1.
BMX
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BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions. BMX began during the early 1970s in the United States when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, inspired by the motocross stars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray and other wheelie bikes made them the natural bike of choice for these races, since they were easily customized for better handling, BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. Children were racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in California, the 1972 motorcycle racing documentary On Any Sunday is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the United States, its opening scene shows kids riding their Sting-Rays off-road. By the middle of decade, the sport achieved critical mass. In the UK, BMX was a craze which took off in the early 1980s, specifically 1982/3, perhaps the most iconic of this era was the all white Skyway models, with their famous red/Blue decals, capturing the excess of mid 1980s fashions perfectly. Because BMX exploded into Britains streets so suddenly, it was inevitable that it would implode with similar speed. A new spike in BMX came in the 1990s but fashions had changed, colour schemes were low key, mirroring street fashion, the opposite to the bright colours and flashy decals of the 1980s. The influence of the trendies had given way to the generation, with bottle green or even Brown frames, black components. Mag wheels were out of fashion. The original UK BMX scene was now history, george E. Esser founded the National Bicycle League as a non-profit bicycle motocross sanctioning organization in 1974. Before they set up the NBL, Esser and his wife, Mary and their two sons, Greg and Brian, raced motorcycles, but also enjoyed riding and racing BMX with their friends. It was their sons’ interest, and the lack of BMX organizations in the East, by 1977, the American Bicycle Association was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport. In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, since January 1993, BMX has been integrated into the Union Cycliste Internationale. Freestyle BMX is now one of the events at the annual Summer X Games Extreme Sports competition. The popularity of the sport has increased due to its ease and availability of places to ride. Many great BMX riders go on to other cycling sports like downhill, including Australian Olympian Jared Graves, former golden child Eric Carter, media related to BMX at Wikimedia Commons
2.
BMX bike
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A BMX bike is an off-road sport bicycle used for racing and stunt riding. BMX frames are made of various types of steel, and aluminum, cheaper, low end bikes are usually made of steel. High range bikes are mostly chromoly or high tensile steel, although the latter is noticeably heavier with respect to strength, high-performance BMX bikes use lightweight 4130 chromoly, or generation 3 chromoly. The introduction and widespread popularity of the hub has ushered in the use of smaller gearing on BMX bikes.8,1. Advantages of smaller gearing hubs include lighter weight, and more clearance when grinding, the freewheel hub is all but extinct due to several factors. The smallest freewheels that can be made is with 8 teeth, also, they are less consistent than cassette hubs, and skip or jam up far more frequently. On most freestyle, street, and park BMX bikes, the wheels have 36 spokes, race bike wheels also usually have 36 spokes, but wheels for the smallest racers, sometimes as young as three years old, can be built with 18 or 28 spokes. More aggressive riders may opt for wheels with a count of up to 48 spokes, however hub. BMX Racing bike wheels vary in size, from 16 to 26, BMX started in the early 1970s when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in Southern California, drawing inspiration from the motocross superstars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray made it the natural bike of choice, since they were easily customized for better handling, BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. Children were racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in California, the 1972 motorcycle racing documentary On Any Sunday is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the US, its opening scene shows kids riding their Schwinn Stingrays off-road. By the middle of that decade the sport achieved critical mass, George E. Esser founded the National Bicycle League as a non-profit bicycle motocross sanctioning organization in 1974. Before they set up the NBL, George and his wife, Mary, promoted motorcycle races with the AMA and their two sons, Greg and Bryan, raced motorcycles, but also enjoyed riding and racing BMX with their friends. It was their sons’ interest, and the absence of an Eastern presence by the National Bicycle Association, by 1977 the American Bicycle Association was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport. In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, since January 1993 BMX has been integrated into the Union Cyclist International. BMX Freestyle was created by racers who enjoyed pushing the limits of what they could do on their bikes. Haro Bikes founder Bob Haro is popularly known as The Father of Freestyle, BMX Freestyle is now one of the staple events at the annual Summer X Games Extreme Sports competition and the ETNIES backyard jam, held largely on both coasts of the United States. The popularity of the sport has increased due to its relative ease, at the games, Latvian Māris Štrombergs and Anne-Caroline Chausson of France were crowned the first Olympic champions in Mens and Womens BMX Racing, respectively
3.
Extreme sport
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Extreme sports is a popular term for certain activities perceived as involving a high degree of risk. These activities often involve speed, height, a level of physical exertion. While use of the extreme sport has spread far and wide to describe a multitude of different activities. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports, while not the exclusive domain of youth, extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic. Extreme sports are sanctioned by schools. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than traditional sports, in addition, beginning extreme athletes tend to work on their craft without the guidance of a coach. Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain related, including wind, snow, water, because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect the outcome of the given activity or event. In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances, while it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers, whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance, extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria. While the exact definition and what is included as extreme sport is debatable, a passenger in a canyon jet boat ride will not fulfill the requirements, as the skill required pertains to the pilot, not the passengers. Thrill seeking might in these cases be a suitable qualification than extreme sport. Extreme sports may be subdivided into, These sports require the use of snow, ice or water) sports, the phrase is, There are only three sports, bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering, all the rest are merely games. The implication of the phrase was that the word sport defined an activity in one might be killed. The other activities being termed games, the phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy. The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University, England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston. They first came to public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping, by making the first modern jumps on 1 April 1979, from the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol. Bungee jumping was treated as a novelty for a few years, then became a craze for young people, and is now an established industry for thrill seekers
4.
BMX racing
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BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing, BMX bicycle races are sprint races on purpose-built off-road single-lap race tracks. The track usually consists of a gate for up to eight racers, a groomed, serpentine, dirt race course made of various jumps and rollers. The course is flat, about 15 feet wide and has large banked corners that help the riders maintain speed. The sport of BMX racing is facilitated by a number of regional and international sanctioning bodies, the sport is very family oriented and largely participant-driven, with riders ranging in age from 2 to 70, and over. Professional ranks exist for men and women, where the age ranges from 18 to 40 years old. There are two BMX racing bikes sizes, one is the 20 wheel bike. This bike is common with minors and is currently the most common class, the Cruiser bikes are any bikes with a 24 wheel. However, any bikes that have a larger than 24 will still be considered Cruisers. Cruisers are more common with older racers and is rapidly growing, the cruiser style bike tends to be easier to jump and rolls better while the 20 is seemingly more agile. While BMX racing is a sport, teams are often formed from racers in different classifications for camaraderie. BMX racing rewards strength, quickness, and bike handling, many successful BMX racers have gone on to leverage their skills in other forms of bicycle and motorcycle competitions. There are all types of BMX jumps, ranging from small rollers to massive step-up doubles, there are pro straights which are for junior and elite men. They are all doubles which range from about 6 m to 12 m, BMX racing became a medal sport at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing under the UCI sanctioning body. Sanctioning bodies in the United States are the American Bicycle Association, the ABA is certified under the UCI, which is recognized by the Olympic Committee. A sanctioning body is a governing body which controls a sport or specific discipline thereof. One or more sanctioning bodies may operate in a sport at any given time and they make and enforce the rules, and decide the qualifications and responsibilities of the participants, including the players, owners, and operators of facilities. In legal terms, they are an intermediary between the participants and higher governing bodies such as the Union Cycliste Internationale and National Governing Bodies such as USA Cycling, Sanctioning bodies mete out discipline and punishments, as well as bestow awards and rankings of their participants
5.
International Olympic Committee
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The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
6.
2020 Summer Olympics
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The games are planned to be held from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo. The city was announced as the host at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013, Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status, a bid from Rome was withdrawn. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, an exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, a run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, the Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions, but East Japan Railway Company is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport. Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken-Ō Expressway, the Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori. Olympic and Paralympic Minister Tamayo Marukawa is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government, as a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000. However, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the new National Stadium would be scrapped,11 new venues are to be constructed. Seven venues will be located within the business area of Tokyo. Several of these venues were used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. 30,000 yen will be the price for the final of popular games, such as athletics. The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen, 60% of the tickets will be sold for 4,400 yen or less. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan, the 2020 Summer Olympic program is scheduled to feature 33 sports and a total of 47 disciplines and 324 events. Following the 2012 Games, the IOC assessed the 26 sports held in London, with the remit of selecting 25 core sports to join new entrants golf, in effect, this would involve the dropping of one sport from the 2016 Games program. This would leave a vacancy in the 2020 Games program, which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports
7.
Tinker Juarez
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David Juarez is an American former professional BMX and cross-country mountain bike racer. His prime competitive years in BMX were from 1978 to 1984, since late 2005, he has competed as an ultra-distance road bike racer. In all three disciplines, he has won national and international competitions. Most recently, Juarez finished third in the 2006 Race Across America Enduro bicycle road race. While he was known as the Hollified Flash after one of his home BMX tracks he used to race at and dominate in the early-1970s. For the sake of consistency and standardization noted professional first are for the first pro races for money offered by official BMX sanctioning bodies. Professional first are also on the national level unless otherwise indicated, Note, This listing only denotes the racers primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever changing co-sponsors, primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX and MTB press coverage and sponsors advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are used, Tinker would turn professional with this sponsor. He was sponsorless for approximately three months after his separation from Mongoose, JMC Racing Equipment, Mid May 1982-December 1982. Bandito Racing, January 1983-Early February 1985 ODI, April 13, seemed to have been a one weekend sponsorship since ODI does not appear next to Juarezs name in the BMX Plus. This company first started out making Christmas ornaments but switched to making bicycle grips and later grips for power tools as well as BMX, maximum, Early July 1985- Note, Listed are District, State/Provincial/Department, Regional, National, and International titles in italics. Defunct refers to the fact of that body in question no longer existing at the start of the racers career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles, series and one off Championships are also listed in block. National Bicycle Association 197514 & Over Novice Western States Champion 197514 & Over Intermediate Grandnational Champion #2 and this was the first ever BMX Grandnational Championship. He even graced the April 1980 cover of the magazine, making it one of the first pure freestyle magazine covers by a BMX magazine, although no contest was ever held, it was a general declaration for his highly advanced maneuvers that no one were matching at the time. He was Bicycle Motocross Actions very first star interview in their first issue and he was one of the founding members of the Professional Racing Organization, the first attempt at a BMX racers guild in 1977. He is a 1993 inductee into the ABA BMX Hall of Fame, Tinker, despite eventually becoming a top pro BMXer in racing and gaining high airs in both dirt jumping and vertical freestyle, went ten years without breaking a bone
8.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
9.
Bob Morales
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Robert L. Morales is a former freestyle BMX rider turned promoter, designer, inventor and business executive. He is the founder of DYNO Bicycles, the American Freestyle Association, Auburn Cycles, KORE Bicycle Components, Carlsbad Motocross Racing and ASV Inventions. He is currently president and CEO of ASV Inventions, Inc, Morales began riding motorcycles at the age of 7, then racing motorcycles at the age of 11. His father bought him a Yamaha YZ80 to compete in motorcycle races and he won over 20 dirt biking trophies by 1976. He took up BMX bike racing at the age of 13 when his parents could no longer support his motorcycle racing because of a divorce. Around 1977, he got into BMX racing by competing in a local BMX race where he met fellow racer R. L. Osborn, R. L. Osborns father was the founder of BMX Action magazine and became a pioneer in the sport of BMX and Freestyle BMX. Through the Osborns he met Bob Haro who would later pioneer the sport of Freestyle BMX, at age 14 Morales started his first business and named it BME which stood for Bob Morales Enterprises. BME sold BMX brand stickers and apparel as a vendor at BMX tracks, BME eventually became DYNO Design in 1983. In 1980 Bob Haro asked Morales to join him on a tour to promote the new sport of Freestyle BMX. They traveled on tour together performing shows all over the Midwest, Eastern United States, at its peak in 1986 the AFA hosted a BMX Freestyle competition at Madison Square Garden in New York City with over 5,000 spectators and a large cash purse for the competitors. Morales joined friend and fellow freestyle rider Eddie Fiola and formed the founding BMX Freestyle teams for Haro Bikes, Kuwahara, and GT Bicycles. In 1982, Oakley, Inc. founder Jim Jannard asked Morales, Jannard also invited Morales & Fiola to perform at an Oakley, Inc. Factory Pilot Nite, an exclusive Oakley athlete party at Oakley, Jannard and his company Oakley, Inc. have been a lifelong inspiration for Morales and his product designs. Morales stopped riding professionally in 1985 to concentrate on his two businesses, the American Freestyle Association and DYNO Design which has made BMX accessories since 1983, in 1985 he sold DYNO Design to GT Bicycles and went to work for them as a designer. He was awarded his first patent while working at GT Bicycles for a frame design. Also in 1985 Morales appeared in the first action-sports themed television commercial for Mountain Dew soda with fellow pro freestyle BMX riders Eddie Fiola, R. L. Osborn, Ron Wilkerson and Pat Romano. Later that year Morales became a member of the Screen Actors Guild, Morales founded Mor Distributing in 1985 and brought in partner Todd Huffman in 1986. Mor Distributing started out as a distributor of bicycles and parts for companies like DYNO
10.
Skatepark
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A skatepark, or skate park, is a purpose-built recreational environment made for skateboarding, BMX, scooter, wheelchair, and aggressive inline skating. The first skatepark in the world, Surf City at 2169 E. Speedway, Tucson, patti McGee, Women’s National Champion, was here for the grand opening. It had concrete ramps and was operated by Arizona Surf City Enterprises, a skatepark for skateboarders and skaters which had plywood ramps on a half-acre lot in Kelso, Washington, USA opened in April 1966. It was lighted for night use, Californias first skatepark, the Carlsbad Skatepark opened on March 3,1976. The World Skateboard Championships were held here on April 10,1977 and it operated until 1979, when it was buried intact beneath a layer of dirt for more than two decades, before being destroyed in 2005. The current Carlsbad Skatepark is in a different location, the East Coasts first skatepark, Ocean Bowl Skate Park, in Ocean City, Maryland, USA, opened the first week of June,1976. It is the oldest operating municipal skate park in the United States, due to time, wear and the current needs of skaters, the old bowl and ramp were torn down in the Fall of 1997 and the new park opened in July 1998. In 1999 the City of Hermosa Beach, California opened a small skatepark at the site of the first skateboard competition, the competition held at the Pier Avenue Junior Hugh School was organized by Dewey Weber across the street from his surf and skateboard shop. Makaha Skateboards was a sponsor of the competition, in 1987 an all wooden indoor skate park opened in Bristol, CT called CT Bike that is still in business today over 20 years later. CT Bike is where Tony Hawk made his debut when he was just a boy on his first East Coast tour. The indoor skate park today is operated by the same family who built the park despite a fire that threatened the park in 1988. In more extreme climates, parks were built indoors, often of wood or metal, by the end of the 1970s, the skateboarding fad had waned, and the original parks of the era began to close. A downturn in the general market in the 1980s and high liability insurance premiums contributed to the demise of the original skateparks. Some second-generation parks such as Upland, Californias Pipeline survived into the 1980s, however, few of the private parks of the 1970s remain, with the notable exception of Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. However, many public parks of that era can still be found throughout Western Europe, Australia, the modern skatepark designs of the Pacific Northwest can be traced back to Burnside Skatepark, a DIY barge build beneath the Burnside Bridge in Portland, Oregon. Skateboarders used an area populated primarily by the undesirable elements to create a skatepark. The process is called design/build, and is a characteristic of many skateparks today, the design/build process ensures that adjacent skatepark features are harmonious and rideable, allowing skateboarders to create endless lines to ride among the many features. Street skating has blurred the line between skateparks and street spots, some cities are starting to put in skate spots/plazas with features that would not have been classically designed for skateboarding, but can be skated by street skaters legally
11.
Wood
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Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and other woody plants. It is a material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, in a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots, Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. In 2005, the stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy, in 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction, a 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick discovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks. Constructions using wood date back ten thousand years, buildings like the European Neolithic long house were made primarily of wood. Recent use of wood has changed by the addition of steel. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the climate at that time. This process is known as growth, it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem. These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, if the distinctiveness between seasons is annual, these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent, if the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will likely be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. It is usually lighter in color than that near the portion of the ring. The outer portion formed later in the season is known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are differences, depending on the kind of wood
12.
Concrete
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Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete
13.
Metal
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A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible and ductile, about 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms, astrophysicists use the term metal to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all chemical elements. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures, the atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others, in fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature, atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat, while this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond, Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales. Examples,4 Na + O2 →2 Na2O2 Ca + O2 →2 CaO4 Al +3 O2 →2 Al2O3, the transition metals are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all, some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades. The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO3, Mn2O7, and OsO4, which have strictly acidic reactions. Painting, anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion, however, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee. Metals in general have high conductivity, high thermal conductivity. Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving, in terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque, although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest
14.
Coping (architecture)
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Coping consists of the capping or covering of a wall. A splayed or wedge coping slopes in a direction, a saddle coping slopes to either side of a central high point. A coping may consist of stone, brick, tile, slate, metal, in all cases it should be weathered to throw off the water. A diagramatic explanation of copper copings is available, in Romanesque work copings appeared plain and flat, and projected over the wall with a throating to form a drip
15.
Half-pipe
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A half-pipe is a structure used in gravity extreme sports such as snowboarding, skateboarding, skiing, freestyle BMX, and skating. The structure resembles a section of a swimming pool, essentially two concave ramps, topped by copings and decks, facing each other across a flat transition. Originally half-pipes were half sections of a large diameter pipe, since the 1980s, half-pipes contain an extended flat bottom between the quarter-pipes, the original style half-pipes are no longer built. Flat ground provides time to balance after landing and more time to prepare for the next trick. Half-pipe applications include leisure recreation, skills development, competitive training, amateur and professional competition, demonstrations, a skilled athlete can perform in a half-pipe for an extended period of time by pumping to attain extreme speeds with relatively little effort. Large half-pipes make possible many of the tricks in BMX. For winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding, a half-pipe can be dug out of the ground or snow perhaps combined with snow buildup. The plane of the transition is oriented downhill at a grade to allow riders to use gravity to develop speed. In the absence of snow, dug out half-pipes can be used by dirtboarders, motorcyclists, performance in a half-pipe has been rapidly increasing over recent years. The current limit performed by an athlete for a rotational trick in a half-pipe is 1440 degrees. In top level competitions, rotation is limited to emphasize style. In the early 1970s, swimming pools were used by skateboarders in a similar to surfing ocean waves. Tom Stewart, one of these young California skateboarders, looked for a convenient location to have a similar skateboarding experience. Stewart consulted with his brother Mike, an architect, on how to build a ramp that resembled the Arizona pipes, with his brothers plans in hand, Tom built a wood frame half-pipe in the front yard of his house in Encinitas. In a few days, the press had gotten word about Toms creation, Tom then went on to create Rampage, Inc. and began selling blueprints for his half-pipe design. About five months later, Skateboarder magazine featured both Tom Stewart and Rampage, little did Tom know that his design would go on to inspire countless others to follow in his foot steps. With nothing more than a drill and the instructions, any of these kits can be assembled. The character of a half-pipe depends on the relationship between four attributes, most importantly, the radius and the height, and less so
16.
Mini ramp
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A half-pipe is a structure used in gravity extreme sports such as snowboarding, skateboarding, skiing, freestyle BMX, and skating. The structure resembles a section of a swimming pool, essentially two concave ramps, topped by copings and decks, facing each other across a flat transition. Originally half-pipes were half sections of a large diameter pipe, since the 1980s, half-pipes contain an extended flat bottom between the quarter-pipes, the original style half-pipes are no longer built. Flat ground provides time to balance after landing and more time to prepare for the next trick. Half-pipe applications include leisure recreation, skills development, competitive training, amateur and professional competition, demonstrations, a skilled athlete can perform in a half-pipe for an extended period of time by pumping to attain extreme speeds with relatively little effort. Large half-pipes make possible many of the tricks in BMX. For winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding, a half-pipe can be dug out of the ground or snow perhaps combined with snow buildup. The plane of the transition is oriented downhill at a grade to allow riders to use gravity to develop speed. In the absence of snow, dug out half-pipes can be used by dirtboarders, motorcyclists, performance in a half-pipe has been rapidly increasing over recent years. The current limit performed by an athlete for a rotational trick in a half-pipe is 1440 degrees. In top level competitions, rotation is limited to emphasize style. In the early 1970s, swimming pools were used by skateboarders in a similar to surfing ocean waves. Tom Stewart, one of these young California skateboarders, looked for a convenient location to have a similar skateboarding experience. Stewart consulted with his brother Mike, an architect, on how to build a ramp that resembled the Arizona pipes, with his brothers plans in hand, Tom built a wood frame half-pipe in the front yard of his house in Encinitas. In a few days, the press had gotten word about Toms creation, Tom then went on to create Rampage, Inc. and began selling blueprints for his half-pipe design. About five months later, Skateboarder magazine featured both Tom Stewart and Rampage, little did Tom know that his design would go on to inspire countless others to follow in his foot steps. With nothing more than a drill and the instructions, any of these kits can be assembled. The character of a half-pipe depends on the relationship between four attributes, most importantly, the radius and the height, and less so
17.
X Games
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The X Games is an annual extreme sports event hosted, produced, and broadcast by ESPN. Coverage is also shown on ESPNs sister network, ABC, the inaugural X Games were held during the 1995 summer in Newport, Rhode Island. Participants compete to win bronze, silver, and gold medals, concurrent with competition is the X Fest sports and music festival, which offers live music, athlete autograph sessions, and interactive elements. The X Games gained media exposure due to their big name sponsors, top-tier athletes, as the Journal of Sport Management explains, Generation X and Generation Y are the two demographics most highly valued by marketers. This creates a broad approach on marketing towards that certain demographic, according to ESPN, in the Winter X Games inaugural year,1997,38,000 spectators attended the four-day event. In 1998, the attendance dropped to 25,000 spectators, but just two years later, a record attendance of 83,500 people attended the Winter X Games East Coast debut. The X Games and Winter X Games continue to grow with the popularity of action sports, as part of the X Games, there have been performances by various rock bands over the years, as well as a DJ being on-site at all events. The X Games have made it a point since its founding to stage an eco-friendly event, such measures include using biodiesel fuel in their vehicles and organizing recycling campaigns. The Winter X Games VIII in 2002 was the first time an X Games event was televised live and also had coverage by ESPNs flagship news program, SportsCenter. Viewership across the three networks that carried coverage of the event – ABC Sports, ESPN, and ESPN2 – exceeded 2001s household average by 30% according to Nielsen Media Research, the event also reached record highs in several demographic categories. To accommodate the live coverage, nighttime competitions were added. The 2002 Winter X Games was a year for ESPN. It was the first year that the games were held in Aspen Colorado at Buttermilk Mountain, the Games continued to add new events including the ski slopestyle event, ski superpipe event, snowboarding, skateboarding etc. Also in 2002, ESPN announced the establishment of the X Games Global Championship, the Global Championship featured two distinct venues hosting competitions in summer and winter action sports simultaneously. It consisted of six teams of the Worlds top athletes, grouped together by their region of origin, the winter sports were held in Whistler Blackcomb Resort in British Columbia, and the events included snowboarding and skiing. The Winter X Games are held in January or February and the Summer X Games are usually held in August, both in the United States. The location of the Winter X Games is in Aspen, Colorado, through 2019, while the location for the Summer X Games has been in Los Angeles, changing to Austin, Texas, in June 2014. The X Games also has international competitions and demos around the world that are held at varying times throughout the year, the games are shown live on television
18.
Dirt jumping
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Dirt jumping is one of the names given to the practice of riding bikes over jumps of dirt or soil and becoming airborne. BMX bikes are built for dirt jumping, and tend to have a top tube than a street BMX bike and are often more robustly built. They will rarely have pegs fitted, traditionally, DJ bikes ran only a rear v-brake but disc brakes are becoming more common. DJ tires are treaded, as opposed to the slicks and semi-slicks used for park riding, some riders prefer large, padded seats for in-flight tricks while others do not find seat size an issue. The gear ratio is generally around 44,16,36,13,33,12,30,11 or 25,9 though using small gearings such as 25,9, hybrid BMX/Jump bike - a scaled-up BMX with 24-inch wheels. Strong alloy rims and lightweight chromoly frame, suited to bigger jumps or more challenging competition courses. Freestyle Motocross of various sizes & engine sizes, Dirt Jump/Freestyle mountain bikes look similar to mountain bikes but usually have a rigid frame and a lower stand-over height, in order to keep the seat out of the way while performing tricks. Some high end DJ frames also have short travel rear suspension, the wheels are usually more robust than a cross country mountain bikes and the same for the frame. Mountain bikes - 24- or 26-inch wheels and either rigid forks or forks with short front end suspension Firm suspension is desirable for dirt jumping, a mountain bike built for dirt jumping tends to have a smaller frame than what is used for other disciplines. Running singlespeed with one brake is very common, using single or dual disc brakes has replaced the use of only one rear V-brake. In general, a bike dedicated to dirt jumping will have 24- or 26-inch wheels. An all-round bike used for dirt jumping will more likely have 26-inch wheels, a 25-36 tooth chainring with a wide-ratio cassette, Mountain bike dirt jumpers are usually split on the basis of wheel size because the wheel size dictates the shape of the takeoff to an extent. Dirt Jump bikes are made by a variety of companies, a 20-inch BMX bike for dirt generally has a 48-spoke rear rim and a 36-spoke front to prevent rim collapse in the case of casing a jump. The frame is a bit longer to aid in more stability. Most of these micro geared bike run 85 to 100 psi tires and these are usually threaded and made with kevlar bead to prevent pressure flats and tears. Dirt Jumping evolved alongside BMX racing and is similar to BMX or Mountain bike racing in that the rider jumps off of mounds of dirt and it differs in that the jumps are usually much larger and designed to lift the rider higher into the air. Additionally, the goal is not to complete the course with the fastest time, double the most common form of Dirt jumps. This consists of two earthworks, one acting as a takeoff, and the other as a landing
19.
Wheelbase
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In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles, the wheelbase is defined as the distance between the axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case of a truck, the wheelbase would be the distance between the steering axle and a point midway between the two rear axles. The wheelbase of a vehicle equals the distance between its front and rear wheels, at equilibrium, the total torque of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero. So, for example, when a truck is loaded, its center of gravity shifts rearward, the amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the stiffness of the suspension. If the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front tire respectively, so, as is common experience, when the vehicle accelerates, the rear usually sinks and the front rises depending on the suspension. Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises, because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a car with a greater weight load on the rear tends to understeer due to the lack of the load on the front tires. This is why it is crucial, when towing a single-axle caravan, likewise, a car may oversteer or even spin out if there is too much force on the front tires and not enough on the rear tires. Also, when turning there is lateral torque placed upon the tires which imparts a turning force that depends upon the length of the distances from the CM. Wheelbases provide the basis for one of the most common vehicle size class systems, some luxury vehicles are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair was given a version of the Rover 75 for official use. In contrast, coupé varieties of vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are derived from. The wheelbase on many commercially available bicycles and motorcycles is so short, relative to the height of their centers of mass, in skateboarding the word wheelbase is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this use is that decks are sold with prefabricated holes. It is therefore easier to use the holes for measuring and describing this characteristic of the deck. A common misconception is that the choice of wheelbase is influenced by the height of the skateboarder, however, the length of the deck would then be a better candidate, because the wheelbase affects characteristics useful in different speeds or terrains regardless of the height of the skateboarder
20.
Bicycle frame
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A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle, onto which wheels and other components are fitted. The modern and most common design for an upright bicycle is based on the safety bicycle. This is known as the diamond frame, Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which they do by combining different materials and shapes. A frameset consists of the frame and front fork of a bicycle and sometimes includes the headset, frame builders will often produce the frame and fork together as a paired set. Besides the ubiquitous diamond frame, many different frame types have developed for the bicycle. In the diamond frame, the triangle is not actually a triangle because it consists of four tubes. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube joined by paired chain stays, the head tube contains the headset, the interface with the fork. The top tube connects the head tube to the tube at the top. The top tube may be positioned horizontally, or it may slope downwards towards the seat tube for additional stand-over clearance, the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket shell. The rear triangle connects to the fork ends, where the rear wheel is attached. It consists of the tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run connecting the bottom bracket to the fork ends. The seat stays connect the top of the tube to the rear fork ends. Historically, womens bicycle frames had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat instead of the top. This was to allow the rider to dismount while wearing a skirt or dress, the design has since been used in utility bikes to facilitate easy mounting and dismounting for both genders, and is also known as a step-through frame or an open frame. Another style that accomplishes similar results is the mixte, in a cantilever bicycle frame the seat stays continue past the seat post and curve downwards to meet with the down tube. Cantilever frames are popular on the bicycle, the lowrider bicycle. In many cantilever frames the only straight tubes are the seat tube, the uncommon prone bike moves the cranks to the rear of the rider, resulting in a head-forward, chest-down riding position
21.
Flatland BMX
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Flatland is a freestyle BMX riding style performed on smooth flat surfaces that do not include any ramps, jumps, or grindrails. It is sometimes described as a form of cycling with a blend of breakdancing. Flatland occupies a position somewhat removed from the rest of freestyle BMX and they are often very dedicated, and will spend several hours a day perfecting their techniques. Flatland also differs from the others in that the terrain used is nothing but a smooth, tricks are performed by spinning and balancing on the bike in a variety of unexpected positions. Riders almost always use either knurled/grip taped aluminum or plastic pegs to stand on to manipulate the bike into even more imaginative positions, flatland bikes typically have a shorter wheelbase than other freestyle bikes. This shorter wheelbase requires less effort to make the bike spin or to position the bike on one wheel, one of the primary reasons flatlanders often ride only flatland is the decreased stability of using their shorter bikes on ramps, dirt and street. A variety of options is commonly found on flatland bikes, the most unifying feature of flatland bikes is the use of four pegs, one on the end of each wheel axle. Flatlanders will choose to run a front brake, front and rear brakes, or no brakes at all, although the flatland bicycle is similar to most other BMX bicycles, flatland is often performed with specially designed frames with geometry suited to the needs of flatlanders. Other technical bicycle setup specifics can include zero offset forks, narrow handlebars, very high pressure tires, in competition, talent and skill are judged by the ability to maintain coordination, and balance while performing a variety of difficult and elegant moves. Hugo Gonzales and Dave Vanderspek, while not the top pros were known for their elaborate showmanship, some tricks can be learned in hours, while others may take years to master. Riders usually pedal a few times for speed, and then perform various stunts often involving difficult and/or awkward stances on pegs, pegs are aluminum or plastic tubes, which are bolted onto both sides of the front and back axles. When flatland riding first began, most riders would do one trick, however, by combining different body and bicycle positions into combos and linking them together, riders began to do several tricks in a row without stopping between each move. Flatland originated from three pioneers, R. L. Osborn, Bob Haro, and Bob Morales. R. L. Osborn was a fan favorite in the mid 80s, Bob Haro went on to become founder of Haro Bicycles. Bob Morales was the founder of the once elite American Freestyle Association, the AFA was the dominating league for both professional and amateur flatland and quarter pipe events. While there were several amateur AFA events the Masters series contest, flatlands roots can be dated back to the 50s. Flatland has gone through stylistic changes since its beginnings in the late 70s. Riders once wore full protective gear and full face helmets, starred in films such as Rad
22.
Superman
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Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
23.
Tailwhip
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The tailwhip is a bike trick typically performed on a BMX, in which the frame of the bike performs a complete rotation around the front end, which remains stationary throughout the move. The same trick may also be performed on a kick scooter and it also helps if you approach a jump crooked, which will throw the bike from under, allowing you to start a tailwhip. Footplant tailwhip, Combination of footplant and tailwhip on any obstacle, the rider rides up to any obstacle that is capable of having a footplant done on it. The rider then whips the frame as he would normally with a tailwhip, footjam tailwhip The rider puts their foot on the front tire and pedal, while leaning forward, enabling the frame to spin around. This is the original tailwhip variation as invented by Brian Blyther in the early 1980s, Tailwhip air The rider performs a tailwhip while airing. The trick is usually done on a pipe, over a box jump. The trick was invented in the 1980s, opposite tailwhip The rider performs the tailwhip his unnatural direction. Pulling tricks your unnatural direction is as hard as throwing a baseball with your opposite hand, allan Cooke was the first known rider to pull the trick in 2001. Josh Hult and Brandon Dosch are both known to have pulled opposite double-whips, superman tailwhip The rider does a tailwhip as he normally would, but the rider then extends his legs straight out when the frame is about 180 degrees around the rotation. The rider then sucks his legs back in and waits for the frame to come back around, then finds his/her pedals and this is an advanced variation, only to be attempted when the basic form of a tailwhip is thoroughly mastered. Double/Triple/Quadruple Tailwhip The rider instead of allowing the tail of the bike to rotate around once they use more force to spin it twice/three/four times. The triple tailwhip was first landed by Joe Johnson, others who have landed it are James Foster, Dave Mirra, Cameron White, Dennis Enarson, Nicholi Rogatkin, Mike Spinner, Daniel Dhers, Scotty Cranmer, Brandon Dosch, Brett Banasiewicz, and many more. Francisco Zurita was the first to pull a triple whip on the Vert ramp, and the quadruple is incredibly rare. First landed by Mike Spinner at the Dew Tour in Cleveland in 2008, andy Buckworth, Nicholi Rogatkin, and Logan Martin have also pulled the trick. 360 Tailwhip The rider spins in a 360 degree circle while the tail of the bike rotates in a tailwhip, the origination of this maneuver is widely disputed (bmx plus ran photos of the trick being pulled in 1992. Americans recognize Brian Vowell as the first to pull the trick to the pedals over a set of doubles, Dave Osato was the first one ever to pull 360 Tailwhips in both directions. Mike Laird pulled the 360 double tailwhip at the 2005 Dew Tour in Denver, Mike Spinner was the first to pull the 360 Triple Tailwhip at Dave Mirras personal warehouse ramps in 2006, and the first with a quad in competition in Cleveland in 2008. 540 Tailwhip The rider spins a 540 degree rotation while doing a tailwhip in the middle of the trick and it has been pulled by Chad Kagy, Kevin Robinson, Jamie Bestwick, Mike Spinner, and many others
24.
Wheelie
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Wheelies are usually associated with bicycles and motorcycles, but can be done with other vehicles such as cars, especially in drag racing and tractor pulling. The first wheelie was done in 1890 by trick bicyclist Daniel J. Canary, wheelies appear in popular culture as early as 1943, as U. S Army motorized cavalry are pictured in Life magazine performing high speed wheelies. Daredevil Evel Knievel performed motorcycle acrobatics including wheelies in his shows, doug The Wheelie King Domokos has accomplished such feats as a 145-mile wheelie. Types of wheelies can be divided into two categories,1. Wheelies in which the power is sufficient by itself, as described in the Physics section below. These include, Clutch wheelies, performed by disengaging the clutch and opening the throttle to let the engine race, power wheelies or roll-on wheelies, performed by simply opening the throttle. If the engine has sufficient power, it will be able to lift the front wheel, wheelies performed with the aid of suspension dynamics or rider motion. These include, Bounce wheelies or slap wheelies, performed by opening and closing the throttle in time with suspension rebounding, tire rebounding, rider motion, wheelies are a common stunt in artistic cycling and freestyle BMX. The bike is balanced by the weight and sometimes use of the rear brake. A style of bicycle, the bike, has a seating position. A wheelie is also a motorcycle stunt. The worlds fastest motorcycle wheelie record is 307.86 km/h by Patrik Furstenhoff, the world record for the fast wheelie over 1 km is 172.9 mph, set in September 2006 by Terry Calcott at Elvington airfield in Yorkshire, England. In Pakistan, India, and some countries its illegal to perform these kinds of stunts. If someone is caught performing these acts, they can have their motorcycle impounded, wheelies are common in auto- or motorcycle drag racing, where they represent torque wasted lifting the front end, rather than moving the vehicle forward. They also usually resulting in raising the center of mass, which limits the maximum acceleration, in the absence of wheelie bars, this effect is quantified in the physics section below. If wheelie bars are present, then a wheelie results in a reduction the load on the rear, driving wheels, wheelies are possible with some snowmobiles. This is where the skis are lifted off the ground, some wheelchair users can learn to balance their chair on its rear wheels and do a wheelie. This enables them to climb and descend curbs and maneuver over small obstacles, Wheelie bars help prevent a vehicles front end from raising too high or flipping over
25.
Momentum
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In classical mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object, quantified in kilogram-meters per second. It is dimensionally equivalent to impulse, the product of force and time, Newtons second law of motion states that the change in linear momentum of a body is equal to the net impulse acting on it. If the truck were lighter, or moving slowly, then it would have less momentum. Linear momentum is also a quantity, meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces. In classical mechanics, conservation of momentum is implied by Newtons laws. It also holds in special relativity and, with definitions, a linear momentum conservation law holds in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, quantum field theory. It is ultimately an expression of one of the symmetries of space and time. Linear momentum depends on frame of reference, observers in different frames would find different values of linear momentum of a system. But each would observe that the value of linear momentum does not change with time, momentum has a direction as well as magnitude. Quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction are known as vector quantities, because momentum has a direction, it can be used to predict the resulting direction of objects after they collide, as well as their speeds. Below, the properties of momentum are described in one dimension. The vector equations are almost identical to the scalar equations, the momentum of a particle is traditionally represented by the letter p. It is the product of two quantities, the mass and velocity, p = m v, the units of momentum are the product of the units of mass and velocity. In SI units, if the mass is in kilograms and the velocity in meters per second then the momentum is in kilogram meters/second, in cgs units, if the mass is in grams and the velocity in centimeters per second, then the momentum is in gram centimeters/second. Being a vector, momentum has magnitude and direction, for example, a 1 kg model airplane, traveling due north at 1 m/s in straight and level flight, has a momentum of 1 kg m/s due north measured from the ground. The momentum of a system of particles is the sum of their momenta, if two particles have masses m1 and m2, and velocities v1 and v2, the total momentum is p = p 1 + p 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2. If all the particles are moving, the center of mass will generally be moving as well, if the center of mass is moving at velocity vcm, the momentum is, p = m v cm. This is known as Eulers first law, if a force F is applied to a particle for a time interval Δt, the momentum of the particle changes by an amount Δ p = F Δ t
26.
Bunny hop (cycling)
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The bunny hop or bunnyhop, is a bicycle trick that allows the rider to launch their bike into the air as if jumping off a ramp. The pedals on the bicycle seem to stick to the feet as the bike becomes hop very much like the way the skateboard seems to stick to the feet of the skater performing an Ollie. While the bunny hop can be challenging to learn, once mastered it opens up a whole new level of riding opportunities for both BMX and mountain bike rider alike. The bunny hop is also a skill for an urban cyclist/commuter, allowing the avoidance of potholes and other hazards. More often, bunny hops are done on BMX bikes, which are smaller than mountain bikes and, because they are more lightweight, there are two methods of performing a bunnyhop. The first, known simply as a bunnyhop, involves both wheels being lifted at once, and is easier to do when the rider is using clipless bicycle pedals. The second is known as a pro hop, involves the rider lifting the front wheel of the bike before the back wheel, if not done properly, a pro hop will very easily lead to a crash or forced dismounting due to the physics involved. The bunny hop is executed by approaching an obstacle with a rolling speed, arms. It helps to think about the lifting of the tire as snapping ones wrist forward. The combination of two motions allows the rider to first raise their centre of gravity, and then tuck the bike underneath them. This technique can also be combined with a lifting of the bike through clip less pedals and is termed the English bunny hop
27.
Mountain bike trials
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Mountain bike trials, also known as observed trials, is a discipline of mountain biking in which the rider attempts to pass through an obstacle course without setting foot to ground. Derived from motorcycle trials, it originated in Catalonia, Spain and is said to have been invented by the father of Ot Pi, pis father had wanted his son to learn motorcycle trials by practicing on an ordinary bicycle. Trials riding is an extreme test of bicycle handling skills, over all kinds of obstacles and it now has a strong – though small – following worldwide, though it is still primarily a European sport. Skills taken from trials riding can be used practically on any bicycle for balance, for example controlled braking and track standing, or balancing on the bike without putting a foot down. The general principle in a trials competition is to ride a number of pre-marked sections. Currently there are two types of competition rules, enforced by the UCI and BikeTrial International Union. The maximum number of points that can be obtained in each section is 5, the most common way to gain a point is by putting a foot down within a section, for this reason points are sometimes known as dabs. Certain rules enforce the number of points gained within a section, for example, exceeding the time limit for the course will either result in 5 points or an additional point for every 15 seconds over the limit. Within UCI rules, if any part of the bike except the tires touch any object in the course, the UCI rules were changed to this format after too many competitions ended in a draw and riders were forced to ride an extra section. UCI rules also allows riders to compete in both mod and stock categories, when a rider is in a section, neither tire is allowed to cross the side boundary tape even if the wheel is in the air. The riders hands must remain on the handlebars, before beginning a section, a rider is allowed to walk through it, and examine all the elements, but must not enter it with their bike. The UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships are held annually, the rules are unlike UCI scoring and parts of the bike can rest on an object without resulting in a dab. The level of riding for the elite 20″ class is regarded as the highest in bicycle racing since the section beginner is set at the highest technical level. The rules are the same as the BIU but only people belonging to a club or school can compete in these, Trials bikes are often designed without regard for attaching a seat. Competition riding does not require the rider to sit down and the omission allows for a bike which interferes less with the body movements of the rider. For the same reason most trials frames are as low as possible, often to such a degree that at top dead centre, the pedals are higher than the frame is above the bottom bracket. In terms of geometry, trials frames, especially those biased towards competition, BB rise is one of the significant dimensions used in describing a trials frame with rises between 30 and 75 mm being common in 26 frames. Many competition style 24 frames aim to place the BB at the height relative to the ground as a 26 frame
28.
Cycling
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Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists, bikers, or less commonly, apart from two-wheeled bicycles, cycling also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles. Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now approximately one billion worldwide. They are the means of transportation in many parts of the world. Cycling is widely regarded as an effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fuels, less air or noise pollution. These lead to financial cost to the user as well as to society at large. By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve, in many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle. These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road, utility bicycles tend to be equipped with accessories such as mudguards, pannier racks and lights, which extends their usefulness on a daily basis. As the bicycle is so effective as a means of various companies have developed methods of carrying anything from the weekly shop to children on bicycles. Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has developed around the bicycle as a form of transport. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the most bicycles per capita, road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, making use of stronger muscles, the price of a new bicycle can range from US$50 to more than US$20,000, depending on quality, type and weight. However, UCI regulations stipulate a legal race bike cannot weigh less than 6.8 kg, being measured for a bike and taking it for a test ride are recommended before buying. The drivetrain components of the bike should also be considered, a middle grade dérailleur is sufficient for a beginner, although many utility bikes are equipped with hub gears. If the rider plans a significant amount of hillclimbing a triple-chainrings crankset gear system may be preferred, otherwise, the relatively lighter and less expensive double chainring may be better. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available, many road bikes, along with mountain bikes, include clipless pedals to which special shoes attach, via a cleat, enabling the rider to pull on the pedals as well as push. For basic maintenance and repairs cyclists can carry a pump, a repair kit, a spare inner tube, and tire levers
29.
Glossary of cycling
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The following terminology is used in cycling and cycle sport. 27.5 Mountain bike a mountain bike with wheels that are approximately 27.5 inches in diameter, including a 2-inch-wide tire, and are based on ISO584 mm rims. 29er a mountain bike with wheels that are approximately 29 inches in diameter, including a 2-inch-wide tire,3,1 rule a UCI rule stating the length and the width of the bicycle tubes cannot exceed the ratio of 3,1. À bloc Riding or going à bloc means giving it all youve got, going all out, example, I really gave it all in the last kilometers, although I didnt think it was possible until I crossed the line. Aero bars Extension of the handlebars allowing the rider to rest their elbows. Often found on Time trial bicycles, aero racing bicycle A type of racing bike that combines the aerodynamic features of a time trial bicycle with a road racing bicycle. All-rounder A racing cyclist who excels in both climbing and time trialing, and may also be a decent sprinter, in stage races, an all-rounder is likely to place well in the General classification. Fausto Coppi, Eddy Merckx and Miguel Indurain were notable all-rounders, Alberto Contador, Vincenzo Nibali, all-rounders are usually Team Leaders in both stage races and classics cycle races. Alleycat race A bicycle race typically organized by bicycle messengers or couriers, alleycat races seek to replicate some of the duties that a working messenger might encounter during a typical day. The races usually consist of previously undisclosed checkpoints, which are listed on a manifest, First racer to return with a completed manifest wins. Alleycats were first formalized in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1989, however, recently, with the boom in urban cycling, many non-messengers have been participating in and organizing alleycat races. Anchor Endearing term to designate a cyclists child, the latter tends to anchor the rider at his home. Arrière du peloton From French, literally the rear of the peloton, Also called the Feu Rouge or Lanterne rouge. Attack To quickly accelerate while riding in a pack, or in smaller numbers, audax In the United Kingdom and a few other places, the same as randonneuring. In other parts of the world, A discipline related to randonneuring where everyone ride together in a group led by a captain, audax bicycle A bicycle built for randonneuring and audax rides. Functionally in-between a road racing bike and a touring bike, usually equipped with fenders, dynamo-based lights and a small front or rear luggage rack. Autobus A group of riders in a race who ride together as a group on the mountain stages with the sole intention of finishing within the stages time limit to allow them to start the next day. Also known by the Italian term gruppetto, backie Colloquial noun meaning to a ride given to a second person on a bicycle
30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
31.
DMOZ
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DMOZ was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were known as the Open Directory Project. It was owned by AOL but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which included smaller categories. It was announced on February 28,2017 that DMOZ would close down on March 14,2017, DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems. Skrenta had developed TASS, an ancestor of tin, the popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems, the original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence. The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5,1998, then objected to the use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change, to ZURL. Prior to switching to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998, Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition, by the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5,1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million, according to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo. DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14,2000, three million listings on November 18,2001 and four million on December 3,2003. As of April,2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories, on October 31,2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories. In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005, monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006. These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included Test and Bookmarks categories, there were about 7330 active editors during August 2006. 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31,2007, as of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584. On October 20,2006, DMOZs main server suffered a failure that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18,2006
32.
Bellyboarding
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Bellyboarding is a surface water sport in which the surfer rides a bodyboard on the crest, face, and curl of a wave which is carrying the surfer towards the shore. Bellyboarding is the oldest form of surfing from ancient Hawaii & the Polynesian islands, the board design was based on the ancient Hawaiin Paipo boards. In Hawaii people learnt the art of riding prone on these wooden boards before they attempted to stand up on the longer alaia boards. The boards were made of Gaboon wood or of Paulownia wood and it appeared in the United Kingdom in the very early 1900s, especially in Cornwall and Devon on the English Channel. Tom Tremewan, a relation of George Tamblyn, and the undertaker, came up with the first bellyboard/surfboard in the UK. These men became the first bellyboard riders of the UK, also known as coffin board/lid surfing, bellyboarding bloomed again after WWII as British soldiers returned home. And by rich British people who travelled to Hawai and learned surf and it decreased with the development of bodyboard on polystyrene boards and of actual surfing. The World Bellyboard Championships, held each year at Chapel Porth in Cornwall, the first session took place in 2002 with 20 competitors. Some years later, there were more than 150 competitors also from Australia, USA, generally, the board used in bellyboarding is a thin board of plywood. The nose of the board is up curved up, there is no leash because the board is easier to manage and to keep in hand. Wetsuits are not necessary because the skin is not irrited by the wood, as polystyrene of bodyboards do
33.
Bodyboarding
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Bodyboarding is a water sport in which the surfer rides a bodyboard on the crest, face, and curl of a wave which is carrying the surfer towards the shore. Bodyboarding is also referred to as Boogieboarding due to the invention of the Boogie Board by Tom Morey, the average bodyboarding consists of a short, rectangular piece of hydrodynamic foam. Bodyboarders typically use swim fins for propulsion and control while riding a breaking wave. Bodyboarding originates from an ancient form of riding waves on ones belly, indigenous Polynesians rode alaia boards either on their belly, knees, or feet. Alaia boards were made from the wood of Acacia koa and ranged in length. They are distinct from the modern stand-up surfboards in that they had no ventral fins, captain Cook recorded seeing Hawaiian villagers riding such boards when he came to Hawaii in 1778. The boards he witnessed were about 3 to 6 and were ridden prone or on the knees, alaia boards then evolved into the more modern paipo board. Paipo boards were made of wood or fiberglass. Fiberglass boards usually had fins on the bottom, Tom Morey hybridized this form of riding waves on ones belly on a paipo to his craft of shaping stand-up surfboards. On 9 July 1971, Tom Morey invented the modern bodyboard and his story is as follows, Soon after arriving in Honolulu, Morey began toying with the idea of making a surfboard that would be ultimately fast. He designed a board with a fiberglass bottom and soft polyethylene deck that would be ridden prone. I finally got this together, and it was just as I had designed it. While just paddling out in a Waikiki tide pool, a little four-inch wave broke the nose off, I thought to myself, Man, Ive got some thinking to do on this. A month later Morey moved to the Big Island to the town of Kailua-Kona where he lived just down the street from the surf break Honls, one hot July morning he awoke to perfect waves. The only problem was, he didnt have a board to ride and he knew he wanted to make something out of his last nine-foot piece of polyethylene foam, but he didnt know what. I grabbed a knife and cut it in half, says Morey, there was no turning back at that point. I looked at the foam and then at the surf and began fooling around with a hot iron, I found that I could shape the foam using the iron if I put a sheet of newspaper down on the foam first. Later that night, I drew a few curves on the foam with a red marking pen, Morey rose early on 9 July 1971, and cut and ironed out his planned shape
34.
Dirtsurfing
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Dirtsurfing is the sport of riding a Dirtsurfer brand inline board. This new Australian boardsport is correctly known as inline boarding because Dirtsurfer is a protected brand name. A Dirtsurfer is composed of an aluminium tube frame, a laminate or composite deck. Footstraps are attached to the deck to more control to the rider. The board is unique in that it incorporates a patented steering geometry where the front wheel pivots from a point in front of and below the axle of the wheel, the riders weight automatically centres and straightens the front wheel, creating stability and control. Another feature of the Dirtsurfer which is not found on other four-wheeled boards is that, much like a bicycle, inline Boarding was made an official race class by the International Gravity Sports Association and Gravity Sports International in 2005. The 2005 IGSA World Cup Champion inline boarder is Nihat Uysal of Germany, Nihat rides the Silver GP-X The first board was designated the GP and was available in black, red and blue colour options. Initially it was sold without brakes, which were made standard as an addition to the existing frame. A Limited Edition model was made of the GP, which offered a silver anodized frame, V rim wheels, two alternative versions to the GP-X were produced. The first, called the Road Racer, used the frame as the GP-X in canary yellow powder coat finish, with black V rims. The other was a UK specific beach racer model, with sealed bearing hubs, Black V rims, disc brake as standard, in 2003, Dirtsurfer introduced the Flexideck, a newer concept with an epoxy/fibreglass/maple composite deck connecting the front and rear frame to absorb jumps. Made available in powder coated lime green frame with purple anodized V rims, and disc brake as standard, it offered greatly increased ground clearance and a reinforced frame for jumping. Dirtsurfer has updated their line-up with two new models for 2006, The Flexi Pro Downhill, an updated Flexideck, and the all new Freestyle board, both models feature the new adjustable metal calf brake lever, rear disc brake, and new thermofibre deck. In addition to updating their flexideck boards, dirtsurfer also updated their line of General Purpose models, both are manufactured from HT steel. The new 16 GP comes in white, with the new braking lever, the new GP20 come in black and also has the new braking handle and disk brakes. A unique feature of the Dirtsurfer is that it emulates the feel of carving as on a snowboard and this is achieved by the front wheel being mounted to a single pivoting point, allowing the axle of the wheel to be above the board. Think of the idea as being similar to riding a bike that does not have handlebars. A Dirtsurfer comes with a leg operated brake, either as a disc or a V-Brake as used on many bicycles and it should be noted that the Dirtsurfer will never experience a speed wobble normally associated with other bikes or board sports
35.
Flowriding
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Flowriding is a late-20th century alternative boardsport incorporating elements of surfing, bodyboarding, skateboarding, skimboarding, snowboarding and wakeboarding. Flowriders ride on artificial waves that are technically called sheet waves, powerful pumps project a three-inch layer of water at speeds ranging from 20 MPH to 30 MPH. The water flows up and over surfaces engineered to replicate the shape of ocean waves, sheet waves are stationary waves, in that the wave does not move forward, and the movement is derived from water flowing over a stationary surface. Flowriders get their speed from the energy of the water flowing at them, the sports has two main divisions, based on the type of board, the flowboard and the bodyboard. The flowboard is also known as the board in flowriding. Currently there are four mainstream board brands, Ash Flowboards, Mak Flowboards, Wave Loch and these boards differ in shape, materials, lengths and the angle at which the board curves. Generally they take an appearance to that of a wakeboard and can be further categorized into strapped. Boards with footstraps are generally used only on the FlowBarrel, Flowboards range in length from,910 millimeters to 1070 millimeters, and in width from 280 millimeters to 356 millimeters. They weigh between 1.4 kilograms and 2.8 kilograms, many of the tricks incorporated in flowriding are inspired by skateboarding and wakeboarding. Bodyboarders ride standard bodyboards in the prone, kneeling, or drop-knee position, each position forms the basic to its own set of tricks. In most competitions, bodyboarders are required to do tricks in both prone and kneeling positions, there are four brands most would look to for bodyboards, Cartel, Carbon, World Class Bodyboards and WaveLoch. The Flowboarding League of the World, run by WhiteWater West Inc, in 2014, they hosted the North American Flow Tour, Flow Tour Asia, as well as the World Flowboarding Championship in Abu Dhabi. Currently there are two categories of competitions in the United States, The North American Flow Tour Prime Events as well as Flow Series events. Both hold contests at different venues around the country, competitors compete in divisions by age and gender and are generally given three 30-45 second judged runs and the best two are counted. Past reputable judges have included Sean Silveira, JP OBrien, Eric Silverman, Chuck Wright, Theo Koby, Nick Sanchez, Adam Muller, there are also two main categories of competitions in the United Kingdom, European Flow Tour and UK Flow Tour. Wave House website Wave Loch website
36.
Kite landboarding
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Kite landboarding, also known as land kiteboarding or flyboarding, is based on the sport of kitesurfing, where a rider on a surf-style board is pulled over water by a kite. Kite landboarding involves the use of a board or landboard. Kite landboarding is a sport, and there are several competitions. Kite landboarding is attracting growing publicity although it is not yet as popular or as known as kitesurfing. Typically, kite landboarding takes place in open areas where the wind is constant. Large hard-packed sandy beaches are typical landboarding locations because of the space available. The rider starts off by getting the kite into a neutral position overhead, once strapped onto the board, the rider can orient the kite such that it pulls the rider across the ground. This is done by moving the kite in either direction, generating a pull, as in kitesurfing, competent riders are able to get some air which is essentially maneuvering the kite to pull the rider into the air, possibly several feet up. More competent riders are able to do several moves in the air such as grabs, rotations, more advanced riders can do a number of tricks that are mainly based on those found in kitesurfing and wakeboarding. These include tricks while the rider is in the air which could involve rotations, flips, grabs, board-off moves are tricks where the rider removes the board from his feet in the air and he can spin or flip it before putting it back on his feet and landing. On the ground, tricks include sliding the board, wheelies, various tricks have not readily transitioned from kitesurfing due to the harder surface involved. One such trick is the kiteloop which involves looping the kite through the zone while the kiter is in the air. In addition to these kitesurfing based tricks, there are also a number of skateboarding style accessories that have become popular such as ramps, in recent years, specific kite landboarding parks have opened with large areas and ramps and other obstacles available. The kite is a sail, usually made of strong ripstop nylon. Models of kites can have different sizes within the range - because the stronger the wind is. The kite is controlled via a bar or a set of handles. There are various types of kites used in kite landboarding, foil type kites, from manufacturers such as FreakDog, HQ Powerkites, Flexifoil, Ozone Kites, Flysurfer or Best Kiteboarding can be fixed bridle or de-power systems. De-power systems allow the rider to change the angle by moving the bar toward or away from them to power or de-power the kite respectively
37.
Kiteboarding
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Kiteboarding is a surface water sport combining aspects of wakeboarding, snowboarding, windsurfing, surfing, paragliding, skateboarding and gymnastics into one extreme sport. Kitesurfing is a style of kiteboarding specific to wave riding, which utilizes standard surfboards or boards shaped specifically for the purpose, there are different styles of kiteboarding, including freestyle, freeride, downwinders, speed, course racing, wakestyle, jumping and kitesurfing in the waves. In 2012, the number of kitesurfers was estimated by the ISAF, the global market for kite gear sales is worth US $250 million. In the 1800s, George Pocock used kites of increased size to propel carts on land and ships on the water, both carts and boats were able to turn and sail upwind. The kites could be flown for sustained periods, the intention was to establish kitepower as an alternative to horsepower, partly to avoid the hated horse tax that was levied at that time. In 1978, Ian Days FlexiFoil kite-powered Tornado catamaran exceeded 40 km/h, in October 1977 Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise received the first patent for KiteSurfing. Although this patent did not result in any commercial interest, Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise could be considered as the originator of KiteSurfing, through the 1980s, there were occasionally successful attempts to combine kites with canoes, ice skates, snow skis, water skis and roller skates. Strasilla and his Swiss friend Andrea Kuhn used this invention also in combination with surfboards and snowboards, grasskies, one of his patents describes in 1979 the first use of an inflatable kite design for kitesurfing. In 1990, practical kite buggying was pioneered by Peter Lynn at Argyle Park in Ashburton, Lynn coupled a three-wheeled buggy with a forerunner of the modern parafoil kite. Kite buggying proved to be very popular worldwide, with over 14,000 buggies sold up to 1999, the development of modern-day kitesurfing by the Roeselers in the USA and the Legaignoux in France carried on in parallel to buggying. The KiteSki was commercially available in 1994, the kite had a rudimentary water launch capability and could go upwind. In 1995, Cory Roeseler visited Peter Lynn at New Zealands Lake Clearwater in the Ashburton Alpine Lakes area, demonstrating speed, balance, in the late 1990s, Corys ski evolved to a single board similar to a surfboard. Bruno Legaignoux has continued to improve kite designs, including developing the bow kite design, in 1997, specialized kite boards were developed by Raphaël Salles and Laurent Ness. By the end of 1998 kitesurfing had become a sport, distributed and taught through a handful group of shops. The first competition was held on Maui in September 1998 and won by Flash Austin, starting in 1999, kitesurfing became a mainstream sport with the entry of key windsurfing manufacturers namely Naish and Neil Pryde. Single direction boards derived from windsurfing and surfing designs became the dominant form of kiteboard, from 2001 onwards, twin-tip bi-directional boards became more popular for most flat water riders, with directional boards still in use for surf conditions. In May 2012, the racing style of kitesurfing was announced as a sport for the 2016 Rio Olympics. Kitesurfing was named as an event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires
38.
Longboarding
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Longboarding is the act of riding on a Longboard. Longboarding, also has competitive races down hill, with riders reaching speeds exceeding 50 miles per hour. A longboard varies in shape and size unlike its set counterpart, the skateboard, many, but not all longboards, use trucks that contain different geometric parameters than a skateboard as well. These factors and their variation have given way to a variety of disciplines, functions, the angles at which some longboards can turn, as well as their ability to coast long distances make them more suitable for cruising, and commuting, on streets than regular skateboards. The life of longboarding started in approximately the 1965s, the idea of longboarding originated from surfers in Hawaii that wanted to take their surfing hobby to land when the waves were too small to surf. Surfers then figured out a way of achieving their goal of bringing surfing to land by customizing their skateboards, during the 1970s, a small group of longboarders honed their techniques. Some longboarders from this period were profiled in a 1978 SkateBoarder magazine article entitled Cult of the Longboard and these pioneers saw longboarding as a form of self-expression, and were influenced by surfing. However, despite the advent of polyurethane wheels, longboarding did not reach a degree of prevalence during the 1970s. In the early 1990s, Sector 9 started mass-producing and selling longboards, the 1990s also saw a change in truck technology, reverse kingpins made longboarding more stable. The Internet has made it possible for groups of skateboarders to communicate with each other and also gain an audience they might not have had locally. Multiple subbranches of longboarding exist with relatively small but hardcore groups of adherents like slalom, LDP, downhill, dance, freeriding, technical hardwheel sliding, a longboard, generally considered to be longer that a standard skateboard, is now synonymous with any skateboard that ranges in sizes. In general a skateboard that ranges from the size of a foot to 22 inches is called a Penny board. Made popular by the plastic resin boards first created in 1973, from there the skateboard branches into two categories, longboard and skateboard. These names have less to do with the length and more to do with the use, the length of a longboard does affect performance with most high performance boards ranging from 32-45 inches. Carving boards can range in size from 24-6 long, the most popular length-range is about 32 to 60 inches. Carbon fiber with a foam, balsa or hollow core, 2) Aluminum, either pressed or milled. And 3) Carbon Nano Tubes, although this proved prone to failure, Downhill boards and freeride boards are often used interchangeably. The main distinguishing factor is that downhill boards are usually directional, with a front and rear
39.
Mountainboarding
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Mountainboarding, also known as Dirtboarding, Offroad Boarding, and All-Terrain Boarding, is a well established if little-known action sport, derived from snowboarding. A mountainboard is made up of components including a deck, bindings to secure the rider to the deck, four wheels with pneumatic tires and it is this ability to ride such a variety of terrain that makes mountainboarding different from other board sports. Morton Helligs Supercruiser Inc. was the first company to manufacture and retail the All Terrain Dirtboard, Mountainboarding began in the UK, the United States and Australia in 1992. Unknown to each other, riders from other boardsports started to design and build and this desire to expand the possible terrain that a boarder can ride created the sport of Mountainboarding. Dave and Pete Tatham, Joe Inglis and Jim Aveline, whilst looking for an alternative to surfing and snowboarding. Inglis developed initial prototypes, and in 1992 noSno was started, extensive research and development produced the noSno truck system which enabled the boards to be steered and remain stable at high speeds. NoSno boards utilised snowboard bindings and boots, with large tyres for rough ground, in 1992, after having snowboarded at Heavenly Valley Resort in Northern California, friends Jason Lee, Patrick McConnell and Joel Lee went looking for an alternative for the summer season. Not finding anything suitable they co-founded MountainBoardSports in 1993 to build boards that they could use to carve down hills, john Milne developed a three-wheeled version of a mountainboard in 1992 in his spare time during periods of very poor surf. It used a unique steering system to emulate surfing on land and it had 3 wheels and a skate-style deck with no bindings. From the early days of invention there has always been an element in mountainboarding. Encompassing racing, freestyle and downhill, competitions have been organised in the USA since 1993, in the same year the ATBA-UK, the national governing body for mountainboarding in the UK was born. The competitions did much to promote the sport and in 1998 mountainboarding had a participation of over 1 million athletes worldwide. The components evolved, and the continued to grow. MBS developed the open heel binding, the truck, the eggshock. In 1998 Maxtrack started distributing MBS mountainboards in the UK and Europe, as of recent there have been some powered mountain boards gaining traction in the board enthusiast world. Small gas or electric motors attached to allow for mountainboarding to be done on flat ground or to climb rather than just going downhill. Sebastian Fayad has been making the most forward progress and innovations in recent years with his Nitro Boards line that features a 4 stroke gas engine, Mountainboard decks are the part that most of the components are attached to, and provide the base for the rider to stand on. They are generally from 90–110 cm in length, and can be made from a range of construction methods, for example, high specification boards may be made from composite carbon and glass reinforced plastics, possibly with a wooden core, similarly made to a snowboard deck
40.
River surfing
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River surfing is the sport of surfing either standing waves or tidal bores in rivers. Claims for its origins include a 1955 ride of 1.5 miles along the bore of the River Severn. River surfing on standing waves has been documented as far back as the early-1970s in Munich, Germany, today offering the worlds largest urban surfing spot. In this type of surfing, the wave is stationary on the river, caused by a high volume of water constricted by flowing over a rock. It is a form of hydraulic jump, a river surfer can face up-stream and catch this wave and have the feeling of traveling fast over water while not actually moving. Despite being many hundreds of kilometres from the nearest ocean, Munich has a reputation as a surfing hotspot, the Bavarian capital is the birthplace of river surfing. The city has been the center of surfboard riding on a stationary wave since the early-1970s, up to 100 surfers daily hit the waves in the citys Englischer Garten, the largest urban park in the world. An annual surfing competition is held on the standing wave, Munich has produced the best river surfers and was the first location that created a true surfing community around an inland river wave. The scene has around 1,000 active surfers, while 10,000 in Munich will have tried it at some point, on Austrias river Mur in Graz, river surfing is a regular on two waves built for surfing in 2001 and rebuilt in 2004 by KanuClub Graz. Near Salzburg in the Alm Canal there is a custom built surf wave, norway has several river waves, amongst the most famous are Bulken in Voss and an unnamed river wave in Sarpsborg. Oslo are in the phase of building a potential, artificial river wave in their main city river Akerselva. The Limmat in Zürich does not have any standing waves but is fast-flowing, local surfers have developed a pulley system known as upstream surfing which allows surfers to surf the river. The Habitat 67 standing wave in the Lachine Rapids in Montreal, corran Addison, an Olympic kayaker and three-time world freestyle kayak champion, was the first to surf the Habitat wave in 2002. His river-surfing school, Imagine Surfboards, has taught 3,500 students since 2005, a second Montreal river-surfing school, KSF, has hosted 1,500 students a year since 2003. From fewer than 10 original surfers, it is estimated that the current of participants numbers around 500, jackson Hole, Wyoming is known as the most famous river surfing community in the US. The first documented cases of surfing on the Snake River occurred in the late 1970s, the wave known as Lunch Counter is a standing wave that churns during times of snow runoff in the months between May and August each year. This wave is highly active during these months and the continues to grow as a surf destination. Pueblo, Colorado has also become a river surfing city, a kayak park was in built 2005 near downtown Pueblo and locals have been surfing features 3,4, and 7 ever since
41.
Riverboarding
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Riverboarding is a boardsport in which the participant lies prone on their board with fins on their feet for propulsion and steering. This sport is known as hydrospeed in Europe and as riverboarding or white-water sledging in New Zealand. Riverboarding includes commercial, recreational and the swiftwater rescue practice of using a high-flotation riverboard, riverboarding is believed to have originated in the late 1970s. It is claimed to have originated in France, where raft guides stuffed a burlap sack with life vests. Soon, riders adapted a personal submarine shell for their molds, sometime in the late 1980s, Robert Carlson began running rivers in California using an ocean bodyboard and ended up making his own board that was bigger and thicker and had handles. In 1986, Ged Hay began taking his body board down the Kawarau River near Queenstown in New Zealand while on his days off as a rafting guide, today, homemade foam hydrospeeds are found primarily among European riders. A growing sport in North America, riverboarding has grown in popularity from media exposure, riverboarders typically wear fins to provide the thrust to navigate in river currents, while a personal flotation device provides additional buoyancy. Wetsuits, booties and helmets are worn as protection from the cold, additionally, shin guards, gloves, knee pads, thigh pads, and elbow pads are sometimes worn for extra protection on shallow rivers. In rescue use, the board is used to support both rescuer and victim in the water during rescue, the rider must engage both mind and body—thinking about the best way to go down a river while using their fins for the propulsion to get out of harms way. Riverboards can offer rescuers a valuable chase option to access victims swept downstream who may not be accessed by hand or rope, several companies operate riverboarding or sledging excursions in New Zealand near Queenstown, Wanaka, and Rotorua. Several companies also operate guided riverboard trips in the United States near Missoula, Montana, Sacramento, California, Bend, Oregon, in South America, river boarding is popular on the Rio Fonce in San Gil, Colombia. One company based in Voss, Norway, offers riverboarding in several rivers in the area, in Europe the Soca river in Slovenia is a notable location with more extreme options available for more experienced riders. In Canada, Montreal, Quebec the Lachine rapids, on the Saint-Lawrence river boarding is also offered, a commercial riverboarding operation commenced on the Tully River in Queensland, Australia, in 2014. Mike Horn currently holds the record for the tallest waterfall riverboarded with his descent of a 22-meter tall waterfall on the reaches of the Pacuare River in Costa Rica. American River Clark Fork River Kawarau River Kern River Truckee River
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Sandboarding
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Sandboarding is a boardsport similar to snowboarding. It is an activity and takes place on sand dunes rather than snow-covered mountains. It involves riding across or down a dune while standing with both feet strapped to a board, though some use a board without bindings. Sandboarding has adherents throughout the world, most prevalently in desert areas or coastal areas with beach dunes, on the other hand, dunes are normally available year-round as opposed to ski resorts, which are usually seasonal. The sandboard base is much harder than a snowboard, and is mostly out of formica or laminex with special base materials now being made for this sport. To glide in the sand, the bottom is often waxed, usually with a paraffin-based sandboard wax. Afterwards, the bottom of the board may have a lightly sanded look to it, most terrain sandboards are composed of hardwood ply, while full-size sandboards are a wood, fiber glass, and plastic composite. However, a base will sometimes work on steeper dunes. Little Sahara on Kangaroo Island in South Australia is a dune system roughly covering two square kilometres. The highest dune is approximately 70 metres above sea level, lucky Bay, about 30 km south of Kalbarri, in Western Australia, is another sandboarding hotspot. Sandboarding Tours are offered in the area, the Stockton dunes,2.3 hours north from Sydney. Stockton Bight Sand Dunes system is up to one wide,32 kilometres long. The massive sand dunes climb up to 40 metres high, located only minutes from the centre of Nelson Bay, it is the largest sand dune system in Australia. Sandboarding is said to be originated in Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs where they slid down dunes on pieces of wood, Namibia features sand-skiing, which is similar to sandboarding, performed with skis instead of a board. Most of the sand-skiing is performed in the Namib desert dunes around Swakopmund, with a special permit it is sometimes possible to sand-ski at the worlds highest dunes in Sossusvlei. Any style you choose, the fun is guaranteed, the rides in the coastal desert of Namibia can offer the right adrenaline doze. Henrik May, a German living in Namibia for some 10 years and he reached a speed of 92.12 km/h. Sandboarding has been a commercial activity in Swakopmund since 1994
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Skateboarding
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Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered an activity, an art form. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many throughout the years. A2009 report found that the market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding will be represented at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, Freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and very recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, the first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose, the boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today. An American WAC, Betty Magnuson, reported seeing French children in the Montmartre section of Paris riding on boards with roller skate wheels attached to them in late 1944. Skateboarding, as we know it, was born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s. This was called sidewalk surfing - a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular, No one knows who made the first board, it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, the shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted sidewalk surfing and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, one of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makahas founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a show called Surfs Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards. As the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, john Severson who published the magazine wrote in his first editorial, The magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of a skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships. Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were two original disciplines during competitions, flatland freestyle & slalom downhill racing. One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. Some of the well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time also included Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward
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Skimboarding
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Skimboarding is a boardsport in which a skimboard is used to glide across the waters surface to meet an incoming breaking wave, and ride it back to shore. Wave-riding skimboarders perform a variety of surface and air maneuvers, at stages of their ride, out to, and back with. Some of these are known as wraps, big spins,360 shove-its, unlike surfing, skimboarding begins on the beach by dropping the board onto the thin wash of previous waves. Skimboarders use their momentum to skim out to breaking waves, which they then catch back into shore in a similar to surfing. Another aspect of skimboarding is flatland, which involves performing tricks derived from skateboarding such as ollies, Skimboarding originated in Southern California when Laguna Beach lifeguards wanted to surf the local shore breaks that was too fast and shallow for surfboards. Skimboarding has developed since then to ride waves much like surfing, performing aerial maneuvers, even further, professionals have started getting towed by waverunners into much larger waves. Professional Skimboarder, Brad Domke, displayed the new technique in this video, riders generally favor a board length which reaches about their mid-chest height when stood on end. Thickness of the board depends somewhat on the used in construction. The most common thicknesses are 5/8 and 3/4, a few high-flotation foam core boards and soft boards have been built with thicknesses in excess of 2 inches. A 5/8 board is capable of sharper turns while sacrificing a little speed, a 3/4 will be able to glide out farther, but turns slightly slower. Most skimboards will have some nose lift, or rocker, there are three types of rockers generally used for skimboards. There is a constant rocker, which means that the board has a constant curve from nose to tail, constant rockers are known for better control on bigger waves and steeper slopes. Another type of rocker and the most commonly used is a hybrid rocker and this means that the board has a curve on the bottom through about 3/4 of the boards length, the rest is usually the tail. This type of rocker is good for both speed and control on decent size waves, also the best type of board for flatland tricks, last of all, a traditional rocker means that the board is almost completely flat except for the nose. A traditional rocker is typically used for east coast conditions where the waves are far out, there are many types of dangers that skimboarders can face on a daily basis. It is not uncommon to see fractures or dislocations of the lower limbs, lacerations, twisted ankles and bruises are also common, due to impacts with the board itself, or rocks, logs and other obstacles present on beaches. Hamstring injury is common due to the fast and extreme movement of skimboarders leg when they run toward the water. Drowning amongst skimboarders is not as likely as amongst surfers due to the water in which skimboarding is usually practiced
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Skysurfing
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Sky surfing is a type of skydiving in which the skydiver wears a board attached to his or her feet and performs surfing-style aerobatics during freefall. The boards used are generally smaller than actual surfboards, and look more like snowboards or large skateboards, the attachment to the feet is normally made removable, so that if the skydiver loses control or has difficulty opening their parachute, the board can be jettisoned. Surf Flite was the first sky board company, copyrighted by Jerry Loftis, skysurfing is a skill requiring considerable practice. The simplest skysurfing technique is to stand upright on the board during freefall, however even this basic technique is a balancing act which experienced skydivers find tricky to learn. The extra drag of the board tends to upset the balance, the jumper must also learn to control the board and their body position so as to open the parachute in a stable configuration. More advanced aerobatics such as loops, rolls and helicopter spins, are more difficult still and are tackled once the basics have been mastered, even with the bandage technique, however, many techniques in skysurfing can be extremely painful. Because of the possibility of dropping the board, not every skydiving club permits skysurfing, and only a minority of skydivers have attempted this recent specialisation in the sport. When a skysurfer is filmed by another skydiver falling alongside them, the downward motion is not very apparent and this creates the illusion that a skysurfer is gliding on air currents like a sailplane or hang glider. In fact a skysurfer always falls at a speed comparable to any other freefalling parachutist. The competitive discipline of skysurfing is a team consisting of a skysurfer. The rise of skysurfing coincided with other disciplines in skydiving, such as freestyle. Freeflying is also a form of skydiving using a variety of positions, such as head-down or feet-to-earth. These evolutions in skydiving have taken the further away from the traditional image of a daredevil stunt. Skysurfing reached its peak in popularity in the late 1990s, skysurfers were featured in prime time television commercials for major brands like Pepsi and AT&T. Competitive team skysurfing was featured as part of the ESPN X Games from 1995 to 2000, in 1996 and 1997, the SSI Pro Tour staged eight X-Trials qualifying events in both North America and Europe. During this six-year period, pro skysurf teams received a total of $392,000 in cash winnings, after ESPN decided not to renew the sport for the seventh season, skysurfing has become relatively rare in the skydiving community. )Patrick de Gayardon Jerry Loftis Stefan Klaus Anthony Kakoulakis
