1.
Farnworth
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Farnworth is a town and an unparished area within the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. It is located 2.3 miles southeast of Bolton,5 miles south-west of Bury, historically in Lancashire, Farnworth lies on the River Irwell and the River Croal. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, it had a population of 25,264 people, Farnworth derives from the Old English fearn, fern and worth an enclosure. Farnworth was recorded as Farneworth and Farnewrth in 1278 and 1279, Farnworth was originally a hamlet in Barton. In the 13th century it was held by the Lords of Barton, by 1320 Adam Lever, Richard Hulton and Richard Redford held the manor as tenants. Later the manor was acquired by the Hultons of Over Hulton, in 1666 there were 91 hearths in Farnworth liable to pay tax. The commons were enclosed in 1798, there was a watermill on the River Croal. The town expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries around the mining industry. The collieries were part of a mine complex, the Worsley Navigable Levels whose underground canals stretched from the Delph at Worsley. Other industry included iron foundries and cotton mills, the owner of Farnworth Paper mills, T. B. Crompton, patented a process which contributed to the mechanisation of papermaking in 1821. Lying within the boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Farnworth constituted a township, in 1837 Farnworth became part of the Bolton Poor Law Union which took responsibility for funding the Poor Law in that area. In 1863, a Local board of health was established for the township, in 1899, under the Local Government Act 1894, Farnworth became an Urban District. In 1939, the district was granted by a charter to become the Municipal Borough of Farnworth, in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the municipal borough was abolished and its area became an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester. Farnworth has two of Bolton Councils 20 wards, which each are represented by three councillors, under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the Radcliffe-cum-Farnworth constituency was established with one Member of Parliament. The constituency was abolished in 1918 with Radcliffe becoming part of the Heywood and Radcliffe constituency, the Farnworth constituency continued until it was abolished in 1983 and became part of the Bolton South East constituency. Farnworth measures about two miles from east to west, and one north to south with an area of 1,502 acres on land sloping towards the north-east by the River Croal which forms the boundary. Will Hill Brook forms the northern boundary, the underlying rocks are the coal measures of the Manchester Coalfield
2.
Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
3.
Shepperton
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Shepperton is equidistant between the towns of Chertsey and Sunbury-on-Thames. Shepperton is mentioned in a document of 959 AD and in the Domesday Book and its accessibility was improved by Sunbury Lock and Shepperton Lock built in the 1810s supporting the trade and agricultural barges and later the use of residential narrowboats. Sheppertons proximity to burgeoning London led to small businesses being established along its high street by the end of the century and it is an age-diverse commuter settlement. Its Green Belt has The Swan Sanctuary and two SSSIs, one of which is managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust, in total the annual amount rendered was £6. The Church Lane and Church Square area, leading to and next to the river predates by centuries the High Street as the village nucleus. Its coming which was due to contributions and permission of W. S. Lindsay the owner of Sheppertons manor. These bear the inscription Davo aptio, Argo fidelior, ipso Sanchone facetior, in 1930 on the rural districts abolition, Shepperton became part of the Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District until its dissolution into a reduced and reconfigured county of Surrey in 1965. Three districts of the county thus did not become part of Greater London, Staines Urban District also joined Surrey. If anything real is to be gleaned for its use, it is perhaps a passing similarity, Shepperton Manor by John Mason Neale was contemporaneously written in 1844 fifteen years after he had spent six years living in the village. Old parts of Shepperton are said to be haunted by the ghost of a headless monk, battlecrease Hall is alleged by its owners and certain visitors to have poltergeists. Leading to this is a short, since 1989 bypassed, winding lane from the High Street to Church Square, flanked by Shepperton Manor and it offers two pub/restaurants including the first of the chain Blubeckers and two hotels, the Anchor Hotel and the Warren Lodge Hotel. In this little square there is also the Kings Head public house, the riverside manor, late 18th century, features a room painted and rendered to look like a tent or draped damask. Also Grade II* listed is the c.1500 timber framed Old Rectory refronted in the early 18th century and its front cladding has mathematical tiles. Listed in the high category of listed building is the parish church, St Nicholas – its dedication is as with the ancient riverside churches of Thames Ditton. Also architecturally Grade II* is restored half timbered Winches Cottage on the west side of the lane which is 17th century, from the 1760s—1860s a ropery was an industry here then from the 1860s—1870s brick clay was extracted. Halliford Manor, confusingly also called The Old Manor, dates to at least the 13th century and ownership became royal, being held by Elizabeth I and the wives of Charles I and Charles II. The Bishop of Winchester, Brian Duppa owned the waterside meadows adjoining to the south and was also an important landowner in Croydons history, see Duppas Hill. Wealthy writers built or expanded homes here in the 19th century, primarily as residences, such as Rider Haggard, Thomas Love Peacock, George Meredith
4.
Surrey
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Surrey is a county in the south east of England. It shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west, Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent, the London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth, and parts of Lewisham and Bromley were in Surrey until 1889. The boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton and Richmond upon Thames south of the River Thames were part of Surrey until 1965, when they too were absorbed into Greater London. In the same year, the county was extended north of the Thames by the addition of Spelthorne, due to this expansion, modern Surrey also borders on the London boroughs of Hounslow and Hillingdon. It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county, Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, the geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt and it contains a good deal of mature woodland. Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22. 4% coverage compared to an average of 11. 8%. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of woodland in the UK. Surrey also contains Englands principal concentration of lowland heath, on soils in the west of the county. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with a network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of leisure activities. The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking and it is either 293,294 or 295 metres above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres in West Berkshire. Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people and its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773, Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155, towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines and Redhill. Guildford is the county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791
5.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
6.
City and Guilds of London Institute
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The City and Guilds of London Institute is a vocational education organisation in the United Kingdom. The Prince of Wales later King Edward VII was then appointed the first President of the Institute, City & Guilds is a registered charity. The Institutes president is HRH The Princess Royal who accepted this role in June 2011, and the Chairman of Council is Sir John Armitt, the two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. At the time John Watney was both secretary to the Gresham Committee and the CGLI, the school proved such a success that new premises had to be found in nearby Leonard Street, which was formally opened on 19 February 1893 as Finsbury Technical College. The Institutes director at the time was Sir Philip Magnus, later University MP, Finsbury College was intended as the first of a number of feeder colleges for the Central Institution, but was almost the only one founded. Finsbury College continued its existence until 1926. The City & Guilds of London Art School was established in 1854, as one of the first Government Schools of Design, in Kennington and it was originally named Lambeth School of Art and was set up to provide training in carving, modelling and architectural decoration. In 1879 the art school began a working relationship with the City. This lasted until 1971, when the art became an independent charity. The art school focuses on undergraduate and postgraduate study of art, stone and wood carving. The City and Guilds Institute accredits the carving courses and maintains a link with the Art School, the Central Technical College building was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, better known as the architect of the Natural History Museum. Located adjacent to the Central Institute on the site were the Royal School of Mines, in 2002, under Imperial Colleges new faculty structure, City & Guilds College, along with the other constituent colleges, ceased to exist as a separate entity. In September 2013 the Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering building at Imperial College was renamed City, alumni of the CGLI Central Technical College, the City & Guilds College and the new Imperial College Faculty of Engineering, unite under the City & Guilds College Association. Established in 1897 as the Old Centralians, the Association adopted its current name in 1992, the Links Club is a club for students and alumni of the Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College, formerly The City and Guilds College. Members are elected on the basis of good sportsmanship and meet each Thursday in South Kensington, in 1953 the Associated Examinations Board was established and administered by City & Guilds. 1964 saw the creation of the National Examining Board for Supervisory Management as part of the City & Guilds group, specialising in qualifications for supervisors and junior managers. In 1973, the Technician Education Council was created to unify technical education and these courses led to Ordinary National Certificates and Diplomas and Higher National Certificates and Diplomas, which were previously the responsibility of professional bodies. In 1974, the Business Education Council was established, again administered by City & Guilds and this had a remit to rationalise and improve the relevance of sub-degree vocational education in Further Education and Higher Education colleges and in Polytechnics
7.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
8.
Royal Court Theatre
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The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre on Sloane Square, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England. It is noted for its contributions to modern theatre, in 1956 it was acquired by and is home to a resident company, the English Stage Company. The first theatre on Lower George Street, off Sloane Square, was the converted Nonconformist Ranelagh Chapel, marie Litton became its manager in 1871, hiring Walter Emden to remodel the interior, and it was renamed the Court Theatre. By 1878, management of the theatre was shared by John Hare, further alterations were made in 1882 by Alexander Peebles, after which its capacity was 728. After that, Arthur Cecil was co-manager of the theatre with John Clayton, among other works, they produced a series of Arthur Wing Pineros farces, including The Rector, The Magistrate, The Schoolmistress, and Dandy Dick, among others. The theatre closed on 22 July 1887 and was demolished, the present building was built on the east side of Sloane Square, replacing the earlier building, and opened on 24 September 1888 as the New Court Theatre. Designed by Walter Emden and Bertie Crewe, it is constructed of red brick, moulded brick. Originally the theatre had a capacity of 841 in the stalls, dress circle, amphitheatre, Cecil and Clayton yielded management of the theatre to Mrs. John Wood and Arthur Chudleigh in 1887, although Cecil continued acting in their company until 1895. The first production in the new building was a play by Sydney Grundy titled Mamma, starring Mrs. John Wood and John Hare, with Arthur Cecil and Eric Lewis. Harley Granville-Barker managed the theatre for the first few years of the 20th century and it ceased to be used as a theatre in 1932 but was used as a cinema from 1935 to 1940, until World War II bomb damage closed it. The interior was reconstructed by Robert Cromie, and the number of seats was reduced to under 500, George Devine was appointed artistic director at the suggestion of Oscar Lewenstein, one of the other two co-founders of the English Stage Company. The ESC opened at the Royal Court in 1956 as a subsidised theatre producing new British and foreign plays, Devine aimed to create a writers theatre, seeking to discover new writers and produce serious contemporary works. Devine produced the new companys production in 1956, John Osbornes Look Back in Anger. Osborne followed Look Back In Anger with The Entertainer, with Laurence Olivier in the lead as Archie Rice, significantly, although it was quickly reversed, the artistic board of the ESC initially rejected the play. Two members of the board were in agreement in opposing The Entertainer, in the mid-1960s, the ESC became involved in issues of censorship. The succès de scandale of the two helped to bring about the abolition of theatre censorship in the UK. During the period of Devines directorship, besides Osborne and Bond, early seasons included new international plays by Bertolt Brecht, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Marguerite Duras. In addition to the 400-seat proscenium arch Theatre Downstairs, the smaller studio Theatre Upstairs was opened in 1969
9.
Arnold Wesker
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Sir Arnold Wesker FRSL was a British dramatist known for his contributions to world drama. He was the author of 50 plays, four volumes of stories, two volumes of essays, a book on journalism, a childrens book, extensive journalism, poetry. His plays have been translated into up to 20 different languages, Wesker was born in Stepney, London, in 1932, the son of Leah, a cook, and Joseph Wesker, a tailors machinist, and an active communist. He was delivered by Samuel Sacks, father of neurologist Oliver Sacks and he attended a Jewish Infants School in Whitechapel. His education was then fragmented during World War II and he was briefly evacuated to Ely, Cambridgeshire, before returning to London where he attended Dean Street School during the Blitz. He then returned to live with his parents who had moved to a flat in Hackney, East London. He then attended Upton House Central School, Hackney, from 1943 and this was a school where emphasis was placed on teaching office skills including typing to brighter boys who had not been selected for grammar school places. He was then evacuated again to Llantrisant, South Wales and he was accepted in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but could not afford to take up his place there. Later he went on to work as cook, furniture maker, bookseller, Weskers play Roots was a kitchen sink drama about a girl, Beatie Bryant, who returns after three years of stay in London to her farming family home at Norfolk and struggles to voice herself. Critics commended the emotional authenticity brought out in the play, Roots, The Kitchen, and Their Very Own and Golden City were staged by the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre under the management of George Devine and later William Gaskill. His inspiration for 1957 play The Kitchen, which was made into a film. It was while working here that he met his future wife Dusty, Weskers plays have dealt with themes including self-discovery, love, confronting death and political disillusion. Wesker joined with enthusiasm the Royal Court group on the Aldermaston March in 1959, another of the Royal Court contingent, Lindsay Anderson, made a short documentary film about the event. He was an member of the Committee of 100 and. He founded the Roundhouses first theatre, called Centre 42, in 1964 and he co-founded the Writers & Readers Publishing Cooperative Ltd with a group of writers that included John Berger, Lisa Appignanesi, Richard Appignanesi, Chris Searle and Glenn Thompson, in 1974. Weskers play The Merchant uses the three stories used by Shakespeare for his play The Merchant of Venice. In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are fast friends bound by a love of books, culture. They make the bond in defiant mockery of the Christian establishment, when it does, the play argues, Shylock must carry through on the letter of the law or jeopardize the scant legal security of the entire Jewish community
10.
Royal National Theatre
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The Royal National Theatre in London is one of the United Kingdoms three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues, alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House. Internationally, it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain, from its foundation in 1963 until 1976, the company was based at the Old Vic theatre in Waterloo. The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London, in addition to performances at the National Theatre building, the National Theatre company tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom. Since 1988, the theatre has been permitted to call itself the Royal National Theatre, the theatre presents a varied programme, including Shakespeare and other international classic drama, and new plays by contemporary playwrights. Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire, thus widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season. In June 2009, the theatre began National Theatre Live, a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas, first in the United Kingdom, the programme began with a production of Phèdre, starring Helen Mirren, which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK. NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 1,000 venues in 35 countries around the world, the NT had an annual turnover of approximately £87 million in 2012–13, of which earned income made up 80%. Support from Arts Council England provided 20% of income, and the remaining 7% came from a mixture of companies, individuals, trusts, in 1847, a critic using the pseudonym Dramaticus published a pamphlet describing the parlous state of British theatre. Production of serious plays was restricted to the patent theatres, at the same time, there was a burgeoning theatre sector featuring a diet of low melodrama and musical burlesque, but critics described British theatre as driven by commercialism and a star system. There was a demand to commemorate serious theatre, with the Shakespeare Committee purchasing the playwrights birthplace for the nation demonstrating a recognition of the importance of serious drama, the following year saw more pamphlets on a demand for a National Theatre from London publisher Effingham William Wilson. The situation continued, with a renewed call every decade for a National Theatre, attention was aroused in 1879 when the Comédie-Française took a residency at the Gaiety Theatre, described in The Times as representing the highest aristocracy of the theatre. This still left the capital without a national theatre and this work was interrupted by World War I. The play was part of the campaign to build a National Theatre. Still, the Government tried to apply unacceptable conditions to save money, attempting to force the amalgamation of the publicly supported companies. In July 1962, with agreements reached, a board was set up to supervise construction. The National Theatre Company opened on 22 October 1963 with Hamlet, the current building was designed by architects Sir Denys Lasdun and Peter Softley and structural engineers Flint & Neill and contains three stages, which opened individually between 1976 and 1977. The construction work was carried out by Sir Robert McAlpine, the Company was to remain at the Old Vic until 1977, when construction of the Olivier was complete. The National Theatre building houses three separate auditoria, additionally, a temporary structure was added in April 2013 and closed in May 2016
11.
Laurence Olivier
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Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles, late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles. His family had no connections, but Oliviers father, a clergyman. After attending a school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Cowards Private Lives, in 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, there his most celebrated roles included Shakespeares Richard III and Sophocless Oedipus. From 1963 to 1973 he was the director of Britains National Theatre. His own parts there included the role in Othello and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Among Oliviers films are Wuthering Heights, Rebecca, and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director, Henry V, Hamlet and his later films included Sleuth, Marathon Man, and The Boys from Brazil. His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence, Long Days Journey into Night, Love Among the Ruins, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Brideshead Revisited, Oliviers honours included a knighthood, a life peerage and the Order of Merit. For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatres largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Revd Gerard Kerr Olivier and his wife Agnes Louise, née Crookenden. Their elder children were Sybille and Gerard Dacres Dickie and his great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England and he practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as Father Olivier. This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the church posts he was offered were temporary. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurences first few years, in 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant priest at St Saviours, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a family life was at last possible
12.
Iago
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Iago is a fictional character in Shakespeares Othello. Iago is the main antagonist, and Othellos standard bearer. He is the husband of Emilia, who is in turn the attendant of Othellos wife Desdemona, Iago hates Othello and devises a plan to destroy him by making him believe that his wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. The role is thought to have been first played by Robert Armin, the characters source is traced to Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthios tale Un Capitano Moro in Gli Hecatommithi. There, the character is simply the ensign, Cinthios tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508. While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthios tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details, in Cinthios tale, for example, the ensign suffers an unrequited lust for the Moors wife, Desdemona, which then drives his vengeance. Desdemona dies in a different manner in Cinthios tale, the Moor commissions his ensign to bludgeon her to death with a sand-filled stocking. The Moor misses his wife greatly, however, and comes to loathe the sight of his ensign and he demotes him, and refuses to have him in his company. The ensign then seeks revenge by disclosing to the squadron leader, the two men denounce the Moor to the Venetian Seignory. The Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured and he is condemned to exile, Desdemonas relatives eventually execute him. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemonas death, but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured, Iago is a soldier who has fought beside Othello for several years, and has become his trusted advisor. At the beginning of the play, Iago claims to have been passed over for promotion to the rank of Othellos lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio. Iago plots to manipulate Othello into demoting Cassio, and thereafter to bring about the downfall of Othello himself. He has an ally, Roderigo, who assists him in his plans in the belief that after Othello is gone, Iago will help Roderigo earn the affection of Othellos wife. After Iago engineers a drunken brawl to ensure Cassio’s demotion, he sets to work on his second scheme and this plan occupies the final three acts of the play. He manipulates his wife Emilia, Desdemonas lady-in-waiting, into taking from Desdemona a handkerchief that Othello had given her, once Othello flies into a jealous rage, Iago tells him to hide and look on while he talks to Cassio. Iago then leads Othello to believe that a conversation about Cassios mistress. Mad with jealousy, Othello orders Iago to kill Cassio, promising to make him lieutenant in return, Iago then engineers a fight between Cassio and Roderigo in which the latter is killed, but the former merely wounded
13.
Othello (character)
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Othello is a character in Shakespeares Othello. The characters origin is traced to the tale Un Capitano Moro in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio, there, he is simply referred to as the Moor. Othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and Moorish background in the service of the Venetian Republic and he elopes with Desdemona, the beautiful daughter of a respected Venetian senator. After being deployed to Cyprus, Othello is manipulated by his Ancient Iago into believing Desdemona is an adulteress, Othello murders her and, upon discovering Iagos deceit, kills himself. Othello was first mentioned in a Revels account of 1604 when the play was performed on 1 November at Whitehall Palace with Richard Burbage almost certainly Othellos first interpreter. Modern notable performers of the role include Paul Robeson, Orson Welles, Richard Burton, James Earl Jones, Laurence Fishburne and Laurence Olivier, Othello is a Moorish prince living in Venice, as an ambassador of the Moors. After time in Venice, Othello is appointed general in the Venetian Army and his officer Iago tricks him into believing that his wife Desdemona is having an affair with his Lieutenant, Michael Cassio. Othello kills his wife out of jealousy by strangling her, only to realize that his wife was faithful after Emilia reveals the truth, Othello has its source in the 1565 tale Un Capitano Moro from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeares lifetime, Cinthios tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508. It also resembles an incident described in the tale of The Three Apples, one of the stories narrated in the One Thousand. Desdemona is the named character in Cinthios tale, his other characters being identified as the Moor, the squadron leader, the ensign. While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthios tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details, in Cinthio, the Moor commissions his ensign to bludgeon Desdemona to death with a sand-filled stocking. The Moor then misses his wife greatly, and comes to loathe the sight of his ensign and he demotes him, and refuses to have him in his company. The ensign then seeks revenge by disclosing to the squadron leader, the two men denounce the Moor to the Venetian Seignory. The Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured and he is condemned to exile, Desdemonas relatives eventually put him to death. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemonas death but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured, there is no consensus over Othellos race. E. A. J. Honigmann, the editor of the Arden Shakespeare edition, renaissance representations of the Moor were vague, varied, inconsistent, and contradictory. Various uses of the black are insufficient evidence for any accurate racial classification, Honigmann argues
14.
Othello
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Othello is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story Un Capitano Moro by Cinthio, Roderigo is upset because he loves Desdemona and had asked her father for her hand in marriage. Iago hates Othello for promoting a younger man named Cassio above him, whom Iago considers less capable a soldier than himself, Iago convinces Roderigo to wake Brabantio and tell him about his daughters elopement. Meanwhile, Iago sneaks away to find Othello and warns him that Brabantio is coming for him. Brabantio, provoked by Roderigo, is enraged and will not rest until he has beheaded Othello, but he finds Othellos residence full of the Duke of Venices guards, who prevent violence. News has arrived in Venice that the Turks are going to attack Cyprus, Brabantio has no option but to accompany Othello to the Dukes residence, where he accuses Othello of seducing Desdemona by witchcraft. Othello defends himself before the Duke of Venice, Brabantios kinsmen Lodovico and Gratiano, Othello explains that Desdemona became enamoured of him for the sad and compelling stories he told of his life before Venice, not because of any witchcraft. Iago, still in the room, takes note of Brabantios remark, the party arrives in Cyprus to find that a storm has destroyed the Turkish fleet. Othello orders a celebration and leaves to consummate his marriage with Desdemona. In his absence, Iago gets Cassio drunk, and then persuades Roderigo to draw Cassio into a fight, Montano tries to calm an angry and drunk Cassio down, but end up fighting one another. Montano is injured in the fight, Othello reenters and questions the men as to what happened. Othello blames Cassio for the disturbance and strips him of his rank, Iago persuades Cassio to importune Desdemona to convince her husband to reinstate Cassio. Iago now persuades Othello to be suspicious of Cassio and Desdemona, when Desdemona drops a handkerchief, Emilia finds it, and gives it to her husband Iago, at his request, unaware of what he plans to do with it. Othello reenters and vows with Iago for the death of Desdemona and Cassio, after which he makes Iago his lieutenant. Act III, scene iii, is considered to be the point of the play as it is the scene in which Iago successfully sows the seeds of doubt in Othellos mind. Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassios lodgings, then tells Othello to watch Cassios reactions while Iago questions him. Iago goads Cassio on to talk about his affair with Bianca, a local courtesan, later, Bianca accuses Cassio of giving her a second-hand gift which he had received from another lover. Othello sees this, and Iago convinces him that Cassio received the handkerchief from Desdemona, enraged and hurt, Othello resolves to kill his wife and asks Iago to kill Cassio
15.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
16.
Chichester Festival Theatre
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Chichester Festival Theatre, located in Chichester, Sussex, England, was designed by Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya, and opened by its founder Leslie Evershed-Martin in 1962. Subsequently the smaller and more intimate Minerva Theatre was built nearby in 1989, the inaugural Artistic Director was Sir Laurence Olivier, and it was at Chichester that the first National Theatre company was formed. Chichesters productions would transfer to the NTs base at the Old Vic in London. The opening productions in 1962 were, The Chances by John Fletcher which opened on 3 July, The Broken Heart, by John Ford, opened 9 July, Uncle Vanya, by Anton Chekov, opened 16 July. The Festival Season usually runs from April to September and includes productions from classics to contemporary writing, during this time the theatre also puts on outdoor promenade performances and organises other festival events including cabaret and comedy nights. A range of events is designed to add to the experience of visiting the theatre, including events, family days, tours. The theatre is run as a registered charity and is chaired by Sir William Castell. It is a Grade II* listed building, Sir Laurence Olivier Sir John Clements Keith Michell Peter Dews Patrick Garland John Gale Michael Rudman Patrick Garland Sir Derek Jacobi and Duncan C
17.
Hamlet
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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies
18.
Josef Frank (politician)
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Josef Frank was a Czechoslovakian Communist politician. Between 1939 and 1945 he was imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp, in 1952 he was expelled from the party. He was subsequently arrested and sentenced to death by hanging in the Slánský trial, in 1968 he was made a Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in memoriam. Frank is the character of Howard Brentons 1976 play Weapons of Happiness, in which he is imagined not dead
19.
Saint Joan (play)
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Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw about 15th Century French military figure Joan of Arc. Premiering in 1923, three years after her canonization by the Roman Catholic Church, the play dramatises what is known of her based on the substantial records of her trial. Shaw studied the transcripts and decided that the people acted in good faith according to their beliefs. He wrote in his preface to the play, There are no villains in the piece, crime, like disease, is not interesting, it is something to be done away with by general consent, and that is all about it. It is what men do at their best, with good intentions, and what men and women find that they must and will do in spite of their intentions. Michael Holroyd has characterised the play as a tragedy without villains, John Fielden has discussed further the appropriateness of characterising Saint Joan as a tragedy. The text of the play includes a long Preface by Shaw. Shaw characterised Saint Joan as A Chronicle Play in 6 Scenes, Joan, a simple peasant girl, claims to experience visions of Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and the archangel Michael, which she says were sent by God to guide her conduct. Scene 1, Robert de Baudricourt complains about the inability of the hens on his farm to produce eggs, Joan claims that her voices are telling her to lift the siege of Orléans, and to allow her several of his men for this purpose. Joan also says that she will crown the Dauphin in Reims Cathedral, de Baudricourt ridicules Joan, but his Steward feels inspired by her words. De Baudricourt eventually begins to feel the sense of inspiration. The Steward enters at the end of the scene to exclaim that the hens have begun to lay eggs again, de Baudricourt interprets this as a sign from God of Joans divine inspiration. Scene 2, Joan talks her way into being received at the court of the weak, There, she tells him that her voices have commanded her to help him become a true king by rallying his troops to drive out the English occupiers and restore France to greatness. Joan succeeds in doing this through her excellent powers of flattery, negotiation, leadership, scene 3, Dunois and his page are waiting for the wind to turn so that he and his forces can lay siege to Orléans. Joan and Dunois commiserate, and Dunois attempts to explain to her more pragmatic realities of an attack and her replies eventually inspire Dunois to rally the forces, and at the scenes end, the wind turns in their favour. Scene 4, Warwick and de Stogumber discuss Joans stunning series of victories, joined by the Bishop of Beauvais, they are at a loss to explain her success. De Stogumber decides Joan is a witch, Beauvais sees Joan as a threat to the Church, as she claims to receive instructions from God directly. He fears she wants to instill pride in the people
20.
Amadeus
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Amadeus is a play by Peter Shaffer, which gives a highly fictionalized account of the lives of the composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri. First performed in 1979, Amadeus was inspired by a short 1830 play by Alexander Pushkin called Mozart, in the play, significant use is made of the music of Mozart, Salieri and other composers of the period. The premieres of Mozarts operas The Abduction from the Seraglio, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, after being presented successfully at the Royal National Theatre, London in 1979, the play moved to the West End followed by Broadway. Amadeus won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play and it was adapted by Shaffer for the 1984 Academy Award-winning film of the same name. Since the original run, Shaffer has extensively revised his play, including changes to plot details, at the opening of the tale, Salieri is an old man, having long outlived his fame. Speaking directly to the audience, he claims to have used poison to assassinate Mozart, the action then flashes back to the eighteenth century, at a time when Salieri has not met Mozart in person, but has heard of him and his music. He adores Mozarts compositions, and is thrilled at the chance to meet Mozart in person, Salieri cannot reconcile Mozarts boorish behaviour with the genius that God has inexplicably bestowed upon him. Indeed, Salieri, who has been a devout Catholic all his life, Salieri renounces God and vows to do everything in his power to destroy Mozart as a way of getting back at his Creator. Throughout much of the rest of the play, Salieri masquerades as Mozarts ally to his face while doing his utmost to destroy his reputation, on more than one occasion it is only the direct intervention of the Emperor himself that allows Mozart to continue. Salieri also humiliates Mozarts wife when she comes to Salieri for aid, and smears Mozarts character with the Emperor, the play ends with Salieri attempting suicide with a razor in a last attempt to be remembered, leaving a confession of having murdered Mozart with arsenic. He survives, however, and his confession is met with disbelief, Shaffer used artistic licence in his portrayals of both Mozart and Salieri. While historically there may have been actual rivalry and tension between Mozart and Salieri, there is evidence that they enjoyed a relationship marked by mutual respect. As an example, Salieri later tutored Mozarts son Franz in music and he also conducted some of Mozarts works, both in Mozarts lifetime and afterwards. Cairns also rejects the romantic legend that Mozart always wrote out perfect manuscripts of works already completely composed in his head, citing major and prolonged revisions to several manuscripts. Amadeus was first presented at the Royal National Theatre, London in 1979, directed by Sir Peter Hall and starring Paul Scofield as Salieri, Simon Callow as Mozart and it was later transferred in modified form to the West End, starring Frank Finlay as Salieri. The cast also included Andrew Cruickshank, Basil Henson, Philip Locke, John Normington, the play premiered on Broadway in 1980 with Ian McKellen as Salieri, Tim Curry as Mozart, and Jane Seymour as Constanze. It ran for 1,181 performances and was nominated for seven Tony Awards, in 2015, Curry stated in an interview that the original Broadway production was his favorite stage production that he had ever been in. During the run of the play McKellen was replaced by John Wood, Frank Langella, David Dukes, David Birney, John Horton, Curry was replaced by Peter Firth, Peter Crook, Dennis Boutsikaris, John Pankow, Mark Hamill, and John Thomas Waite
21.
Much Ado About Nothing
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Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623, at the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples. At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a prince from Aragon, will return that night from a successful battle, Beatrice, Leonatos niece, asks the messenger about Benedick and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick, upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their merry war, and Pedros illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudios feelings for Hero, Leonatos only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married, Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married. A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved, meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this man that Benedick is the princes jester. Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge, Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love him but afraid to tell him. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedicks undying love for her, the tricks have the desired effect, both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile. Meanwhile, Don Pedros brother Don John, the prince, plots to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother and wreak misery on Leonato. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly. At the wedding the day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die, the presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Heros death in order to extract the truth, prompted by the days harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, Benedick is horrified and at first, denies her request
22.
Dogberry
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Dogberry is a character created by William Shakespeare for his play, Much Ado About Nothing. He is described by The Nuttall Encyclopædia as a self-satisfied night constable with a view of his own importance as the leader of a group of comically bumbling police watchmen. Dogberry is notable for his numerous malapropisms, which sometimes are referred to as dogberryisms after him, the Dogberry character was created for William Kempe, who played comic roles in Shakespeares theatre company the Lord Chamberlains Men. In the play, Dogberry is the chief of the citizen-police in Messina and he is first seen instructing his constables on their duties. He tells them that its fine to sleep on duty. During their watch the constables overhear a conversation between two characters, Boraccio and Conrade, one of whom has been part of Don Johns plot to discredit Hero. They misunderstand the conversation and arrest the two on the spot for acts of treason because they called the Princes brother Don John a villain. They are brought before the governor Leonato, who is at a loss to understand Dogberrys nonsensical description of the supposed crimes, but allows Dogberry to examine them. His absurd pseudo-legal rhetoric confuses matters even more, but when the Prince arrives at the truth about Don John, the plot is revealed, Dogberry is rewarded for his diligence and leaves. As is usual in Shakespearean comedy, and Renaissance comedy generally, the humour of Dogberrys character is his frequent use of malapropism, a product of his pretentiousness, as he attempts to use sophisticated terminology with disastrous results. The name of the character is the Elizabethan common name for the fruit of the Common Dogwood, considered lowly and inferior to other edible berries. Dogberry and his crew, however, are given a thematic function, for it is they who uncover the plot of Don John. In that sense, Dogberrys comic ineptitude is made to serve the sense of a providential force overseeing the restoration of social and emotional order. According to historian John W. Indeed, the Queens own jester, Tarleton, was taken into custody for being on the streets after ten. Indeed, that would be the basis for arresting Boraccio and Conrade, Though they do not say so. Dogberry was almost certainly created to be performed by William Kempe, as the names Kemp, Dogberry was played by the noted comedy actor Samuel Johnson during the 1880s and 1890s for Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in London. John Martin-Harvey described him as the acknowledged Shakespearean clown of his day, in a noted 1976 Royal Shakespeare Company production set in India during the British Raj, John Woodvine played Dogberry as a member of the local constabulary with a Peter Sellers Indian accent. Christopher Benjamin alternated in the role with Terry Woods in Terry Hands 1982 production for the RSC, Dogberry was played by Michael Keaton in Kenneth Branaghs 1993 film adaptation and has been played on television by Michael Elphick, Frank Finlay, and Barnard Hughes
23.
The Crucible
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The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692/93. Miller wrote the play as an allegory for McCarthyism, when the US government ostracized people for being communists, the play was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22,1953, starring E. G. Marshall, Beatrice Straight and Madeleine Sherwood. Miller felt that production was too stylized and cold and the reviews for it were largely hostile. Nonetheless, the won the 1953 Tony Award for Best Play. A year later a new production succeeded and the became a classic. It is regarded as a work in the canon of American drama. Betty Parris, the daughter of Salem preacher Reverend Samuel Parris. The previous evening, Reverend Parris discovered Betty, some other girls, the village is rife with rumors of witchcraft and a crowd gathers outside Rev. Parris house. The Reverend questions the girls apparent ringleader, his niece Abigail Williams, Parris decides to invite Reverend John Hale, an expert in witchcraft and demonology, to investigate and leaves to address the crowd. The other girls involved in the incident join Abigail and a briefly roused Betty, Abigail coerces and threatens the others to stick to their story of merely dancing in the woods. The other girls are frightened of the truth being revealed and being labelled witches, Betty then faints back into unconsciousness. John Proctor, a farmer and husband of Elizabeth, enters. He sends the girls out and confronts Abigail, who tells him that she. It is revealed that Abigail once worked as a servant for the Proctors, Abigail still harbors feelings for John and believes he does as well, but John says he does not. Abigail angrily mocks John for denying his feelings for her. As they argue, Betty bolts upright and begins screaming, mrs. Putnam is a bereaved parent seven times over, she blames witchcraft for her losses and Bettys ailment. Rebecca is rational and suggests a doctor be called instead, mr. Putnam and Corey have been feuding over land ownership
24.
Mother Courage and Her Children
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Mother Courage and Her Children is a play written in 1939 by the German dramatist and poet Bertolt Brecht, with significant contributions from Margarete Steffin. Four theatrical productions were produced in Switzerland and Germany from 1941 to 1952, several years after Brechts death in 1959/1960, the play was adapted as a German film starring Helene Weigel, Brechts widow and a leading actress. Mother Courage is considered by some to be the greatest play of the 20th century, Mother Courage is one of nine plays that Brecht wrote in resistance to the rise of Fascism and Nazism. In response to the invasion of Poland by the German armies of Adolf Hitler in 1939, following Brechts own principles for political drama, the play is not set in modern times but during the Thirty Years War of 1618–1648, which involved all the European states. It follows the fortunes of Anna Fierling, nicknamed Mother Courage, a wily canteen woman with the Swedish Army, who is determined to make her living from the war. Over the course of the play, she loses all three of her children, Swiss Cheese, Eilif, and Kattrin, to the war from which she tried to profit. The name of the character, Mother Courage, is drawn from the picaresque writings of the 17th-century German writer Grimmelshausen. His central character in the short novel, The Runagate Courage, also struggles and connives her way through the Thirty Years War in Germany. Otherwise the story is mostly Brechts, in collaboration with Steffin, the action of the play takes place over the course of 12 years, represented in 12 scenes. Some give a sense of Courages career, but do not provide time for viewers to develop sentimental feelings, meanwhile, Mother Courage is not depicted as a noble character. The Brechtian epic theatre distinguished itself from the ancient Greek tragedies, neither does Brechts ending of his play inspire any desire to imitate the main character, Mother Courage. Mother Courage is among Brechts most famous plays, some directors consider it to be the greatest play of the 20th century. Brecht expresses the dreadfulness of war and the idea that virtues are not rewarded in corrupt times and he used an epic structure to force the audience to focus on the issues rather than getting involved with the characters and their emotions. Epic plays are a genre typical of Brecht. Some critics believe that he created the form, Mother Courage is an example of Brechts concepts of Epic Theatre and Verfremdungseffekt, or V effect, preferably alienation or estrangement effect. For instance, a tree would be used to convey a whole forest. Several songs, interspersed throughout the play, are used to underscore the themes of the play and they also require the audience to think about what the playwright is saying. The Recruiting Officer and Sergeant are introduced, both complaining about the difficulty of recruiting soldiers to the war, Anna Fierling enters pulling a cart containing provisions for sale to soldiers, and introduces her children Eilif, Kattrin, and Swiss Cheese
25.
Juno and the Paycock
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Juno and the Paycock is a play by Seán OCasey, and is highly regarded and often performed in Ireland. It was first staged at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1924 and it is set in the working class tenements of Dublin in the early 1920s, during the Irish Civil War period. It is the second of his Dublin Trilogy – the other two being The Shadow of a Gunman and The Plough and the Stars. Juno and the Paycock takes place in the tenements of Dublin in 1922, just after the outbreak of the Irish Civil War, and revolves around the misfortunes of the dysfunctional Boyle family. The father, Captain Jack, is a loafer who claims to be unable to work because of pains in his legs, which mysteriously appear whenever someone mentions work to him. Despite his familys poverty, Jack spends all his time and money at the pub with Joxer Daly, his neer-do-well butty, instead of looking for a job. The mother, Juno, is the member of the family currently working, as daughter Mary is on strike and son Johnny is disabled. Mary feels guilty about dumping her boyfriend and fellow striker, Jerry Devine, overjoyed with the news, Jack vows to Juno to end his friendship with Joxer and change his ways. The Boyles throw a party and invite Bentham, who is courting Mary. Joxer is present, Jack having already forgotten his vow to break off contact with him, and Mrs Maisie Madigan, a neighbour to whom Jack owes money, shows up after having been invited in Act I. During the party, Robbie Tancreds funeral procession passes the tenement, Juno goes out to offer support to Mrs Tancred, who delivers a monologue mourning the loss of her son and praying for an end to the war, but Jack selfishly ignores her suffering. Two months later, Mr Bentham abruptly ceases all contact with the family and abandons Mary, while Jack is sleeping, Juno takes Mary to the doctor. Soon after they leave, Needle Nugent, the tailor, storms into the flat. Then Mrs Madigan arrives, demanding repayment of the loan she gave Jack, Joxer needles Jack about rumours that the inheritance is not forthcoming, this soon devolves into an argument during which Joxer openly mocks Jacks fortune as fraudulent. While Johnny upbraids his father for embarrassing the family, Juno returns alone, as a result, numerous relations are claiming the inheritance, which is rapidly being eaten up by legal costs, to make matters worse, Bentham has apparently fled the country out of shame. Johnny berates his father for his shortsightedness and avarice, unable to cope with the stress of the situation, Jack disowns Mary and retreats to the pub to drink with Joxer. Johnny persuades Juno to follow Jack and beg him to come home, Mary returns, and Johnny disowns her as well. Jerry Devine shows up to patch things up with Mary, Juno decides that Jack will never take on his responsibilities as a father and breadwinner, so she leaves to make a better life for herself and Mary
26.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
27.
Joan Plowright
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Joan Ann Plowright, Baroness Olivier, DBE, commonly known as Dame Joan Plowright, is an English retired actress whose career has spanned over six decades. She has won two Golden Globe Awards and a Tony Award and has been nominated for an Academy Award and she is also one of only four actresses to have won two Golden Globes in the same year. Plowright was born in Brigg, Lincolnshire, the daughter of Daisy Margaret and William Ernest Plowright and she attended Scunthorpe Grammar School and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. Plowright made her debut at Croydon in 1948 and her London debut in 1954. In 1956 she joined the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre and was cast as Margery Pinchwife in The Country Wife and she appeared with George Devine in the Eugène Ionesco play, The Chairs, Shaws Major Barbara and Saint Joan. She continued to appear on stage and in such as The Entertainer. In 1961, she received a Tony Award for her role in A Taste of Honey on Broadway, through her marriage to Laurence Olivier, she became closely associated with his work at the National Theatre from 1963 onwards. She was also Nanny in 101 Dalmatians, among her television roles, she won another Golden Globe Award and earned an Emmy Award nomination for the HBO film Stalin in 1992 as the Soviet dictators mother-in-law. In 1994, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award, in 2003, Plowright performed in the stage production Absolutely. She was appointed president of the English Stage Company in March 2009, succeeding John Mortimer. She was previously vice-president of the company, Plowright was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1970 Queens New Year Honours and was promoted to Dame Commander in the 2004 Queens New Year Honours. In 2014, she announced her retirement from acting, citing her declining eyesight due to macular degeneration. Plowright was first married to Roger Gage, an actor, in September 1953 and she divorced him and, in 1961, married Laurence Olivier after the ending of his 20-year marriage with the actress Vivien Leigh. The couple had three children, Richard Kerr, Tamsin Agnes Margaret and Julie-Kate, the couple remained married until Lord Oliviers death in 1989. Joan Plowrights brother, David Plowright, CBE, was an executive at Granada Television, the Plowright Theatre in Scunthorpe is named in Plowrights honour. Upon her marriage to Sir Laurence Olivier, her title became Lady Olivier, however. Her husband was made a peer in 1970 and so she became Baroness Olivier. Over the years Joan Plowright has had many titles as a result of honours awarded, and the appointment of her husband as a peer in 1970
28.
Jeffrey Archer
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Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare is an English author and former politician. Before becoming an author, Archer was a Member of Parliament and he was made a life peer in 1992. His political career ended with his conviction and subsequent imprisonment for perjury and perverting the course of justice and his books have sold around 330 million copies worldwide. Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital and he was two weeks old when his family moved to Somerset, eventually settling in the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, where Archer spent most of his early life. His father, William, was 64 years old when Jeffrey Archer was born, early in his career, Archer gave conflicting accounts to the press of his fathers supposed, but non-existent, military career. William Archer was, in fact, a bigamist, fraudster and conman, who impersonated another William Archer and he was at different times employed as a chewing gum salesman and mortgage broker, in the latter capacity being charged at the Old Bailey for a series of fraud offences. On being allowed bail, he absconded to America under the name William Grimwood, as a boy Archer dreamt about being Bristol Rovers Football Clubs captain, and still remains a fan of the club. In 1951, Archer won a scholarship to Wellington School, in Somerset, not Wellington College in Berkshire, at this time his mother, Lola, was employed as a journalist on Westons local newspaper, the Weston Mercury. She wrote a column entitled Over the Teacups, and frequently wrote about Jeffrey. Although Archer enjoyed the local fame this brought him, it caused him to be the victim of bullying while at Wellington School. Archer left school with O-levels in English Literature, Art, and he then spent a few years in a variety of different jobs, including training with the army and a short period with the Metropolitan Police Service. He later worked as a physical education teacher, first at Vicars Hill, a school in Hampshire. In 1963 Archer was offered a place at the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education to study for a Diploma of Education, the course was based in the Department, and Archer became a member of Brasenose College. It has also been alleged Archer provided false statements about three non-existent A-level passes and a U. S. university degree, although the Diploma course only lasted a year, Archer spent a total of three years at Oxford. Whilst at Oxford Archer was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling, Television coverage survives of him making false starts in a 1964 sprint race, but he was not disqualified. He gained a blue in athletics and went on to run for England, Archer raised money for the charity Oxfam, obtaining the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive. The band accepted his invitation to visit the Principals lodge at Brasenose College, the critic Sheridan Morley, then a student at Merton, was present and recalled the occasion, At the interval I went to the toilet, and there beside me was Ringo Starr. He asked if I knew this Jeffrey Archer bloke, I said everyone in Oxford was trying to work out who he was
29.
Jacob Marley
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Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. He is Scrooges deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, damned to wander the earth forevermore as punishment for his greedy, selfish, Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has lost his chance to help them forever. Through unknown means, it is Marley who arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives him his opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was. a chance, in A Christmas Carol, Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve, in life, Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley, and he refers to their offices as our money-changing hole and they became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. Scrooge is described as Marleys sole friend and sole mourner, the ghost maintains the same voice, hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life, but is translucent. He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws, and captive, bound and double-ironed with chains which are described as long, of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel. He often, in moments of despair or impatience at Scrooges scepticism, flings these upon the ground before him. He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life, as a result of his greed, when the spectre asks, Why do you doubt your senses. Scrooge scoffs that. a little thing affects them, a slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat. You may be a bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese. Theres more gravy than grave about you, whatever you are, Marleys only reply is a spine-chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees, begging for mercy. Even though it is unknown why it took seven years for Marley to haunt Scrooge and this is evident in the fact that Marley seems to be aware that Scrooge was very close to suffering the same fate as him. Thus, Marley was given a chance to save his friends life before it was too late. In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains, also unlike in most versions he is invisible and you only hear his voice. In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol, he is played by Leo G. Carroll, michael Hordern played Marley twice, once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams 1971 animated film. Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC, in the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales, Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague. Unlike most versions, this incarnation of Marley has a head with hair dancing up like a flame, a floor-length nightgown
30.
Dennis Potter
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Dennis Christopher George Potter was an English television dramatist, screenwriter and journalist. After standing for parliament as a Labour candidate at the 1964 general election and he initially worked in journalism before making the transition to television drama. His new career began with contributions to the BBCs Wednesday Play anthology series in 1965 and he is best known for his BBC TV serials Pennies from Heaven, The Singing Detective, and the television plays Blue Remembered Hills and Brimstone and Treacle. His television dramas mixed fantasy and reality, the personal and the social, Potter is widely regarded as one of the most influential and innovative dramatists to have worked in British television. Dennis Potter was born in Berry Hill, Forest of Dean and his father, Walter Edward Potter, was a coal miner in this rural mining area between Gloucester and Wales, his mother was Margaret Constance, née Wale. Potter has a sister named June, in 1946, Potter passed the eleven-plus and attended Bells Grammar School at Coleford. The ten-year-old Potter was sexually abused by his uncle, an experience he would later allude to many times in his writing. Why, why, why, the same desperately repeated question I asked myself without any sort of an answer, or any ability to tell my mother or my father, day, I was trapped by an adults sexual appetite and abused out of innocence. Between 1953 and 1955, Potter did his National Service and learnt Russian at the Joint Services School for Linguists, on 10 January 1959 he married at the Christchurch parish church Margaret Amy Morgan, a local girl he met at a dance. Potters first non-fiction work, The Glittering Coffin, was published by the Gollancz Press in 1960, the book was a rumination on the changing face of England in the prosperity following the end of the war years. It was followed by The Changing Forest, Life in the Forest of Dean Today and this book is a study of class and social mobility that demonstrates an early fascination with the effects of the mass media on British cultural life. Daily Herald journalist David Nathan persuaded Potter to collaborate with him on sketches for That Was The Week That Was and their first piece was used in the edition of 5 January 1963. Potter stood as the Labour Party candidate for Hertfordshire East, a safe Conservative Party seat, by the end of the unsuccessful campaign, he claimed that he was so disillusioned with party politics he did not even vote for himself. In 1962 Potter had begun to suffer from a form of psoriasis known as psoriatic arthropathy that affected his skin. It also made attempts to follow a career path futile. Potter embarked on work as a television playwright, Potters career as a television playwright began with The Confidence Course which Potter had begun as a novel. An exposé of the Dale Carnegie Institute, it drew threats of litigation from that organisation, although Potter effectively disowned the play, excluding it from his Whos Who entry, it used non-naturalistic dramatic devices which would become hallmarks of Potters subsequent work. The Confidence Course script was liked by Wednesday Play script editor Roger Smith who then commissioned Potter to write became the second Nigel Barton play for the new anthology series
31.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
32.
Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
33.
London Weekend Television
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London Weekend Television was the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm to Monday mornings at 6, 00am. Like most ITV franchises, including Carltons, the London weekend franchise is operated by ITV plc. As of 2014, the franchise is still licensed, but unlike many other franchises. LWT is now managed with Carlton Television as an entity. London Weekend Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. The London Television Consortium was created and led by television presenter David Frost, the consortium also consisted of three ex-BBC members of staff, Michael Peacock, Frank Muir and Doreen Stephens. Frost had originally considered applying for the new Yorkshire region franchise, changes elsewhere in the system led Frost to believe that the existing Midlands weekday broadcaster ATV had a significant risk of losing its London weekend contract. The consortiums application promised a variety of arts and drama productions. It accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority, so keen were the ITA that they were quoted at the time as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from an extension in broadcasting hours. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends and this led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the centre of ATV at Foley Street. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC1, other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee on 9 September 1968. The NPC was being chaired by Lew Grade, ATVs managing director, and I know I hate David Frost. Frost was present but no one else spoke out against LWTs programming policy, meanwhile, the £6.5 million they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frosts vision for the future of television, ATV dropped Frosts major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support, the ITA made it clear that LWTs franchise proposals must be retained
34.
Richard Roundtree
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Richard Roundtree is an American actor. Jackson as the nephew of the original John Shaft, for his performance in Shaft, Roundtree was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor. Born in New Rochelle, New York, Richard Roundtree graduated from New Rochelle High School in 1961 and played for the schools undefeated, Roundtree was diagnosed with the rare disease male breast cancer in 1993 and underwent a double mastectomy and chemotherapy. Roundtree was a man in early 1970s blaxploitation films, his best-known role being detective John Shaft in the action movie, Shaft and its sequels, Shafts Big Score. Roundtree also appeared opposite Laurence Olivier and Ben Gazzara in Inchon, on television, he played the slave Sam Bennett in the 1977 television series Roots and Dr. Daniel Reubens on Generations from 1989 to 1991. Before becoming an actor, he was a player and a model. He played another private detective in 1984s City Heat opposite Clint Eastwood, although Roundtree worked throughout the 1990s, many of his films were not well-received, but he found success elsewhere in stage plays. During that period, however, he reemerged on the screen as a cultural icon. On September 19,1991, Roundtree appeared in an episode of Beverly Hills,90210 with Vivica A. Fox, Roundtree guest-starred in several episodes of the first season of Desperate Housewives as an amoral private detective. He also appeared in 1997s George of the Jungle and played a high-school vice-principal in the 2005 movie, Brick. His voice was utilized as the character in the hit PlayStation game Akuji the Heartless. In 1997-98, Roundtree had a role as Phil Thomas in the short-lived Fox ensemble drama,413 Hope St. He portrayed Booker T. Washington in the 1999 television movie Having Our Say, since 2005, Roundtree has appeared in the television series The Closer as Colonel D. B. The father of a sniper, and in Heroes as Simones terminally ill father, next, Roundtree appeared as Eddies father-in-law in episodes of Lincoln Heights. Most recently, Roundtree had a role in the 2008 Speed Racer film as a racer-turned-commentator who is an icon. Outlaws Amen MacGyver Beverly Hills,90210 L. A. Law Bonanza, The Return Shadows of Desire Bonanza, Under Attack Having Our Say, The Delany Sisters First 100 Years, as Booker T
35.
Shaft in Africa
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Shaft in Africa is a 1973 film directed by John Guillermin and is the third film in the blaxploitation trilogy of films starring Richard Roundtree as John Shaft. The cost went up to $2,142,000, MGM quickly sold the property to television, but the television series was cancelled after just seven episodes. His job is to break a criminal ring that is smuggling immigrants into Europe then exploiting them. But the villains have heard that he is on his way, Shaft ingeniously covers himself with the sand, thereby avoiding heatstroke and winning the contract from his employer. Shaft must then embark upon a mission to infiltrate and destroy a human trafficking and slavery ring in West Africa, Richard Roundtree as John Shaft Frank Finlay as Amafi Vonetta McGee as Aleme Neda Arneric as Jazar Debebe Eshetu as Wassa Marne Maitland as Col. N. T. Critics gave the film lukewarm reviews, Shaft in Africa at the Internet Movie Database Shaft in Africa at Rotten Tomatoes
