Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frank-Walter Steinmeier
President of Germany
Incumbent
Assumed office 19 March 2017
Chancellor	Angela Merkel
Preceded by	Joachim Gauck
Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 17 December 2013 – 27 January 2017
Chancellor	Angela Merkel
Preceded by	Guido Westerwelle
Succeeded by	Sigmar Gabriel
In office 22 November 2005 – 27 October 2009
Chancellor	Angela Merkel
Preceded by	Joschka Fischer
Succeeded by	Guido Westerwelle
Vice Chancellor of Germany
In office 21 November 2007 – 27 October 2009
Chancellor	Angela Merkel
Preceded by	Franz Müntefering
Succeeded by	Guido Westerwelle
Leader of the Social Democratic Party in the Bundestag
In office 27 October 2009 – 16 December 2013
Preceded by	Peter Struck
Succeeded by	Thomas Oppermann
Leader of the Social Democratic Party Acting
In office 7 September 2008 – 18 October 2008
Deputy	Andrea Nahles Peer Steinbrück Himself
Preceded by	Kurt Beck
Succeeded by	Franz Müntefering
Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party
In office 26 October 2007 – 13 November 2009
Leader	Kurt Beck Himself (Acting) Franz Müntefering
Preceded by	Bärbel Dieckmann
Succeeded by	Olaf Scholz
Head of the Chancellery
In office 31 July 1999 – 22 November 2005
Chancellor	Gerhard Schröder
Preceded by	Bodo Hombach
Succeeded by	Thomas de Maizière
Member of the Bundestag for Brandenburg an der Havel
In office 27 September 2009 – 19 March 2017
Preceded by	Margrit Spielmann
Succeeded by	Dietlind Tiemann
Personal details
Born	(1956-01-05) 5 January 1956 (age 63) Detmold, West Germany
Political party	Social Democratic Party
Spouse(s)	Elke Büdenbender (m. 1995)
Children	Merit Steinmeier
Alma mater	Giessen University
Signature

Frank-Walter Steinmeier (German: [ˈfʁaŋkˌvaltɐ ˈʃtaɪ̯nˌmaɪ̯.ɐ]; born 5 January 1956) is a German politician serving as President of Germany since 19 March 2017.^[1] He was previously Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2017, and Vice-Chancellor of Germany from 2007 to 2009, he was chairman-in-office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 2016.

Steinmeier is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), holds a doctorate in law and was formerly a career civil servant, he was a close aide of Gerhard Schröder when Schröder was Prime Minister of Lower Saxony during most of the 1990s, and served as Schröder's chief of staff from 1996. When Schröder became Chancellor of Germany in 1998, Steinmeier was appointed Under-Secretary of State in the German Chancellery with the responsibility for the intelligence services. From 1999 to 2005 he served as Chief of Staff of the Chancellery.

Following the 2005 federal election, Steinmeier became Foreign Minister in the first grand coalition government of Angela Merkel, and from 2007 he additionally held the office of vice chancellor. In 2008, he briefly served as acting chairman of his party, he was the SPD's candidate for chancellor in the 2009 federal election, but his party lost the election and he left the federal cabinet to become leader of the opposition. Following the 2013 federal election he again became Minister for Foreign Affairs in Merkel's second grand coalition. In November 2016 he was announced as the candidate of the governing coalition consisting of his own party and the CDU/CSU for President of Germany, and thus became the presumptive elect as the coalition held a large majority in the Federal Convention; he left the cabinet on 27 January 2017,^[2] he was elected as President by the Federal Convention on 12 February 2017, winning 74 percent of the vote.

Steinmeier belongs to the right wing of the SPD, known as reformists and moderates;^[3] as chief of staff he was a principal architect of Agenda 2010, the Schröder government's controversial reforms of the welfare state.^[4] His lenient policies towards countries such as Russia and China have earned him criticism both in Germany and internationally, and he has been criticized for prioritizing German business interests over human rights.^[5][6]

Personal life[edit]

Early life[edit]

Steinmeier was born in Detmold, West Germany.^[7] Although his full name is Frank-Walter, to those who know him well, he goes simply by the name Frank.^[8]

His father, a carpenter, was affiliated with the Church of Lippe (one of Germany's few Calvinist regional church bodies, and a member church of the Evangelical Church of Germany), his mother, born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), came as a refugee from a Lutheran part of Silesia during the flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II.^[9]

Education[edit]

Following his Abitur, Steinmeier served his military service from 1974 until 1976, and then studied Law and Political Science at the Justus Liebig University Giessen, where Brigitte Zypries was a fellow student.^[10] In 1982, he passed his first exam, and 1986, he passed his second state examination in Law.

Steinmeier worked as a scientific assistant to the professor of Public Law and Political Science at Giessen University, until he obtained his doctorate of Law in 1991, his dissertation explored the role of the state in the prevention of homelessness.^[11]

Family life[edit]

Steinmeier is married and has one daughter. On 24 August 2010, he successfully donated a kidney to his wife, Elke Büdenbender.^[12]

In 2015, Steinmeier served as best man at the wedding of Rüdiger Grube and Cornelia Poletto in Hamburg.^[13]

Interests[edit]

Steinmeier enjoys jazz, and is an avid football fan.^[14]

Religion[edit]

Steinmeier is a Reformed Protestant and an active member of the Reformed Bethlehem congregation in Berlin-Neukölln,^[15] he was baptized into his father's church, (the Church of Lippe), as a youth.

Political career[edit]

Early career[edit]

Steinmeier became an Adviser in 1991 for Law of Communication media and media guidelines in the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony in Hanover. In 1993, he became Director of the Personal Office for the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony, Gerhard Schröder. In 1996, he became the Undersecretary of State and Director of the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony.

Chief of Staff of the Chancellery, 1999–2005[edit]

Steinmeier was appointed in November 1998 as undersecretary of state at the office of the chancellor following Schröder's election victory, he replaced Bodo Hombach as the head of the office of the chancellor in 1999.^[16] During this period Steinmeier was also one of the advisors to Schröder,^[16] he was crucial in securing a red-green majority in parliament for Schröder's contentious "Agenda 2010" of economic reforms.^[3] Because of his effective management beyond the spotlight of politics, he was nicknamed Die Graue Effizienz (The Grey Efficiency) —a pun on Graue Eminenz, the German for éminence grise.

Under Schröder, Steinmeier was responsible for co-ordinating Germany's intelligence services.^[17] In 2003, he supported Schröder in his controversial decision to forge a coalition with Russia and France against the U.S.-led war against Iraq.^[18] Meanwhile, he approved the decision to install a German intelligence officer in the Qatar-based office of General Tommy Franks, the American commander of the U.S. invasion in Iraq, who passed on to the United States information being gathered in Baghdad by two German intelligence officers operating there.^[19]

In 2004, Steinmeier participated in diplomatic negotiations settling on compensation payments with Libya for victims of the 1986 terrorist bombing of the LaBelle disco in Berlin.^[20]

A major controversy during Steinmeier's term as chief of staff was the imprisonment of a German-born Turk, Murat Kurnaz, in Guantánamo Bay from 2002 until August 2006. Steinmeier denied during a parliamentary inquiry in March 2007 that he had blocked Kurnaz's release. Instead, he claimed that Berlin had feared Kurnaz was a threat and should go to Turkey, not Germany, if released. Only after Merkel's election was Kurnaz released and brought back to Germany.^[21]

First term as Foreign Minister, 2005–2009[edit]

On 22 November 2005, after the 2005 federal elections, Steinmeier became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Grand coalition cabinet led by Angela Merkel,^[16] he was the first SPD Foreign Minister since Willy Brandt (1966–1969).

Upon taking office, Steinmeier led the preparations for Germany taking over the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2007.

Following Franz Müntefering's departure from the cabinet on 21 November 2007, Steinmeier also filled the position of Vice-Chancellor.^[22]

During his time in office, Steinmeier was widely regarded as having good working relations with Angela Merkel but often taking a different stance on foreign affairs.^[3] By and large, he allowed Merkel to set the pace in foreign policy.,^[17] working harmoniously with her on a range of foreign policy issues, from confronting Iran over its nuclear program to negotiating binding goals to combat climate change.^[14] In one significant foreign-policy disagreement, Steinmeier held in 2009 that Germany should by 2013 lay the groundwork for withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan, a deployment that around two-thirds of Germans opposed by then.^[23] Unlike Merkel, he also favored Turkish entry into the European Union.^[14]

Also, Steinmeier became known for his rather Russia-friendly stance, arguing strenuously for engagement with the increasingly assertive power to the east, rather than its isolation,^[24] he formulated a policy toward Russia deliberately reminiscent of "Ostpolitik", the eastward-facing policy pioneered by Chancellor Willy Brandt in the early 1970s.^[25] Together with Gernot Erler, the SPD's leading Russia expert and the deputy foreign minister, Steinmeier initiated Germany's so-called Partnership for Modernization with Russia (announced in 2008), which became an official EU policy in 2010.^[26] Pressed by lawmakers to say more on his attitude toward Russia in the wake of the high-profile murders of opposition figures Anna Politkovskaya and Alexander Litvinenko at a 2007 hearing at the European Parliament, Steinmeier stated that "[t]here is a certain trend toward [media] hysterics and one needs to get a sense of reason back into the debate".^[27] In May 2008, he became the first foreign official to hold talks with President Dmitri Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin after they took up their new positions following the 2008 presidential elections.^[28]

In 2006, Foreign Affairs published an analysis of the state of US and Russian nuclear forces, concluding that post-Cold War US nuclear forces seemed designed to carry out a preemptive strike against Russia or China and that the planned missile defense would be valuable primarily in an offensive context as an adjunct to a US first-strike capability;^[29] the article elicited a semi-official Russian response from ex-PM Yegor Gaidar in the Financial Times a few days later.^[30] In 2007, the US government reportedly was reportedly deeply irritated, although publicly silent, about Steinmeier, who had sounded supportive of Russian accusations that a planned US missile defense complex in Poland would upset the strategic balance in Europe – and who then left without challenge Russian General Nikolai Solovtsov's threat of retaliation against Poland and the Czech Republic if they deployed U.S. defensive systems.^[31] Russian opposition activists later celebrated when Steinmeier and the SDP lost the 2009 election, signaling their discontent with Steinmeier. Oleg Petrovich Orlov, head of the Memorial human rights group, said that Steinmeier had prolonged Schröder's policies on Russia and that Germany's policies were "extremely bad for civil society, democracy and the country as a whole".^[32]

In February 2009, Steinmeier became the first member of Merkel's cabinet to be received by the incoming Obama administration.^[33]

During his time in office, Steinmeier managed to extract German hostages from Iraq^[34][35] and Yemen.^[17] In 2007, he also succeeded in securing the release of a German citizen who was imprisoned in Iran for illegally entering the country's waters on a fishing expedition.^[36]

Steinmeier served as acting chairman of the SPD from 7 September 2008 to 18 October 2008. Domestically, throughout his term he was the only major politician with approval ratings consistently as high as or higher than Merkel's; this was helped by the especially high ratings foreign ministers generally receive in Germany.^[24]

Opposition leader, 2009–2013[edit]

On 7 September 2008, following the resignation of SPD chairman Kurt Beck, Steinmeier was chosen as the SPD candidate for chancellor for the 2009 federal elections and also designated as acting SPD Chairman, pending the return of Müntefering to that position.^[37] In his election campaign, he argued for new tax rules to deter high executive pay and bonuses, and for minimum wages to slow the growing gap between Germany's highest and lowest earners,^[23] he also focused on improving public healthcare.^[38]

After the SPD's decisive defeat in the elections – the party's worst performance since World War II^[39][40] by then – Steinmeier, who had been elected to represent Brandenburg an der Havel – Potsdam-Mittelmark I – Havelland III – Teltow-Fläming I, was elected Peter Struck's successor as chairman of the SPD's parliamentary group in the Bundestag, and as such leader of the opposition.^[41] After a hospitalization for donating a kidney to his wife in August 2010, Steinmeier returned to his office in October 2010.

During his time as leader of the parliamentary opposition, Steinmeier regularly accused Angela Merkel's government of increasing the national debt and pandering to the rich.^[42] In 2011, Steinmeier argued that Merkel's decision to appoint her economics adviser, Jens Weidmann, to be the next head of Bundesbank undermined the political independence and public trust in the German central bank.^[43]

In late 2012, Steinmeier was once again considered a possible candidate to challenge Chancellor Angela Merkel in the 2013 general election, but soon withdrew from the contest; as a consequence, SPD chairman Sigmar Gabriel later announced that the leadership agreed to nominate Peer Steinbrück.^[44]

Second term as Foreign Minister, 2013–2017[edit]

After the elections of 2013 and the new grand coalition government, Steinmeier was appointed foreign minister for a second time in December 2013, he replaced Guido Westerwelle, who had signed the P5+1 accord with Iran in November 2013. His deputies are Michael Roth (SPD) and Maria Böhmer (CDU). Upon taking office, Steinmeier initiated an ambitious review of Germany's foreign policy, holding meetings nationwide and drawing in more than 12,000 people who work at the ministry or abroad.^[45]

Over the course of 2014, Steinmeier alternated with Merkel as Germany's most popular politician in polls of eligible voters.^[46]

In light of criticism from the United States, Steinmeier has stood firm on Germany's approach in the Ukraine conflict, where it was balancing support for European economic sanctions on Russia with leaving the door open to a revived partnership.^[47] In May 2014, he proposed a greater mediation role for the OSCE, including the convening of local "round table" talks in Ukraine to defuse conflicts.^[48] Between 2015 and 2016, Steinmeier hosted a series of Normandy format meetings in Berlin to negotiate a solution of the situation in the East of Ukraine.^[49] During the Minsk II talks on a ceasefire for eastern Ukraine in early 2015, he successfully negotiated with Russian President Vladimir Putin on allowing German doctors to visit Ukrainian military pilot Nadiya Savchenko, who had been on hunger strike for more than two months in a Russian jail.^[50] Steinmeier has in the past repeatedly ruled out arms shipments to resolve the yearlong conflict.^[51]

In 2015, Steinmeier hosted a meeting of the delegations from Libya's two rival governments, who were battling for control of the country, and United Nations Special Representative Bernardino León to discuss a UN-sponsored peace and power-sharing proposal despite splits among some of the parties.^[52]

Steinmeier later was instrumental in convening the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) and the Syria peace talks in Vienna in October 2015, drawing together Saudi Arabia; its main regional rival, Iran; as well as Russia, the United States and other Western powers and regional actors including Turkey and Iraq.^[53]

Candidacy for President[edit]

President Joachim Gauck announced in June 2016 that he would not run for re-election, resulting in a search for a candidate to succeed him.^[54] On November 2016, Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives agreed with the Social Democrats to support Steinmeier's candidacy for President in the presidential election, scheduled for 12 February 2017.^[55]

Merkel had originally wanted to nominate Green politician Marianne Birthler, and as the CDU/CSU and the Greens control a majority in the Federal Convention, Birthler's election would have been secured. However, Birthler after some time decided not to run.^[56]

On 12 February 2017 Germany's 16th Federal Convention elected Steinmeier President on the first ballot, with 931 votes out of a total of 1,260.

Presidency 2017–present[edit]

Steinmeier took office as President of Germany on 19 March 2017, after the expiration of his predecessor's term in office, and he took on 22 March 2017 the oath that, in accordance with the Basic Law, newly invested Presidents must take before a joint session of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat.

German Federal Election 2017[edit]

Following the Federal Election in September 2017, coalition talks began between the Christian Democratic Union, Christian Social Union, Free Democratic Party and the Green Party; the talks continued for 4 weeks until just past midnight on 20 November when the Free Democrats and their leader Christian Lindner walked out of the talks and they subsequently collapsed.^[57] The collapse of the talks left another Grand Coalition as the only coalition with a majority in the Bundestag; this however seemed difficult, as the Leader of the Social Democratic Party Martin Schulz^[58] had ruled out another Grand Coalition on multiple occasions. In the following weeks, Steinmeier played an important role in the formation of the next government; this is because if the Bundestag fails to elect a Chancellor in 14 days of voting,^[59] the President can either appoint the individual with most votes to lead a minority government or dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections. This type of political crisis had never been seen in Germany before and pushed the President into a quite powerful position which is rare for Germany. Steinmeier declared, he would not consider a dissolution of the Bundestag as a preferable solution, and managed to persuade Schulz, to meet with Angela Merkel and start preliminary talks. After long coalition talks, CDU, CSU and SPD formed a new grand coalition. Merkel was re-elected in the Bundestag on 14 March 2018.

Presidential visits to foreign countries[edit]

Political positions[edit]

Human rights[edit]

In the past, Human Rights Watch has labeled Steinmeier as "Realpolitik advocate", for whom, "when it comes to defining his relationship with countries such as Russia and China, human rights play only a subordinate role".^[60]

In Steinmeier's opinion, the "[r]ejection of capital punishment is one of the keystones of German human-rights policy; the death penalty goes against our fundamental ethic and moral principles".^[61] He personally called for the abolition of the death penalty in Uzbekistan; capital punishment in Uzbekistan has been abolished since 2008.^[62] In April 2014, he summoned the Egyptian ambassador Mohamed Higazy after a Cairo court sentenced 683 individuals to death for inciting violence during protests in summer 2013, following the military overthrow of elected President Mohammed Morsi.^[63] Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, he warned that any move by Turkey to reinstate the death penalty would derail its efforts to join the European Union.^[64]

In response to the protests following the 2009 Iranian presidential election against the disputed victory of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Steinmeier condemned what he called "brutal actions" against demonstrators in Tehran and summoned the Iranian ambassador Alireza Sheikhattar to explain.^[65]

In August 2016, Steinmeier labelled U.S. Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump a "hate preacher".^[66]

European integration[edit]

After Germany had only narrowly managed to avoid a deficit warning from the European Commission in 2002, Schröder and Steinmeier became the driving forces behind weakening the Stability and Growth Pact, a rule-based framework for the coordination of national fiscal policies originally intended as the guarantor of a stable euro.^[67]

In a joint article in the Financial Times on 14 December 2010, Steinmeier and Peer Steinbrück proposed to solve the European debt crisis with "a combination of a haircut for debt holders, debt guarantees for stable countries and the limited introduction of European-wide bonds in the medium term, accompanied by more aligned fiscal policies".^[68] In February 2011, Steinmeier proposed Steinbrück as a candidate to lead the European Central Bank.^[69]

Under Steinmeier's parliamentary leadership, the Social Democrats raised pressure on Chancellor Angela Merkel to agree to more burden-sharing to stem the euro zone crisis, repeatedly calling on her to assume greater risks to avert a breakup of the single currency.^[70] In both February and November 2012, his parliamentary group voted largely in favour of the Merkel government's proposal for eurozone bailout packages for Greece,^[71][72][73] while criticizing the measures as being "not an enduring solution for the Greeks".^[74] In July 2014, he helped build the opposition's support for a euro zone rescue package for Spanish banks.^[75] Later, as foreign minister, he publicly advised against "frivolous" talk of a Greek withdrawal from the eurozone, calling for a serious search for a solution.^[76]

Reacting to a growth of euro-skeptic political parties across Europe by early 2014, Steinmeier offered the United Kingdom limited support on renegotiating the Treaties of the European Union, saying Germany wanted to see Britain's influence in the "midst" of the EU, not on "the sidelines".^[77] After Britain's vote to leave the EU in 2016, he argued that the union lacked the cohesion to undertake major new integration steps and should instead focus on migration, high youth unemployment and security.^[78]

At the same time, Steinmeier worked to develop new formats and revive new ones. In December 2014, he met with the foreign ministers from the three Nordic countries Denmark, Finland and Sweden – Margot Wallström, Erkki Tuomioja and Martin Lidegaard – for the so-called "N3 + 1" format to discuss issues of common concern for the first time.^[79]

In August 2016, he joined French foreign minister Jean-Marc Ayrault in pledging to "reinvigorate" the Weimar Triangle and published a document 'A strong Europe in a world of uncertainties'.^[80]

Between 2014 and 2016, he visited the three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – six times, the highest number of visits by any German Foreign Minister.^[81][82]

Also in late 2014, Steinmeier and his British counterpart Philip Hammond united in a bid to end a deadlock in relations between Bosnia and the European Union, arguing that the EU should abandon its insistence on changes to Bosnia's electoral code as a precondition for a Stabilization and Association Agreement on the path to EU membership.^[83]

Energy policy[edit]

In 2007, Steinmeier said he opposes European Commission proposals on unbundling the ownership of energy networks in the European Union, as it was proposed in the Third Energy Package.^[84]

Relations with France[edit]

On 14 May 2014, Steinmeier became the first German foreign minister to attend a meeting of the French cabinet.^[85] Together with his French counterpart Laurent Fabius, he flew on several joint diplomatic missions between 2014 and 2015, including to Moldova, Georgia,^[86] Tunisia, Nigeria and Bangladesh. In 2016, he joined Fabius' successor Jean-Marc Ayrault for trips to Ukraine, Libya,^[87] Mali^[88] and Niger.^[89]

Relations with Russia[edit]

In May 2007, the daily Financial Times Deutschland reported that Steinmeier had served as mediator in the so-called Bronze Night controversy, an Estonia-Russia dispute over the removal of a Red Army memorial in Tallinn. According to the report, Steinmeier suggested the Estonian ambassador to Russia, Marina Kaljurand, go on vacation in an effort to calm the situation. Steinmeier called his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov to suggest not only that Kaljurand take a holiday, but also that Russia drop the dispute for the time being. After speaking with Lavrov, Steinmeier reportedly called Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and got him to agree to the deal. Kaljurand left Moscow for a two-week vacation and pro-Kremlin youth activists blockading the Estonian embassy in Moscow ended their protests the same day.^[90]

Upon returning to government in late 2013, Steinmeier criticized Russia in his inaugural speech for exploiting Ukraine's economic plight to prevent it from signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement.^[91] In March 2014, he defended Russia's membership of the G8, saying "The format of the G8 is actually the only one in which we in the West can speak directly with Russia."^[92] When Germany held the chairmanship of the group in 2015, he maintained that excluding Russia over its actions in Ukraine was a necessary step but not a goal in itself; citing the Middle East, he argued that "a look at the world shows that we need Russia as a constructive partner in a number of conflicts".^[93]

In a 2015 letter to Cecilia Malmström, the EU's trade chief, Steinmeier proposed a joint declaration between the EU and Russia offering Moscow the prospect of long-sought investment and energy concessions to create a more integrated economic area from the Atlantic to the Pacific. According to the letter, "by the content of this declaration we could respond to Russia's wishes and begin a closer exchange of views on energy and investment protection issues, even if the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement does not directly touch on them".^[94]

In June 2016, Steinmeier criticised NATO 'warmongering' on Russia: "The one thing we shouldn't do now is inflame the situation with loud sabre-rattling and warmongering."^[95] The CDU politicians Volker Bouffier and Herbert Reul criticised him for his stance on Russia,^[5] but his comments were welcomed by the Russian media.^[96]

Relations with the United States[edit]

Steinmeier voiced his support for Barack Obama when Obama was still a presidential candidate, and supported Obama's wish to deliver a speech before the iconic Brandenburg Gate during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign.^[97]

In 2016 Steinmeier described then-U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump as a "hate preacher".^{[98][99][100]} After Trump's election, Steinmeier refused to congratulate him, and condemned Trump's views,^[101][102] he has been described as "the German government's most strident detractor" of Trump.^[103]

Relations with Central Asia[edit]

During a 2006 meeting with Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov, Steinmeier criticized Turkmenistan for its slow progress in implementing the rule of law and human rights and said that the state's progress in carrying out political reforms had been "too halting".^[104]

When Germany chaired a United Nations group aimed at resolving 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis, Steinmeier presented to the three conflict parties – Georgia, Abkhazia and Russia – a plan which included a three-stage peace proposal, entailing an end to violence, confidence-building measures over the following year that could lead to the resumption of direct talks between Georgia and Abkhazia, and the return of about 250,000 Georgian refugees to Abkhazia. However, both Georgia and Abkhazia rejected the proposal.^[105] In September 2008, Steinmeier called for an international probe into the conflict over Georgia's breakaway provinces.^[106] During a 2014 visit to the country, he reiterated that membership of NATO and of the EU would remain off the cards for a long while to come.^[107]

In August 2006, Steinmeier made his first visit to Afghanistan, where Germany had taken over the command of the 21,000-strong NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) shortly before.^[108] Ahead of the 2009 federal elections, Steinmeier – then still in his capacity as foreign minister – commissioned an internal report on Germany's engagement in Afghanistan which recommended that Germany should start pulling out of the country within four years; at the time, this was seen as a stark departure from Steinmeier's earlier insistence Germany should not set a date for withdrawing its then 4,200-strong contingent from the north of Afghanistan as the move could play into the hands of Taliban insurgents.^[109]

In October 2014, Steinmeier visited both Armenia and Azerbaijan to facilitate a negotiated solution to the long-standing conflict over Nagorny Karabakh, a region of Azerbaijan controlled by ethnic Armenians.^[110] In 2016, he returned to both countries to in his capacity as chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to reinvigorate the talks.^[111]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict[edit]

In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Steinmeier supports a two-state solution and calls for an end to the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, he welcomed the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 and said the Israeli settlements on occupied territory is an obstacle to peace and a two-state solution.^[112] He further said that "a democratic Israel is only achievable through a two-state-solution".^[113] Steinmeier praised the speech by US Secretary of State John Kerry which outlined the United States' position on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in December 2016; in the speech Kerry said a peace agreement must be based on the 1967 lines, that all citizens must enjoy equal rights, that occupation must end, that the Palestinian refugee issue must be resolved, and that Jerusalem must be the capital of both states, and criticised the Netanyahu government's agenda as driven by "extreme elements".^[114]

Relations with Iran[edit]

Steinmeier is a staunch proponent of the Iran nuclear deal framework, and has called the agreement "an opening for further diplomatic endeavors".^[115]

Relations with the Arab world[edit]

Steinmeier has visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan twice to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011,^[116] first in his capacity as chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in May 2013 and later as foreign minister in May 2015.^[117] In early 2014, upon taking office as foreign minister, he agreed with Chancellor Angela Merkel and Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen that Germany would help destroy Syria's arsenal of chemical weapons materials as part of an international disarmament program.^[118] In October 2014, he co-chaired the Berlin Conference on the Syrian Refugee Situation along with Development Minister Gerd Müller and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, António Guterres.^[119]

In March 2015, Steinmeier said he "can understand" Saudi Arabia's decision to mount a military intervention in Yemen and acknowledged the operation had "support from the region". However, he said the crisis could not be solved by violence and urged a negotiated solution.^[120]

Relations with Africa[edit]

Steinmeier has made the African continent the destination of many foreign trips. On his first visit as Germany's foreign minister in 2006, his tour to Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Mauritania was aimed at preparing Germany for its presidency of the EU and the G8 the following year.^[121] In August 2007, he travelled to Nigeria and Ghana. In February 2008, he made a three-day visit to Ghana (on the occasion of the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations), Togo and Burkina Faso. Over the course of 2014, Steinmeier visited Ethiopia, Tanzania and Angola; Nigeria and Tunisia (with his French counterpart Laurent Fabius); and South Africa (for the 8th South Africa-Germany Bi-National Commission). In 2015, he made official trips to Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria; to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Kenya; Egypt; and Mozambique, Zambia and Uganda.

In June 2007, Steinmeier and EU Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner flew to Benghazi, Libya to try to advance efforts to free six foreign medics sentenced to death for infecting 426 Libyan children with HIV.^[122]

Later that year, Steinmeier summoned the Zimbabwean chargé d'affaires and stated that comments in state-run newspaper The Herald referring to German Chancellor Angela Merkel as a "Nazi" were unacceptable; Merkel had previously confronted human rights abuses in Zimbabwe.^[123]

Since becoming a member of the German Bundestag, Steinmeier has voted in favor of German participation in United Nations peacekeeping missions as well as in United Nations-mandated European Union peacekeeping missions on the African continent, such as in Somalia (2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 and 2015), Darfur/Sudan (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016), South Sudan (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016), Mali (2013 and 2014), the Central African Republic (2014), and Liberia (2015). In 2012 and 2013, however, he voted against German participation in Operation Atalanta in Somalia.

Relations with Greece[edit]

Steinmeier has rejected claims for war reparations from the Greek Syriza party in response to Germany's position on the Greek government-debt crisis; when incoming Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras, in his first major speech to parliament in early 2015, pledged to seek war reparations from Germany, Steinmeier replied to Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias that Germany was fully aware of its political and moral responsibility for the "terrible events" in Greece between 1941 and 1944 when German troops occupied the country. "Still, we are firmly convinced that all reparations issues, including forced loans, are judicially settled once-and-for-all," Steinmeier said.^[124]

Controversies[edit]

Refusal to meet with Dalai Lama[edit]

Steinmeier openly attacked Merkel over her 2007 meeting with the Dalai Lama, accusing the chancellor of "playing to public opinion" without regard for the effectiveness of the meeting in improving political or religious rights on the ground in China.^[125] In 2008, he refused to meet the Dalai Lama during his five-day visit, arguing that such a meeting could undermine international efforts to promote sustained contact between China and Tibet.^[126] Instead, Steinmeier issued the statement "it takes a lot of courage not to meet with the Dalai Lama these days", which the New York Times described as "extraordinarily cynical" and accused Steinmeier of prioritizing business interests over human rights.^{[6][127][128]}

Murat Kurnaz torture case[edit]

In the case of Murat Kurnaz, innocently imprisoned in 2002 and tortured by the US, Steinmeier allegedly had an offer by the United States Department of Defense and the CIA already in September 2002 regarding a transfer of Murat Kurnaz to Germany, where he was born and raised. Kurnaz had been first sold as a terror suspect in Pakistan, then imprisoned in Afghanistan and later in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, until 2006. By refusing the offer Steinmeier is thought to have been politically directly responsible for his continued imprisonment.^{[129][130][131]}

A BND-commission of enquiry was consulted.^[132]

Armenian Genocide denial[edit]

During a 2015 debate about Germany's recognition of the Armenian Genocide on the occasion of its centenary, Steinmeier was the politician most reluctant to endorse it, mainly because of Germany's relations with Turkey,^[133] he was widely criticized for his position and accused of Armenian Genocide denial.^[134][135] When the German Bundestag almost unanimously approved a resolution in 2016 that recognises the killings of up to 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman forces as a genocide, a description that Turkey strongly rejects, Steinmeier abstained from the vote and criticized the resolution in public; Steinmeier was one of only two of the 630 members of parliament who did not support the resolution.^[136] And Steinmeier alleged that calling Armenian massacres genocide risks belittling the Holocaust,^[137] which drew sharp rejection from German journalist Henryk Broder.^[134]

Plagiarism allegations[edit]

Following the 2013 elections, Steinmeier became the first prominent member of the Social Democrats to be confronted with allegations that he plagiarized parts of his 1991 doctoral dissertation about the role of the state in the prevention of homelessness.^[11] Similar accusations had previously led to the resignation of two ministers of the Merkel government.^[11] In response, Steinmeier rejected the charges and said that he had asked the University of Giessen to check his dissertation for unacknowledged citations.^[11] In May 2013, a university committee for safeguarding academic practices found that Steinmeier had no fraudulent intent and had not committed academic misconduct in his dissertation;^[138] the committee did find "technical weaknesses" in Steinmeier's citations, but said they were not severe enough to consider revoking his degree.^[138]

Other activities[edit]

• German Coordinating-Council for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Organizations, Member of the Board (2009-2013)
• Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES), Member^[139]
• German Evangelical Church Assembly, Member of the Board
• German Protestant Institute of Archaeology, Member of the Board
• International Journalists' Programmes, Member of the Board of Trustees
• Peace of Westphalia Prize, Member of the Jury^[140]
• Rudolf Pichlmayr Foundation for Organ Transplantation, Member of the Board^[141]
• Aktion Deutschland Hilft (Germany's Relief Coalition), Member of the Board of Trustees (-2017)^[142]
• Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, ex-officio Member of the Board of Trustees (-2017)
• KfW, ex-officio Member of the Supervisory Board (-2017)

Recognition[edit]

Honorary appointment[edit]

• Honorary doctorate of the Ural State Technical University (2010)
• Willy Brandt Prize (2013)
• Honorary citizen of Reims (2015)^[143]
• Honorary doctorate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2015)^[144]
• Honorary doctorate of the University of Piraeus (2015)^[145]
• Honorary doctorate of the University of Paderborn (2016)^[146]
• Toleranzpreis der Evangelischen Akademie Tutzing (2016)
• Ignatz Bubis Award (2017)^[147]
• World Food Programme's Hunger Hero Award (2017)^[148]

Honours[edit]

National honour[edit]

• Grand Master and Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (19 March 2017)

Foreign honours[edit]

• Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash of the Order of Merit of the Austrian Republic (23 April 2016)
• Collar of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador) (13 February 2019)^[149]
• Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (17 September 2018)^[150]
• Grand Officer Legion of Honour (26 January 2017)
• Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (12 June 2019)
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 March 2006)
• Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (19 September 2019)^[151]
• Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars (19 February 2019)^[152]
• Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (15 October 2007)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Portugal) (2 March 2009)
• Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (1 March 2018)
• Grand Cross or (1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (17 November 2017)

See also[edit]

• List of foreign ministers in 2017

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

• Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Quotes by Frank-Walter Steinmeier
• (in German) Steinmeier's campaign website for the 2009 general election in Germany

Political offices
Preceded by Bodo Hombach	Chief of the Chancellery 1999–2005	Succeeded by Thomas de Maizière
Preceded by Joschka Fischer	Minister of Foreign Affairs 2005–2009	Succeeded by Guido Westerwelle
Preceded by Franz Müntefering	Vice Chancellor of Germany 2007–2009
Preceded by Guido Westerwelle	Minister of Foreign Affairs 2013–2017	Succeeded by Sigmar Gabriel
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Party political offices
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