1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
3.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
4.
Theatre director
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The directors function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realizing their artistic vision for it. If the production he or she is mounting is a new piece of writing or a translation of a play, in contemporary theatre, after the playwright, the director is generally the primary visionary, making decisions on the artistic concept and interpretation of the play and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on the structure, Directors use a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration. In ancient Greece, the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays, the author-director would also train the chorus, sometimes compose the music, and supervise every aspect of production. The fact that the director was called didaskalos, the Greek word for teacher, a miniature by Jean Fouquet from 1460 bears one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, from Renaissance times up until the 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the actor-manager. This would usually be an actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it. This was the case for instance with Commedia dellArte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber, the modern theatre director can be said to have originated in the staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company under George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator. This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski, principally an actor-manager, would set up the Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary. The French regisseur is also used to mean a stage director. A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène, post World War II, the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within the theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, a cautionary note was introduced by the famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said the only way to learn how to direct a play, is. To get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires, or at universities. In the early days such programmes typically led to the staging of one major production in the third year. At the University of California, Irvine, Keith Fowler led for many years a programme based on the premise that directors are autodidacts who need as many opportunities to direct as possible. Under Fowler, graduate student directors would stage between five and ten productions during their residencies, with each production receiving detailed critiques. Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory, with the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices
5.
Edwin Forrest
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Edwin Forrest was a prominent nineteenth-century American Shakespearean actor. His feud with the British actor William Charles Macready was the cause of the deadly Astor Place Riot of 1849, Forrest was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Rebecca and William Forrest. His father, a Scottish merchandise peddler, moved from Dumfriesshire to Trenton and his mother was a member of an affluent German-American family. A business setback led William to relocate to Philadelphia, where he married Rebecca and was able to secure a position with a branch of the United States Bank. As boys, Forrest and his brother William joined a local thespian club. After Forrests father died in 1819, he attempted to apprentice with a printer, a cooper, when attending a lecture in early 1820, he volunteered to participate in an experiment on the effects of nitrous oxide. The theatres of New York and Philadelphia were already crowded with trained, Forrest therefore set out at once for the south and west. He soon gained fame for portraying blackface caricatures of African Americans, constance Rourke wrote that his impression was so believable he often mingled in the streets with African Americans unnoticed. He allegedly fooled one old woman into taking him for a friend. In 1826 he had a success at the Bowery Theatre in New York City as Othello. This strict sense of honor was characteristic of him throughout his career and his New York success was repeated in every city he visited. In 1829 he was featured as Metamora in the play Metamora, or, the play was not a success, although his own role was noted favorably. During a season of ten months he performed in historic theatre the parts of Macbeth, Othello. During this engagement he married, in June 1837, Miss Catherine Norton Sinclair, daughter of John Sinclair and he returned to Philadelphia in November of the same year and began an engagement. His wife made a deep impression wherever she was presented, Edwin Forrest began a playwrighting contest from 1828 to 1847. The only rule the plays had to follow was that the lead Character had to fit Forrest, the first play to win the contest was Metamora by John Augustus Stone in 1828. The winner the year was The Gladiator by Robert Montgomery Bird. Other winning titles include Richard Penn Smith’s Caius Marcus, two plays by Robert Mongomery Bird, Oralloosa and The Broker of Bogota, and Robert T. Conrad’s Jack Cade
6.
B'hoy and g'hal
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They spoke a slang, with phrases such as Hi-hi, Lam him and Cheese it. The word bhoy was first used in 1846, in the United States it was a colloquialism for spirited lad and young spark. The word originates from the Irish pronunciation of boy, the prototypical artistic representation of a bhoy came in 1848, when Frank Chanfrau played the character Mose the Fireboy in Benjamin A. Bakers A Glance at New York, Mose is a pugilistic Irish volunteer fireman. Details varied with production, some bhoys were named Sykesy or Syksey. His girlfriend Lize was the prototypical ghal, dressed in cheap finery, Mose plays became an enormous hit in New York and other large cities, and theaters were filled with bhoys and ghals clamoring to see Chanfrau and other actors perform Bowery bhoy characters. William Northall even complained that at the Olympic Theatre Bowery Boys Bowery Bhoy Allen, horrible Prettiness, Burlesque and American Culture. The University of North Carolina Press, a History of the New York Stage, From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901. The Shakespeare Riots, Revenge, Drama, and Death in Nineteenth-Century America, Strong on Music, The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Love and Theft, Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, low Life, Lures and Snares of Old New York. Wilmeth, Don B. and Bigsby, C. W. E, the Cambridge History of American Theatre, Beginnings to 1870. New York By Gas- Light University of Chicago Press,1990
7.
Henrietta Baker Chanfrau
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Henrietta Baker Chanfrau was an American stage actress. Born Henrietta Baker in Philadelphia, before her marriage, her name was Jeannette Davis. She made her début as a vocalist during the summer of 1854 at the Assembly Buildings in Philadelphia under the management of Professor Mueller and her first appearance at a regular theatre was at the city museum on September 9,1854, as Miss Apsley in The Willow Copse. A short time afterward she became a member of the Arch Street Theatre and she became a member of the company when the National in Cincinnati, Ohio, was opened by Lewis Baker for the 1857–58 season. After a long absence from New York City, in late 1886 she appeared at the reopening of the Fourteenth Street Theatre as Linda Colmore in The Scapegoat and she married actor Frank Chanfrau in July 1858. She is believed to have died in New Jersey in 1909, wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. Chanfrau, Frank S. Appletons Cyclopædia of American Biography, university of Washington, Digital Collections Search for Henrietta Chanfrau
8.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
9.
T. Allston Brown
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Brown was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts the son of Thomas James and Lucretia Hamsly Brown. He began his career as the Philadelphia correspondent and theater critic for the top entertainment journal of the time and he freelanced for other show-business publications and published his own paper, called The Tattler. In 1860, Brown entered show business as the man for the Henry Cooper English Opera Company. He later worked for Gardner & Madigans Circus as treasurer and manager of the box office, during one circus performance, the assistant to the ropewalker Blondine went missing. Blondines opening stunt was to walk a tightrope from the stage to the balcony with a person on his back, T. Allston Brown filled in for the missing helper, and the Baltimore Press dubbed him Colonel for the deed. Brown adopted the title and used it for the remainder of his career. In 1863, Brown was named editor of the New York Clipper and he kept the post until 1872, when he retired from journalism. He next pursued a career as an agent and manager for entertainers and his clients included the famous female impersonator Ernest Byne, the Hanlon Brothers, and Mlle. Brown became co-owner of the Simmonds & Brown Dramatic Agency and continued to run the company after Simmonds died, as early as 1858, Brown had begun compiling stories and biographies of theatrical performers in the United States. Much of his material came from players in the field, who supplied biographical sketches and he began to write a book on the subject, and in 1870 he published the exhaustive History of the American Stage. In 1906, he retired from business to devote more time to history. Brown died in Philadelphia in 1918, cullen, Frank, with Florence Hackman and Donald McNeilly. Vaudeville Old & New, An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America, sentilles, Renée M. Performing Menken, Adah Isaacs Menken and the Birth of American Celebrity. A History of the New York Stage, Volume 1 A History of the New York Stage, Volume 2 A History of the New York Stage, Volume 3 Genealogy of Thomas Allston BROWN
10.
The New York Sun
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The New York Sun was a politically conservative weekday daily newspaper published in Manhattan from 2002 to 2008. Since 2009 The Sun has operated as a publisher of political and economic opinion pieces. The Sun was founded by a group of investors including publishing magnate Conrad Black, the goal was to provide an alternative to The New York Times, featuring front page news about local and state events, in contrast to the emphasis on national and international news by the Times. The Sun began business operations, prior to first publication, in October 2001, the newspapers president and editor-in-chief was Seth Lipsky, former editor of The Jewish Daily Forward. Managing editor Ira Stoll also served as company vice-president, Stoll had been a longtime critic of the Times in his media watchdog blog smartertimes. com. When smartertimes. com became defunct, its Web traffic was redirected to The Sun web site, published from the Cary Building in Lower Manhattan, it ceased print publication on September 30,2008. Its web site resumed activity on April 28,2009, but only contains a subset of the original content of the paper. The papers motto, which it shared with its predecessor and namesake, was It Shines For All, editor-in-chief Lipsky said that the papers prominent op-ed page would champion limited government, individual liberty, constitutional fundamentals, equality under the law, economic growth. Standards in literature and culture, education, another goal, said Lipsky, was to seize the local beat from which The New York Times was retreating as it sought to become a national newspaper. Stoll characterized The Suns political orientation as right-of-center, and an associate of Conrad Black predicted in 2002 that the paper would be neoconservative in its outlook. The Suns columnists included prominent conservative and neoconservative pundits, including William F. Buckley, Jr. Michael Barone, Daniel Pipes, the Sun supported President George W. Bush and his decision to launch the Iraq War in 2003. The Sun established a niche for itself foremost in New York. The paper also scored more scoops than would be expected for its size, shepard, dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, said that its effective coverage of local news earned it a place in the New York media world. Accordingly, it was known as a place for young, ambitious. In the same article, Mark Malloch Brown, Kofi Annans chief of staff at the United Nations, according to Sherman, Brown accepts that the papers obsession with the UN translates into influence. He admitted the Sun does punch way above its circulation number and he goes on to say, Clearly amongst its minuscule circulation were a significant number of diplomats. And so it did at times act as some kind of rebel house paper inside the UN and it fed the gossip mills and what was said in the cafeterias. Browns insult was in the context of the Suns reporting of the UNs central role in the Saddam Hussein Oil-for-Food scandal
11.
Mose Humphrey
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A parishioner of St. Andrews Church, he inspired an urban folklore character of Big Mose. The character of Mose first appeared on Broadway in Benjamin A, bakers A Glance at New York, in 1848. Then Mose was featured in stage shows and penny novels in the mid-19th century. The character was most identified with actor Frank Chanfrau, or swimming the Hudson river with two strokes. F. S. Chanfraus Mose, The Rise and Fall of an Urban Folk-Hero
12.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
13.
Impersonator
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An impersonator is someone who imitates or copies the behavior or actions of another. Especially popular objects of impersonation are Elvis, Michael Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, entertainers who impersonate multiple celebrities as part of their act, can be sorted into impressionists and celebrity impersonators. Crime, As part of an act such as identity theft. This is usually where the criminal is trying to assume the identity of another, in order to commit fraud, such as accessing confidential information, also known as social engineering and impostors. Decoys, used as a form of protection for political and military figures and this involves an impersonator who is employed to perform during public appearances, to mislead observers. Sowing discord, causing people to fight, or dislike each other for social, celebrity impersonators are entertainers who look similar to celebrities and dress in such a way as to imitate them. Impersonators are known as look-alikes, impressionists, imitators tribute artists, the interest may have originated with the need or desire to see a celebrity who has died. One of the most prominent examples of this phenomenon is the case of Elvis Presley, there are claimed to be more Elvis impersonators and tribute artists in the world than for any other celebrity. Edward Moss has appeared in movies and sitcoms, impersonating Michael Jackson, the ruling hinges on whether there was harm to the other person. Impressionist Look-alike Personation Police impersonation Soundboard, victim soundboard Tribute act Wannabe Shi, in the Chinese ancestor ritual, a figure impersonating ancestors
14.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
15.
Chatham Theatre
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For the other theatre known by this name, see Chatham Garden Theatre. The Chatham Theatre or Chatham Street Theatre was a playhouse on the southeast side of Chatham Street in New York City and it was located at numbers 143-9, between Roosevelt and James streets, a few blocks south of the Bowery. At its opening in 1839, the Chatham was a neighborhood establishment, by the mid-1840s, it had become primarily a venue for blackface minstrel shows. Frank S. Chanfrau restored some of its grandeur in 1848, the playhouses most successful period was under the management of A. H. Purdy. Following Purdys departure in 1857, the theatre entered its final decline and it flip-flopped many times between a standard melodrama house and a concert saloon before finally being demolished in 1862. Thomas Flynn and Henry Willard financed the construction of the Chatham Theatre in 1839, under Flynns management, the playhouse opened on 11 September 1839 with a production of A New Way to Pay Old Debts starring John R. Scott and Mrs. Thomas Flynn. It was essentially a neighborhood theatre at this time, and the effects of the Panic of 1837 were still being felt, the theatre finally closed in January 1840 due to differences between the two owners. Charles R. Thorne bought Willards stake and joined Flynn as manager for two weeks in February 1840, still, the theatre saw little success. Thorne then bought out Flynns stake for $500, in 1844, Thorne sold the theatre to his stage manager, a Mr. Stevens, and to A. W. Jackson, who managed for one season. During this time, the theatre was mainly a blackface minstrel house, on 8 April 1845, Ben De Bar became stage manager, but he soon partnered with William S. Deverna to lease the building. De Bar ceased active management on 5 October, M. S. Phillips was the next lessee, followed by J. Fletcher, who bought the theatre in 1847. By this time, the Chatham Theatre was performing poorly and it became a circus for a time before eventually reopening as a playhouse. Admissions were low for the time, 25¢ for the boxes, one shilling for the pit, the audience now consisted of the lower classes, who on holidays used to talk, shout, and scream so that the actors went through their parts in dumb show. Frank S. Chanfrau and W. Olgivie Ewen became joint lessees on 28 February 1848 with Chanfrau as manager and they renamed the building Chanfraus National Theatre and tried to reclaim some of the theatres lost prestige. This lasted until 8 July 1850, a. H. Purdy took over operations in 1850 for what would prove the theatres most successful period. He renamed the building Purdys National Theatre and he renovated in April 1852, reopening on 19 April. On 23 August 1852, Purdy produced the first non-comedic stage adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin in the United States and this version, written by Charles Western Taylor, ran for 11 nights but saw little success. Most of the 1853 season was devoted to a more successful dramatization of Stowes novel
16.
New York Herald
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The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6,1835, and 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, by 1845, it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it circulated 84,000 copies and called itself the most largely circulated journal in the world, Bennett stated that the function of a newspaper is not to instruct but to startle and amuse. His politics tended to be anti-Catholic and he had tended to favor the Know-Nothing faction, during the American Civil War, his policy as expressed by the newspaper was to staunchly support the Democratic Party. Frederic Hudson served as managing editor of the paper from 1846–1866, Bennett turned over control of the paper to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr. in 1866. Under Gordon Bennett Jr. the paper financed Henry Morton Stanleys expeditions into Africa to find David Livingstone, the paper also supported Stanleys trans-Africa exploration, and in 1879 supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. DeLong to the arctic region. On October 4,1887, Bennett Jr. sent Julius Chambers to Paris, Bennett himself later moved to Paris, but the New York Herald suffered from his attempt to manage its operation in New York by telegram. In 1924, after Bennett Jr. s death, the New York Herald was acquired by its rival the New York Tribune. In 1959, the New York Herald Tribune and its European edition were sold to John Hay Whitney, in 1966, the New York paper ceased publication. The Washington Post and the New York Times acquired joint control of the European edition, when the Herald was still under the authority of its original publisher Bennett, it was considered to be the most invasive and sensationalist of the leading New York papers. Its ability to entertain the public with timely daily news made it the leading circulation paper of its time, the New York Evening Telegram was founded in 1867 by the junior Bennett, and was considered by many to be an evening edition of the Herald. Frank Munsey acquired the Telegram in 1920, which ceased its connection to the Herald, New Yorks Herald Square is named after the New York Herald newspaper, in the north side of the square there is a sculpture commemorating the Bennetts. The statue of Minerva, the Bellringers, and Owls by Antonin Carles originally graced the New York Herald building and rang every hour until it was moved to Herald Square, the chorus of Give My Regards to Broadway includes the phrase, emember me to Herald Square. North of Herald Square is Times Square, which is named after rival The New York Times, New York Herald Tribune Three months with the New York Herald, or, Old news on board of a homeward. By John Henry Potter Photographs and architectural sketches of the New York Herald Building
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Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
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Bowery Theatre
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The Bowery Theatre was a playhouse on the Bowery in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City. By the 1850s, the theatre came to cater to immigrant groups such as the Irish, Germans and it burned down four times in 17 years, a fire in 1929 destroying it for good. Although the theatres name changed several times, it was referred to as the Bowery Theatre. They hired architect Ithiel Town to design the new venue, Some notable investors included Samuel Laurence Gouverneur, son-in-law to President James Monroe, and James Alexander Hamilton, son of Alexander Hamilton. The new playhouse, with its Neoclassical design, was more opulent than the Park, the Bowery Theatre opened on 22 October 1826 under the name New York Theatre, with the comedy The Road to Ruin, by Thomas Holcroft, under the management of Charles A. Gilfert. Its first few seasons were devoted to ballet, opera, the theatre was by this time quite fashionable, and the northward expansion of Manhattan gave the theatre access to a large patronage. The theatre burnt out in 1828, but was rebuilt behind the same facade, Gilferts understanding of advertising was keen, but in 1829 the owners fired him. The owners hired Thomas Hamblin and James H. Hackett in August 1830 to manage the theatre, a month later, Hackett left Hamblin in complete control. After the Bowery burned down later that year, Hamblin rebuilt and he then took the theatre in a decidedly different direction for what would be its most innovative and successful period. This was partially the result of a theatre riot at the Park, Hamblin renamed the playhouse the American Theatre. Hamblin hired unknown American actors and playwrights and allowed them to play for long runs of up to a month, before 1843, early blackface performers such as George Washington Dixon and Thomas D. Rice played there frequently, and acts such as J. B. Booth, Edwin Forrest, Louisa Lane Drew, and Frank Chanfrau also gained renown on the Bowerys stage, George L. Fox and his pantomime became the most popular act at the Bowery until after the Civil War. Bowery productions also debuted or popularized a number of new types, including the Bowery Bhoy, the Yankee, the Frontiersman. The pro-Americanism of the Bowerys audience came to a head during the Farren Riots of 1834, Farren, the Bowerys British-born stage manager, had reportedly made anti-American comments and fired an American actor. Protesters reacted by attacking the homes, businesses, and churches of abolitionists and blacks in New York City, Farren apologized for his comments, and George Washington Dixon sang popular songs to quell the rioters. Hamblin defied conventions of theatre as high culture by booking productions that appealed to working-class patrons, animal acts, blackface minstrel shows, and melodrama enjoyed the most frequent billings, and hybrid forms, such as melodramas about dogs saving their human masters, became unprecedented successes. Spectacular productions with advanced visual effects, including water and fire, Hamblin also innovated by using gas lighting in lieu of candles and kerosene lamps. The Bowery Theatre earned the nickname The Slaughterhouse for its low-class offerings, in the spring of 1834, Hamblin began buying shares in the theatre from the New York Association, he had enough to control the enterprise completely within 18 months
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Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
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Dan Rice
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For Daniel Rice, see Daniel Rice Dan Rice was an American entertainer of many talents, most famously as a clown, who was pre-eminent before the American Civil War. During the height of his career, Rice was a household name, Dan Rice was also an innovator, as he coined the terms One Horse Show and Greatest Show whilst becoming the pacesetter for the popularization of the barrel-style French cuff. He was a personality in the new American pop culture, brought on by the technological changes of the Industrial Revolution. Rice became so popular he ran for President of the United States in 1868, born Daniel McLaren in New York City, Rice gained 19th century fame with many talents, most of which involved him gallivanting around as a clown figure in circuses. In addition to his talents, he was an animal trainer, songwriter, commentator, political humorist, strong man, actor, director, producer, dancer. He ran for Senate, Congress, and President of the United States — dropping out of each race, Rice changed the circus into what it is today by mixing animals, acrobats and clowns. His first break came in 1841, when he got a job of presenting a pig named Sybil who could do many tricks, from there he moved on to singing and dancing, and got caught up briefly in the popularity of the negro song, singing in blackface. He would perform these with various songs and dialects, Rice was not simply funnier than other clowns, he was different, mingling jokes, solemn thoughts, civic observations, and songs. Expanding his horizons, he went into producing his own shows and he wanted to move on from his frivolous clowning, and reinvented himself into a gentleman. He started to take up politics and would often have Democratic undertones in his shows and he was then regarded as not only a multi-talented performer, but a smart and noble man who was to be admired. He won the affection of many newspapers and publicists, including those of a then unknown Mark Twain and Walt Whitman. Mark Twain paid him homage in his description of a circus in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and his shows became more famous than any of the other shows touring at the time, including that of rival, Phineas Taylor Barnum. During the 19th century, his name was synonymous with theater and he reinvented the theater into a vaudevillian style before there was vaudeville. He was very patriotic, later influencing the likes of George M. Cohan and he was also one of the main models for Uncle Sam. He died almost penniless in 1900 and is buried in the Old First Methodist Church cemetery in West Long Branch, a number of popular expressions came into being around Dan Rice. Rice campaigned for Zachary Taylor as president, inviting him to campaign on the circus bandwagon, early in his career, Rice was down on his luck and only had one horse. His competitors mocked him, saying it was a one show as a derogatory. Rice was able to turn the expression around by putting on a good show, the rallying cry of Hey, Rube
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Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
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Buckley's Serenaders
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Buckleys Serenaders was an American blackface minstrel troupe, headed by James Buckley. Back in the States, the Buckleys became one of the two most popular companies from the mid-1850s to the 1860s, by the 1853–4 season, the Buckleys began to burlesque popular operas and boasted of their ability to reproduce such works. Some of these were Cinderella, La Sonnambula, and Don Juan, or, another popular act involved Bishop Buckleys trained horse, Mazeppa. G. Swaine Buckley was another member of the company, in 1853, they leased a New York City theatre at 539 Broadway, a hall they called Buckleys Opera House, the Ethiopian Opera House, and the American Opera House. In 1856, they moved to 585 Broadway, by 1857, they were spending as much as six months there between tours. They also gave regular Sunday-evening concerts in whiteface at this location, however, like other minstrel companies, the Buckleys toured extensively. Upon their return to New York after a late 1857 tour, they published this advertisement, Although we look ragged and black are our faces. As free and as fair as the best we are found, And our hearts are as white as those in fine places, charles Dickens wrote of the Buckleys during an 1861 trip to the United States, Wilkie and I. went to the Buckleys last night. They do the most preposterous things, in the way of Violin Solos, Deeply Sentimental Songs, all that part of it, is intolerably bad. Nor have I ever seen so good a presentation as his, the troupe roster stayed relatively consistent until 1855, with only non-members of the Buckley family coming or going. The Buckleys closed the Opera House when the Concert Saloon Bill of 1862 forbade the combination of entertainment, female waitresses and sale of alcohol and in New York theaters. Strong on Music, The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong, Strong on Music, The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Behind the Burnt Cork Mask, Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture, the History of the Boston Theatre, 1854-1901
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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