian box-office, although they were barely released abroad. His movies were taken seriously by contemporary critics and he was considered an exploitation director. Sergio Corbucci at the Internet Movie Database Sergio Corbucci at Find a Grave
6.
Spaghetti Western
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The term was used by American critics and other countries because most of these Westerns were produced and directed by Italians. According to veteran Spaghetti Western actor Aldo Sambrell, the phrase Spaghetti Western was coined by Spanish journalist Alfonso Sánchez, the denomination for these films in Italy is western allitaliana. Italo-Western is also used, especially in Germany, the term Eurowesterns may be used to also include Western movies that were produced in Europe but not called Spaghetti Westerns, like the West German Winnetou films or Ostern Westerns. The majority of the films were international co-productions between Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, Germany, Israel, Yugoslavia, or the United States. These movies were released in Italian, but as most of the films featured multilingual casts and sound was post-synched. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978 and these are consistently listed among the best Westerns of any variety. Sergio Leones A Fistful of Dollars established the Spaghetti Western as a kind of Western. In this seminal film the hero enters a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs and ordinary social relations are non-existent and he betrays and plays the gangs against one another in order to make money. Then he uses his cunning and exceptional skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed and he is beaten, but in the end he defeats the remaining gang. Leone moved on from borrowing and established his own oft imitated style, Leones films and other core Spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticised or even demythologized many of the conventions of traditional U. S. Westerns. This was partly intentional and partly the context of a different cultural background, use of pathos received a big boost with Sergio Corbuccis influential Django. However, in the years use of cunning and irony became more prominent. This was seen in Leones next two Westerns, with their emphasis on unstable partnerships, Ennio Morricones music for A Fistful of Dollars and later Spaghetti Westerns was just as seminal and imitated. It expresses a similar duality between quirky and unusual sounds and instruments on the one hand, and sacral dramatizing for the big scenes on the other. Most Spaghetti Westerns were made on low budgets, using inexpensive locales, gods Gun was filmed in Israel. In the 1960s, critics recognized that the American genres were rapidly changing, the genre most identifiably American, the Western, seemed to be evolving into a new rougher form. For many critics, Sergio Leones films were part of the problem, Leones Dollars Trilogy was not the beginning of the Spaghetti Western cycle in Italy, but for Americans Leones films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of an American genre
7.
Django (1966 film)
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Intended to capitalize on and rival the success of Sergio Leones A Fistful of Dollars, Corbuccis film is, like Leones, considered to be a loose, unofficial adaptation of Akira Kurosawas Yojimbo. The film earned a reputation as one of the most violent films ever made at the time, and was refused a certificate in the United Kingdom until 1993. Nero reprised his role as Django in 1987s Django Strikes Again, Nero also made a cameo appearance in Quentin Tarantinos 2012 film Django Unchained, an homage to Corbuccis original. John Sayles is working on a third instalment in the film series. The bandits are dispatched by henchmen of Major Jackson – a racist ex-Confederate officer – who prepare to kill María by crucifying her atop a burning cross, the drifter, who identifies himself as Django, easily shoots the men, and offers María protection. The pair arrive in a ghost town, populated by Nathaniel, a bartender, Nathaniel explains that the town is a neutral zone in a conflict between Jackson’s Klansmen and General Hugo Rodríguez’s revolutionaries. Jackson and four of his men arrive at the saloon to extract money from Nathaniel. Django verbally confronts two of the Klansmen when they harass a prostitute, and ridicules Jackson’s beliefs, Django then shoots his men, and challenges Jackson to return with all of his accomplices. Afterwards, he seduces María when she thanks him for his protection, Jackson returns with his entire gang. Using a machine gun contained in his coffin, Django guns down much of the Klan, allowing Jackson, while helping Nathaniel bury the corpses, Django visits the grave of Mercedes Zaro, his former lover who was killed by Jackson. Hugo and his revolutionaries arrive and capture Jacksons spy, Brother Jonathan, as punishment, Hugo cuts off Jonathans ear, forces him to eat it, and shoots him in the back. Later, Django proposes to Hugo, who he had saved in prison. As Django and the escape, Jackson gives chase, but is forced to stop when the thieves reach American territory. Django asks for his share of the gold, but Hugo, wanting to use it to fund his attacks on the Mexican Government, when Ricardo tries to force himself onto María during the post-heist party, a fight erupts between Django and Ricardo, resulting in the latter’s death. Hugo allows Django to spend the night with María, but he chooses another prostitute, Django has the prostitute distract the men guarding the safehouse containing the gold, and enters the house via the chimney. Stealing the gold in his coffin and activating his machine gun as a diversion, María implores Django to take her with him. Arriving at the bridge where they first met, Django tells María that they should part ways, when María’s rifle misfires, the coffin falls into the quicksand below. Django nearly drowns when he tries to recover the gold, miguel crushes Django’s hands as punishment for being a thief, and Hugo’s gang leave for Mexico
8.
Django Strikes Again
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Django Strikes Again is a 1987 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Nello Rossati. It is the official sequel to Django. Twenty years after the event in the first Django, the character has left the violent world of a gunslinger to become a monk. Living in a monastery, he no more of the violent actions he perpetrated. Later, he learns that along the way, he had a daughter who is working for criminals in a mine. Determined to find his daughter and nail the bad guys, Django gets some arms, the project was born in parallel with Duccio Tessaris Tex e il signore degli abissi, in view of a commercial revival of the Italo-western cinema. After the commercial failure of Tex, Sergio Corbucci, who had accepted the direction of the sequel and had just written the story of the film. It represents the last appearance of Christopher Connelly, who died of cancer the following year, Django Strikes Again at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Action film
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Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists end up in a series of challenges that typically include violence, extended fighting, physical feats, and frantic chases. Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences, while action has long been a recurring component in films, the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects. The genre is associated with the thriller and adventure film genres. Some historians consider The Great Train Robbery to be the first action film, during the 1920s and 1930s, action-based films were often swashbuckling adventure films in which actors, such as Douglas Fairbanks, wielded swords in period pieces or Westerns. The 1940s and 1950s saw action in a new form through war, the film, along with a war-adventure called The Guns of Navarone, inspired producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman to invest in their own spy-adventure, based on the novels of Ian Fleming. The long-running success of the James Bond films or series introduced a staple of the action film. Such larger-than-life characters were a veritable “one-man army”, able to dispatch villainous masterminds after cutting through their disposable henchmen in increasingly creative ways, such heroes are ready with one-liners, puns, and dry quips. The Bond films also used fast cutting, car chases, fist fights, a variety of weapons and gadgets, Dirty Harry essentially lifted its star, Clint Eastwood, out of his cowboy typecasting, and framed him as the archetypal hero of the urban action film. In many countries, restrictions on language, adult content, and violence had loosened up, in the 1970s, martial-arts films from Hong Kong became popular with Western audiences and inspired big budget films such as Bruce Lees Enter the Dragon. Chuck Norris blended martial arts with cops and robbers in films such as Good Guys Wear Black, from Japan, Sonny Chiba starred in his first martial arts movie in 1973 called the Karate Kiba. His breakthrough international hit was The Street Fighter series, which established him as the reigning Japanese martial arts actor in international cinema and he also played the role of Mas Oyama in Champion of Death, Karate Bearfighter, and Karate for Life. Chibas action films were not only bounded by martial arts, but also action thriller, jidaigeki, in the 1980s Hollywood produced many big budget action blockbusters with actors such as Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lorenzo Lamas, Michael Dudikoff, Charles Bronson and Bruce Willis. Steven Spielberg and George Lucas paid their homage to the Bond-inspired style with Raiders of the Lost Ark, in 1982, veteran actor Nick Nolte and rising comedian Eddie Murphy broke box office records with the action-comedy 48 Hrs. credited as the first buddy-cop movie. That same year, Sylvester Stallone starred in First Blood, the first installment in the Rambo film series made the character John Rambo a pop culture icon. 1984 saw the beginning of the Terminator starring Linda Hamilton and Arnold Schwarzenegger and this story provides one of the grittiest roles for a woman in action and Hamilton was required to put in extensive effort to develop a strong physique. The 1988 film, Die Hard, was influential on the development of the action genre. In the film, Bruce Willis plays a New York police detective who becomes embroiled in a terrorist take-over of a Los Angeles office building high-rise. The film set a pattern for a host of imitators, like Under Siege and Sudden Death, by the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre
10.
War film
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War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been associated with the 20th century. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them, themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are categorized by their milieu, such as the Korean War. The stories told may be fiction, historical drama, or biographical, critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film. Subgenres, not necessarily distinct, include anti-war, comedy, animated, propaganda, the war film genre is not necessarily tightly defined, the American Film Institute, for example, speaks of films to grapple with the Great War without attempting to classify these. However, some directors and critics have offered at least tentative definitions, the director Sam Fuller defined the genre by saying that a war film’s objective, no matter how personal or emotional, is to make a viewer feel war. However, Neale notes, films set in the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars of the 19th century were called war films in the time before the First World War, the film scholar Kathryn Kane points out some similarities between the war film genre and the Western. Both genres use opposing concepts like war and peace, civilization, james Clarke notes the similarity between a Western like Sam Peckinpahs The Wild Bunch and war-movie escapades like The Dirty Dozen. They take place in the combat zones of World War II, against the established enemies, on the ground. They contain many repeated events, such as mail call, all presented visually with appropriate uniforms, equipment and she argues that the combat film is not a subgenre but the only genuine kind of war film. This in turn pushes combat scenes to the ends of war films. Not all critics agree, either, that war films must be about 20th century wars, the costliest war in U. S. history in terms of American life, this war has been the subject of, or the backdrop to, numerous films, documentaries and mini-series. One of the earliest films using the Civil War as its subject was D. W. Griffiths 1910 silent picture, The Fugitive. Some films such as Gettysburg focused on a battle during the war, or even on a single incident, like the French short film. Others like the 1993 miniseries North and South spanned the entire breadth of the war, some films deal with the human aspects of the war, such as The Red Badge of Courage, or Shenandoah, on the tragedy that the war inflicted on the civilian population. Ken Burnss The Civil War is the most watched documentary in the history of PBS, the first war films come from the Spanish–American War of 1898. Short actualities – documentary film-clips – included Burial of the Maine Victims, Blanket-Tossing of a New Recruit and these non-combat films were accompanied by reenactments of fighting, such as of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in action against the Spanish, staged in the United States
11.
Musical film
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The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater, performers often treat their song, in a sense, the viewer becomes the diegetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the age of the musical film. Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923–24, beginning in 1926, thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists and dancers. The Jazz Singer, released in 1927 by Warner Brothers, was the first to include a track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring Al Jolson singing Dirty Hands, Dirty Face, Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Blue Skies and My Mammy. Historian Scott Eyman wrote, As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights and she saw terror in all their faces, she said, as if they knew that the game they had been playing for years was finally over. Still, only isolated sequences featured live sound, most of the film had only a musical score. In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, The Singing Fool, theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen. The first all-talking feature, Lights of New York, included a sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than an all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. The Broadway Melody had a plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by MGM as the first All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing feature film, it was a hit, there was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. The Love Parade starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald, written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton, Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, The Desert Song in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor and this was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show
12.
The Bible: In the Beginning...
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Is a 1966 American-Italian religious epic film produced by Dino De Laurentiis and directed by John Huston. It recounts the first 22 chapters of the biblical Book of Genesis, covering the stories from Adam, released by 20th Century Fox, the film was photographed by Giuseppe Rotunno in Dimension 150, a variant of the 70mm Todd-AO format. In 1967, the score by Toshiro Mayuzumi was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures included the film in its Top Ten Films list of 1966, De Laurentiis and Huston won David di Donatello Awards for Best Producer and Best Foreign Director, respectively. The film consists of five sections, The Creation, Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Noahs Ark. There are also a pair of sections, one recounting the building of the Tower of Babel. The sections vary greatly in tone, the story of Abraham is somber and reverential, while that of Noah repeatedly focuses on his love of all animals—herbivorous and carnivorous or omnivorous. Cats drink milk, with Noahs relationship with the animals being depicted harmoniously and it was originally conceived as the first in a series of films retelling the entire Old Testament, but these sequels were never made. Ulla Bergryd was a student living in Gothenburg, Sweden when she was discovered by a talent scout, who photographed her in a museum there. In an interview for The Pittsburgh Press, Bergryd recalled the experience, although Ive always been interested in movies and the theater, Id never seen any actual shooting, and it was all very exciting. Huston originally considered Alec Guinness and Charlie Chaplin for the part of Noah until he decided to play it himself. Ava Gardner was reluctant at first to play the part of Sarah and she later explained why she accepted the role, He had more faith in me than I did myself. Now Im glad I listened, for it is a challenging role, I start out as a young wife and age through various periods, forcing me to adjust psychologically to each age. It is a departure for me and most intriguing. In this role, I must create a character, not just play one, the film marks the debut of Italian actress Anna Orso, who portrays the role of Shems wife. It also introduced Franco Nero to American audiences, Nero, who was working as the still photographer, was hired by Huston for the role of Abel due to his handsome features. At the time, Nero could not speak English, and Huston gave him recordings of Shakespeare with which to study, ulla Bergryd, who was cast as Eve, later recalled, Paradise was, in fact, an old botanical garden on the outskirts of Rome. There were five reproductions of Noahs Ark built for the film
13.
Camelot (film)
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Camelot is a 1967 American musical drama film directed by Joshua Logan and starring Richard Harris as King Arthur, Vanessa Redgrave as Guenevere, and Franco Nero as Lancelot. The film is an adaptation of the musical by Alan Jay Lerner. In the opening scene, King Arthur is preparing for a battle against his friend, Sir Lancelot. Arthur reflects on the sad circumstances which have led him to this situation, Merlyn appears to him and tells Arthur to think back. Arthur thinks back to the night of his marriage to his now-estranged wife and it is an arranged marriage, and he has never met her before. He is understandably afraid of what lies ahead and his solitude is broken by Guenevere and her entourage. Guenevere is also worried about marrying a man she has never met, like Arthur, she flees from her entourage to reflect on her future. Arthur accidentally falls out of the tree in which he is hiding and he and Guenevere converse, as she does not know his true identity, and realize they have things in common. Arthur tells her what a wonderful place his kingdom is and they almost kiss, the kings identity is revealed, and although Arthur gives Guenevere the chance to leave she gladly goes back with him to be married. The plot shifts to five years later, knights are shown gathering from all over England. The plot shifts another five years, and word of Arthurs Round Table spreads to France, inspired by Arthur’s ideas, the self-righteous French knight Lancelot makes his way to England with his squire Dep, boasting of his superior virtues. Lancelots prowess impresses Arthur and they become friends, but many of the knights despise Lancelot for his self-righteousness. Guenevere also dislikes Lancelot at first, and, to Arthurs chagrin, however, the plan goes awry as Lancelot easily defeats all three, almost killing Sir Dinadan. A horrified Lancelot pleads for Sir Dinadan to live, and as he lays hands on him, Guenevere is so impressed that her feelings for Lancelot begin to change. Soon afterwards, it is revealed that, despite his vows of celibacy, Lancelot is in love with Guenevere, leading to the love triangle involving Arthur, Guenevere. Guenevere knows it is wrong and tries to get Lancelot out of her life, Arthur realizes something is going on between Lancelot and Guenevere but cannot bring himself to alienate either of them, and so turns a blind eye. All this takes its toll on Arthurs disposition, and Guenevere tries, mordred cunningly convinces Arthur to stay out hunting all night as a test, knowing Lancelot will visit Guenevere in her bedchamber. Guenevere admits her feelings for Lancelot but still feels guilty, mordred rouses several knights and they catch the lovers together, as he planned
14.
The Day of the Owl (film)
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The Day of the Owl is a 1968 film directed by Damiano Damiani. In 1967, director Elio Petri adapted Leonardo Sciascias novel To Each His Own as We Still Kill the Old Way. The film was a box office hit in Italy, which led to producers Ermano Donati and Luigi Carpentieri to green-light the adaptation of another Sciascia novel they had purchased, the script was developed by director Damiano Damiani and Ugo Pirro. Pirro had previously adapted To Each His Own for Petris film, Pirro and Damiani retained the books famous line where the character of Don Mariano splits humanity into five category, men, half-men, pigmies, arse-crawlers, and quackers. The Day of the Owl was filmed at Incir - De Paolis in Rome and on location in Partinico, assistant director Mino Giarda would state that during filming, the production received anonymous threatening letters when filming in Sicily. Giarda specifically noted that one day someone had fired bullets at a truck carrying the dailies, girada stated that dialogue in the script that made reference to the complicity between Italys largest political party and the mafia was the reasoning behind the shooting. The Day of the Owl was released in Italy on 17 February 1968 where it was distributed by Euro International Films and this rating was removed later when a few lines were re-dubbed. The film grossed a total of 1,335,244,000 Italian lire on its theatrical run. The film was released in France in 1969 with a runtime of 100 minutes. The Day of the Owl was released on DVD as Mafia in the United States by Wild East, where it was released as part of a double feature with I Am the Law. In Italy, producers Luigi Carpentieri and Ermanno Donati won the Nastro dArgento award for Best Producer for the film, claudia Cardinale filmography List of Italian films of 1968 List of French films of 1968 The Day of the Owl at the Internet Movie Database
15.
The Mercenary (film)
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The Mercenary, known in the UK as A Professional Gun, is a 1968 Zapata Western film directed by Sergio Corbucci. The film stars Franco Nero, Jack Palance, Tony Musante and Giovanna Ralli, the film takes place during the Mexican Revolution and is a well-known example of the Zapata Western subgenre of the Spaghetti Western. The Mercenary was released the year as Corbuccis more popular western. The film is compared to Corbuccis 1970 film, Compañeros, which features Nero and Palance in similar roles. Both films also had Morricone as the composer, Alejandro Ulloa as the cinematographer, the Mercenarys theme music Larena was later used by Quentin Tarantino in the 2004 film Kill Bill, Volume 2. During the performance, Kowalski reminisces on how he and Paco fought together as revolutionaries against the Mexican Government and he is soon captured, but saved from execution by his friends. Meanwhile, Kowalski makes a deal with Elias and his brother to take their silver safely across the border. Curly, Kowalskis flamboyant American rival, sees the three men talking and tracks down the brothers to find out what they hired Kowalski for, when Kowalski arrives at the mine to meet the Garcias, he meets Paco and his revolutionaries instead. Colonel Garcias troops arrive to attack them, and Kowalski agrees to help Paco fight them for money, with the help of Kowalski and his Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun, the revolutionaries drive Colonel Garcias forces away. Kowalski then leaves, but he is ambushed by Curly. Pacos group arrives and kills Curlys men, although Curly swears revenge, they let him go after stripping him of his clothes. Paco then hires Kowalski to teach him how to lead a revolution, the revolutionaries travel from town to town robbing money, guns and horses from the army. They also release a prisoner named Columba, who joins the group, Columba at first resents Pacos violent methods and his over-reliance on Kowalski, but both soon begin to respect each other. After Paco stays in one town to protect the people, despite Kowalski telling him that they can not match the army sent to capture them, Pacos group admits defeat and returns to Kowalski. Kowalski doubles his fee, but he and Paco make another deal, Columba frees Paco, and the two escape before Curly can find them. In the present, Kowalski notes that it has six months since Paco betrayed him. After the performance ends, Curly and his men capture Paco, Kowalski shoots Curlys men and gives him and Paco both a rifle and a bullet, so that the two can have a fair duel. After Paco kills Curly, Kowalski takes him prisoner and heads to the headquarters of the 51st Regiment to collect the reward offered for his head, when the army troops find the pair, Kowalski also finds himself arrested as there is now an even bigger reward for his head
16.
Battle of Neretva (film)
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Battle of Neretva is a 1969 Yugoslavian partisan film. The film was written by Stevan Bulajić and Veljko Bulajić, and it is based on the true events of World War II. The Battle of the Neretva was due to a plan for a combined Axis powers attack in 1943 against the Yugoslav Partisans. The plan was known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive and occurred in the area of the Neretva river in Bosnia. Battle of Neretva is the most expensive motion picture made in the SFR Yugoslavia and it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the year after Sergei Bondarchuk won the honour for War and Peace. The score for the English-speaking versions was composed by Bernard Herrmann and its soundtrack was released by Entracte Recording Society in 1974. It was re-released on Southern Cross Records on CD, mario Oleg Vidov as Nikola Kole Angelovski as Žika Stole Aranđelović as Šumadinac Demeter Bitenc as Capt. Schröder Ralph Persson as Lt. It had a staggering budget approved personally by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito, different sources put it anywhere between $4.5 million and $12 million. Global stars such as Sergei Bondarchuk, Yul Brynner, Franco Nero, Orson Welles, shot over 16 months with funds put up in largest part by over 58 self-managed companies in Yugoslavia, the movie featured a combined battalion of 10,000 actual Yugoslav Peoples Army soldiers. Four villages and a fortress were constructed for the film, several army-inventory Soviet T-34 tanks, touched up to look like German panzers, met the same fate. Additionally, a railway bridge over Neretva River in Jablanica was destroyed. Director Bulajićs justification for taking down a bridge rather than getting the shots in studio was that a destroyed bridge would later become a tourist attraction. However, the problem with the excessive smoke occurred even when the bridge was blown up for the second time. Finally, the scenes of the bridge being blown up that eventually ended up in the film were shot using a small scale table-size replica at a stage in Prague. Throughout the movies production, the Yugoslav public was updated on the progress via pieces in the countrys print media. In 1999, a poll of Croatian film fans found it to be one of the best Yugoslavian films ever made, people still enjoy it and it is praised for being historically correct and entertaining at the same time. It still has fans all over the former SFRY
17.
Keoma (film)
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Keoma is a 1976 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Enzo G. Castellari and starring Franco Nero. After the American Civil War, ex-Union soldier Keoma Shannon, part-Indian and part-white, Caldwell and his gang rule over the town with an iron fist. With the help of his father and George, an old Black friend, Keoma also shows compassion when he saves a pregnant woman from a group sent by Caldwells group to be quarantined in a mine camp full of plague victims. Keoma is constantly visited by the apparition of a woman who saved him during the massacre of an Indian camp. Keoma was reportedly planned as a sequel to Sergio Corbuccis Django, the original treatment was written by actor George Eastman and developed into a script by Mino Roli and Nico Ducci, neither of whom were experienced writers of Spaghetti Westerns. Roli and Duccis screenplay arrived three days after shooting began and was thrown out by Castellari and Nero, unanimously believing that it was not appropriate for a Western. Most of the dialogue as it appears in the film was written by actor John Loffredo, although Nero also contributed an amount of his own lines. The film was shot over a period of eight weeks, with most principle photography being done at the Elios Studios in Rome, the studios set was in dire need of repair, which made it easier for Castellari to film as they did not have to redress the sets. The film was shot on location at Lago di Camposecco. Keoma premièred in 1976, and was considered a success in Italy at the time. The film grossed a total of 1,571,995,000 Italian lira in Italy on its theatrical release, some countries promoted the film as a Django film. In the UK, the film was released in 1977 by Intercontinental Films as The Violent Breed, spanish promotion for the film lists Sergio Leone as a producer which he is not credited with anywhere else. In a contemporary review, the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed a dubbed 85 minute version of the film, in a retrospective review, AllMovie gave the film four stars out of five, and referred to the film as one of the finest efforts of the Spaghetti Western genre. AllMovie also commented on the score as the films sole drawback, list of Italian films of 1976 Keoma at the Internet Movie Database
18.
Hitch-Hike (film)
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Hitch-Hike, also known as Death Drive and The Naked Prey, is a 1977 Italian crime film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile. The film stars Franco Nero and Corinne Cléry as a couple in a troubled marriage, the musical score was written by Ennio Morricone. The film is based on Peter Kanes novel The Violence and the Fury, Walter Mancini, an alcoholic reporter, and his wife Eve are on a road trip with a trailer heading back to Los Angeles. Along the way, they pick up a hitch-hiker who introduces himself as Adam Konitz, Konitz soon turns out to be a sadistic escapee from an institution for the criminally insane, and he is running from the law after robbing two million dollars with his partners. He takes the couple hostage and orders Eve to head to Mexico and they are soon stopped by two policemen and after Walter attempts to signal them by writing SOS on his matchbox, Konitz shoots them both. While the three stop for the night, Konitzs two partners, whom he had betrayed to get all the loot for himself, shoot at Konitz and take control of the money and they decide to keep the Mancinis alive until reaching the Mexican border. While driving, they are attacked by someone in a truck, the attacker turns out to be Konitz who kills his former associates and again takes the Mancinis hostage. After they reach a place, Konitz rapes Eve and forces Walter to watch the act. As Konitz gets ready to kill Walter, Eve shoots him with Walters hunting rifle, despite Eves opposition, Walter decides to keep the two million instead of going to the police. After the four young motorcyclists the couple met at a gas station pass them and pour oil on the road, one of the youngsters takes three hundred from Walters pocket, but leaves the suitcase on the back seat untouched. Eve is badly hurt and requests help from Walter, Walter brings Konitzs body from their trailer and plants it on the accident scene. He then tells the dying Eve that the thieves had only helped him and he had planned to stop after 15 to 20 miles, kill her and make it look like an accident. After lighting up a cigarette and setting the car and the trailer on fire, Walter starts walking and, hearing a car come by, the film was based on The Violence and the Fury by Peter Kane. Nero was in Germany shooting 21 Hours at Munich, in which Hess also had a small role, because Hess wanted to work in Italy, Nero suggested him as the second male lead. Hess had earlier played a role in The Last House on the Left. Just a few days before the shooting of the film began, Nero approached Campanile with his problem and the script was quickly modified. In the final script, Neros character hurts his hand in the beginning of the film, because filming in the United States would have been too expensive, the film was shot in the mountains of the Gran Sasso, around the city of LAquila in central Italy. The location resembled Northern California, and American-like gas stations and signs were also created, morricones score was praised as an attractive score, which makes fine use of a theme tune played on guitar, to its credit
19.
Force 10 from Navarone (film)
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Force 10 from Navarone is a 1978 British war film loosely based on Alistair MacLeans 1968 novel of the same name. It is a sequel to the 1961 film, The Guns of Navarone, the parts of Mallory and Miller are played by Robert Shaw and Edward Fox, succeeding the roles originally portrayed by Gregory Peck and David Niven. It was directed by Guy Hamilton and also stars Harrison Ford, Carl Weathers, Barbara Bach, Franco Nero, in 1943, after their successful mission on the Greek island of Navarone, Major Keith Mallory and Sergeant John Miller are sent to find and kill Nicolai. To get to Yugoslavia, the two men pair with Force 10, an American sabotage unit, led by Colonel Mike Barnsby, Weaver, a US Army sergeant under arrest by the MPs, joins with Force 10 and forces his way onto the plane. Barnsby and crew successfully escape Termoli, only to be shot down by Luftwaffe night fighters, only Barnsby, Mallory, Miller, Weaver, and Force 10 member Doug Reynolds manage to escape the crippled plane. On the ground, the run across a group they believe to be their allies, Communist Yugoslav Partisans. Force 10s rescuers are soon revealed to be collaborationist Chetniks under German control, the Germans take the team into custody but do not know their mission, so Mallory and Barnsby tell the commander, Major Schroeder, that they are criminals fleeing Allied authorities. To keep Schroeder from opening Millers suitcase, which contains his special explosives, by the next morning, the prisoners are told that Schroeder has opened the case, finding it full of firewood. Surprised, Mallory and Barnsby improvise an excuse, admitting they buried the samples, Schroeder sends them to retrieve them, under the guard of his concubine Maritza and three of his soldiers. Miller, Weaver, and Reynolds are left in a cell in camp, far from camp, Maritza kills the Germans, revealing herself to be a partisan spy who hid the explosives before Schroeder opened the case. She directs Mallory and Barnsby towards the camp under the command of her father. Mallory and Barnsby escape, ambushing and killing two of Drazaks Chetniks, who are bandaged to hide burns from flamethrowers, eventually, the two meet a patrol of real Yugoslav Partisans led by a man Mallory recognises as his target – Captain Lescovar alias Nicolai. While Mallory assumes that Lescovar has recognised him, too, he and Barnsby are nevertheless taken to the camp, which lies near a wide river. Skeptical, Major Petrovich dismisses Mallorys story about Lescovar being Nicolai and he also reproves the men for killing the bandaged Chetniks, who were partisan infiltrators and his only link to his daughter Maritza. Only a single arch bridge links each side of the ravine. Barnsby reveals that the bridge is, in fact, Force 10s target, knowing Millers expertise in demolitions, Mallory convinces a reluctant Petrovich to help mount a rescue mission, using Lescovar and the Partisan Marko. The four re-enter the camp at night, with Mallory and Barnsby posing as captives, before they complete their mission, Drazak arrives with the bodies of the two real bandaged men. Since Maritza had always seen with them, and realizing that she must have helped Miller and Mallory escape, Drazak attacks
20.
Enter the Ninja
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Enter the Ninja is a 1981 ninja action film directed by Menahem Golan and starring Franco Nero, Susan George, Christopher George, and Sho Kosugi. It is often credited with starting the Ninja Movie craze of the 1980s and it was the first in Cannon Films Ninja Trilogy anthology series, followed by Revenge of the Ninja and Ninja III, The Domination. Cole, a veteran of the Angolan Bush War, completes his training in Japan. Cole goes to visit his war buddy Frank Landers and his newlywed wife Mary Ann Landers, in the midst of these events, an affair occurs between Cole and Mary one evening. Parker Dale Ishimoto as Komori Joonee Gamboa as Mr, the film was initially conceptualized by martial artist and stuntman Mike Stone. He wrote the screenplay, which shared similarities to the popular novel The Ninja by Eric Van Lustbader. The final screenplay was written by Stone, Dick Desmond, originally, the role of Cole was intended to be played by Stone himself, but he was let go due to a lack of acting experience. The film was primarily in the Philippines, with some additional footage shot in Japan. This was Sho Kosugis first major English-language film role, the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics at the time of its release. Considering that all the stunts in the film were practical and done with specially-choreographed fight sequences. Some critics would point out its occasional campy tone while some praising the values of the relatively low-budget film. During recent times, it is criticized for having cheesy acting, despite receiving countless negative reviews these days, a few critics have managed to appreciate the film and the film has garnered a cult following. This was the original movie that started the 80s craze. The film was followed by two sequels, the receiving the best reviews in the series and the last receiving the worst reviews. The film was followed by Revenge of the Ninja in 1983 with Kosugi as the returning cast member. Kosugi would also return in the third Ninja film, Ninja III, The Domination, in 1984. The film has released on VHS and Beta during the 1980s. The film had also distributed on DVD in the UK by Lighthouse
21.
Die Hard 2
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Die Hard 2 is a 1990 American action film and the second entry in the Die Hard film series. It was released on June 29,1990, the film was directed by Renny Harlin, written by Steven E. deSouza and Doug Richardson, and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The film co-stars Bonnie Bedelia, William Sadler, Art Evans, William Atherton, Franco Nero, Dennis Franz, Fred Thompson, John Amos, al Powell from the first film. The screenplay was written by Steven E. de Souza and Doug Richardson, the novel has the same premise but differs slightly, A cop must stop terrorists who take an airport hostage while his daughters plane circles overhead. He has 58 minutes to do so before the plane crashes, as with the first film, the action in Die Hard 2 takes place on Christmas Eve. McClane is waiting for his wife to land at Washington Dulles International Airport when terrorists take over the air control system. He must stop the terrorists before his wifes plane and several other incoming flights that are circling the airport run out of fuel, during the night, McClane must also contend with airport police, maintenance workers, and a military commander who does not want his assistance. The film was preceded by Die Hard and followed by Die Hard with a Vengeance in 1995, Live Free or Die Hard in 2007 and A Good Day to Die Hard in 2013. On Christmas Eve, two years after the Nakatomi Tower Incident, John McClane is waiting at Washington Dulles International Airport for his wife Holly to arrive from Los Angeles. Reporter Richard Thornburg, who exposed Hollys identity to Hans Gruber in the Nakatomi Tower, is assigned a seat across the aisle from her, in the airport bar McClane spots two men in army fatigues carrying a package, one of whom has a gun. He follows them into the baggage area, after a shootout, he kills one of the men while the other escapes. Former U. S. Army Special Forces Colonel William Stuart and they take over the air traffic control systems, cut off all communication to the planes and seize control of the airport. Their goal is to rescue General Ramon Esperanza, a lord and dictator of Val Verde. They demand a Boeing 747 cargo plane so they can escape to another country with Esperanza in tow, McClane realizes his wife is on one of the planes circling above Washington, D. C. with too little fuel to be redirected. He prepares to fight the terrorists, allying himself with a janitor, Marvin, Dulles communications director Leslie Barnes heads to the unfinished Annex Skywalk with a SWAT team to re-establish communications with the planes. Just before reaching the Skywalk, the group and Barnes are ambushed by Stuarts henchmen at a checkpoint. With Marvins help, McClane reaches the scene, rescuing Barnes. Stuart retaliates by recalibrating the instrument landing system and then impersonating air traffic controllers to crash a British jet, killing all 230 passengers, a U. S. Army Special Forces team led by Major Grant is called in
22.
Letters to Juliet
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Letters to Juliet is a 2010 American romantic drama film starring Amanda Seyfried, Christopher Egan, Vanessa Redgrave, Gael García Bernal and Franco Nero. This was the film of director Gary Winick. The film was released theatrically in North America and other countries on May 14,2010, Sophie is a young American woman who works for The New Yorker as a fact checker. She goes on a pre-honeymoon with her chef fiancé Victor to Verona, Victor is unmoved by the romance of Italy and uses his time to research his soon-to-open restaurant, often neglecting Sophie. She answers it and within a week the now elderly Claire Smith arrives in Verona with her handsome barrister grandson Charlie Wyman, Claire and Sophie take an instant liking to each other, but Charlie and Sophie do not get along. Following the advice in Sophies reply, Claire decides to look for her long-lost love, Sophie, thinking Claires story might help her with her writing career, helps Claire. The two find out there are many Lorenzo Bartolinis living in the area. After many days of searching for the right Lorenzo, they find that one is dead, Charlie blames Sophie for his grandmothers sadness. He accuses her of not knowing what real loss is, Claire, witnessing the dispute, tells Charlie he was wrong and that Sophies mother had walked away from her when she was a little girl. The following day, Claire insists that Charlie apologize to Sophie at breakfast, after dinner, Sophie talks to Charlie about love, and the two kiss. The following morning is their last day of searching for Lorenzo, on a whim, Claire points out a vineyard to Charlie and asks if he could stop so they can have a farewell drink for Sophie. As Charlie drives down the road, Claire sees a man who looks exactly like her Lorenzo. They discover the man is Lorenzo Bartolinis grandson, and Claire, back in New York, Sophie breaks up with Victor before returning to Verona to attend Claire and Lorenzos wedding. She finds Charlie with another woman, Patricia, and runs out crying, Charlie comes out to find her, and she admits she loves him but tells him to go back to Patricia. Charlie reveals that Patricia is his cousin and tells Sophie he loves her and he climbs up the vine to the balcony, recreating the original famous scene from Romeo and Juliet, but accidentally falls down, and they kiss as he lies on the ground. Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Hall, a fact checker living in New York, Christopher Egan as Charlie Wyman, Claires grandson, who has troubles coming to terms with his grandmother loving anyone other than his late grandfather. Vanessa Redgrave as Claire Smith-Wyman, the girl who wrote the letter to Juliet 50 years before, Franco Nero as Lorenzo Bartolini, Claires love interest. Nero is Redgraves real life husband, roger Ebert, having interviewed both Nero and Redgrave on the set of Camelot, noted how much of the love story between their characters is nearly autobiographical
23.
Louis Nero
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Louis Nero is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He took a degree in D. a. m. s University of Turin in 1999, nowadays is attending the second degree in theoretical philosophy. He is the President since 1998 of LAltrofilm, since 2004 he is a permanent member of David of Donatello jury. His first film Golem participated at David of Donatello and it was candidated for the Golden Ciak as Best First Work, since today he has realized, produced four long take, regularly screened in theatres, home-video and television. In The Rage, shot at the end of 2007, he directs many big actors among the Academy Awards Faye Dunaway, Franco Nero, Tinto Brass, the music is realised by the Academy Awards Luis Bacalov and Teho Teardo. It was candidate at David of Donatello and his last film is about Rasputin, the most famous occultist of Russia. His films have screened in the most important international festival. Cube Golem Longtake Hans La rabbia Rasputin The mystery of Dante The Broken Key Louis Nero at the Internet Movie Database www. altrofilm. it
24.
Cars 2
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Cars 2 is a 2011 American computer-animated action comedy spy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the sequel to the 2006 film Cars and features the voices of Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. In the film, race car Lightning McQueen and tow truck Mater head to Japan and Europe to compete in the World Grand Prix, the film is directed by John Lasseter, co-directed by Brad Lewis, written by Ben Queen, and produced by Denise Ream. Cars 2 was released in the United States on June 24,2011, the film was presented in Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D, as well as traditional two-dimensional and IMAX formats. The film was first announced in 2008, alongside Up, Newt, and Brave, a sequel, Cars 3, is scheduled for release on June 16,2017. Finn McMissile, a British spy, infiltrates the worlds largest untapped oil reserves owned by a group of lemon cars, after being discovered, he flees and fakes his death. McMissile and his partner Holley Shiftwell attempt to meet with American spy car Rod Torque Redline at a World Grand Prix promotional event in Tokyo, to receive information about the mastermind. However, Redline is attacked by Zündapps henchmen, but not before passing his information to Mater before he is captured, before killing Redline, Professor Zündapp finds out that Mater was given the information. Mater is soon abducted by Finn and boards his plane, where he helps to some of the information he was given. After traveling to Paris to get information from Finns old friend, they travel to Italy. While the race is being held, Mater infiltrates the meeting, just as the camera is used on a few more cars, causing a multi car pileup. Due to the criminals plan causing Allinol to be perceived as troublesome, Finn and Holley escape later, but realize that the bomb is on Maters air filter. Mater soon flees on the course when McQueen chases after him. The other lemons soon arrive and outnumber Finn, Holley, Mater, and McQueen, in the end, Mater receives a honorary knighthood from the queen, while Sarge reveals that he changed McQueens fuel from Allinol to gasoline, hence why the camera did not work on him. Finn and Holley ask if Mater can join them on another mission, the final scene ends with the World Grand Prix competitors racing each other at Radiator Springs. Much of the cast from the original Cars remained intact for the sequel, Joe Ranft died in an automobile accident on August 16,2005, ten months before Cars was released. The first film was dedicated in memoriam to him, red appears in this film, but he does not speak or vocalize. George Carlin died of heart failure on June 22,2008, Fillmore also shows up in Cars 2, paul Newman died of cancer on September 26,2008
25.
John Lasseter
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He is also the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering. Lasseter began his career as an animator with The Walt Disney Company, after being fired from Disney for promoting computer animation, he joined Lucasfilm, where he worked on the then-groundbreaking use of CGI animation. The Graphics Group of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm was sold to Steve Jobs, Lasseter oversees all of Pixars films and associated projects as executive producer. In addition, he directed Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Toy Story 2, Cars and he is currently directing Toy Story 4, scheduled for a 2019 release. Since 2007, Lasseter also oversees all of Walt Disney Animation Studios films and he has won two Academy Awards, for Animated Short Film, as well as a Special Achievement Award. Lasseter was born in Hollywood, California and his mother, Jewell Mae, was an art teacher at Bell Gardens High School, and his father, Paul Eual Lasseter, was a parts manager at a Chevrolet dealership. Lasseter is a twin, his sister Johanna Lasseter-Curtis, who became a baker based in the Lake Tahoe area, is six minutes older. Lasseter grew up in Whittier, California and his mothers profession contributed to his growing preoccupation with animation. He often drew cartoons during church services at the Church of Christ his family attended, as a child, Lasseter would race home from school to watch Chuck Jones cartoons on television. While in high school, he read The Art of Animation by Bob Thomas, the book covered the history of Disney animation and explored the making of Disneys 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, which made Lasseter realize he wanted to do animation himself. When he saw Disneys 1963 film The Sword in the Stone, Lasseters higher education began at Pepperdine University, which was the alma mater of his parents and his siblings. However, he heard of a new animation program at the California Institute of the Arts. During his time there, he produced two animated shorts — Lady and the Lamp and Nitemare — which both won the student Academy Award for Animation. Upon graduating in 1979, Lasseter immediately obtained a job as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation mostly due to his success with Lady and the Lamp. In the fall of 1979, Disney animator Mel Shaw told the Los Angeles Times that Johns got a feel for character and movement. In time, hell make a fine contribution, up to that time, the studio had used a multiplane camera to add depth to its animation. He knew adding dimension to animation had been a dream of animators. Lasseter and his colleagues unknowingly stepped on some of their direct superiors toes by circumventing them in their enthusiasm to get the project into motion, a few minutes after the meeting, Lasseter was summoned by Hansen to his office
26.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
27.
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American director, writer, and actor. His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friends Birthday and its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction, a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics, for his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown, an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch. Tarantino directed Death Proof as part of a feature with friend Robert Rodriguez. His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds, which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germanys political leadership, was released in 2009 to positive reviews, after that came 2012s critically acclaimed Django Unchained, a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South. It became the film of his career so far, making over $425 million at the box office. Tarantinos films have garnered critical and commercial success. He has received industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme dOr, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005, Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him the single most influential director of his generation. In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry, Tarantino was born on March 27,1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry, Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentins mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles and she married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived, in 1966, Tarantinos mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the part of the city. Tarantinos mother married musician Curtis Zastoupil soon after coming to Los Angeles, and the moved to Torrance. Zastoupil encouraged his love of movies, and accompanied him to film screenings. Tarantinos mother allowed him to see movies with adult content, such as Carnal Knowledge, after his mother divorced Zastoupil in 1973, and received a misdiagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma, Tarantino was sent to live with his grandparents in Tennessee. He remained there for six months to a year, before returning to California
28.
Django Unchained
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Set in the Old West and Antebellum South, it is a highly stylized tribute to Spaghetti Westerns, in particular the 1966 film Django by Sergio Corbucci, whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance. Development of Django Unchained began in 2007 when Tarantino was writing a book on Sergio Corbucci, by April 2011, Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company. Casting began in the summer of 2011, with Michael K. Williams, principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California, Wyoming and Louisiana. Django Unchained premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11,2012, the film was nominated for several film industry awards, including five Academy Awards. Waltz won several awards for his performance, among them Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globes, BAFTAs, Tarantino won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA award for writing the films original screenplay. The film grossed over $425 million worldwide in theaters against its $100 million budget, in 1858 Texas, the Speck brothers, Ace and Dicky, drive a group of black slaves on foot. Among the shackled slaves is Django, sold off and separated from his wife, the Speck brothers are stopped by Dr. King Schultz, a German dentist-turned-bounty hunter from Düsseldorf, who asks to buy one of the slaves. He questions Django about his knowledge of the Brittle brothers, a group of outlaws for whom Dr. Schultz is carrying a warrant, when Ace becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz, a superior gunslinger, kills Ace with a fast draw. Dr. Schultz insists on honorably paying Dicky a fair price for Django before leaving him at the mercy of the newly-freed slaves, as Django can identify the Brittle brothers, Dr. Schultz offers him his freedom in exchange for help tracking them down. After tracking and killing the Brittles to a plantation owned by Spencer Big Daddy Bennett and they are also briefly hunted by Big Daddy but Dr. Schultz deceives and kills most of his gang with an explosive in their carriage, as Django kills Big Daddy himself. Dr. Schultz explains that he responsible for Django since Django is the first person he has ever freed. Now fully trained, Django collects his first bounty, keeping the handbill for good luck, Dr. Schultz and Django meet Calvin at his gentlemans club in Greenville and submit their offer to buy one of his best fighters. Intrigued, Calvin invites them to his ranch at Candyland, after finding Broomhilda and telling her of their plan, Dr. Schultz claims to be charmed by her and offers to buy her as well. During dinner, Calvins staunchly loyal house slave Stephen becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz agrees, and the papers for her freedom are drawn up and signed. Calvin smugly insists that the deal be sealed through a handshake, when Calvin threatens to kill Broomhilda, Dr. Schultz kills Calvin by shooting him in the heart with a concealed derringer. As Stephen mourns over Calvins death, Butch, Calvins bodyguard, kills Dr. Schultz by shooting him with a shotgun, an extensive gunfight begins, and Django guns down a great number of his opponents before surrendering when Broomhilda is taken hostage. The next morning, Stephen tells Django that Calvins sister, Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly, is in charge now, en route to the mine, Django proves to his escorts that he is a bounty hunter by showing them his handbill. The escorts release him and give him a pistol, which he uses to kill them before stealing a horse and returning to Candyland with a bag of dynamite
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Province of Parma
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The Province of Parma is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma and it is made up of 47 sub-divisions called comuni, which have their own elected sindaco, legislative body and executive body. It has an area of 3,449 square kilometres and a population of about 475,000. The province is enclosed by the Province of Reggio Emilia to the east and it was to be merged with the Province of Piacenza in 2014 to form the Province of Parma-Piacenza. In 1861, Italian provinces were established on the French republican model, Italian Fascism saw the end of elections in the Province of Parma in the 1920s until the end of the Second World War. However, its name was altered to the Province of Parma–Piacenza in the following month, the province is divided into three zones from north to south, the pianura, the collina and the montagna. The first of these is surrounded by the Po, the main centres of the collina and montagna are situated along the course of the main rivers, which descend from the Parmesan Apennine Mountains. The Province of Parma comprises 47 comuni, the 20 largest of these are, Parma is famous for its Prosciutto di Parma. There are two highways that go through Parma, A1 and A15. The Province of Parma is served by the Giuseppe Verdi Airport, the province is crossed by the Milan-Bologna railroad, one of the most important in Italy, with a station in Parma. The station of Fidenza is a point for the lines. It is a Serie A football club renowned in Italy and Europe for its successes including three national cups, a European Cup Winners Cup, two UEFA Cups, a European Supercup and an Italian Supercup. It plays in the citys stade Ennio Tardini which used to host up to 29,000 spectators but is being renovated in 2008 after the club was demoted to Serie B, in spring 2009 the team was promoted again in the top league. Crociati Noceto play in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, the fourth tier, Parma is also home to two rugby union teams in the top national division, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby. Parma Panthers is the Parma American football team for which John Grishams book Playing for Pizza was based, also volleyball, women basketball and baseball have large popularity in the city and have scored relevant successes
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Emilia-Romagna
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Emilia-Romagna is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. It has an area of 22,446 km2, and about 4.4 million inhabitants, Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest GDP per capita in Italy. Bologna, its capital, has one of Italys highest quality of life indices, the name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome. Emilia derives from the via Aemilia, the Roman road connecting Rome to northern Italy, completed in 187 B. C. and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Romagna derives from Romània, the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist, before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and then that of the Gauls. During the first thousand years of Christianity trade flourished, as did culture and religion, afterwards the University of Bologna—arguably the oldest university in Europe—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro, the municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, SantAgata Feltria and Talamello. On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes hit the area and they killed at least 27 people and caused churches and factories to collapse. The 5.8 magnitude quake left 14,000 people homeless, the region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km2, ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the consists of plains while 27% is hilly. The regions section of the Apennines is marked by areas of flisch, badland erosion, the mountains stretch for more than 300 km from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone, Monte Cusna and Alpe di Succiso. The plain was formed by the retreat of the sea from the Po basin. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its history is characterised by the work of its people to reclaim. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, the northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km. Emilia Romagna has been a populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape, building cities, reclaiming wetlands, all these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas, the increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions
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Carabinieri
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The Carabinieri is the national gendarmerie of Italy, policing both military and civilian populations. It originally was founded as the force of the Kingdom of Sardinia. During the process of Italian unification, it was appointed the First Force of the new military organization. Since 2001, it has one of the four Italian Armed Forces. Inspired by the French Gendarmerie, the corps was created by King Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy with the aim of providing the Kingdom of Sardinia with a police corps, previously, police duties were managed by the Dragoni di Sardegna corps, created in 1726 and composed of volunteers. The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province, in 1868, the Corazzieri mounted division was formed – initially as an escort of honour for the sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic. The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861 the Carabinieri were appointed the First Force of the new military organization. In May 1915 Italian troops marched to encompass South Tyrol, territory of their allies the Austro-Hungarian empire. The role of the Carabinieri was to act as barrier troops, setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments, during the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, the Carabinieri were one of the police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy. During the same period, while part of the Italian Africa Police, during World War II they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and against Yugoslav partisans as part of the Italian occupation force in Yugoslavia. After Mussolinis fall on 25 July 1943, he was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left the private residence in Rome. In southern Italy the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari and these units were attached to the Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, fighting with the Allied forces. In northern Italy the fascist regime organized the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, to employ it as a military police, GNR was later joined by the Black Brigades which should have represented a new militant incarnation of the Fascist party. As German forces subsequently began to arrest and deport members of the Carabinieri to Germany for forced labour, large numbers of Carabinieri joined the Italian resistance movement. After the war the Carabinieri counted at least 2,735 fallen and 6,500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian partisan Garibaldi Division, the battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to commemorate the fallen. The Carabinieri increased in status and joined the Armed Forces on 31 March 2000, dAcquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for the killing of a German soldier, instead, he claimed responsibility and was executed for the offence. In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched on peacekeeping missions, including Kosovo, Afghanistan, the State Forestry Corps was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and all personnel were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri
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San Severo
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San Severo is a city and comune of c.54,000 inhabitants in the province of Foggia, Apulia, southeastern Italy. The city sits in low-lying country, its center being at is about 90 metres above sea level, in addition to the Candelaro river, other waterways include the Triolo and Salsola torrents and Radicosa, Venola, Ferrante, Santa Maria and Potes channels. The scarcity of rain in the causes the groundwater to become brackish. The lands surrounding the city are studded with farms, characterized primarily by ordered groves and vineyards, the climate is Mediterranean, with relatively cold winters and very hot summers. High wind gusts are quite common, climate classification, Zone D, GR-G1494. According to legend, a city called Castrum Drionis was founded by the Greek king Diomedes. San Severo is said to be one of the last towns in Italy to remain pagan and he also required that the village be renamed after governor Severus. San Severo lies on the Daunia, and various Neolithic settlements have been detected, in the early Middle Ages, the area was not inhabited or defined. Between the Lombards and the Byzantine ages, the Benedictine monastery at Cassino was established, and with it, San Severo was founded in the 11th century around a small church built by the Benedictine monks from Montecassino. It rapidly developed as a trade town, in 1053, it was the scene of the historical victory of Robert Guiscard over the papal troops under Pope Leo IX. The town was therefore called Castellum Sancti Severini, the conurbation developed rapidly due to its favorable position for trade, and soon took on considerable importance, it became the seat of Venetian, Florentine, Saracens and Jewish merchants. Subject to the abbots of the Benedictine monastery of San Pietro di Torremaggiore, in 1230, after the suppression of the Templars, by 1312, the city was refortified with a wall, and ceded to Robert dAnjou and his wife Sancha. In 1317, Sancha sold it to Count Peter Pippin, Lord of Vico, the resistance of the citizens denied him the possession of his acquisition, and resistance only stopped when they gained some degree of independence under the royal authority of Naples. San Severo was then declared a city in perpetuity. It became the capital of Giustizierato of Capitanata, whose jurisdiction also included Molise, the city was the seat of provincial officials and the court of the Royal Audience. After Queen Joan I of Naples stayed there, many Neapolitan monarchs followed in her presence, including Alfonso I of Aragon, in the fifteenth century, the city also minted its own coins. The king then granted the city of San Severo the perpetual right to self-government, according to tradition, in January 1536, Charles V also ennobled twenty-four local families, establishing the towns oligarchic regime. San Severo became the most populous city in Capitanata in the 16th century, the rich commerce, cultural vitality and self-government made it one of the major centers of the south, due to the presence of a large Venetian warehouse
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Bedonia
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Bedonia is a comune within the Province of Parma, in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. The communal territory was settled during the Neolithic age, and later was a Roman colony. From the 11th century it was a fief of the bishops of Piacenza, in 1257 it was included in the State of the Landi, to which it belonged until 1682, when it was confiscated by the Duchy of Parma. During the Unification of Italy, the population was protagonist of a movement for the annexation of the country to Piedmont. In recent times Bedonia has been given an important role as a community that contributed to the Partisan fights. In the life of Bedonia an important role of cultural promotion has been carried out from the Seminary, the city, just a few miles away from Liguria, is characterized by colorful buildings of obvious Ligurian influence. The city has two important churches, SantAntonino, a Baroque church in the center, and the Basilica of San Marco. In it there is a Planetarium, a Museum of Natural History, a Xylographic Exposition of the works of Romeo Musa, an Art Gallery and a gigantic National Library. The Sanctuary of the Madonna di S. Marco, built in 1939, the ancient Arc of Entrance to the old town is now being included in the breathtaking system of the Peschiera Park. Also, in Via Trieste there is an important historical building that shows the Landi family symbol and its among the most important noble constructions in the whole valley of river Taro. Of value are the resources and landscapes. North of the town, the Mountain Pelpi reaches 1,410 metres and it is a pilgrimage site after a miracle of the Virgin Mary occurred over a century ago. In the center of the village a river runs which converges a few miles after into the Taro River, a few kilometers west, the tallest mountain reaches about 1,745 metres. It is also a place and a suggestive rocky peak surrounded by green forests. However the province lies between 468 and 1,745 metres above sea level, during recent years, many sporting structures have been built. An important voice of the economy is represented by tourism. The area is dependent on summer tourists passing by to enjoy the beauty of the surrounding countryside. Although the area is not well known to tourists the uniqueness of the area lets them enjoy the facilities in tranquility
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Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
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Piccolo Teatro (Milan)
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The Piccolo Teatro della Città di Milano is a theatre in Milan, Italy. Founded in 1947, it is Italys first permanent theatre, and a national teatro stabile, or permanent repertory company and its annual programme consists of approximately thirty performances. In addition, the venue hosts events, from festivals and films, to concerts, conferences. Piccolo Teatro was founded by theatre impresario Paolo Grassi and actor and director Giorgio Strehler, along with Mario Apollonio, Virgilio Tosi, the Milan city council approved the transformation of Cinema Broletto into Piccolo Teatro, to be managed directly by the City of Milan on 26 January 1947. The first performance, described as minimalist, took four months later, on May 14,1947. Offering affordable tickets and productions fraught with risk, Piccolo Teatro became renewed for revitalizing popular interest in the classics of the Italian stage, in the 1960s, the Piccolo Teatro was relocated to Teatro Lirico. In 1967, on the occasion of its 20th anniversary, the put on a production of Goldonis Il servitore di due padroni. The theatres archives are maintained by the Archivio Multimediale del Piccolo Teatro di Milano. As of 2012, it is under the direction of Sergio Escobar, along with artistic director Luca Ronconi
